ChapterPDF Available

Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies

Authors:

Abstract and Figures

Maintenance aims to reduce and eliminate the number of failures occurred during production as any breakdown of machine or equipment may lead to disruption for the supply chain. Maintenance policy is set to provide the guidance for selecting the most cost-effective maintenance approach and system to achieve operational safety. For example, predictive maintenance is most recommended for crucial components whose failure will cause severe function loss and safety risk. Recent utilization of big data and related techniques in predictive maintenance greatly improves the transparency for system health condition and boosts the speed and accuracy in the maintenance decision making. In this chapter, a Maintenance Policies Management framework under Big Data Platform is designed and the process of maintenance decision support system is simulated for a sensor-monitored semiconductor manufacturing plant. Artificial Intelligence is applied to classify the likely failure patterns and estimate the machine condition for the faulty component.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Copyright ©2017, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0956-1.ch004
Chapter 4
50
Big Data Analytics for
Predictive Maintenance
Strategies
ABSTRACT
Maintenance aims to reduce and eliminate the number of failures occurred during
production as any breakdown of machine or equipment may lead to disruption for
the supply chain. Maintenance policy is set to provide the guidance for selecting the
most cost-effective maintenance approach and system to achieve operational safety.
For example, predictive maintenance is most recommended for crucial components
whose failure will cause severe function loss and safety risk. Recent utilization of
big data and related techniques in predictive maintenance greatly improves the
transparency for system health condition and boosts the speed and accuracy in the
maintenance decision making. In this chapter, a Maintenance Policies Management
framework under Big Data Platform is designed and the process of maintenance
decision support system is simulated for a sensor-monitored semiconductor manu-
facturing plant. Artificial Intelligence is applied to classify the likely failure patterns
and estimate the machine condition for the faulty component.
C. K. M. Lee
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Yi Cao
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Kam Hung Ng
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
51
INTRODUCTION
Maintenance can be defined as all actions which are necessary to retain or restore a
system and a unit to a state, which is necessary to fulfill its intended function. The
main objective of maintenance is to preserve the capability and the functionality
of the system while controlling the cost induced by maintenance activities and the
potential production loss. Correspondingly, failures can be defined as any change
or anomaly in the system causing an unsatisfactory level of performance. Although
only certain failures will cause severe risk in productivity and safety, most failures
lead to disruptive, inconvenient, and expensive breakdowns and loss of quality.
Maintenance plans are designed to reduce or eliminate the number of failures and
the costs related to them.
There are two broadly accepted methodologies aiming at continuously enhanc-
ing maintenance excellence, with different focuses. As a human factor manage-
ment oriented policy, total productive maintenance (TPM) involves all employees,
especially the operators, in the maintenance program in order to achieve optimality
in overall effectiveness and zero breakdowns. Through the operators’ participation
in maintenance, such as through inspections, cleaning, lubricating and adjusting,
early detection of hidden defects, before service breakdown. TPM aims to diminish
and eliminate six significant losses of equipment effectiveness – i.e. breakdowns,
setup and adjustment, idling and stoppages, reduced speed, defects in process, and
reduced yield (Jardine & Tsang, 2013).
Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) is another approach to strengthening
the system’s reliability, availability and efficiency which focuses on design and
technology. RCM program is based on systematic assessment of maintenance needs
after a complete understanding of the system function and the types of failure caus-
ing function losses.
Types of Maintenance
Maintenance activities can be categorized into three types:
1. Reactive or corrective maintenance,
2. Preventive maintenance (PvM), and
3. Predictive maintenance (PdM).
The following terms are also respectively used for the above three categories
interchangeably as:
1. Breakdown maintenance or unplanned maintenance,
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
52
2. Planned maintenance, and
3. Condition based maintenance (CBM) or prognostic and health management
(PHM).
Reactive or corrective maintenance follows the run-to-failure methodology, which
is the repair and/or replacement work after an equipment outage has occurred. This
primitive maintenance approach, which has been applied in industry for decades,
and is still considered the best maintenance policy for non-critical components with
short repairing time in the system. However, in most cases, an equipment failure can
lead to unexpected production delay and lower the production efficacy rate, or more
seriously, cause severe damage to other components and/or injury to people. One
goal of a proactive maintenance plan is to reduce the overall requirement for reac-
tive maintenance and to apply PvM and/or PdM strategies on any feasible occasion.
Preventive maintenance is performed based on a certain periodic interval to
prevent and correct problems before breakdown without considering the actual
health condition of a system. Basic preventive maintenance, including inspections,
lubrication, cleaning and adjustment is the first step to be undertaken. After that,
rectification or replacement can be undertaken only for components identified with
defects and/or considerable risk of failure. Generally, most PvM actions can be
implemented by operators with basic training.
Predictive maintenance is a trend-oriented policy that begins with identifying the
states of each component within the equipment. PdM greatly relies on engineering
techniques and statistical tools to process the data and analyze the health condition
in order to predict possible equipment failure (Lee, Ardakani, Yang, & Bagheri,
2015). The prediction of the equipment condition is based on the finding that most
types of failures, which occur after a certain degradation process from a normal
state to abnormalities, do not happen instantaneously (Fu et al., 2004). Through
degradation monitoring and failure prediction, PdM reduces the uncertainty of
maintenance activities and enables identifying and solving problems before potential
damage. Condition-based maintenance, the alternative term for PdM, imposes more
emphasis on real-time inspections using RFID devices and wireless sense networks
(WSNs). The three key steps of CBM are monitoring and processing, diagnosis and
prognosis, and maintenance decision making.
BIG DATA ACHITECTURE
Big Data is not only a matter of volume increased of the collected data, but also
includes the evolution of data peculiarities, namely data variety and data velocity.
The intrinsic pattern of comprehensive data becomes the major driver for compa-
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
53
nies to investigate the use of big data analytics. The features of big data are broadly
recognized as “4Vs” – i.e. volume, velocity, variety and value (Xin & Ling, 2013).
Data Volume: Data volume is the primary attribute of data. Due to the dra-
matically boost in data volume and the rising demand of data storage, data-
base management has been modified as petabyte-scale data management. The
storage needs can be easily satisfied by increasing data warehouse capacities
but at the same time, the data transfer and processing will become too slow to
be operated and handled by a single computer. Therefore, a super-computer
or high capacity server is required for operation. On the other hand, the cost is
also a major concern for implementing with advanced computing equipment.
The data growth in the supply chain and logistics system becomes too large
and too complex in the traditional data warehouse and system architecture.
In addition, big data analytics makes good use of multiple modes during the
computation. This Big Data Analytics method can handle large volume data.
