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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine some quality characteristics in pet foods. For this purpose 36 samples each of cat and dog dry extruded foods were taken from market, and moisture, water activity and durability index analysis were made. The mean water activity values were 0.41 at 24.59°C and 0.44 at 24.47°C for cat and dog dry extruded foods, respectively. Moisture level was 5.89% for cat food, 6.44% for dog food, durability index was 98.22% for cat food, 98,91% for dog food. The correlation coefficients between moisture and water activity in cat and dog foods were found to be 0.580 and 0.525, respectively (P<0.01). Water activity (P<0.05) and moisture values (P<0.01) were significantly higher in dog foods than cat foods. Thus, we can conclude that food samples of cat and dog obtained from the market are safe and of good quality. © 2017, Chartered Inst. of Building Services Engineers. All rights reserved.
... Sepiolite supplementation at 1% to the broiler diets (Durna et al. 2016), micronized clinoptilolite supplementation at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% (Küçükersan et al. 2016) reduced pellet production time and improved the pellet durability index. Yalçın et al. (2017) reported that 1% sepiolite addition to dairy cattle and fattening cattle concentrates decreased energy consumption during pellet production and enhanced pellet durability index. Angulo et al. (1995) indicated that addition of sepiolite supplementation may improve the performance of pelleted diets, especially those containing high levels of fat. ...
... The metabolizable energy level was calculated according to the formula proposed by Carpenter and Clegg (1956). Pellet durability index (PDI) was measured with a Pfost Box Equipment (Figure 1) using the sieve having the hole diameter of 4.75 mm (Başer and Yalçın 2017). Quadruplicate measurements were done with each sample. ...
... Production output, energy consumption and pellet quality are important process variables that related to each other. Many factors affect pellet durability and specific energy consumption (Yalçın et al. 2017). ...
... Sepiolite supplementation at 1% to the broiler diets ( Durna et al. 2016), micronized clinoptilolite supplementation at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% ( K???kersan et al. 2016) reduced pellet production time and improved the pellet durability index. Yal??n et al. (2017) reported that 1% sepiolite addition to dairy cattle and fattening cattle concentrates decreased energy consumption during pellet production and enhanced pellet durability index. Angulo et al. (1995) indicated that addition of sepiolite supplementation may improve the performance of pelleted diets, especially those containing high levels of fat. ...
... The metabolizable energy level was calculated according to the formula proposed by Carpenter and Clegg (1956). Pellet durability index (PDI) was measured with a Pfost Box Equipment (Figure 1) using the sieve having the hole diameter of 4.75 mm ( Ba?er and Yal??n 2017). Quadruplicate measurements were done with each sample. ...
... Production output, energy consumption and pellet quality are important process variables that related to each other. Many factors affect pellet durability and specific energy consumption ( Yal??n et al. 2017). ...
The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary sepiolite supplementation on performance,
carcass characteristics, blood parameters and rumen fluid metabolites in Merino cross breed lambs. For this
purpose, a total of 21 weaned lambs, which were 3–3.5 months of age were allocated to one control group and
two treatment groups each containing 7 lambs. The experiment lasted for a total of 90 days, of which the
adaptation and experimental periods were 22 and 68 days, respectively. Pelleted alfalfa and concentrates were
given to lambs individually. Concentrate diets of first and the second treatment groups were supplemented with
1 and 2% sepiolite as top dressed, respectively. There were no significant differences observed in body weights,
body weight gains, hot and cold carcass yields, meat pH and meat composition among the groups. Relative
weights of internal organs and carcass parts were also not affected by sepiolite supplementation. The addition of
1 and 2% sepiolite to the diets of animals increased the consumption of concentrates and total dry matter intake
(P < .05). There were no differences among the groups in terms of consumption of dry matter of alfalfa,
concentrates and total feed required for one kg body weight gain in lambs. However, body weight gain was
increased by 4.22% and total feed conversion ratio was improved by 4.56% with 2% dietary sepiolite supplementation.
