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GIRLZ'N THE HOOD - DISCOVERING THE DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION OF WOMEN IN DEPRIVED URBAN AREAS
... While this is generally considered true by contemporary research digging in this area of work, it does not always resonate in the context of women in rural areas: it would mean adding to the family income while taking care of their farm, home and livestock centered tasks, at the same time. Beyond the urban-rural gap, regional differences are also significant for the case of many economies (Druica et al., 2017), emphasizing a better understanding of deprived areas (Notais & Tixier, 2017) and requiring a more in depth approach focused at capturing the real nature of the phenomenon. However, micro enterprises are an integral part of planned strategy for securing balanced development of the economy of the poor women. ...
Contemporary research in the area of renewable energy based entrepreneurship has largely ignored studying the effects of women led solar businesses in a regional context, particularly rural areas. While there are studies recognising entrepreneurship as a key instrument in bringing in regional transformation and thereby development, very little insight has been provided to gain an understanding of solar entrepreneurship and its effect at regional levels. This research explores the community level impact of women led solar businesses by using an exploratory qualitative method and carrying out semi-structured interviews and participant observation on solar entrepreneurs in rural Odisha, India. The paper offers empirical analysis from discussions led by thematic analysis method that introduces the varied impact of women led solar entrepreneurship on rural Odisha and how that is evidently realised at various levels as well as time scales.
... Social entrepreneurship is determined by various factors, among them most frequently are: cultural, institutional and economic determinants, access to knowledge and finance beside entrepreneurial capability [19]. Social entrepreneurs are motivated by a combination of both push factors (economic dimension such as to create own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, it is more about a desire to improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing everyday life of people in the community and immediate environment) and drivers of motivation are not only at an individual level (personal needs) but also at a social level through the recognition of social needs [12], [20]. Social entrepreneurship is related with passion, tenacity, individual and social innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion [21], [22]. ...
This article delivers a full insight into the concepts of social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, their sustainability issues and strategic understanding. Despite different nature, determinant factors, motivation and purpose, as well as orientation towards sustainable development of commercial and social enterprises the results of analysis show that both form of extant entrepreneurship could to stay together to successfully bridge, create synergy effect between social and commercial capital for the mutual development. However, the article revealed that in contrast to the commercial entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship currently lacks and needs more strategic understanding (and its reflection in the reality) to be benefitted from in order to support overall sustainable entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Vietnam. Finally, the article proposed solutions to enhance social entrepreneurship and promote its expansion for the purpose of sustainable development.
... Social entrepreneurs are motivated by a combination of both push factors (economic dimension such as self-employment and creating own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, it is more about a desire to improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing everyday life of people in the community and immediate environment). Drivers of motivation are not only resided at the individual level (personal needs) but also at the social level through the recognition of social needs (Gabarret et al., 2017;Notais and Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurship is related with passion, tenacity, individual and social innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Alexandre-Leclair, 2017; Kuratko, 2011). ...
This article delivers a full insight into the concept of green entrepreneurship. Despite different nature, determinant factors, motivation, purpose and orientation towards sustainable development, the results of analysis show that it serves urgent needs of people living in megacities. With specific mission as a game changer in Vietnam business landscape, green entrepreneurship is promoting sustainable development of both society and environment. Using extensive conceptual analysis and taking closer look at tens of small Vietnamese businesses operating in three leading green sectors of the economy in Ho Chi Minh City, the article revealed how important is green entrepreneurship in megacities; how to promote it for the purpose of offering a better quality of urban life. Finally, the article proposed several solutions to enhance green entrepreneurship understanding and to further so far achievements in the future; to promote the synergy effect with other forms of social entrepreneurship for the purpose of sustainable development.
... Social entrepreneurs are motivated by both push factors (economic dimension such as to create own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, a desire to improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing local people's life). Drivers of entrepreneurial motivation are not only resided at the individual level (personal needs) but also at social and group level through recognition of social needs (Notais & Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurs are with passion, tenacity, innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Kuratko, 2011). ...
This article delivers current basic understanding on the concept and issues of green entrepreneurship in Vietnam and its association with related background concepts such as social entrepreneurship, social responsibility, and sustainable development. The results of analysis show that the development and implementation of this concept/idea serves the urgent needs of people living in world's megacities. Green entrepreneurship's specific mission is to promote sustainable development of both the local community and environment. Using conceptual analysis and investigating small firms operating in green sectors of the two largest cities in Vietnam, this article revealed the importance of green entrepreneurship in megacities and the way to popularize it for the purpose of offering a better quality of urban life. Finally, the article proposed several recommendations and solutions to enhance green entrepreneurship to support sustainable development and to promote the role it can interplay with other forms of entrepreneurship in Vietnam.
... Social entrepreneurs are motivated by both push factors (economic dimension such as to create own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, a desire to SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP Ethnic (Minority, Immigrant) Entrepreneurship Indigenous (Local, Native) Entrepreneurship Green (Eco-, Bio-) Entrepreneurship improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing local people's life). Drivers of motivation are not only resided at the individual level (personal needs) but also at the social and group level through recognition of social needs (Notais & Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurship is related with passion, tenacity, innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Kuratko, 2011). ...