Data Velocity: With the use of automatic data retrieval systems (e.g. sen-
sor network, wireless network and electronic data interchange through the
Intranet and Internet), the speed of data transaction is rapidly increased.
Moreover, this allows companies to collect instant information and accelerate
the speed of data production and streaming. The data transfer and transfor-
mation are more intensive nowadays. If the company chooses to extract real
time information from several automatic data retrieval systems, the speed of
data processing from big data must be as expeditious as possible to meet the
requirement of quick response.
Data Variety: The analytics process of data mining has been expanded from
structured data to unstructured data, typically the images, videos, audio and
text, etc. The systematic relationship is longer limited by numerical results,
but also prohibits pattern finding in unstructured data. This motivates com-
panies to investigate semi-structured and unstructured data for their decision
making process. The major purpose of big data analytics is to resolve the
problem of incompatible data formats and non-aligned data structures of un-
structured data with data mining techniques.
Data Value: Big data analytics creates value for data mining in order to find
the intrinsic and multidimensional attributes from the enormous amounts of
data. To a certain extent, a big data-driving model can perform as a support
vector machine to establish supervised learning, which allows the model to
adapt and evolve from time to time. Value creation is a significant process
contributing to organizations’ continuous improvement and demand predic-
tion. We need to understand that big data analytics is not only in statistical
analytics, but also in more complicated and tailor-made analytics. In general,
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
54
big data analytics come into existence for resolving data storage problems as
well as providing valuable insights for organizations.
The acquisition and processing of big data largely improves the transparency
along the supply chains providing accurate and timely information for managerial
decision making. Companies and organizations operate on the huge amounts of
data by classifying trends and identifying patterns to produce invaluable knowledge.
Meanwhile the flood of big data with high speed and many variations has chal-
lenged the limited storage and conventional data mining methods. Challenges are
also from processing and analyzing the large amount of unstructured data which are
the major components in the big data acquired. Technologies have been advancing
towards better performance in the big data context regarding integrated platforms,
predictive analytics, and visualization (Lee, Kao, & Yang, 2014). Big data and
predictive analysis are strongly interconnected. Without proper analytics, big data
is just a deluge of data, while without big data, predictive analytics, the strength
of statistics, modeling, and data mining tools for analyzing current and historical
conditions will be undermined.
BIG DATA ANALYTICS
The descriptive tasks of big data analytics identify the common characteristics of
data with the purpose of deriving patterns and relationships existed in the data. The
descriptive functions of big data mining include classification analysis, clustering
analysis, association analysis, and logistic regression.
Classification Analysis: Classification is a typical learning models used in
big data analytics, which aims to build a model for making prediction on data
feature from the predefined set of classes according to certain criteria. A rule-
base classification is used to extract IF-THEN rules to classify as different
categories. The examples include neural network, decision trees and support
vector machine.
Clustering Analysis: Clustering analysis is defined as the process of group-
ing data into separate cluster of similar objects, which helps to segment and
acquire the data features. Data can be divided into different subgroups ac-
cording to the characteristics. The practitioners may formulate appropriate
strategies for different clusters. The common example of clustering technique
are K-means algorithm, self-organizing map, hill climbing algorithm and
density-based spatial clustering.
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
55
Association analysis: Association model helps the practitioners to recognize
groups of items that occur synchronously. Association algorithm is devel-
oped for searching frequent sets of items with minimum specified confidence
level. The criteria support and confidence level helps to identify the most
important relationships among the related items.
Regression Analysis: Regression represents the logical relationship of the
historical data. The focus in regression analysis is to measure the dependent
variable given one or several independent variables, which support the con-
ditional estimation of expected outcome using the regression function. Linear
regression, non-linear regression and exponential regression are the common
statistical method to measure the best fit for a set of data.
MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES
The Big Data platform has the ability to handle huge amounts of data in manufactur-
ing or production logistics databases along with the development of computerized
maintenance management systems (CMMS), which assist decisions making so as
to formulate maintenance strategies.
Maintenance procedures will be undertaken when a machine failure has occurred
in the CrM strategy. Manufacturers are required to keep components inventories
for maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) in order to prevent disruption of the
overall production by failure of machine parts or equipment. Compared to the CrM
strategy, maintenance performance in the PvM strategy follows a fixed time, interval
basis or condition based schedules to avoid fatal machine failure. The design of PvM
is a protective, process-oriented approach in which machine failure and downtime
cost could be reduced by taking proper prevention and prevention to smoothen the
production. Decisions on maintenance schedules is based on a machine’s physical
properties or asset condition. Extra resources are spent on non-value-added activi-
ties to estimate and measure the condition rules for PvM (Exton & Labib, 2002).
However, PvM attempts to provide an empirical basis for the development of a
framework design of manufacturing flexibility at machine idle periods and during
maintenance activities. The assumption behind a PvM policy is that the machine
failure follows the bathtub curve in Figure 1. Scheduled maintenance happen in the
wear-out phase in order to reduce the failure rate (Sikorska, Hodkiewicz, & Ma,
2011). However, the most conspicuous deficiency in PvM is still the apparent ran-
dom failure within the useful life period. The impact of failure in a critical machine
is a tremendous risk to the downtime costs and, it in turn becomes bottleneck in
production logistics operations.
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
56
To remedy random machine failure in maintenance management, PdM has been
well developed carrying out observation of the machine degradation process and
symptoms from normal to flawed situations (Wu, Gebraeel, Lawley, & Yih, 2007).
PdM is a sensor-based content-awareness philosophy based on the foundation of
“Internet of Things”. The intelligent maintenance prediction support system moni-
tors the machine status by utilizing real time sensory data (Kaiser & Gebraeel, 2009).
Advance maintenance in PdM policy is able to provide insights for maintenance
scheduling in advance in order to eliminate unanticipated machine breakdowns, and
minimize maintenance costs as well as downtime, before the occurrence of random
machine failure (Garcia, Sanz-Bobi, & del Pico, 2006).
The important factors associated with PdM in Maintenance Policy Management
(MPM) emphases criticality, availability of sensory data, reliability, timeliness,
relevance and knowledge-oriented strategy.
Criticality in Failures: PdM strategy has been heavily concentrated in real
time machine condition monitoring through diagnostics and prognostics for
reimbursement of foreseeable machine downtime cost. In reliability study,
the critical assets must have a higher rank in priority formulate PdM strategy
to predict the most likely time for the next machine breakdown and random
error, as this will have the greatest impact on the production operations This
Figure 1. Classical Bathtub Curve
(Klutke, Kiessler, & Wortman, 2003)
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
57
changes the maintenance objective from avoiding breakdown to accepting
downtime and taking maintenance action ahead of the schedule.