Haematological and biochemical blood parameters and fecal dry matter were also not affected by the
usage of sepiolite. Blood serum IgG levels were increased with sepiolite supplementation (P < .05). While the
percentage of acetic acid in the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid was decreased, neither the proportion
of other volatile fatty acids nor the quantity of total volatile fatty acids were affected by dietary addition
of sepiolite. It was concluded that 2% sepiolite supplementation in diets of Merinos cross bred lambs as top
dressed may have economic benefits based on animal's immunity enhancement and some improvement in body
weight gain and total feed conversion ratio without any negative effects on performance, carcass characteristics,
rumen metabolites and blood parameters.
... Sepiolite supplementation at 1% to the broiler diets (Durna et al. 2016), micronized clinoptilolite supplementation at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% (Küçükersan et al. 2016) reduced pellet production time and improved the pellet durability index. Yalçın et al. (2017) reported that 1% sepiolite addition to dairy cattle and fattening cattle concentrates decreased energy consumption during pellet production and enhanced pellet durability index. Angulo et al. (1995) indicated that addition of sepiolite supplementation may improve the performance of pelleted diets, especially those containing high levels of fat. ...
... The metabolizable energy level was calculated according to the formula proposed by Carpenter and Clegg (1956). Pellet durability index (PDI) was measured with a Pfost Box Equipment (Figure 1) using the sieve having the hole diameter of 4.75 mm (Başer and Yalçın 2017). Quadruplicate measurements were done with each sample. ...
... Production output, energy consumption and pellet quality are important process variables that related to each other. Many factors affect pellet durability and specific energy consumption (Yalçın et al. 2017). ...
... The optimum water activity for the growth of L. monocytogenes is ≥ 0.97; however, this bacterium has been observed to multiply at a w values as low as 0.90 [11]. Dog and cat food diets have different water activity, and this can be due to the usage of different raw materials or extrusion techniques (in a case of dry pet food) [2]. According to Timmons (2006 as cited in 2), the water activity for dry pet food and hard treats ranges from 0.40 to 0.45, whereas for soft pet foods the water activity falls between 0.60 and 0.85. ...
... As a result, the low water activity of the dry pet food and treats as well as the acidity of the wet pet food diets can be one of the reasons that led to the absence of L. monocytogenes in the commercial dog and cat food diets. However, it is important to note that, in a case of contamination, L. monocytogenes will still be alive at low water activity value and they can start to multiply once they find a suitable environment [2,11]. Moreover, 37.5% (three samples) of the household samples showed turbidity in the Fraser broth, indicating the presumptive presence of L. monocytogenes. ...
Background
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the commonly isolated foodborne pathogens which cause illness, and listeriosis is a disease caused by this pathogen in human beings. Pets that consume contaminated pet food diets can be colonized by L. monocytogenes without showing clinical signs making the pets a possible source of contamination in the household. This study aimed to detect and enumerate the presence of L. monocytogenes in pet food diets, namely cat and dog food.
Result
A total of 32 samples consisting of wet food (25%), dry food (25%), treats (25%), and leftover household samples (25%) were examined for this study. The pet food diets were sampled from pet food shops, grocery stores, and households located in Kuching and Kota Samarahan. The analysis was conducted using the most probable number–polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR). According to the results obtained from MPN-PCR, none of the samples were contaminated by L. monocytogenes.
Conclusion
Being the first biosafety assessment of L. monocytogenes in pet food in Malaysia, this study can contribute to the building of a database regarding the potential contamination of pet food diets by L. monocytogenes.
... These values, lower than the samples from the prototype extruder, are crucial for ensuring the longevity of pet food products. This low water activity is a key factor contributing to the extended shelf life of dry pet foods, as it inhibits the growth of microorganisms, aligning with established research findings [26][27][28][29]. Specifically, studies such as Pongsawatmanit and Wuttijumnong [30] have indicated that a water activity level below 0.9 restricts the growth of almost all bacteria, and when the water activity drops below 0.7, most fungi are also unable to proliferate. ...
