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Journal of Physical Education and Sport
®
(JPES), 16(4), Art 193, pp. 1211 - 1218, 2016
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES
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Corresponding Author: WALERY ŻUKOW, e-mail: w.zukow@wp.pl
Original Article
Peculiar features between the studied indicators of the dynamic and
interconnections of mental workability of students
LEONID PODRIGALO
1
, SERGII IERMAKOV
2
, OLGA ROVNAYA
1
, WALERY ZUKOW
2
, MYKOLA
NOSKO
3
1
Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkiv, UKRAINE
2
Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, POLAND
3
Chernigiv National T.G. Shevchenko Pedagogical University, Chernigiv, UKRAINE
Published online: December 28, 2016
(Accepted for publication December 02, 2016)
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2016.04193
Abstract:
The purpose of the work: study of students’ mental workability with the help of different methodic and
comparative analysis of the received results. Material: 40 students of 22–23 years’ age (30 boys and 10 girls)
participated in the research. We used battery of tests, which included Anfimov’s tables, tapping test and audit
tables by Kreppeling. Results: results of correcting test reflected stable state of mental workability in interval
Monday-Wednesday with gradual decrease in the second half of week. Some links of functional system worked
by different mechanisms (growth, stability, reduction). Against the background of low initial level of system’s
work it was assessed as formation of pre-nosological state. Conclusions: results of all tests shall be assessed as
reflection of fatigue’s gradual formation. Mental workability state is and indicators of functional state. It reflects
imbalanced condition of regulatory mechanisms, characteristic for pre-nosological state.
Key words: sportsmen, mental workability, progress in study, mental fatigue.
Introduction
Training of modern specialists stipulates increase of training process quality and effectiveness in higher
educational establishments. In a number of works importance of future specialists’ mental workability for
professional success is noted. An important component of mental workability is study of its characteristics and
their correction in case of any problem (Ahmadi, Abdollahi, Ramezani, & Heshmati, 2010; Priscilla, Ellie, &
Linsey, 2015; Bliznevsky et al., 2016).
A compulsory condition of training process’s effectiveness is students’ high functional level. This
conception means sufficient mental and physical workability. It relates to criteria of health condition and
depends on many of external and internal factors. Disorders of functional state result in pre-nosological states,
which noticeably weaken workability (Podrigalo & Danylenko, 2014). Connections between physical and mental
fatigue is proved in a number of works (Prysjazhnuk, 2012; Masaaki, Akira, & Yasuyoshi, 2016; Pomeshchikova
et al., 2016). It is noted that the most effective factors of fatigue’s influence and rising of students’ workability is
usage of active rest minor forms during working day (Prysjazhnuk, 2012) or everyday motor functioning (Lupu,
2015; Furley & Wood, 2016). Close correlation between mental workability and physical condition indicators of
students was determined in some works (Byshevets, 2012; Tishchenko, 2012). In such cases substantiation of
adequacy of the used tests acquires special importance (Ivashchenko & Yermakova, 2015a, 2015b; Kozina,
Repko, Ionova, Boychuk, & Korobeinik, 2016).
In other researches it is noted the need in the following: application of visual trainings at physical
education classes for improvement of visual analyzer’s workability and minimization of negative learning loads
on eyes’ accommodative functions of students (Bondarenko, Darzinska, & Sіdilo, 2015); application of physical
culture – health related trainings in increase of girl students’ physical and mental workability (Petrenko, 2013;
Buszard et al 2016); support of students’ physical and psychic health in conditions of high educational load,
which facilitates increase of workability and better progress (Vasile, 2012; Alloway, Bibile, & Lau, 2013;
Kurata, Bano, & Matias, 2015). All these, taken together, influence on specialists’ future functioning in sphere of
physical culture and sports (Furley et al., 2016).
In our previous works we found that intensification of educational activity requires mastering higher
scope of information. It substantially increase load on organism. Besides, non uniform distribution of load in
period of learning conditions relevance of problem of students’ fatigue diagnostic and over-fatigue prophylaxis.