Availability of Sensory Data: PdM policy is highly dependent on extract-
transform-load (ETL) operational data in close condition-based monitoring.
The current operational status and abnormal performance could be assessed
by equipping sensors to identify failure modules or machines. Lack of sen-
sory data may result in unpromising maintenance prediction.
Reliability: Maintaining critical machine performance and leveraging the
overall cost to sustain production are the major targets of PdM policy. The
system must provide the correct measures and reliable performance in pre-
diction to address feasible and foreseeable machine failure, and build confi-
dence in operation.
Timeliness: The prediction for maintenance modules must have a high level
of confidence level before the undesired event occurs, and the data size and
data transmission speed administered in a timely manner. The time series of
the maintenance schedule and delivery of MRO should be taken into con-
sideration the maintenance management in order to facilitate the production,
with zero tolerance of equipment failure.
Relevance: The MPM system needs to be developed based on the opinions of
experts. The collected sensory information must be recorded and analyzed on
a real time basis. In order to improve data quality, extraction of relevant data
for maintenance decision making is crucial in regard to engineering aspects.
Inappropriate integration of a sensor and machine may cause poor estimation
and inaccuracy prediction of the current machine performance.
Knowledge-Objective Oriented Strategy: The concept of the PdM strategy
involves a belief that the implicit knowledge from collaboration of sensory
information did contribute to the maintenance in advanced. The knowledge
transfer system facilitates the disclosure of implicit information to maximize
production efficiency and minimizes the adverse impact of idling time un-
der maintenance and unawareness of potential failure. The decision of PdM
policy could be assessed by the involvement of Big Data Mining Techniques
to detect and defeat anomalies at an early stage.
PREDICTIVE MAINTENENACE IN BIG DATA FRAMEWORK
The ideology of a PdM is to create transparency of the machine condition and in
the utilization of available information for maintenance decision making. In Figure
2, the framework of a big data platform in PdM is designed for closer integration
of data acquisition and the maintenance decision support system (MDSS), which
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
58
highlights the dataflow process in diagnostics and prognostics modeling for PdM.
Case examples are provided in the following section to describe the framework of
MPM for a semiconductor machine under Big Data Platform, and operations of
MDSS. The operating data from vibration, heat and pressure sensors, which provide
sensory information stored in the Big Database, are embedded on the semiconductor
machine to evaluate the machine condition. The diagnostics and prognostics pro-
cess may involve real time data and historical data for data mining procedures. The
advantage of Big Data Architecture are capable to manage huge units of data and
perform ETL in a timely manner by using appropriate data processing algorithms,
such as Map-Reduce technique. The Big Data platform can build an intelligent agent
Figure 2. Predictive maintenance model in big data platform
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
59
to connect the PdM module and the sensor knowledge from the actual machine.
The PdM module consists of two major systems: a diagnostics system and a prog-
nostics system. PdM analysis is a powerful tool to identify machine/components
failure, and provide surprisingly accurate future breakdown using time-series data
by well-developed analytic processes. The predictive maintenance module closely
supervises the machine condition and constantly aids the analytics process of di-
agnosis and prognosis. The results from Artificial Intelligence (AI) will then be
further processed and evaluated by the MDSS. Certain operational guidance and
estimation of failure events, such as foreseeable situations, time to breakdown and
estimated downtime, are recommended for maintenance decision making. With the
implementation of the big data platform, more precise sensory data acquisition and
accurate maintenance decisions could be made from the suggested algorithms in
order to manage critical machines, with the objectives of maintenance in advanced
or just-in-time (JIT) maintenance for supply chain management.
It is practical for a decision makers to select appropriate analytic processes and
recognize the functionalities of algorithms for maintenance planning. Therefore, a
comprehensive discussion of algorithm design is presented herein. The common
practices of AI techniques can be classified as Knowledge Based System (KBS),
Data Mining (DM) and Machine Learning (ML) (Faiz & Edirisinghe, 2009).
Knowledge Based System: These types of analytics process require logical
deduction and cognitive reasoning to resolve complex problems and support
decision making. KBS attempts to extract rules for algorithm contexts by
human intelligence and expert opinion, which are of practical significance.
The practical necessity of KBS is increased due to the advancement of sen-
sor-based PdM. KBS encourages a more flexible way to increase quality in
problem solving and in extracting relevant data into knowledge for decision
making, i.e., machine failure identification, classification in maintenance
policies. A variation of sensory information causes data-booming in the ana-
lytics process. The rule-based and inference engine expert system have the
ability to simulate a human expert in reducing the complexity in MPM and in
discovering hidden machine failures.
Data Mining: The goal of the DM process is to create a constructive model
of patterns recognition and feature analysis, which is able to classify data
into groups, detect irregular features and measure the dependencies of data.
Moving toward a total productive manufacturing system, DM is an instru-
ment that is able to mine all kinds of manufacturing knowledge, such as job
shop scheduling, manufacturing process, quality control, yield improvement,
and even predictive maintenance strategy. In the data mining technique, the
accuracy of the information discovered increases along with the increase in
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
60
gathered data from the sensors and the historical maintenance data, which is
able to foresee failure from pattern behavior of the operating machine data
and the increased reliability of MDSS.
Machine Learning: ML is another dimension of the analytics process. The
mechanism of KBS and DM are either to discover knowledge and insight
beforehand for the working process of the algorithm, which is concerned in-
formation and knowledge extraction from massive data. However, ML deals
with automatic reasoning and artificial cognitive resolution by an intelligence
agent. ML works as an online measurement of a health detection system to re-
veal machine degradation and anomalies from the models. Self-learning and
reinforcement in ML, together with normal degradation allow the forecasting
of random machine failure effectively and efficiently in order to plan for the
best before failure occurs.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DIAGNOSTICS AND PROGNOSTICS
In most cases, there is a measureable process of degradation before a machine fails.
Figure 3 illustrates the degradation process of a system, sub-system, or component
into failure. Through functioning life, the system may continuously degrade to a
condition with an observable drop in its performance level and initial faults may
occur during the degradation progress. The incipient defects continuously prolifer-
ates and the severity gradually increases which causes the system to fail to perform
its required function and fails. In order to predict and prevent failures in advanced,
diagnostics and prognostics techniques are studied and employed to evaluate the
current health conditions and forecast future performance.