This research aims to address this issue by designing and fabricating a prototype extruder specifically tailored for producing Bang Kaew dog food. The Bang Kaew dog breed, native to Thailand, poses a challenge for farmers seeking cost-effective dog food production using locally available ingredients. Despite attempts to minimize expenses, the necessity of machinery in pellet formation remains, contributing significantly to production costs. The study comprises two main phases: designing and fabricating the extruder machine and testing its efficiency for Bang Kaew dog food production. The extruder, a single screw machine, measures 380 x 810 x 345 millimeters and operates on 220 volts, consuming 2200 watts of power. After rigorous testing, the optimal extruder speed for Bang Kaew dog food production was found to be 400 rpm, achieving a production capacity of 136.29 kilograms per hour and a maximum efficiency of 74 percent. The produced dog food exhibited a moisture content of 9.01 percent and specific color values (L*=72.18±1.75, a*=2.60±0.22, b*=14.35±0.41). Additionally, the hardness measured 272.82 Newton, and the water activity (aw) was 0.67. Significantly, the physical characteristics of the dog food produced at 400 rpm closely resembled those of commercial dog food. This study showcases the successful development of an efficient extruder machine tailored for Bang Kaew dog food, providing valuable insights for the pet food industry.
... In the first phase of the study, 58 samples of pet food were analyzed and 46 of them were negative, while 12 samples (20.7% of total samples) showed a concentration level of histamine ranging from 1.5 to 30.1 mg/kg. The data are reported in Table 4. Chunks with tuna <LOQ [31] Mackerel with seaweed <LOQ [3] Chunks with tuna <LOQ [32] Tuna for kittens <LOQ [4] Minced tuna <LOQ [33] Sardines with shrimps <LOQ [5] Tuna <LOQ [34] Sardines with white fish <LOQ [6] With tuna 28.7 [35] Tuna with rice <LOQ [7] Tuna 29.6 [36] With tuna <LOQ [8] Tuna Japan style <LOQ [37] With tuna <LOQ [9] Tuna <LOQ [38] With tuna <LOQ [10] Pacific tuna in jelly <LOQ [39] Chunks with grilled tuna <LOQ [11] Tuna fillet in water and rice <LOQ [40] Tuna with mackerel <LOQ [12] Natural tuna <LOQ [41] Tuna with mackerel <LOQ [13] Chunks with trout 30.1 [42] Tuna <LOQ [14] Mackerel <LOQ [43] Savory cake with tuna <LOQ [15] Mousse with oceanic fish <LOQ [44] With tuna fillets and anchovies 4.3 [16] Tuna with rice <LOQ [45] Tuna <LOQ [17] Mackerel <LOQ [46] Tuna and vitamin premix <LOQ [18] Tonggol tuna fillet <LOQ [47] Tuna with aloe <LOQ [19] Skipjack tuna fillet <LOQ [48] Pacific tuna <LOQ [20] Tuna fillet and seaweed <LOQ [49] Tuna 13.3 [21] With tuna 1.5 [50] Tuna <LOQ [22] Pink tuna with mackerel <LOQ [51] Chunks with trout <LOQ [23] Pacific tuna with ocean fish 3.9 [52] Chunk with oceanic fish <LOQ [24] Pink tuna <LOQ [53] With tuna 20.2 [25] Tuna with rice and green beans <LOQ [54] With sardines in jelly 10.8 [26] Tuna with rice <LOQ [55] With tuna 11.9 [27] Tuna <LOQ [56] With mackerel in jelly with tomato <LOQ [28] Tuna with vegetables <LOQ [57] With tuna in sauce 2.3 [29] Mackerel in water <LOQ [58] With tuna fillets and anchovies <LOQ 1 As stated on the label on the basis of ingredients. How ingredients may be included in the product name depends on the percentage of that ingredient in the product and the use of certain descriptors. ...
In fish-based foods, one of the effects of inappropriate storage can be the formation of
biogenic amines. Among these, histamine is considered one of the most toxic. The purpose of the present study is to assess the occurrence of histamine in fish-based pet foods, and to evaluate the changes in histamine content during storage at different temperatures. For the analysis, an LC-MS/MS method was used. Fifty-eight pet foods were purchased, and an aliquot of them was analyzed just after opening the packages. Histamine was detected in 12 samples and concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 30.1 mg/kg. The remaining of each positive sample was divided into seven subsamples. One of them was used as a control sample and kept at −20 ◦C, while the other six were exposed to different environmental conditions. Samples exposed to room temperature showed no significant changes in histamine levels, while samples exposed to high temperatures showed significant increases in histamine content. Finally, samples exposed to refrigerator temperature showed a slight decrease in histamine levels. Under the experimental conditions, the EU limit of 100 mg/kg established for fishery products was never exceeded. These results seem to indicate a low risk of histamine intoxication in cats fed fish-based pet food.