This paper delivers a full insight into the concept of ethnic entrepreneurship characteristic for Vietnam. Despite different nature, determinant factors, motivation and purpose of the ethnic enterprises and ethnic entrepreneurship, the results of analysis show that this special form of entrepreneurship is the most important factor that closes the growing wealth gap, reduces social tension and community unrest that are typical for developing countries. Using conceptual analysis together with the carried out original research on ethnic entrepreneurship, the article revealed the rising role of ethnic community and the need to promote that kind of entrepreneurship to support the economy. Finally, the article proposed solutions: to enhance the ethnic entrepreneurship to promote the synergy effect with other forms of entrepreneurship to support the far-off areas of the economy.
... Social entrepreneurs are motivated by a combination of both push factors (economic dimension such as self-employment and creating own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, it is more about a desire to improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing everyday life of people in the community and immediate environment). Drivers of motivation are not only resided at the individual level (personal needs) but also at the social level through the recognition of social needs (Gabarret et al., 2017;Notais and Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurship is related with passion, tenacity, individual and social innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Alexandre-Leclair, 2017; Kuratko, 2011). ...
This article delivers a full insight into the concept of green entrepreneurship. Despite different nature, determinant factors, motivation, purpose and orientation towards sustainable development, the results of analysis show that it serves urgent needs of people living in megacities. With specific mission as a game changer in Vietnam business landscape, green entrepreneurship is promoting sustainable development of both society and environment. Using extensive conceptual analysis and taking closer look at tens of small Vietnamese businesses operating in three leading green sectors of the economy in Ho Chi Minh City, the article revealed how important is green entrepreneurship in megacities; how to promote it for the purpose of offering a better quality of urban life. Finally, the article proposed several solutions to enhance green entrepreneurship understanding and to further so far achievements in the future; to promote the synergy effect with other forms of social entrepreneurship for the purpose of sustainable development.
... Social entrepreneurs are motivated by both push factors (economic dimension such as to create own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, a desire to SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP Ethnic (Minority, Immigrant) Entrepreneurship Indigenous (Local, Native) Entrepreneurship Green (Eco-, Bio-) Entrepreneurship improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing local people's life). Drivers of motivation are not only resided at the individual level (personal needs) but also at the social and group level through recognition of social needs (Notais & Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurship is related with passion, tenacity, innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Kuratko, 2011). ...
This paper delivers a full insight into the concept of ethnic entrepreneurship characteristic for Vietnam. Despite different nature, determinant factors, motivation and purpose of the ethnic enterprises and ethnic entrepreneurship, the results of analysis show that this special form of entrepreneurship is the most important factor that closes the growing wealth gap, reduces social tension and community unrest that are typical for developing countries. Using conceptual analysis together with the carried out original research on ethnic entrepreneurship, the article revealed the rising role of ethnic community and the need to promote that kind of entrepreneurship to support the economy. Finally, the article proposed solutions: to enhance the ethnic entrepreneurship to promote the synergy effect with other forms of entrepreneurship to support the far-off areas of the economy.
... Social entrepreneurs are motivated by both push factors (economic dimension such as to create own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, a desire to improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing local people's life). Drivers of entrepreneurial motivation are not only resided at the individual level (personal needs) but also at social and group level through recognition of social needs (Notais & Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurs are with passion, tenacity, innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Kuratko, 2011). ...
This article delivers current basic understanding on the concept and issues of green entrepreneurship in Vietnam and its association with related background concepts such as social entrepreneurship, social responsibility, and sustainable development. The results of analysis show that the development and implementation of this concept/idea serves the urgent needs of people living in world's megacities. Green entrepreneurship's specific mission is to promote sustainable development of both the local community and environment. Using conceptual analysis and investigating small firms operating in green sectors of the two largest cities in Vietnam, this article revealed the importance of green entrepreneurship in megacities and the way to popularize it for the purpose of offering a better quality of urban life. Finally, the article proposed several recommendations and solutions to enhance green entrepreneurship to support sustainable development and to promote the role it can interplay with other forms of entrepreneurship in Vietnam.
... Social entrepreneurship is determined by various factors, among them most frequently are: cultural, institutional and economic determinants, access to knowledge and finance beside entrepreneurial capability (Ferris and Voia, 2012). Social entrepreneurs are motivated by a combination of both push factors (economic dimension such as to create own job) and pull factors (territorial and social dimensions, it is more about a desire to improve surroundings and to play there social and territorial role in changing everyday life of people in the community and immediate environment) and drivers of motivation are not only at an individual level (personal needs) but also at a social level through the recognition of social needs (Gabarret et al., 2017;Notais and Tixier, 2017). Social entrepreneurship is related with passion, tenacity, individual and social innovations, especially in the field of social inclusion (Alexandre-Leclair, 2017;Kuratko, 2011). ...
This article delivers a full insight into the concepts of social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, their sustainability issues and strategic understanding. Despite different nature, determinant factors, motivation and purpose, as well as orientation towards sustainable development of commercial and social enterprises the results of analysis show that both form of extant entrepreneurship could to stay together to successfully bridge, create synergy effect between social and commercial capital for the mutual development. However, the article revealed that in contrast to the commercial entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship currently lacks and needs more strategic understanding (and its reflection in the reality) to be benefited from in order to support overall sustainable entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Vietnam. Finally, the article proposed solutions to enhance social entrepreneurship and promote its expansion for the purpose of sustainable development.