Active youth’s learning and cognitive functioning takes place in conditions of objective contradictions: between
need in mastering significant volume of information and time deficit; between gradual, many years process of
future specialist’s formation and wish for self-realization as quick as possible; between need to study and
impossibility to restrict himself only by learning. These contradictions result in workability weakening; in
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decrease of stress-resistance; in strengthening of adaptation tension. All these result in formation pre-nosological
disorders of youth’s (Podrigalo & Danylenko, 2014). In such cases important role is played by the following:
− Strengthening of students’ psycho-physical state and psycho-social health at physical culture
academic and recreational classes (Dzierzanowski et al., 2013; Kopylov et al., 2015; Skurikhina, Kudryavtsev,
Kuzmin, & Iermakov, 2016);
− Regulation of students’ motor functioning, considering their motivation for success or for avoiding
failures (Iermakov, Cieślicka, & Muszkieta, 2015; Kozina & Iermakov 2015; Eksterowicz, Napierała, Żukow,
2016);
− Increase of students’ interest in development of physical qualities, which are decisively important for
future professional activity (Iеrmakov, Ivashchenko, & Guzov, 2012; Kuzmin, Kopylov, Kudryavtsev, Galimov,
& Iermakov, 2015; Pryimakov, Iermakov, Kolenkov, Samokish, & Juchno, 2016);
− Application of innovative technologies for practical tasks solution by girl students – sportswomen
(Sobko et al., 2014; Nosko, Razumeyko, Iermakov, & Yermakova, 2016);
− Application of reasonable tests for motor functioning (Ivashchenko et al., 2016; Korobeynikov,
Korobeynikova, Iermakov, & Nosko, 2016; Kuzmin et al., 2016).
The existing situation shows that it is important to study mental workability specificities in the process
of students’ learning at universities.
The purpose of the work is to study students’ mental workability with the help of different methodic and
comparative analysis of the received results.
Material and methods
Participants
In the research 40 undergraduate students of 22-23 years’ age (30 boys and 10 girls) of pedagogic
university physical culture faculty participated. The research was conducted in compliance with WMA
Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, 2013.
The design of the research implied study of mental workability with the help of Anfimov’s correction
test, Kreppeling’s audit table and tapping test. The researches were realized in dynamic of day (1
st
and 3
rd
pairs
of lessons) and week (Monday-Wednesday-Friday) time cycles. The mentioned methodic was aligned with
generally accepted instructions (Makarenko, 1996). For fulfillment of Anfimov’s test the participant got
correction table and looked through horizontal lines as quick as possible during 5 minutes, underlining or
deleting two pre-set letters. The volume of works and absolute quantity of mistakes per 500 signs were assessed
(see table 1).
Table 1. Assessment of mental workability indicators by Anfimov’s table
Assessment of indicators Quantity of signs,
looked through during 5 minutes
Quantity of mistakes,
made for 5 minutes
Excellent 1000 and more 2 and less
Good 800–999 3–5
Satisfactory 700–799 6–10
Unsatisfactory 699 and less 11 and more
On the base of these data we calculated indicators of accuracy and efficiency of mental work. Indicators
of work accuracy (T, conv. un.) was calculated by the following formula: T = M/n,
where М – total quantity of underlined or deleted signs, n – quantity of signs, which shall be marked out
in the looked through test.
Efficiency coefficient (Е, sg. – reflects quantity of correctly understood signs, from all looked through)
was calculated by formula: E = N⋅T,
where N – total quantity of the looked through signs, Т – accuracy of work.
Tapping test permits to assess typological properties of nervous activity – lability and the strength of
nervous processes. The task was to quickly mark points in four squares 5х5 cm turn by turn, spending 10 second
for every square. In analysis we counted the quantity of points in every square separately and their total sum.
Conclusion about sensor- motor analyzer’s lability is made basing on total sum of points (see table 2). Maximal
frequency of tapping is indicator of activity’s ergic component.
Table 2. Assessment of nervous system’s lability
Quantitative parameters Levels of development
220 and less Low
221–264 Average
265 and more High
In taping test nervous system’s strength manifests in ability of the tested to keep up the pace of work at
certain level. The less difference between initial and final indicators is the stronger nervous system is. For
quantitative determination of strength/weakness we offer indicator of endurance. This indicator is calculated as
correlation of points’ quantity in the last 10 seconds to the points’ quantity in the first 10 seconds. Results are
assessed by scale, given in table 3.