... La utilización de alimentos comerciales secos procesados se ha posicionado como el alimento ideal para ambos animales (Laamme et al., 2008;Zicker, 2008;Di Cerbo et al., 2017), debido a que tienen varios benecios hacia su salud, por ejemplo, prometen incluir en sus ingredientes frutas y verduras, granos integrales para una buena digestión y consistencia de la excreción fecal, suplementos, vitaminas y minerales, así como la saciedad del animal (Bontempo, 2005;Buchanan et al., 2011;Di Cerbo et al., 2014;Borneo y Leon, 2012;Buff et al., 2014;Carter et al., 2014;Baser y Yalcin, 2017;Alvarenga y Aldrich, 2018;Laamme et al., 2014;Viana et al., 2020). Además se ha demostrado que el olor, color, forma y consistencia del alimento, es clave para que sea seleccionado por el propietario y el mismo animal (Delime et al., 2020). ...
... La utilización de alimentos comerciales secos procesados se ha posicionado como el alimento ideal para ambos animales (Laamme et al., 2008;Zicker, 2008;Di Cerbo et al., 2017), debido a que tienen varios benecios hacia su salud, por ejemplo, prometen incluir en sus ingredientes frutas y verduras, granos integrales para una buena digestión y consistencia de la excreción fecal, suplementos, vitaminas y minerales, así como la saciedad del animal (Bontempo, 2005;Buchanan et al., 2011;Di Cerbo et al., 2014;Borneo y Leon, 2012;Buff et al., 2014;Carter et al., 2014;Baser y Yalcin, 2017;Alvarenga y Aldrich, 2018;Laamme et al., 2014;Viana et al., 2020). Además se ha demostrado que el olor, color, forma y consistencia del alimento, es clave para que sea seleccionado por el propietario y el mismo animal (Delime et al., 2020). ...
El Instituto de Biodiversidad y Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Estado de Quintana Roo, tiene como objeto conducir la política estatal en materia de áreas naturales protegidas, bienestar animal y biodiversidad, con la finalidad de salvaguardar y fomentar el uso sustentable de los recursos naturales, fortaleciendo el sistema de áreas naturales protegidas y procurando el bienestar animal y la biodiversidad que existe en el Estado.
En este sentido brinda seguimiento al Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano para la Atención y Bienestar de los Animales en el Estado de Quintana Roo, el cual es un órgano de coordinación institucional y de participación y colaboración ciudadana, cuya finalidad principal es establecer acciones programáticas y fijar líneas de políticas zoológicas, ambientales y de sanidad, a efecto de garantizar el trato digno y respetuoso a los animales del Estado.
... Mineralogical composition of sepiolite was analysed by D8 Advance Diffractometer AXS (Bruker, Germany). Pellet durability index values of pelleted concentrate feeds after cooling and after loading were measured with a Pfost Box Equipment using the sieve with the hole diameter of 2.80 mm [22]. Fine particles were also measured using the sieve with hole diameter of 1.00 mm. ...
... Water activity obtained for a dry extruded adult dog, puppy, and cat foods were 0.5356 ± 0.0961, 0.5837 ± 0.0682, and 0.5477 ± 0.0505, respectively. These values are relatively higher than those reported elsewhere for the cat (0.30-0.50) and dog food (0.30-0.54) (Baser and Yalçin, 2017). However, according to international guidelines, these values still rank local feeds as low-moisture animal food (US FDA, 2018). ...