... While this is generally considered true by contemporary research digging in this area of work, it does not always resonate in the context of women in rural areas: it would mean adding to the family income while taking care of their farm, home and livestock centered tasks, at the same time. Beyond the urban-rural gap, regional differences are also significant for the case of many economies (Druica et al., 2017), emphasizing a better understanding of deprived areas (Notais & Tixier, 2017) and requiring a more in depth approach focused at capturing the real nature of the phenomenon. However, micro enterprises are an integral part of planned strategy for securing balanced development of the economy of the poor women. ...
Contemporary research in the area of renewable energy based entrepreneurship has largely ignored studying the effects of women led solar businesses in a regional context, particularly rural areas. While there are studies recognising entrepreneurship as a key instrument in bringing in regional transformation and thereby development, very little insight has been provided to gain an understanding of solar entrepreneurship and its effect at regional levels. This research explores the community level impact of women led solar businesses by using an exploratory qualitative method and carrying out semi-structured interviews and participant observation on solar entrepreneurs in rural Odisha, India. The paper offers empirical analysis from discussions led by thematic analysis method that introduces the varied impact of women led solar entrepreneurship on rural Odisha and how that is evidently realised at various levels as well as time scales.
Social entrepreneurship is important to attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) worldwide. Currently, women have been heavily involved in social entrepreneurship activities. However, until now, a study involving women of Minang ethnicity (matrilinear lineage) on the student's interest in social entrepreneurship still needs to be completed. The objective of this paper is to look into the impact of prosocial and intrinsic motivation antecedents on women’s social entrepreneurial intention. The inquiry model was tested in this study using a quantitative technique. This study involved 250 Minang students (female)who met the criteria that they had taken lectures for at least two semesters in Padang City. The moderating variables were investigated using the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) approach effect of intrinsic motivation (STATA). An interesting finding from this study is that prosocial motivation shows a positive and significant effect on social entrepreneurial intention. The urge to engage in social action triggers them to become social entrepreneurs. Although the results of the moderating effect are not proven, the implications of this investigation are very helpful for the government and higher education to develop a social entrepreneurship ecosystem and social entrepreneurship education. The originality of this paper lies in the fact that previous studies haven’t focused on the role of culture in shaping the social entrepreneurial intention of Minang students.
This paper explains why the term 'comprehensive research' appears to be more relevant than 'qualitative research'. Three great epistemological risks are outlined, as they relate to this type of approach: 1) the risk of abstract actors or beings of reason, as per David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917); 2) the risk of circularity, a concept of Karl Popper (1902-1994); 3) the risk linked to the phenomenon of equifinality, a concept introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972). Our paper shows how to manage these risks, by determining the unit of analysis (abstract actors), by specifying in an independent manner, the theories in terms of social mechanisms and the material in terms of coding (to avoid circularity), expanding the exploration of plausible rival hypotheses, process tracing and counterfactual reasoning (equifinality). Finally, we explain the scientific contributions that can be expected from this kind of approach, such as highlighting mechanisms, building typologies and redefining concepts or theories.
A Critical Look at Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Synthesis of Studies from the Past 25 Years
Over the past few years, many researchers have shown an interest in women’s entrepreneurship, mainly through studies that compare the situation of women to that of men. Among other things, researchers have attempted to differentiate men and women entrepreneurs at the level of motivation, management style, company performance, training needs, access to financing, reconciliation of personal and professional life and participation in business networks. This article proposes a synthesis of these different studies in order to underscore both their limitations and the perspectives they open up. The results reveal that there is no convincing proof of significant differences that engender either favourable or unfavourable situations for women entrepreneurs and that it is actually more appropriate to approach the subject of women entrepreneurs from a different angle, notably by focusing on their uniqueness.
Entrepreneurial society emerged particularly in the early 1980’s, characterized by the development of individual initiative including the founding of new businesses in high tech areas, and social areas, also. Social entrepreneurs have developed programs oriented toward market segments that are not served adequately by either the free market or the public sector. Thus, the social entrepreneur is a “socialized entrepreneur,” : his role is characterized by the development of activities within an economic environment in which specialized agents operate in a highly interdependent manner.
The main objective of this article is to define social entrepreneurship, via the theory of the entrepreneur. This entails questions such as: What is the entrepreneur’s motivation? Is it profit, or social welfare? Also, how does the entrepreneur detect new opportunities for investment?
There is a growing interest in entrepreneurship education expressed by politicians, higher education institutions and students. Entrepreneurship education has been shown to contribute to the development of students’ entrepreneurial intentions, although the findings are not entirely conclusive. The theoretical foundation of the current paper was the theory of planned behavior, TPB (Ajzen, 1991 and Ajzen, 2005). The aim of the study was to identify the content of university entrepreneurship education and its impact for students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The study design used was cross-sectional study and the sample consisted of the students from 17 European countries that have been grouped for the purpose of analysis by the level of economic development into two country groups: efficiency-driven and innovation-driven economies (Porter et al., 2002). Frequencies and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of different factors, including participation in entrepreneurship education, for entrepreneurial intentions. Results indicate that what is offered is not necessarily the most demanded in entrepreneurship education as lectures and seminars are provided more, but networking and coaching activities are expected more by the students. Participation in entrepreneurship education was found to exert positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions.