LEONID PODRIGALO, SERGII IERMAKOV, OLGA ROVNAYA, WALERY ZUKOW, MYKOLA NOSKO
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Table 3. Assessment of nervous system’s strength by tapping test
Quantitative parameters Assessment of nervous system’s strength-weakness
0.81 and less Average and average-weak
0.82–0.92 Average
0.93 and more Average strong and strong
By results of tapping test fulfilled by two hands we can judge about brain hemispheres’ functional
lateralization. For this purpose functional asymmetry coefficient is calculated for workability of right and left
hands by the following formula:
KFa = [(ΣR - ΣL)/(ΣR + ΣL)] ⋅ 100%,
where, ΣR – sum of right hand points; ΣL – sum of left hand points.
Assessment of workability by Kreppeling’s tables requires summing up pairs of figures as quick as
possible. If sum is higher than 10 then “ten” is neglected and only figures less than 10 are written. The test is
fulfilled during 2 minutes. Test results are assessed by total quantity of summed up pairs of figures and quantity
of mistakes. Total indicators show general assessment of workability and the setting of the participant for
quickness and accuracy of work. Success of material’s mastering was assessed by percentage of correct answers
to 60 tests. The testing was conducted in Friday at the end of day. Time for test fulfillment was 60 minutes.
Statistical analysis of the received data was fulfilled with the help of licensed packages of Excel (2010)
tables. We determined indicators of descriptive statistic (mean arithmetic, standard deviation and error of mean
value) (Antomonov, 2006). Confidence of differences between values was assessed by Student’s criterion and
criterion of signs; difference was considered confident at p<0.05. For determination of indicators’ correlation we
calculated correlation coefficients by Pearson and constructed correlation structures (Antomonov, 2006).
The informed consent was obtained from study participants.
Results
Analysis of students’ mental workability indicators is given in table 4.
Table 4. Indicators of students’ mental workability in day and week dynamic as per realized methodic
Monday Wednesday Friday
Indicators 1
st
academic
pair
3
rd
academic
pair
1
st
academic
pair
3
rd
academic
pair
1
st
academic
pair
3
rd
academic
pair
Volume of work
(quantity of
signs)
428.6±16.3 443.3±28.9 450.8±21.3 476.7±31.3 357.1±16.0
1
368.2±18.0
1
Quantity of
mistakes,
absolute
6.3±0.3 4.9±0.3
3
9.1±0.7
1
7.5±0.5
1,3
2.4±0.1
2
3.9±0.2
1,3
Accuracy in 100
signs 0.90±0.02 0.92±0.02 0.85±0.03
1
0.89±0.02
1
0.96±0.01
1
0.92±0.01
3
Efficiency 386.9±19.3 409.3±31.4 387.4±27.2 426.7±34.2 343.4±13.9
1
338.6±13.3
1
Nervous
system’s lability
(right hand)
230.6±8.0 240.2±9.0 245.5±10.6 245.8±9.0 221.9±13.7 219.9±10.0
1
Nervous
system’s strength
(right hand)
0.86±0.02 0.86±0.02 0.85±0.01 0.85±0.01 0.96±0.03
1
0.92±0.03
1
Nervous
system’s lability
(right hand)
205.1±7.6 205.8±8.7 213.5±7.7 213.4±8.6 187.1±12.0 177.5±10.5
1
Nervous
system’s strength
(right hand)
0.83±0.01 0.84±0.01 0.89±0.02
1
0.89±0.02
1
0.98±0.03
1
0.92±0.02
1,3
Asymmetry
coefficient
0.89±0.02 0.89±0.02 0.90±0.03 0.91±0.03 0.78±0.01
1
0.79±0.01
1
Pairs of figures,
absolute
105.2±6.8 84.8±11.8 97.5±8.5 82.8±9.5 105.1±7.7 95.2±4.8
Mistakes,
absolute
-1
0.14±0.01 1.10±0.06
3
1.12±0.04
1
1.23±0.05
3
0.33±0.01
1
1.30±0.01
2,3
Notes: 1 – differences in week dynamic are confident at (р<0.05); 2 – differences in week dynamic are confident
at (р<0.005); 3 – differences in day dynamic are confident at (р<0.05).