Fatty acid determination is used for the characterization of the lipid fraction in foods, providing essential information regarding feed and food quality. Most edible fats and oils are composed primarily of linear saturated fatty acids, branched, mono-unsaturated, di-unsaturated, and higher unsaturated fatty acids. To attain this information we developed a gas chromatography (GC) method that can separate fatty acids from C4 to C24 using mass spectrometry identification. A simplified sample preparation procedure was applied so it is not time-consuming and short enough to avoid fat degradation. Additionally, one-step derivatization was applied to obtained fatty acid methyl esters in situ in the gas chromatograph injection port, using tetramethylammonium hydroxide and a high polarity polyethylene glycol-based cross-linked microbore chromatographic column was coupled to achieve the separation of 60 compounds in under 15 minutes with extreme sensibility. The versatility of the method allows fatty acid profile (including saturated [SFA], monounsaturated [MUFA], and polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]) information to be gathered in different products of primary production i. raw materials commonly used in the production of animal feed, ii. profiles for balanced feed for laying hens, beef cattle and dairy cattle and iii. products of animal origin intended for human consumption, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Our data (performance parameters and fatty acid profiles) support the validity of the results; the method can be used for quality assurance both in productive species feed and feed ingredients, pet food, and related food matrices. The technique presented herein can be used as a high-throughput routine screening tool to assess fat quality as this data is paramount to improve animal nutrition and health and animal-derived products of human consumption.
... Water activity obtained for a dry extruded adult dog, puppy, and cat foods were 0.5356 ± 0.0961, 0.5837 ± 0.0682, and 0.5477 ± 0.0505, respectively (Table 2). These values are relatively higher than those reported elsewhere for cat food (0.30-0.50) and dog food (0.30-0.54) [40]. As a cost management strategy, Costa Rican feed industry usually maintains moisture contents between 8 and 10 g/100 g ( Table 2). ...
Costa Rican animal feed production is continually growing, with approximately 1,238,243 metric tons produced in 2018. Production-wise, pet cat and dog food are in fifth place (about 41,635 metric tons per year) amongst animal feeds, and it supplies up to 90% of the national market. Pet food production has increased as a response to the increase in the population of dogs and cats in Costa Rica, where 50.5% of households own at least one dog and indicates more responsible ownership in terms of feeding pets. Part of the process of making dry pet food involves a thermal process called extrusion, which is capable of eliminating the microbial load. However, extrusion can compromise nutritional quality to some extent by denaturing proteins, oxidizing lipids, and reducing digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and safety of dry pet food and to assess the effect of the extrusion process on digestibility and the quality of proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids. Pet food samples were collected before and after extrusion and were used to evaluate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), based on Central American Technical Regulation (RTCA 65.05.63:11). In general terms, weaknesses in infrastructure, documentary evidence, and post-process practices were observed in two Costa Rican feed manufactories. Feed safety was surveyed through the analysis of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, fungi, and yeasts counts. The extrusion process effectively reduced pathogenic microorganisms, and showed no effect on the digestibility of dog food (p = 0.347), however, it could reduce the availability of some nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids). Furthermore, a retrospective diagnosis was made for puppy food (n = 68), dog food (n = 158), and cat food (n = 25), to evaluate the history of nutritional quality and safety. Finally, it can Animals 2019, 9, 980 2 of 25 be confirmed that the correct implementation of GMP allows feed manufacturers to deliver a product of optimum texture, smell, nutritional composition, and safety.
... Mineralogical composition was analysed by D8 Advance Diffractometer AXS (Bruker, Germany) and chemical composition was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AA240, Varian Inc., The Netherlands). PDI values of pelleted concentrate feeds were measured with a Pfost Box Equipment using the sieve having the hole diameter of 4.75 mm [20] . Quadruplicate measurements were done with each sample. ...
... Mineralogical composition was analysed by D8 Advance Diffractometer AXS (Bruker, Germany) and chemical composition was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AA240, Varian Inc., The Netherlands). PDI values of pelleted concentrate feeds were measured with a Pfost Box Equipment using the sieve having the hole diameter of 4.75 mm [20] . Quadruplicate measurements were done with each sample. ...
The aim of this study was conducted to determine the effects of sepiolite usage on pellet production parameters and pellet quality characteristics for dairy cattle concentrate feed under regular industrial conditions. In the experiment, 14 mt pellet feeds for control and two treatment groups with 7 batch each were produced in a commercial feed factory. Each batch was 2 mt. Control group feed produced contained 87.37% dry matter, 18.06% crude protein, 6.95% crude fibre and 5.34% ether extract. For the treatment groups, 1% and 1.5% sepiolite (Exal T) were used as top dressed in the mixer. Pelleting disc having 6.5 mm hole diameter was used in the factory. Energy consumption during pellet manufacturing was decreased with sepiolite supplementation (P< 0.001) and pellet durability index (PDI) was enhanced with 1.5% sepiolite (P< 0.05). These findings demonstrated that 1.5% sepiolite in dairy cattle concentrates as top dressed may be used as a binder to improve pellet quality and to reduce energy consumption during pellet production in the feed mill.