Figure 3. Fault to failure progression
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
61
Figure 4 indicates the inputs and outputs of the machine diagnostics and prog-
nostics process. The diagnostics process determines how the system has degraded
and investigates the cause or nature of such a degraded condition. Faults are de-
tected, isolated and identified to create a diagnostic record, and the faults possi-
bilities are computed to find the potential failure pattern. The diagnostic operations
follow an analysing approach from effect to cause. On the other hand, prognostics
considers time as a vital factor and focuses on predicting the future condition of the
system or component and in calculating accurately the remaining useful life before
the failure. The prediction is conducted from cause to effect. The analysing and
computing process is based on current system conditions and future operational
requirements. Although similar information and knowledge bases are shared, the
difference between the two concepts now becomes obvious. Diagnostics is to in-
vestigate and determine a failure mode within a system; while prognostics is to
compute a rather accurate result of the remaining useful life before final failure.
The following sections present a diagnostics and prognostics system in Big Data
Analytics with a case example. The system flowchart is shown in Figure 5. Fault
identification is one of the diagnostics modules. The classification of machine
failure is critical to smoothen the production, as not all the failures require emer-
gency maintenance. The result from the diagnostic model is able to assist in the
development of prognostics model. The reliability of the prediction could be increas-
ingly improved from a known machine failure.
Figure 4. Inputs and outputs with the diagnostic–prognostic process structure
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
62
The machine failure identification has been developed and incorporated with
the current decision making grid (DMG) in MDSS for the case company. The DMG
model works like a map which categorizes the machines according to a set of pre-
defined parameters/criterions. The criteria for this project are the downtime and the
frequency of failures from the sensor data and historical record (Exton & Labib,
Figure 5. Flowchart of the proposed MDSS for case company
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
63
2002). Other criteria, such as cost, availability of MRO and the bottleneck problem,
can also be included by expanding it from merely a 2 dimensional analysis to a 3
or more dimensional analysis model. Higher dimensional models can produce a
more comprehensive and accurate analysis. The DMG then proposes the different
types of maintenance policies based on the state in the grid which then determine
the appropriate maintenance actions for the MDSS. These maintenance policies
subsequently lead to be the formation of the following strategies; Operate to failure
(OTF), fixed time maintenance (FTM), skill level upgrade (SLU), condition based
monitoring (CBM) and design out machine/component (DOM), as shown in Figure
6.
Operate to Failure: There are too many low downtime and low downtime
frequency components which made it impossible or too expensive for apply-
ing scheduled PdM maintenance. These components/machines are allowed to
operate to failure as they are deemed as having minimal impact on the sys-
tem. Ideally, if operators of the machine are also maintenance technicians,
which agrees with the TPM policy, OTF ‘faults’ can be further reduced with-
out the need for reporting and waiting for the technician to bring the machine
back to normal operating state. A CrM approach is suggested for OTF
situation.
Fixed Time Maintenance: PvM is also called Fixed Time Maintenance. A
more flexible PvM can be chosen which is determined either by availability,
machine not in use, or by the severity of the faults. Faults with higher down-
time and frequency faults are allowed to have shorter fixed time maintenance,
Figure 6. Decision Making Grid by the case company
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
64
whereas faults with lower downtime and frequency can extend the duration of
their fixed time maintenance.
Skill Level Upgrade: This strategy falls on the high frequency and low
downtime grid. Faults that fall under this strategy are faults caused by human
errors, such as the accidental pressing of the wrong switch/button. For this
grid, the human factor oriented policy will be emphasized, either through the
human/operator or through the machine. From the human perspective, op-
erators can undergo skill level upgrading so that they can ratify the problem
personally without any assistance from a maintenance technician. Whereas
from the machine side, human errors can be reduced by designing more hu-
man oriented machine systems.
Condition Based Monitoring: This strategy falls in the low frequency and
high downtime grid. This matches RCM policy where studies and measure-
ment need to be done to determine the underlying reliability condition of the
machines. Sensors are usually be applied to feed monitoring data for machine
learning in a PdM approach.
Design Out Machine/Component: This strategy falls on the high frequency
and high downtime grid. Machines/components that are prescribed in this
grid region are usually unable to manage the current production level or are
subjected to substantial wear and tear after prolonged usage. Either the need
to upgrade to a better machine/components or a replacement of a new ma-
chine has to be undertaken.
FUZZY LOGIC FOR DIAGNOSTICS MACHINE FAILURE
Fuzzy logic is an approximate reasoning model to estimate the possible outcome
based on a set of rules. This method has been proven to be a prominent control
system that have been implemented in different engineering application, hardware
monitoring and conditional-based assessment. The process of Fuzzy Logic is a
simple, rule-based by using IF-THEN statements that imitate the decision making of
humans to classify the type of responsive performance by defining the intermediate
possibilities. Uncertainty in maintenance management, such as non-linear, impre-
cise and incomplete knowledge representation can be resolved by the adoption of
fuzzy logic. As a consequence, conclusions are derived with certainty factor from
a predefined fuzzy sets.
The research focus of predictive maintenance is to discover and recognize critical
random failure, involving low frequency and high downtime of maintenance. The
guidance from diagnostics in MDSS presents satisfactory knowledge rules to suggest
maintenance action afterwards. Fuzzy Logic in KBS is merely a suitable algorithm
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
65
for machine faliure identification in an imprecise enironment. The linkage between
machine failure and classification of maintenance policies are frequently vague and
subject to various sensory information. In practice, however, a need to refine the
DGM model is required due to two scenarios. The first scenario is when data is
located close to each another but at different sides of the policy boundary, leading
to applying different strategies, despite being closely similar with one another. The
next scenario is when two data points are located at both ends of the boundary within
the same grid, leading to applying the same strategies, despite being far apart, as
shown in Figure 7. Therefore, the concept of Fuzzy Logic can be applied to reshape
the rigid boundaries,and make it more logical for the system.