The scope of work in correction test was characterized by low indicators. In the first half of week there
were no significant shifts of this indicator. By the end of the week there was substantial reduction of work
volume. During day there were also no significant shifts in the looked through signs.
The quantity of mistakes in 500 signs varied significantly during week For example, in Monday
workability was satisfactory; in Wednesday – unsatisfactory and in Friday – good. The changes of mistakes’
quantity were more expressed in comparison with the scope of work. In week cycle we found the following:
increase of relative quantity of mistakes in Wednesday, comparing with Monday; reduction of such mistakes in
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Friday. During day (Monday and Wednesday) the quantity of mistakes decreased. In Friday the quantity of
mistakes significantly increased. In our opinion it can be explained as fatigue’s accumulation by the end of week
cycle. Indicator of accuracy also changed during week. We registered its significant improvement in Wednesday
and worsening in Friday, comparing with the beginning of the week. Besides, at the end of the week (during day)
we registered improvement of accuracy indicator. Efficiency indicator combines qualitative and quantitative
components of fulfilled dozed work. It was characterized by sufficient stability in first half of week. By the end
of the week we found significant reduction of this criterion. Individual analysis of workability curves during
week showed that (60.30±0.02) % of students had reducing type, студентов, (33.30±4.70) % - ascending and
(6.40±2.50) % - stable type of workability. Prevalence of students with negative changes of workability quantity
(р<0.05) witnesses about mental fatigue formation in most of students during week.
Main task of tapping test was determination of nervous system’s lability and strength. Lability is
determined by quantity of stimuli, to which nervous system is able to respond per unit of time. The second
indicator shows workability under maximal load. In the used by us methodic it is an ability to keep maximal race
of work within pre-set time. The less is the difference between initial and final indicators the stronger and with
higher endurance is nervous system (Makarenko, 1996). Results of right hand (see table 4) witness about average
lability level at the beginning of week and low indicators at the end. Left hand lability was low during all period
of observation. We found that substantial reduction of lability of both hands by the end of week.
Nervous system’s strength (by tapping test) mainly related to average level, except beginning of day on
Friday. This indicator related to average-strong and strong interval. Results of symmetry coefficient illustrate
stability of this indicator in the middle of week and reduction by the end of week. In our opinion it reflects
change changes of mental workability with Wednesday as the day of maximal workability. Increase of
indicators’ asymmetry shall be assessed as indirect evidence of fatigue progressing and of increase of pre-
nosology formation’s probability. Results of workability’s assessment by Kreppleing witness about stability of
the fulfilled dozed work volume. At the same time dynamic of accuracy indicators was more expressed. The
quantity of mistakes substantially increased in all days of research. Also attracts attention the fact that at the end
of day (Friday) it was maximal. We proved increase of mistakes’ quantity in Wednesday and reduction in the
morning, on Friday. Correlation analysis of mental workability indicators showed the presence of
interconnections between them (see fig.1).
Nervous system’s
lability (right hand)
Nervous system’s
strength (right
hand)
Nervous system’s
lability (left hand)
Nervous system’s
strength (left hand)
Quantity of
mistakes in
Kreppeling’s test
Quantity of counted
pairs of figures
Accuracy in 100
signs
The scope of
looked through
signs in correction
test
Success in
mastering material
r=0,20,
р<0,02
r
=
0,
32
,
р<0,001
r =0,38,
р<0,004
r =0,23,
р<0,009
r =-0,38,
р
<0,0
04
r
=
-
0,
27
,
р<0,04
r
=
0,
26
,
р<0,003
r
=
0,
21
,
р<0,02
r =-0,26,
р<0,002
R=0,27,
р<0,02
Fig.1. Diagram of correlations between workability indicators and progress in learning
Maximal quantity of confident connections in system is four. It was found that for lability of nervous
system, assessed by fulfillment of tapping test by left hand. In Kreppeling’s test it was connected with nervous
system’s strength by left hand and lability by right hand; by accuracy of correction test and quantity of counted
pairs. Every three confident correlations had volume of correction test’s signs and lability, assessed by right
hand. The first criterion correlated with quantity of mistakes in Kreppeling’s test, right hand lability and
accuracy of correction test. Right hand lability (except volume) was connected with progress in material’s
mastering and left hand lability. Correction test accuracy had two confident correlations: between progress in
material’s mastering, quantity of counted pairs and quantity of mistakes in Kreppeling’s test. One confident
correlation had indicators of nervous system’s strength, assessed by tapping test.