... Mineralogical composition was analysed by D8 Advance Diffractometer AXS (Bruker, Germany) and chemical composition was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Varian Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AA240, Varian Inc., The Netherlands). PDI values of pelleted concentrate feeds were measured with a Pfost Box Equipment using the sieve having the hole diameter of 4.75 mm [20] . Quadruplicate measurements were done with each sample. ...
Gıdalar, üretim, taşıma ve tüketim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında atık olarak israf edilmekte ve bunların bir kısmı geri dönüştürülebilir olmalarına rağmen çeşitli sebeplerle geri kazandırılamamaktadır. Buna ilaveten kabuk, posa, öz suyu, işlem sonrası oluşan sular, çekirdek gibi kısımlar tüketilemediği için kaçınılmaz atıklar olarak ortaya çıkmakta olup israf nedeniyle değil kullanım alanı bulunamadığı için atık olmaktadır. Bu atıkların değerlendirilip farklı amaçlarla kullanıma hazır hale getirilmeleri mümkün iken israf ediliyor olması hem ekonomik hem de çevresel ve toplumsal sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile hem israf hem de kaçınılmaz olarak oluşan gıda atıklarından sıfır atık uygulaması kapsamında takviye kuru kedi maması üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için ekmek, portakal kabuğu, yumurta kabuğu, kemik suyu ve peynir altı suyu atıkları ile ürüne aroma katması ve mama hamurunun reolojisine katkıda bulunması amacıyla kemik suyu bulyonu kullanılarak takviye kuru kedi maması geliştirilmiştir. Atık maddelerden hazırlanan mama hamuru, koşulların ön denemelerle optimize edilmesinden sonra mikrodalgada 180 W gücünde 2 dk 25 sn süreyle kurutulmuştur. Elde edilen kuru mamanın nem içeriği %4.36 ± 0.06 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, teorik olarak yapılan hesaplamalara göre takviye kuru kedi maması 100 g’da kuru ağırlıkça %10.89 protein, %9.45 yağ, %45.73 g karbonhidrat, %5.30 çözünür şeker, %1.05 laktoz ile %5.12 oranında kalsiyum içermektedir.
The obesity model is predominantly formed by feeding animals that are prone to obesity with high-fat diets, but this dietary intervention is not standardized. It is very difficult to pellet most high-fat diets, as they become rapidly oxidized due to their high-fat content. This study aimed to use calcium soap (Ca-soap) of beef tallow as a source of fat in high-fat mouse diets and to investigate its effects on pellet quality and its effectiveness in an obesity model. In the experiment, three diets were formed: a control diet (CD), a high-fat diet with beef tallow (HFD), and a high-fat diet containing beef tallow and Ca-soap of beef tallow (Ca-HFD). A total of 36 male C57BL/6 J mice aged six weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups: the Control (C), High-Fat (HF), and High-Fat with Ca-soap (Ca-HF) groups. The experiment lasted 20 weeks. Ca-HFD and HFD had higher hardness and pellet durability index (PDI) values than CD. Ca-HFD had a lower peroxide value than that of the HFD. At the end of the study, average body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, and calorie consumption were found to be the highest in the HF group and the lowest in the C group. The highest epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) ratio of the mice was seen in the Ca-HF group. Plasma triglyceride and insulin values were higher in the HF group than in the C group. The highest level of steatosis was observed in the HF group. High body weight gain, fat deposition, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and hepatic steatosis were observed in C57BL/6 J male mice fed the high-fat diets, but only HFD caused hyperinsulinemia. HFD and Ca-HFD can be used to model obesity, but only HFD can be used in type 2 diabetes modeling.