Cet article s’intéresse à la nature et au niveau de support que le conjoint prodigue
à la femme entrepreneur, se fondant sur une approche théorique originale
en sciences de gestion : la théorie du contrat marital qui a donné naissance
à la théorie du contrat psychologique. Grâce à l’analyse de douze cas
relatant des situations diverses de l’entrepreneuriat féminin en Scandinavie,
nous mettons en évidence quatre configurations possibles, fondées sur cette théorie et
les conceptions respectives des deux conjoints en matière de répartition des rôles dans
la société selon les sexes. Nous mettons en évidence non seulement que la qualité de
la relation de couple a un impact sur le soutien du conjoint et sa nature à l’entrepreneuriat
féminin mais aussi que l’entrepreneuriat féminin, selon les configurations envisagées,
peut soit améliorer, soit détériorer la relation de couple.
We attempt to explain the entrepreneurial intention using individual as well as environmental characteristics which are inspired from the literature on Ajzen's psychosocial model of planned behavior. We conduct a study on graduates of the High School of Commerce of Sfax. Our results show the importance of attitudes related to behavior and also the importance of social norms in the entrepreneurial intention. On the other hand, financial constraints, training in business creation and all those things relating to perceptions of behavioral control have an insignificant effect on intention.
Over 7 years, the UK-Government funded an entrepreneurship scholarship scheme in the most deprived regions of England. This study examines how, for 211 of these nascent entrepreneurs, bootstrapping compensated for their inability to obtain debt or equity funding. Results show that social capital (strong, weak and brokerage ties) is important for access to bootstrapped resources. While human capital, including previous business experience and financial skills, are linked to joint-utilisation approaches to bootstrapping, higher financial investment is linked to owner- and payment-related approaches. A key outcome for developing appropriate regional policy is that ‘brokers’ provide a link between socially disadvantaged entrepreneurs and external resources.
Understanding and predicting new venture initiation requires research using theory-driven models that adequately reflect the complex perception-based processes underlying intentional, planned behaviours such as new venture initiation. We discuss exactly such a model, widely used in social psychology, and demonstrate its applicability to the entrepreneurship domain. Ajzen's intentions-centred ‘theory of planned behaviour’ is parsimonious, well grounded in theory, and robustly predicts a wide variety of planned behaviours. Intentions are the single best predictor of such behaviour, both conceptually and empirically. Intentions formation depends; on attitudes toward the target behaviour which, in turn, reflect beliefs and perceptions. Intentions-based models of entrepreneurial activity are compatible with existing research results and open new approaches to studying venture initiation. Intentions models allow us to better understand the impact of various antecedents of organizational emergence; identifying not only what influences emergence, but also how.
This study of reindeer herding in Finland identifies important differences between Indigenous Sámi reindeer herding, and reindeer husbandry by persons from mainstream society. A central theme was that ethnic Finns simply viewed their entrepreneurship as a means to economic profit. In contrast, Sámi respondents attributed their herding to a “pull” toward cultural tradition, while a frequent finding was that Sámi respondents – especially women – were often “pushed” into other activities to supplement their otherwise inadequate income derived from community‐based reindeer herding. Policy reform in the form of entrepreneurship in politics, e.g. the adoption of a Nordic Sámi Convention, may be required to encompass the revealed cultural values into sector legislation.
This article identifies the specific explanatory variables of self‐employment prevalent among ethnocultural groups. An interdisciplinary literature review results in the identification of several schools of thought suggesting four spheres of influence: the individual or self, the ethnocultural environment, the circumstances in society, and a combination of these. A conceptual framework is then developed, identifying two types of self‐employment, orthodox entrepreneurship and reactive self‐employment. A model links different ethnocultural communities (from empirical studies in the literature) to the explanatory variables relative to specific ethnocultural groups .
Résumé
Cet article identifie les variables explicatives partic‐ulières au travailleur indépendant qui prévalent parmi les communautés ethnoculturelles. Une revue de littéra‐ture permit l'identification de plusieurs écoles de pensée lesquelles suggèrent quatre variables explicatives: l'in‐dividu ou le moi, l'environnement ethnoculturel, les cir‐constances et une combinaison environnement‐circon‐stance. Un cadre conceptuel est alors développé, identi‐fiant deux types de travail indépendant: l'entrepreneurial orthodoxe et le travail indépendant réactif Un mod‐èle est ensuite développé, afin de relier l'appartenance culturelle (d'après les études empiriques dans la littéra‐ture) avec les variables explicatives pertinentes à ces groupes ethnoculturels précis .