A Fuzzy Logic design for semiconductor equipment is provided with two factors:
downtime records and frequency records as in Figure 8. All membership functions
(MF) are selected as trapezium shape, with two numerical inputs and one numerical
output involved, as shown in Figure 9. Defuzzification is a method of extracting a
crisp value from a fuzzy set as a representative value. In general there are five
methods, for defuzzifying a fuzzy set A in a universe of discourse Z. These methods
are the Centroid of Area (COA) or Center of Gravity, Mean of Maximum (MOM),
Bisector of Area (BOA), Smallest of Maximum (SOM) and Largest of Maximum
(LOM). COA is selected as the defuzzification strategy for the model. A fuzzy if-
then rule is applied on the interface, as shown in Figure 10. When all rules and
membership functions are settled, the Fuzzy Logic Rule Viewer and Fuzzy Logic
Surface Viewer can be examined in Figure 11. With the help of fuzzy logic, the
Figure 7. Decision making grid formaintenance policies
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
66
known machine failure problem associated with breakdown time and frequency can
be reviewed for the current machine. Figure 12 shows the result of machine fault
identification from semiconductor A and B
Figure 8. Fuzzy logic: fuzzy inference system editor
Figure 9. Fuzzy logic membership input function editor: downtime and frequency
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
67
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR PROGNOSTICS
MACHINE FAILURE
Prognostics is a model that is able to predict machine failure compared with normal
behavior on a real time basis. Maintenance in advanced is better adopted to the
necessity of repairs for an in-service machine in order to mitigate the disruption
of the overall production. A health condition assessment is required to check the
machine status frequently. Machine failure can be caused by normal degradation
and random failure. Basic KBS and DM are incapable of distinguishing random
failure and normal degradation, since machine degradation follows time progres-
sion rather than by rules. Therefore, an adoptive approach of machine learning to
prognosticate the next random failure is required. The Artificial Neural Network
Figure 10. Fuzzy logic MF rules and output: maintenance policies
Figure 11. Fuzzy logic surface viewer
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
68
(ANN) model is a supervised learning method to estimate the Remaining Useful
Lifetime (RUL) of a machine from degraded failure, or to differentiate anomalies
from normal machine behavior. ANN can be used as a time series or forecasting
of unanticipated machine failure with online sensory data, which is able to learn
patterns from the training data set to distinguish the normal machine behavior and
any anomalies. The prediction in machine failure involves Big Data management
with the purpose of strengthening the data quality. Continuous data collection from
different sensors installed in the machine supports the quality of prediction.
Figure 13 illustrates the mechanism of the ANN model. The basic ANN algo-
rithm estimates the feasible outputs for prediction maintenance from observation
data or sensory information in order to understand the machine condition. ANN
provides assurance in resolving prediction and performance assessment with suffi-
Figure 12. Maintenance policies for seminconductor machine A and B
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
69
cient continuous input data. Vibration, heat and temperature sensors are established
for the evaluation of the semiconductor machine. ANN is a simple artificial neuron
processing system, which included input nodes, number of hidden layers, weighted
factors of adjacent layers and output nodes. The hidden layers function as connectors
between the input nodes and output nodes to transform and extract features of the
input space. The prediction accuracy of ANN is dependent on the training process.
The training process allows adjustment the synaptic weighting of input and develops
the overall network by the construction of hidden layer. Before the actual running
of the prediction, correct data and wrong data must be available in the training of
supervised learning algorithm to ascertain its reliability in prediction. As a rule of
thumb, 60% of the dataset is needed for training and the remaining dataset is for
running test. Big Databases are able to collect huge amounts of historical and online
data to enhance the accuracy of an ANN model through trial and error.
The predictive tasks in MDSS are presented in the following three main func-
tions:
Health Condition Assessment: The main goal is to monitor the machine
performance and machine components degradation. In MPM, considerable
maintenance actions could be resolved by component replacement. The sen-
sor network can effectively enhance MRO order processing and improve flex-
ibility in maintenance scheduling for the component substitution. The ma-
chine downtime caused by component damage could be reduced to meet the
aim of agile production recovery.
Anomalies Detection Assessment: Anomalies detection is an approach in
root cause analysis. Machine anomalies may take place when the machine
are not working normally. The cause of consistency anomalies is not straight-
Figure 13. Artificial neural network
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
70
forward to detect. ML algorithms are capable of measuring the machine per-
formance from the current and normal conditions for identifying anomalies.
The features of abnormality in machine performance are provided for further
inspection by the repair technicians.
Remaining Useful Lifetime Assessment: The major challenge in asset man-
agement is to optimize the machine lifetime utilization. Different machine
usage may conclude variability of depreciation. In addition, longer lead time
in machine replacement causes an uncertainty in the production and supply
chain performance. The estimation of remaining useful lifetime by sensory
information can effectively leverage the machine lifetime utilization and pre-
diction for the machine replacement and performing a just-in-time machine
replacement policy.
Scheduling Optimization for Maintenance in Advance: Prediction of fore-
seeable machine failure is used to assess the machine expected performance
in the future and optimize the maintenance schedules with less adverse ef-
fect on production disruption. Unanticipated machine failure may give a lon-
ger downtime and cease the manufacturing process. The prediction from the
ANN model emphasizes proactive maintenance and provides the right time
to conduct inspection. ANN captures the possible reasons, like the timeline
of the machine failure event, reasons, duration and relevance information of
the machines by triggered sensory information. With systematic maintenance
in advanced, unplanned machine stopping can be eliminated.
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The entire Big Data framework requires human intelligence and expert opinion in
the design stage. It is difficult for the manufacturer to manage and, control big data
and select relevant information for MDSS. The availability of sensors and techno-
logical advancement enable explorative research of Big Data Analytics, and allows
organizations to expand their capability to enhance the data transparency of machine
status for manufacturers. The speedy data flow and collection of abundant data
through WSNs enhance the potential of analytical performance. The adoption of Big
Data in MDSS state a significant step in machine health condition diagnosis. The
proposed approach helps to mitigate machine failure during production and uncover
the hidden patterns through Big Data Analytics. However, management faces three
major challenges of transformation traditional maintenance to advanced MDSS.
Various industries noticed that the size of data has been exponentially increasing
and accelerating due to the comprehensive use of sensor network. The transition from
conventional database to non-relational database is not only upgrading the storage
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
71
capacity, but also requiring an infrastructure and expertise to process, and handle
structured and unstructured data. Handling and understanding on the petabytes or
even exabyte of data has become a challenge for IT teams. More advanced capabil-
ity in data warehouses and network connection expedites real time data processing.
Due to the complexity of data type, the current processing techniques could not
meet the demand of Big Data Infrastructure. Due to the enormous data booming via
WSNs, a cohesive platform for processing structure and unstructured data becomes
an essential element for any enterprises. The major purpose of Big Data Infrastruc-
ture is to resolve the problem of incompatible data formats and non-aligned data
structures. The impact on inconsistency of unstructured data requires pre-processing
of data input to enhance the performance of Big Data Mining.
Investigating the unstructured data in manufacturing not only create the value
for the production engineer but also support MDSS with more vigorous and so-
phisticated Big Data Analytics. Several research paper mentioned that analyzing the
unstructured data is the first priority in decision-making and prediction (Li, Bagheri,
Goote, Hasan, & Hazard, 2013; Muhtaroglu, Demir, Obali, & Girgin, 2013; Wielki,
2013). However, not all the unstructured data can be beneficial to knowledge de-
velopment and decision-making process. The relevant machine data must be fit for
purpose of maintenance policy selection. Proper domain experts in place are critical
to interpret the sensory information for predictive maintenance during the design
stage of Big Data Analytics. Furthermore, enhancing data quality by the adoption
of suitable sensors in the machine is also an importance for the company. Big Data
offers tremendous insight to the diagnostics and prognostics of the machine status.