This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the nutrient digestibility of grain-inclusive and grain-free commercial dry dog foods using the method of total fecal collection and also explore their effects on fecal consistency. 21 different foods, including 14 grain-inclusive (7 grain-chicken meat, 7 grain-lamb meat) and 7 grain-free were investigated. 12 adult Golden retriever dogs (age 3-4 years, body weight=22.5±1.7kg) were divided into 3 groups. The results of digestibility trials indicated that the grain-lamb meat foods showed the highest digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude fiber. Overall, in the grain-inclusive and grain-free group evaluation, grain-inclusive foods showed higher digestibility of crude fibers while grain-free foods had higher ether extract digestibility whereas the differences in the scores of fecal consistencies between the groups were insignificant. Contrary to popular belief, grain-inclusive foods were more digestive than grain-free foods in terms of dry matter and organic matter. There are studies involving starch sources in the dog food formulations, but there is a need to study the digestibility of complete dog food to supply them with adequate nutrients. Also, each diet should be assessed based on its overall nutrient profile and digestibility rather than individual ingredients.
People's concern with the health of their animals has grown as the concern with their own health. The phenomenon known as humanization of animals has contributed to the emergence of this awareness about the care that animal owners need to have in relation with food, thus creating a new market nourishment, of natural and healthy foods. With revenues of US$ 91 billion in 2018, the pet food market is seen as a valuable market with great growth prospects for years to come. Nutrition is one of the most important parameters for the maintenance of animal health. Paying close attention to this new trend, the pet industry has been launching and betting on new products that work for the improvement of the quality of life of domestic animals. The present work carries out a national and international technological review on natural food, interesting components and their benefits in pet food, definitions, food market and their trends.
The aim of this study was to evaluate some pelleting characteristics of beef cattle concentrate with added sepiolite and potassium humate alone or combined. For this purpose, one control group (basal concentrate) with no additive and five treatment groups with 1% sepiolite (S), 0.25% potassium humate (H-25), 0.50% potassium humate (H-50), 1% sepiolite + 0.25% potassium humate (SH-25) and 1% sepiolite + 0.50% potassium humate (SH-50) added as top-dressed into mixer were used. For each experimental group, a total of 36 tons of pellet concentrates were produced in six batches with 6 tons per batch. The basal pelleted concentrate included 90.29% dry matter, 14.51% crude protein, 11.76% crude fibre and 3.14% ether extract. Results showed that adding sepiolite up to 1% in beef cattle concentrate as top-dressed in mixer reduced moisture losses and improved the durability of pelleted feed. Sepiolite addition also lowered pellet water activity during storage. Adding potassium humate alone up to 0.50% was not enough to improve the pellet quality in terms of durability or water activity. Potassium humate supplementation alone or with sepiolite presented with lower moisture losses than control, and it was more evident during storage. In conclusion, the use of sepiolite in beef cattle concentrates as pellet binder seemed to be providing more durable feed pellets with lower water activity. Promising results were obtained from both the supplements in limiting the moisture losses post- pelleting and storage. Regarding the role of potassium humate as pellet binder in animal feed industry further research is needed.
Fifteen dry adult canine diets (i.e., dinners, extrudates, pellets) were collected from retailers in Wageningen, The Netherlands, and chemically and physically characterized. Quality measurements were lysine O-methylisourea (OMIU) reactivity and starch gelatinization degree (SGD). In general, extruded diets had a higher crude fat and starch content than pellets. Mean values for starch gelatinization were higher in pellets and ranged between 0.78 and 0.91. The mean reactive/total lysine ratio in extrudate samples was about 5¿10% higher than in pellet samples, suggesting the presence in commercial diets of about 200 g bound lysine/kg in pellets and 120 g/kg in extrudates with bound lysine levels of canine dinners about 170 g/kg. Variation of analysed nutrients in pellets was larger than in extrudates. Inclusion of animal or vegetable ingredients, and the process variables during extrusion or pelleting, are the likely causative factors for the variation in lysine reactivity and starch gelatinization.