This essay is an argument for using qualitativemethods in entrepreneurship research. Since entrepreneurs are influenced byculture, to gain a holistic understanding of the entrepreneurial process, themost effective research method is the case study in which the important aspectsof environment are analyzed and understood. The traditional method of research is the hypothetico-deductive approach andexamines the "why" of what entrepreneurs do; qualitative researchshould focus on the "how" of entrepreneurship and of encouraging othersto succeed. Qualitative research, or the "holistic-inductive" option,is based on personal observation, document analysis, open-ended interviews, and"thick description" using direct quotations from subjects. Advantages of qualitative research are the ability to learn directly fromthe research subject, reduction of measurement errors, asking the correctquestion, and solving the right problem. Aspects of design, research strategy,sampling, data collection, and data analysis are discussed. Such a researchmethodology is more appropriate for yielding new theories and understanding theentrepreneur's interaction with the environment. Use of the qualitativeapproach will help researchers better understand entrepreneurship. Policymakers will better understand the values and cultures of those whom they areencouraging to become entrepreneurs. (TNM)
Examines the networking strategies of entrepreneurs, including their use of personal and extended organizational networks. Although models of entrepreneurial networking usually do not make distinctions between individuals, organizations, and networks, this analysis considers the impact of social networks of individual entrepreneurs and the extended networks of organizations on the success of entrepreneurs and their companies. The social or personal networks of entrepreneurs can prove to be a cost-effective means of obtaining information that is valuable to the business. Networking of this type involves expanding one's circle of trust. These personal networks are made up of weak and strong ties that together must provide access to diverse information sources. Moving from the personal networks to the extended networks allows entrepreneurs to use indirect ties to expand their access to information and resources. Using these two concepts of networks, two hypotheses are presented. The first proposes that effective entrepreneurs are more likely to systematically plan and monitor network activities while the second proposes that effective entrepreneurs are more likely to undertake actions that increase network density and diversity. With respect to the first hypothesis, those entrepreneurs that are effective are believed to be able to chart their present network, to view effective networks as a crucial aspect of success, and to be able to stabilize and maintain networks. A better understanding of personal networks will help in determining how extended networks are created and in turn strengthened over time. (SRD)
Although the field of entrepreneurship is recognized as being of fundamental importance for our economy, and although many researchers throughout the world have turned their attention to it, there is, as yet, no agreement as to the research object in this scientific field. Empirical research has described the phenomenon from different standpoints. It has also shown that the phenomenon is much more complex and heterogeneous than was thought in the 1980s. However, to advance knowledge and produce tools that are useful in practice, it has become necessary to establish theories that will generate more productive empirical research. Some effort at definition is therefore needed.
The odyssey of a concept and the multiple figures of the entrepreneur
This article focuses on the role and economic contribution of the entrepreneur. The role and concept of the entrepreneur have been extensively discussed in the literature. As a result the concept of the entrepreneur has evolved and the entrepreneur is often mixed up with the firm. An historical and dynamic perspective is adopted to study the role of the entrepreneur, and the analysis suggests that the times when entrepreneurs have been particularly active in the economic and social context tally with the emergence of new entrepreneurial stereotypes and forms. The purpose of the article is to link the conceptual and contextual dimensions to study the emergence and raise of entrepreneurs through time. It appears, however, that entrepreneurs often defy aggregation and economic theory. The economic cycles and the spirit of capitalism require that the entrepreneur assumes risk and questions the established order. Today, this is even more true in the globalisation context. We live in an entrepreneurial era : times are particularly favourable for entrepreneurs to move up in the social and economic ladder.
Purpose
Facing the multiplication of entrepreneurship education programmes (EEP) and the increasing resources allocated, there is a need to develop a common framework to evaluate the design of those programmes. The purpose of this article is to propose such a framework, based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).
Design/methodology/approach
TPB is a relevant tool to model the development of entrepreneurial intention through pedagogical processes. The independent variables are the characteristics of the EEP and the dependent variables are the antecedents of entrepreneurial behaviour. To illustrate and test the relevance of the evaluation methodology, a pilot study is conducted.
Findings
Data are consistent and reliable, considering the small scale of this experiment. The EEP assessed had a strong measurable impact on the entrepreneurial intention of the students, while it had a positive, but not very significant, impact on their perceived behavioural control.
Research implications/limitations
This is a first step of an ambitious research programme aiming at producing theory‐grounded knowledge. Reproduction of the experiment will allow researchers to test how specific characteristics of an EEP influence its impact and how the impact differs across several cohorts of students. Those comparisons will serve to improve a priori the design of EEP.
Originality/value
The new methodology is built on a robust theoretical framework and based on validated measurement tools. Its originality is about a relative – longitudinal – measure of impact over time and a particular use of the theory of planned behaviour which is seen as an assessment framework.
Résumé Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous nous intéressons à l’innovation sociale et plus spécifiquement aux nouveaux modes de gestion de la question sociale par les entrepreneurs. Nous étudions alors ce que Yunus (2010) a défini comme le social business caractérisé par le fait de « mettre l’homme au cœur du processus » et plus particulièrement à l’entrepreneuriat social. Il s’agit d’entreprises dont la finalité est sociale et/ou sociétale tout en s’inscrivant dans une démarche classique d’entrepreneuriat. Ces entrepreneurs au cœur du dispositif et à l’initiative de cette orientation privilégient des objectifs d’innovation sociale. Nous nous fondons sur la définition de Bouchard (1999 : 2) de l’innovation sociale : « Par innovation sociale, on entend toute nouvelle approche, pratique ou intervention ou encore tout nouveau produit mis au point pour améliorer une situation ou résoudre un problème social et ayant trouvé preneur au niveau des institutions, des organisations, des communautés . ». Nous posons alors la question suivante : dans quelle mesure l’entrepreneuriat social propose une nouvelle conception de l’innovation sociale ? Nous nous interrogeons sur les modèles d’innovation sociale et sur les exemples concrets d’entrepreneuriat social qui bousculent les modes traditionnels de gestion. Nous soumettons ensuite une proposition de nouvelle modélisation de l’innovation sociale par l’entrepreneuriat.
This articles focuses on relationship between the municipal government of a Parisian suburb and the main producers of filo pastry in France. In the municipal authorities' discourse, the business is identified as « ethnic « and viewed as a way to revive the market and a sign of urban modernity. The author traces the socio-historical background (the trajectory of the municipal authority, the entrepreneurs and the product) to see under what conditions commercial «otherness» can be thought of as a resource for action and for the municipal narrative.