Nonetheless, the information reliability from predictive maintenance is only avail-
able with appropriate sensors selection and adoption. In today’s Big Data Analytics,
research focus has been shifted from Volume of data to quality data.
Regarding the complexity of Big Data Analytics in MDSS, collaboration of in-
dustrial expertise and scholars must be involved to have sufficient breadth and depth
of domain knowledge to design an appropriate Big Data Analytics for maintenance
strategies. The proactive approach to predict machine failure provides a high level
reliability for excellence in maintenance management. Further benefit can be sum-
marized as reducing the frequency of corrective maintenance, increasing machine
performance and enhancing overall production reliability.
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
Future research is oriented to the utilization of manufacturing information in the
Cyber Physical System (CPS). Big Data Analytics are able to achieve better trans-
parency of production, which provides knowledge insight to practitioners. With the
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
72
technological advancement in Internet of Things and the utilization of sophisticated
prediction tools, specialized automotive networks in a manufacturing company could
be developed for real time monitoring and control at the strategical level. Incorporat-
ing the manufacturing computational intelligence into the machine health monitoring
allow the manufacturers to enhance the overall system reliability and production
efficiency, especially in reducing the machine downtime. Predictive maintenance
is not only about health assessment but also detect the abnormality of the machine
before it breaks down. To have a step forward from predictive maintenance, pro-
duction plant should realize the importance of just-in-time maintenance strategy
for the whole production process. Implementation of CPS synthesizes data from
WSNs to enable the remaining life prediction so as to improve the asset utilization.
Risk assessment and impact evaluation of machine failure will also allow produc-
tion engineers to estimate the production system reliability. This motive turns the
predictive manufacturing system into a “self-aware-and-self-adjustment” system,
with intelligent machines and sensors in Big Data era.
CONCLUSION
In this book chapter, the predictive maintenance model and Big Data Analytics in
managerial aspects are presented. The feature extraction through Big Data Analyt-
ics can be beneficial to managing the machine condition and in predicting machine
failure. The MDSS in Big Data is able to suggest maintenance strategies and provide
insight for management to tackle maintenance issues. The proactive strategies in
maintenance can be achieved by embedded sensors and real time based machine
monitoring systems. Besides, the prediction from Big Data Analytics and suggested
analytics processes are well-designed to reduce the maintenance turnaround time
and substantially enhance the production system availability. MRO and maintenance
resources can be planned in advanced to facilitate the process during the machine
downtime. Moreover, it provides flexibility to design maintenance schedules to
mitigate the risk of unplanned stoppings. The overall maintenance efficiency can
be much improved by the implementation of predictive maintenance under a Big
Data platform.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research is supported by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The authors
would like to thank the case company for providing the data. Our gratitude is also
extended to the Research Committee and the Department of Industrial and Systems
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
73
Engineering of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for support in this project
(RUE9) and (RU8H).
REFERENCES
Exton, T., & Labib, A. (2002). Spare parts decision analysis–The missing link in
CMMSs (Part II). Journal of Maintenance & Asset Management, 17(1), 14–21.
Faiz, R., & Edirisinghe, E. A. (2009). Decision making for predictive maintenance
in asset information management. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowl-
edge, and Management, 4, 23–36.
Fu, C., Ye, L., Liu, Y., Yu, R., Iung, B., Cheng, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2004). Predictive
maintenance in intelligent-control-maintenance-management system for hydroelec-
tric generating unit. Energy Conversion. IEEE Transactions on, 19(1), 179–186.
Garcia, M. C., Sanz-Bobi, M. A., & del Pico, J. (2006). SIMAP: Intelligent Sys-
tem for Predictive Maintenance: Application to the health condition monitoring
of a windturbine gearbox. Computers in Industry, 57(6), 552–568. doi:10.1016/j.
compind.2006.02.011
Jardine, A. K., & Tsang, A. H. (2013). Maintenance, replacement, and reliability:
theory and applications. CRC Press.
Kaiser, K. A., & Gebraeel, N. Z. (2009). Predictive maintenance management using
sensor-based degradation models. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems
and Humans. IEEE Transactions on, 39(4), 840–849.
Klutke, G.-A., Kiessler, P. C., & Wortman, M. (2003). A critical look at the
bathtub curve. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 52(1), 125–129. doi:10.1109/
TR.2002.804492
Lee, J., Ardakani, H. D., Yang, S., & Bagheri, B. (2015). Industrial big data analytics
and cyber-physical systems for future maintenance & service innovation. Procedia
CIRP, 38, 3–7. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2015.08.026
Lee, J., Kao, H.-A., & Yang, S. (2014). Service innovation and smart analytics for
industry 4.0 and big data environment. Procedia CIRP, 16, 3–8. doi:10.1016/j.
procir.2014.02.001
Li, L., Bagheri, S., Goote, H., Hasan, A., & Hazard, G. (2013). Risk adjustment
of patient expenditures: A big data analytics approach. Paper presented at the Big
Data, 2013 IEEE International Conference on. doi:10.1109/BigData.2013.6691790
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Strategies
74
Muhtaroglu, F., Demir, S., Obali, M., & Girgin, C. (2013). Business model canvas
perspective on big data applications. Paper presented at the Big Data, 2013 IEEE
International Conference on. doi:10.1109/BigData.2013.6691684
Sikorska, J., Hodkiewicz, M., & Ma, L. (2011). Prognostic modelling options for
remaining useful life estimation by industry. Mechanical Systems and Signal Pro-
cessing, 25(5), 1803–1836. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.11.018
Wielki, J. (2013). Implementation of the big data concept in organizations-possi-
bilities, impediments and challenges. Paper presented at the Computer Science and
Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2013 Federated Conference on.
Wu, S.-j., Gebraeel, N., Lawley, M. A., & Yih, Y. (2007). A neural network integrated
decision support system for condition-based optimal predictive maintenance policy.
Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans. IEEE Transactions
on, 37(2), 226–236.
Xin, N. Y., & Ling, L. Y. (2013). How we could realize big data value. Paper pre-
sented at the Instrumentation and Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation
(IMSNA), 2013 2nd International Symposium on.