Discussion
The received results permit to say that it is necessary to complexly study workability. Application of
different functional tests permitted to increase informative potential of the received results to determine
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correlations between them. The same results were obtained in the works, devoted to study of martial arts
sportsmen’s functional state (Bliznevsky, Kudryavtsev, Iermakov, & Jagiełło, 2016; Iermakov et al., 2016;
Iermakov, Podrigalo, & Jagiełło, 2016) and synchronous swimmers (Rovnaya, Podrigalo, Aghyppo, Cieślicka, &
Stankiewicz, 2016).
Analysis of correction tests’ week dynamic witnesses about negative dynamic of quantitative and
positive dynamic of qualitative indicators. Efficiency indicator also had negative tendency by the end of week. It
can witness about formation of mental fatigue. Misalignment of indicators and their multidirectional changes
illustrate instability of this functional system’s work.
The received data to large extent coincide with results of Gumenniy V. (2011). The author studied
influence of physical education on students’ mental workability and psycho-emotional stability depending on
specificity of future professional functioning with the help of Anfimov’s correction test. He determined positive
influence of physical education trainings on mental workability. In other work characteristics of mental
workability of technical natural and humanitarian specialties’ students were studied (Korobeynikov, Petrov, &
Ulizko, 2010). The authors analyzed the following indicators: perception, attention, memory, thinking and
mental workability. On the base of their work we can conclude that formation of psycho-physiological
organization of different specialties students’ information processing system occurs in heterochronic way,
depending on orientation of special training. Reduction of points quantity from square to square in tapping test
witnesses about insufficient functional stability of nervous muscular apparatus and increasing fatigue. By the end
of week the strength of nervous processes increased with simultaneous tendency to lability reduction. In week
dynamic in students (in tapping test) nervous system’s lability had tendency to reduction, while strength
increased. The received data can be explained by the presence of protective inhibition: decrease of nervous
system’s ability to quickly analyze information. That is why increase of lability and endurance is possible at
slow race of work. Students with high lability of nervous system processed more information. In this case lability
is connected with volume of the looked through signs (by results of right hand tapping test – left hemisphere of
brain) The volume of calculated pairs of figures is connected with fulfillment of left hand tapping test (right
hemisphere of brain). When seeking letters, brain fulfills operations on re-coding of visual images (letters
themselves) in motor commands to hands’ muscles for formation of smooth sequential movements, required for
writing. Thus, in organization of writing several specialized centers of brain participate (mainly of left
hemisphere). If any of these centers is damaged there will be no skill in writing. It explains interconnections
between results of correction test and tapping test, fulfilled by right hand. .
Explanation of Kreppeling’s test indicators’ correlations (written account of sums of figures’ pairs) with
indicators of right hemisphere’s functioning is rather interesting. In general quantitative assessment of
environment is sphere of dominant left hemisphere’s functioning. While written depicting of figure (independent
on which form they have Rome or Arabian, more close to hieroglyphic) manifest as a memory of right
hemisphere. Without its participation any calculations on paper are impossible. I.e. speed of written calculation
depends to large extent on functional activity of right hemisphere. Our results are proved in other research of
students’ fulfillment of drawings. (Kundey et al., 2013).
The quantity of mistakes, made by the participants, in creased in parallel with increasing of volume of
fulfilled works. I.e. speed and quality of work are differently directed processes. However, analysis of counting
test indicators showed that the volume and quantity of mistakes had confident negative correlation: the slower
the test was fulfilled, the more mistakes were made by students. It can be explained by specificities of right
hemisphere’s operation and inter-hemispheres’ interactions. If in correction test left hemisphere dominates, then,
in counting test both hemispheres participate (which, in our case, worked in not sufficient agreement). The
relevance of such approach is proved by research of arithmetic tests’ influence on students’ working memory
(Ishak et al., 2012).