More and more universities are now delivering courses and programs to develop social awareness, but the literature on the effectiveness of these courses is currently very limited. With the introduction of "social entrepreneurship" as a new discipline within the wider ethics and social education banner, this pedagogic study explores the effectiveness of social business plan teaching in inducing social and civic awareness and intentionality among business school students. This is compared with the case study approach that is traditionally used within the classroom environment. Our study found that both approaches can be successful in raising awareness and improving the attitudes of participating students, increasing the probability that they will support socially oriented initiatives immediately or in the future. Interestingly, many students who participated in SBP teaching develop a local awareness of social and civic matters, while many of those who participated in case study learning develop a wider national and international perspective. In addition, it is found that many of those who participated in SBP development develop a deeper managerial and technical understanding of managing organizations within the social economy.
Over the last few years the number of female-owned businesses in Canada has grown at astonishing rates. However, research in the area of women in business, especially women in international business, has been limited. This paper focuses on the experiences of the female entrepreneur and is based on in-depth interviews with nine Canadian women entrepreneurs conducting business in the Asia-Pacific region. The results of the survey suggest that the experiences of managers and entrepreneurs do differ and imply that the literature prepared for a manager may not always apply to the entrepreneur. In addition, the positive experiences of the women interviewed indicate that conducting business in Asia is not much different from conducting business in Canada. Any perceived barriers, including culture, language, travel, and sexual discrimination can be easily overcome.
Opportunity evaluation represents a core aspect of the entrepreneurial process. Prior research suggests that evaluation of new opportunities is influenced by biases rooted in subjective beliefs, values, and assumptions. In the present study, we used stereotype activation theory to propose that respondent gender (men–women), content of stereotype (masculine–feminine), and the manner in which stereotype information is presented (subtle–blatant) interact to influence evaluations of a new business opportunity. We found that both masculine and feminine stereotype activation influenced men and women's evaluation of a business opportunity differently depending upon whether the stereotype was blatantly or subtly activated. Our results indicate that gender stereotype activation can both boost and impede men and women's subsequent actions on entrepreneurial tasks such as opportunity evaluation, depending on the content of the stereotype and the manner in which it is presented. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Avec la montée du chômage, de plus en plus de personnes sont amenées à créer leur entreprise non par désir mais par nécessité. Or, peu engagés dans le processus de création, ces entrepreneurs contraints présentent suffisamment de particularités pour qu’on s’interroge sur la pertinence et les spécificités de leur accompagnement. Cet article, qui intègre les résultats d’une étude exploratoire qualitative portant sur cinq cas, s’oppose aux arguments soutenant la faible efficacité de cet accompagnement. Il propose de privilégier certaines modalités pour celui-ci, en se concentrant sur sa forme (psychologique plutôt que procédurale) et sur sa finalité (le développement ou le maintien de l’engagement des EC dans le processus et l’acquisition de compétences actionnables en autonomie). Dans ce cadre, des pratiques comme le mentorat ou le coaching paraissent particulièrement adaptées.
We draw on cross-cultural theory and the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness project to develop a model for the transmission of entrepreneurial intentions within families in different cultures. Using data on more than 40,000 individuals from 15 countries, we show that beyond the transmission of entrepreneurial intentions from parents to children, grandparents – either directly or “indirectly†via the parents – impact the offspring's intentions. Moreover, we find that parents' and grandparents' influences partly substitute for one another. The strength of these effects varies across cultures. Our results provide a more detailed picture of the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions.
Social innovation, a plurality of concepts: What issues and challenges for the analysis?
The current crisis fosters a renewed interest in innovation, a way to experiment a new growth regime. In this context social innovation appears to be the new solution, likely to promote not only growth, but a form of fairer sharing and even to redefine social policies. It is often presented as a way to combine the desire for change and a form of guarantee of fairness and social justice that would build on creativity of actors and particularly private actors. But its definition remains unclear. We present three main approaches to social innovation, then we identify three dominant issues: the nature of innovation, the meaning and scope of the "social" dimension of innovation, and finally, characteristics of entrepreneurship (individual or collective), in connection with the form of governance and the participation of a number of stakeholders.
JEL Codes: A13, A14
Dieser Artikel bezieht sich auf die Bedeutung, die der Drogenhandel in Gebieten hat, die von sozialer Exklusion (desaffilliation sociale) betroffen sind. Es handelt sich dabei um eine socio-historische Analyse der Prozesse, in die die aktuelle Konfiguration der Drogenokonomie eingebettet ist. Auf der Basis einer ethnografischen Untersuchung in Pariser Vorstadten und einer Reihe biografischer Interviews im Gefangnis mit verschiedenen Kategorien von Akteuren im Drogenhandel unterscheidet die Analyse drei Entwicklungsphasen : die Entstehung eines lokalen Marktes von Heroin und Kokain, seine Professionalisierung und die Neuorganisation in den letzten Jahren. Die Analyse zeigt die Bedeutung sozialer Beziehungen, in die diese illegalen Aktivitaten eingebunden sind. Sie zeigt auserdem ein Paradox des lokalen Drogenhandels : einerseits als Faktor des sozialen Friedens, andererseits fuhrt er aber auch zu einer Erneuerung von Phanomenen der Gewalt.