... Thus, these systems can be harnessed for collecting, storing, and analysing maintenance-related data, including work orders, equipment history, and asset performance metrics, allowing facility managers to streamline maintenance workflows, prioritise tasks, and allocate resources more efficiently [18]. As big data analytics can identify patterns, trends, and anomalies in equipment behaviour, the generated outputs can facilitate PM strategies and informed decision-making [25]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper explores different building maintenance strategies in commercial buildings in Sydney, Australia, focusing on corrective maintenance (CM) and preventive maintenance (PM). While CM involves rectifying issues after they occur, PM aims to enhance productivity by anticipating potential issues. Although PM seems more logical, the decision to implement this type of maintenance strategy are typically made based on item reliability, failure frequency, and downtime cost, commonly found in manufacturing facilities or critical environments. However, as found in the selected/surveyed commercial real estate buildings, CM was more frequently adopted in aged facilities with older infrastructure, and PM was favoured for buildings without structural deficiencies; however, operating equipment failures were common. However, in many cases, decision makers did not consider the broader effects of downtime beyond direct financial losses, costs associated with customer satisfaction, worker efficiency, rent abatements, and reputation damage. While each building is unique and may require a bespoke maintenance schedule, this study’s insights may help managers select the most appropriate maintenance strategy. Nonetheless, further research is needed to investigate the role of innovative technologies (such as machine learning and artificial intelligence) in enhancing maintenance efficacy and explore the influences of economic shifts, corporate and financial objectives, and the availability of technical resources.
... In this regard, it has emerged that only 1.6% of the identified tasks are conducted within the framework of a predictive maintenance policy. This data supports what has been previously reported in the scientific literature --"To effectively and efficiently implement predictive maintenance activities, it is first necessary to possess an organic data collection and monitoring system that most companies globally are still working to implement"(Lee et al., 2017). Instead, it has surfaced that the majority of the identified tasks are carried out within the framework of preventive maintenance policies (i.e., 97% of the total identified tasks, of which 31.8% are Condition Monitoring tasks, 47.7% Routine Maintenance tasks, and 15.9% Inspection tasks). ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The Industry 5.0 paradigm aims to improve, through a human-centric approach, the performance of the cyber-physical production systems promoted by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. If, on the one hand, the digitalisation promoted by the Industry 4.0 paradigm provides many opportunities for improving the performance of production systems, on the other hand, it introduces a high level of complexity for operators in the execution of ordinary activities mainly from a cognitive point of view. The complexity of tasks and the increasing use of innovative technologies could overload the operator with numerous options and efforts to be made in a limited time, requiring decisions that may lead to an excessive cognitive workload and reduced human well-being in work environments. In this context, maintenance activities are of utmost relevance; their inherent complexity and the direct dependence of the production performance on their proper and timely execution led to the development of dedicated support technologies and techniques known as "Maintenance 4.0". Notably, Maintenance 4.0 activities are strongly characterised by the above-outlined complexities, especially from a cognitive point of view. To this concern, the present research work consists of developing, through a systematic literature review, a "Cognitive-Oriented Maintenance 4.0 Tasks Framework" aimed at identifying the perceived cognitive workload according to an operator's competencies profile. This conceptual framework represents the starting point for more in-depth analyses that will allow the identification of the proper operators to accomplish high-cognitive Maintenance 4.0 tasks, always ensuring their well-being and industrial performance.
... Availability is expressed as the uptime of a machine or device (Gravette and Barker, 2015). Efforts on such topics can be seen in Daily and Peterson (2017), Gravette and Barker (2015), and Lee et al. (2017). ...
... The authors of [83] highlighted the significance of data as a resource in data-driven service delivery networks, stressing its influence on business differentiation, competitive advantage, and operational efficiency. The use of data analytics tools allows service providers to extract valuable insights from the large amounts of data generated during service delivery, leading to more effective resource allocation, enhanced value offerings, improved targeted marketing strategies, and identification of emerging market trends [84]. In a study conducted by [85], it was emphasized that business models driven by smart data play a crucial role in introducing new products and services that align with sustainability dimensions in the context of Industry 4.0. ...
Article
Full-text available
Selecting an appropriate business model innovation for sustainable performance is a complex decision that requires a decision support tool. However, despite the importance of business model innovation (BMI) for sustainable performance, there has been limited investigation into how a hierarchical enabler framework grounded in service-dominant logic contributes to the sustainability of service firms. This study examines the critical enablers of service business model innovation (SBMI) for sustainable performance within the utility sector, particularly the electricity supply sector in Ghana. Using the best–worst method (BWM), this study identifies and prioritizes three main enablers and eleven sub-enablers, addressing a notable gap in understanding their impact on sustainable performance. The findings reveal that service value creation innovation is the most critical primary enabler, with human capital, technological platforms, and value-based pricing constituting the top three sub-enablers for sustainability performance. This study contributes to the service-dominant logic and BMI discourse by providing a novel hierarchical framework that aids managerial decision making in service-oriented firms, particularly in developing economies. The results underscore the need for utility companies to prioritize investments in key areas, such as human capital, technological advancements, and customer-centric approaches, to drive sustainable business practices and improve overall performance.
Article
With the advent of Industry 4.0, predictive maintenance (PdM) is revolutionising maintenance procedures across various industries. The integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT) and big data, is enhancing the potential of PdM in sectors including non-traditional sectors such as nuclear infrastructure, logistics and healthcare. This study highlights the development of PdM within Industry 4.0 and its impact on the financial and operational facets of numerous industries. It underscores the need for continuous innovation and adaptation in PdM strategies, emphasising the necessity for substantial investments in training, technology and the cultivation of a workforce skilled in digital technologies and data analytics. To fully capitalise on this dynamic field, the study stresses the importance of staying abreast of industry advancements, evaluating new tools and refining maintenance practices.