How well can you answer pet owners' questions about proper diet and feeding? Canine and Feline Nutrition, 3rd Edition describes the role of nutrition and its effects upon health and wellness and the dietary management of various disorders of dogs and cats. By using the book's cutting-edge research and clinical nutrition information, you'll be able to make recommendations of appropriate pet food and proper feeding guidelines. Pet nutrition experts Linda P. Case, MS, Leighann Daristotle, DVM, PhD, Michael G. Hayek, PhD, and Melody Foess Raasch, DVM, provide complete, head-to-tail coverage and a broad scope of knowledge, so you can help dog and cat owners make sound nutrition and feeding choices to promote their pets' health to prolong their lives. Tables and boxes provide quick reference to the most important clinical information. Key points summarize essential information at a glance. A useful Nutritional Myths and Feeding Practices chapter dispels and corrects common food myths.New clinical information covers a wide range of emerging nutrition topics including the role of the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid families in pet health and disease management. Coverage of pet food safety and pet food ingredients includes both commercially and home-prepared foods and provides answers to pet owners' questions on these topics. Completely updated content reflects the latest findings in clinical nutrition research. Information regarding functional ingredients and dietary supplementation provides a scientifically based rationale for recommending or advising against dietary supplements. Guidelines for understanding pet food formulations and health claims differentiate between "market-speak" and actual clinical benefits for patients, with practice advice for evaluating and selecting appropriate foods.
During processing of pet foods, the Maillard reaction (MR) can occur, which reduces the bioavailability of essential amino acids like lysine and results in the formation of advanced Maillard reaction products (MRPs). This study examined the effect of conditioning temperature (65 and 90 °C) and die hole length (ø 5 × 45, 65, and 80 mm) during pelleting processing of a standard dry dog food on selected indicators of the MR (total lysine, reactive lysine, fructoselysine, ɛ-N-carboxymethyllysine, (5-hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, lysinoalanine), browning development and CIE-Lab color. Steam pelleting variables did not cause a significant loss of lysine or change in color and absorbance values. Analyzing the unprocessed ingredient mix suggests that the choice of the ingredients used in the ingredient mix, rather than the pelleting process applied, is responsible for the RL/TL ratio observed in the dry standard dog food used in this study. MRP content increased during steam pelleting (fructoselysine: 366.2 to 538.8 mg/kg DM; ɛ-N-carboxymethyllysine: 12.6 to 14.8 mg/kg DM; lysinoalanine: 5.7 to 7.7 mg/kg DM; P<0.05). Increasing conditioning temperature from 65 to 90 °C increased fructoselysine (475.9 to 601.6 mg/kg DM; P<0.01) and ɛ-N-carboxymethyllysine (14.3 to 15.1 mg/kg DM; P=0.003). An increased die hole length of 80 mm decreased fructoselysine content compared to 45 and 65 mm (461.3 vs. 573.3 and 581.6 mg/kg DM; P<0.01) but increased lysinoalanine content (8.8 vs. 7.4 and 6.8 mg/kg DM; P=0.002). Analyzing total and reactive lysine and absorbance values are not accurate enough to predict the MR and formation of MRPs during processing.
In a series of three articles, the physical quality of pelleted animal feeds is discussed from an engineer's point of view. In this first manuscript an overview is given on the binding mechanisms in pelleted animal feeds. Principles and methods for evaluation of physical quality of pelleted animal feeds are reviewed with respect to pellet hardness and durability. Methods are outlined with respect to quality standards both from a pragmatical and scientific point of view.It is concluded that binding in pellets most probably is due to solubilisation and subsequent crystallisation of feedstuff components e.g. starch, sugars, fats or ‘liquid necking’. Liquid necking is a binding mechanism which uses the surface tension of water, in a three-phase system of air, water and particles to maintain structural integrity of the pellet. Soluble components might be introduced in the feed mash subjected to pelleting. They are either incorporated in the mixing phase or result from processing as a function of processing variables during the subsequent stages, conditioning, pelleting and colling/drying, of the feed manufacturing process. To evaluate the physical quality of pelleted feeds, generally a subdivision is made into tests that evaluate ‘hardness’ and tests evaluating ‘durability’ of a given pellet. Several devices measuring fragmentation strength, and devices determining abrasion strength of pellets are discussed. It is concluded that some tests presently available evaluate a mixture of hardness (fragmentation) and durability (abrasion) effects. The feed manufacturer or feed technologist should be aware of the reason for evaluating the pellet quality and subsequently choose the appropriate, most suitable method, since no unique test exists that covers all parameters of interest related to physical quality of pelleted animal feeds.
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