Au cours des années 80 et 90, le poids des petites et moyennes entreprises en France puis des très petites entreprises s'est accru successivement. L'esprit d'entreprise est mis en avant. Ainsi, par exemple la loi pour l'initiative économique du 5 août 2003, affiche pour objectif de faciliter la création, le développement et la transmission d'entreprises. Au 1 er janvier 2004, les chiffres de l'INSEE annonçaient 2 568 650 entreprises en France dont plus de la moitié n'emploie aucun salarié et dont plus de 9 sur 10 emploient moins de 10 salariés. La France compte aujourd'hui près de 2,5 millions d'entrepreneurs. Quand on parle d'entrepreneurs, nous faisons généralement référence aux « chefs d'entreprises » de petite taille, les opposant ainsi aux managers des grandes entreprises. Mais que savons-nous de ces entrepreneurs ? Qui sont-ils ? Nous connaissons, grâce à de nombreux travaux, les motivations des personnes se lançant dans la création d'une entreprise. Le désir d'accomplissement, d'indépendance, de contrôle en sont quelques exemples auxquels il faut ajouter la volonté, parfois, de simplement sortir du chômage en créant son propre emploi. Ces éléments nous permettent de répondre aux raisons poussant à créer une entreprise, c'est-à-dire de répondre à la question : pourquoi des individus deviennent entrepreneurs ? Mais ils ne répondent pas à la question de savoir qui sont les entrepreneurs. Certes, nous connaissons bien le profil des créateurs ou des repreneurs d'entreprises grâce à l'enquête SINE (Système d'Information sur les Nouvelles Entreprises) menée par l'INSEE. Toutefois, malgré l'intérêt d'une telle étude, elle ne concerne que les nouveaux créateurs et n'apporte pas d'informations sur le stock des entrepreneurs. Nous avons une connaissance du flux mais pas du stock. La première étape de cette communication consistera tout d'abord à définir le terme d'entrepreneur en nous appuyant sur des références théoriques et empiriques. Nous le verrons, dans la première partie, définir l'entrepreneur n'est pas chose aisée du fait de la multiplicité des définitions et des typologies existantes. De nombreux travaux ont essayé de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques des entrepreneurs. Qui sont ces entrepreneurs ? Pourquoi certains le deviennent et pas d'autres ? Quelle place accorder à l'environnement des individus ? Certains auteurs vont chercher les causes dans les dynamiques familiales, dans le vécu de la personne pendant l'enfance. Partant de ces réflexions, nous avons eu envie de nous interroger sur les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des entrepreneurs en France et de les comparer à celles des non entrepreneurs. Dans un deuxième temps, ayant défini notre objet d'observation, il nous faudra définir la source de données la plus adaptée à notre objectif. Elle devra remplir plusieurs conditions : permettre une comparaison des caractéristiques des entrepreneurs par rapport aux non entrepreneurs, fournir des éléments sur la situation familiale des individus, donner des sous-populations de taille suffisamment importantes. L'analyse critique des sources fera l'objet de la deuxième partie. Enfin, nous dresserons le profil des entrepreneurs comparativement aux non entrepreneurs dans une troisième partie.
There is a need to feminize the research on entrepreneurs — to include the experiences of women in what we know to be true about entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial process. This paper highlights some of the most significant methodological problems in researching women's entrepreneurial experience, problems which in the past, have prevented researchers from gaining an understanding of this experience, and which continues to stand in the way of developing female perspectives. Instead of using the existing “male-based” models, new approaches are called for in incorporating women's experiences into entrepreneurship theory. This paper outlines the state of research and suggests future directions for developing research on women as entrepreneurs.
Cette recherche amène à défendre l’idée qu’il faut aborder la situation des femmes entrepreneures sous un angle systémique. La vie quotidienne de ces femmes est le résultat d’une interaction permanente entre leur vie professionnelle et leur vie familiale; plusieurs de leurs choix sont guidés par leur position dans la société et par le type d’infrastructures que la société met à leur disposition (quantité, qualité et efficience des services des gardes). Enfin, comprendre ce qui motive et guide leurs choix ne peut se faire sans un détour par la réalité du marché du travail et le statut des femmes salariées (le plafond de verre qui est pour les plus qualifiées, un moteur de l’entrepreneuriat). De plus, la réalité des femmes entrepreneures ne peut se comprendre sans croiser d’autres variables indépendantes, telles que le niveau de qualification, l’âge ou l’origine ethnique. Nous proposons ici de prendre en compte les réalités socio-économiques et culturelles, les effets des trajectoires de socialisation qui ont été construites autour de la différenciation des rôles sociaux et des genres et de voir dans quelle mesure les femmes elles-mêmes définissent leur activité d’entrepreneure en regard de différences sexuées.
Purpose
Entrepreneurial motivations are often defined as fitting into “push” or “pull” categories. To date, research has focused on the factors motivating men and women separately. What is missing from this research is an analysis of the comparative differences in these motivators of men and women, and an exploration of what this means in terms of push‐pull theory. This paper aims to contribute by applying the existing theory on push and pull factors; and using a gender comparative approach to explore the nature of potential gender differences within entrepreneurial motivations.
Design/methodology/approach
This exploratory study uses a gender comparative approach in semi‐structured, face‐to‐face interviews with 75 entrepreneurs (28 women and 47 men).