The data, received by us showed rather high physiological price for progress in learning. It was pointed
by the absence of correlations with most of mental workability indicators. Exclusion was strength and lability of
nervous system in fulfillment of right hand tapping test. With it, the lower strength and stress resistance of
nervous system were the better was progress in studying. I.e. the higher speed properties of brain left hemisphere
are the better is progress in studying. However, it is insufficient for coordinated cooperation of all links of
mental workability, which is required for ensuring good progress without damage of students’ health.
For example, Tishchenko V.A. (2012) studied interdependences of physical condition and students’
educational progress. He found close correlation between mental workability indicators and students’ physical
condition. In other work authors analyzed physical aerobic workability on example of two groups of girl students
with different physical fitness (Mahlovanyy, Kunіneс, Jaworski, & T’orlo, 2012). In this case annual dynamic of
physical workability indicators demonstrated advantages of girl students, who practiced sports.
The processes of inter-hemispheres’ interconnection are rather interesting High lability of right and left
hemispheres were inter-conditioned: the higher lability of left hemisphere was the higher was its stress-
resistance. Connections between strength and stress-resistance in right hemisphere were not detected by us.
Nervous processes’ lability is rather stable characteristic. Specific features of interconnections between strength
and lability indicators reflect the processes of mental fatigue, which expressed in left hemisphere (responsible,
mainly, for abstract thinking).
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The received data shall be assessed from positions of theory of functional systems by Anokhin P.K.
(1971). Correction test results reflect stable condition of workability in interval Monday-Wednesday with
gradual reduction by the end of week. These results are the most approached to classic assessment. They shall be
assessed as reflection of gradual formation of fatigue (phases of expressed fatigue). It is proved by reduction of
work volume and increase of mistakes’ quantity. Tapping test’s results are the most stable and have tendency for
increasing. For example strength indicators practically did not change for the period of observation, while
lability reduced. It reflects increase of stability, which was the most expressed for right hand.
One more symptom of pre-nosology’s progressing increase of system’s asymmetry shall be recognized.
As tapping test’s results witness, at the end of week difference between right and left hand’ lability indicators are
maximal. Against the background of workability weakening asymmetry increases – indicator of left hand is
confidently lower than of right hand. In most of people just right hand is stronger. That is why such state proves
that system, put in unfavorable conditions, tries to reach success at the account of simplification (in this context
– by exclusion of weak link). Other data (Proskurov, 2015) are close to the received by us. The author studied
dynamic of changes of somatic health, physical condition, physical and mental workability of schoolchildren
under influence of comprehensive education load at the end of first academic semester. It was found that the
reason of children health’s worsening appear at the account of increase of intellectual pressure. This pressure is
impossible to be overcome only by physical education means, directed at recreation and improvement of pupils’
organism. Results of Kreppeling’s test turned out to be the most unexpected, which in week cycle reduced in
interval Monday-Wednesday and increased in period Wednesday-Friday. The same changes were observed also
in dynamic of initial days. It shall be interpreted as a proof of formation of expressed fatigue (reduction of
volume and worsening of accuracy).
Conclusions
Thus, results of all fulfilled tests (independent on dynamic) shall be assessed as reflection of gradual
fatigue’s formation. It is proved by changes of volume and accuracy of work’s fulfillment. The state of mental
workability shall be assessed as unsatisfactory: initial workability level was low; asymmetry and multidirectional
changes were observed. The presence of such changes witnesses about multi-factorial fatigue, resulting from
system’s overloading. The main characteristic of such fatigue is not economizing functioning. Some links
function by different mechanisms (increase, stability, reduction). Against the background of system
functioning’s low initial level it shall be assessed as unsatisfactory state and as reflection of pre-nosological state
formation. This assumption can be illustrated also by the fact that subjective feelings of most of participants can
be assessed as negative. Self assessment of health contains complaints, characteristic for over-fatigue. I.e. in this
case mental workability is an indicator of functional state. It reflects imbalance of regulatory mechanisms. In its
turn such imbalance is characteristic for pre-nosological states.
Dynamic of weekly cycle results shall be assessed as evidence of functioning at lower level: system
sacrifices success and progress for the sake of work’s stability and simplification.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland [No.
UKW/WKFZIT/BS/2016/K20].
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