Findings
Findings suggest that both women and men appeared similarly motivated by a combination of push and pull factors. Three gender differences were found in the incidence of motivations: women were more influenced by a desire for independence; women considered their children as motivators more so than did men; men were influenced more by job dissatisfaction than were women. The discussion focuses on analysing the nature of gender differences rather than merely their incidence.
Research limitations/implications
A number of further research directions and questions are posed as a way of extending the knowledge in this area. Implications for managers and entrepreneurs are also presented.
Originality/value
Contributes to push‐pull theory by offering a gender comparative approach to advance theory.
Women's cooperatives offer self-employment opportunities that can contribute to women's social inclusion and empowerment. This article seeks to broaden existing understandings of women's entrepreneurship by focusing on less studied types of ventures and contexts—namely, a social entrepreneurial venture in India. A case study analysis was used to assess two primary areas of interest: (1) elements of empowerment embedded in the venture's business model and (2) individual perceptions of empowerment. The personal accounts of sister members reveal that this collective form of entrepreneurship has empowered them in three ways: economic security, development of entrepreneurial behavior, and increased contributions to the family.
The article examines the experience of women compared to men in the new Polish job markets with special emphasis on their participation in the explosion of entrepreneurship that has occurred in the country since 1990. Tightening laws related to gender discrimination would have some limited impact on women's employment opportunities. Promotion of entrepreneurship is proposed as an important solution to joblessness – especially for women with general secondary education living outside major cities
We examine the origins and outcome of entrepreneurship on the basis of exceptionally comprehensive Norwegian matched worker-firm-owner data. In contrast to most existing studies, our notion of entrepreneurship not only comprises self-employment, but also employment in partly self-owned limited liability firms. Based on this extended entrepreneurship concept, we find that entrepreneurship tends to be profitable. It also raises in-come uncertainty, but the most successful quartile gains much more than the least successful quartile loses. Key determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur are occupational qualifications, family resources, gender, and work environments. Individual unemployment encourages, while aggregate unemployment discourages entrepreneurship.
Availability of, and access to finance is a critical element to the start-up and consequent performance of any enterprise. Hence, any barriers or impediments to accessing appropriate levels or sources of funding will have an enduring and negative impact upon the performance of affected firms. Although findings have been somewhat inconsistent, there is support for the notion that women entrepreneurs entering self-employment are disadvantaged by their gender. This argument is evaluated through a theoretical analysis of gender using the example of accessing both formal and informal sources of business funding to illustrate how this concept impacts upon women in self-employment.
In recent years, the field of regional economic analysis has focused on the social and cultural environment of a place to explain variations in innovation activity, entrepreneurial dynamics, and economic growth. Prominent among these studies is Richard Florida's creative class theory. He argues that urban economies grow because they are tolerant, diverse, and open to creativity, which in turn attracts certain groups of people, the so-called creative class. Lee, Florida, and Acs expand the theory into the realm of entrepreneurship. They argue that new firm formation is positively associated with a creative and diverse social environment. In other words, those regions that are alluring to creative talent, open to newcomers, and tolerant of those who are different, will also have more people taking the risk of founding a firm, leading to increased economic growth. The creative class theories, however, contrast with explanations that consider structural factors such as access to financial resources and markets, among others, as important markers of entrepreneurial success. In this article, we are interested in examining the ways in which a region's creative milieu and its opportunity structures may help or hinder different kinds of entrepreneurs, in particular nontraditional entrepreneurs. We examine the effect of regional opportunity structures and creative milieu on women, Black, and Hispanic business ownership for the 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States in 2002. We find that opportunity structures, whether opportunity or barrier, better explain the dynamics for these entrepreneurs. They benefit from a regional environment that builds human capital and skill base, enables access to a variety of financial resources, and facilitates market access. Given the growth of women and minority businesses and their potential effect on regions, policymakers are well advised to tailor their policies to these groups.
In this paper, we discuss the experiences that women and minorities encounter in organizational settings that result in frustration and discontent with corporate life and their opportunities for advancement. We suggest that such experiences push many of these individuals out of organizations, attracting them to entrepreneurship as an alternate route to both personal and professional success. Our discussion includes an examination of the issues that give rise to these experiences and a consideration of how entrepreneurship appears to provide a solution to them. It also identifies some of the potential pitfalls of entrepreneurship for women and minorities. In our concluding comments, we urge organizations to recognize the unique problems women and minorities face and the necessity of addressing these problems if they are to retain these potentially valuable members of the workforce.
This study aims to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial traits, socio-cultural background and entrepreneurial intention of university students in the UK and Turkey. 409 tourism students were surveyed to measure entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial traits including risk-taking propensity, innovativeness, tolerance of ambiguity and locus of control and socio-cultural factors. The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between innovation, propensity to take risks, entrepreneurial family and entrepreneurial intention. Education does not seem to play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial traits and intentions of university students.
Social entrepreneurship has been the subject of considerable interest in the literature. This stems from its importance in addressing social problems and enriching communities and societies. In this article, we define social entrepreneurship; discuss its contributions to creating social wealth; offer a typology of entrepreneurs' search processes that lead to the discovery of opportunities for creating social ventures; and articulate the major ethical concerns social entrepreneurs might encounter. We conclude by outlining implications for entrepreneurs and advancing an agenda for future research, especially the ethics of social entrepreneurship.