Article
Full-text available
Objective To quantitatively predict children’s and adolescents’ spherical equivalent (SE) by leveraging their variable-length historical vision records. Design Retrospective analysis. Participants Eight hundred ninety-five myopic children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years, with a complete ophthalmic examination and retinoscopy in cycloplegia prior to spectacle correction, were enrolled in the period from January 1, 2008 to July 1, 2023 at the University Hospital “Sveti Duh,” Zagreb, Croatia. Methods A novel modification of time-aware long short-term memory (LSTM) was used to quantitatively predict children’s and adolescents’ SE within 7 years after diagnosis. Main Outcome Measures The utilization of extended gate time-aware LSTM involved capturing temporal features within irregularly sampled time series data. This approach aligned more closely with the characteristics of fact-based data, increasing its applicability and contributing to the early identification of myopia progression. Results The testing set exhibited a mean absolute prediction error (MAE) of 0.10 ± 0.15 diopter (D) for SE. Lower MAE values were associated with longer sequence lengths, shorter prediction durations, older age groups, and low myopia, while higher MAE values were observed with shorter sequence lengths, longer prediction durations, younger age groups, and in premyopic or high myopic individuals, ranging from as low as 0.03 ± 0.04 D to as high as 0.45 ± 0.24 D. Conclusions Extended gate time-aware LSTM capturing temporal features in irregularly sampled time series data can be used to quantitatively predict children’s and adolescents’ SE within 7 years with an overall error of 0.10 ± 0.15 D. This value is substantially lower than the threshold for prediction to be considered clinically acceptable, such as a criterion of 0.75 D. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Research
Full-text available
Predictive maintenance (PdM) solutions powered by data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) have become more popular in today's dynamic industrial environment as a game-changing strategy to increase equipment life, operational effectiveness, and competitiveness. In order to understand the revolutionary impacts of artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, and predictive maintenance on maintenance operations, this paper investigates the intricate relationships between these three technologies in the industrial sector. This research synthesizes current information, discovers gaps, and extracts insights crucial to grasping the evolving predictive maintenance environment via a thorough assessment of the literature from 2014 to 2024. The usefulness of numerous AI algorithms, such as logistic regression, support vector regression, random forests, neural networks, and linear regression, is analyzed in connection to predictive manufacturing. The study digs into multiple machine learning algorithms to evaluate which one is most effective for tackling predictive maintenance concerns in industrial contexts. Additionally, the research looks at optimization strategies to enhance the accuracy and usefulness of AI-driven maintenance predictions, employing data analytics insights for better maintenance scheduling. Real-time insights and predictive capabilities are offered by the integration of Big Data, IoT, and cyber-physical systems, which changes maintenance operations in the context of Industry 4.0. Experience-based, model-based, physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid techniques to PdM implementation are investigated, taking into consideration their respective demands and capabilities. Additionally, the research looks at how Industry 4.0 technologies-like robots, cloud computing, augmented reality, and IIoT-can aid with predictive maintenance duties. The research's results increase our knowledge of predictive maintenance in the context of Industry 4.0 and give practitioners, researchers, and industry stakeholders crucial guidance as they negotiate the difficult terrain of maintenance optimization and digital transformation.
Article
Purpose This paper aims at identifying the key factors influencing the adoption intention of data analytics for predictive maintenance (PdM) from the lens of the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework in the Singapore Process Industries context. The research model aids practitioners and researchers in developing a holistic maintenance strategy for large-scale asset-heavy process industries. Design/methodology/approach The TOE framework has been used in this study to consider a wide set of TOE factors and develop a research model with the support of literature. A survey is undertaken and the structural equation modelling (SEM) technique is adopted to test the hypotheses of the proposed model. Findings This research highlights the significant roles of digital infrastructure readiness, security and privacy, top management support, organizational competence, partnership with external consultants and government support in influencing adoption intention of data analytics for PdM. Perceived challenges related to organizational restructuring and process automation are not found significant in influencing the adoption intention. Practical implications This paper reports valuable insights on adoption intention of data analytics for PdM with relevant implications for the various stakeholders such as the leaders and senior managers of process manufacturing industry companies, government agencies, technology consultants and service providers. Originality/value This research uniquely validates the model for the adoption of data analytics for PdM in the process industries using the TOE framework. It reveals the significant technology, organizational and environmental factors influencing the adoption intention and highlights the relevant insights and implications for stakeholders.
Article
Full-text available
With the rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the integration of advanced analytics into manufacturing, products and services, many industries are facing new opportunities and at the same time challenges of maintaining their competency and market needs. Such integration, which is called Cyber-physical Systems (CPS), is transforming the industry into the next level. CPS facilitates the systematic transformation of massive data into information, which makes the invisible patterns of degradations and inefficiencies visible and yields to optimal decision-making. This paper focuses on existing trends in the development of industrial big data analytics and CPS. Then it briefly discusses a systematic architecture for applying CPS in manufacturing called 5C. The 5C architecture includes necessary steps to fully integrate cyber-physical systems in the manufacturing industry. Finally, a case study for designing smart machines through the 5C CPS architecture is presented.
Article
Full-text available
Today, in an Industry 4.0 factory, machines are connected as a collaborative community. Such evolution requires the utilization of advance- prediction tools, so that data can be systematically processed into information to explain uncertainties, and thereby make more “informed” decisions. Cyber-Physical System-based manufacturing and service innovations are two inevitable trends and challenges for manufacturing industries. This paper addresses the trends of manufacturing service transformation in big data environment, as well as the readiness of smart predictive informatics tools to manage big data, thereby achieving transparency and productivity.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper is devoted to the analysis of the Big Data phenomenon. It is composed of seven parts. In the first, the growing role of data and information and their rapid increase in the new socio-economical reality, are discussed. Next, the notion of Big Data is defined and the main sources of growth of data are characterized. In the following part of the paper the most significant possibilities linked with Big Data are presented and discussed. The next part is devoted to the characterization of tools, techniques and the most useful data in the context of Big Data initiatives. In the following part of the paper the success factors of Big Data initiatives are analyzed, followed by an analysis of the most important problems and challenges connected with Big Data. In the final part of the paper, the most significant conclusions and suggestions are offered.
Article
Full-text available
Asset management is a process of identification, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of physical assets (Wenzler, 2005). An asset-centric approach is vital for the success of an asset intensive organisation as the effective management of assets is a major determinant of organisa-tional success. One key issue in asset information management is the availability of information at the right time, in the right format, before the right person, against the right query, and at the right level. This paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth critical analysis from literature which fulfils an identified need of fusing asset information for predictive maintenance so that de-cision making can be improved. The critical literature review included also highlights the need for an expert system which integrates reliable information with effective decision-support, under the umbrella of Asset Management. Various elements of asset management were critically re-viewed, highlighting the need for more robust Predictive maintenance management for assets. We argue that this is best achieved by a system that, in particular, incorporates Expert System to en-hance the quality of predictive maintenance through accurate decision analysis. In addition, it should have fuzzy logic reasoning ability that assists in the decision-making process. Our analysis leads us to propose that Expert System when combined with fuzzy logic provides a better way of decision making in predictive maintenance management of assets.
Article
Full-text available
This paper presents a sensory-updated degradation-based predictive maintenance policy (herein referred to as the SUDM policy). The proposed maintenance policy utilizes contemporary degradation models that combine component-specific real-time degradation signals, acquired during operation, with degradation and reliability characteristics of the component's population to predict and update the residual life distribution (RLD). By capturing the latest degradation state of the component being monitored, the updating process provides a more accurate of the remaining life. With the aid of a stopping rule, maintenance routines are scheduled based on the most recently updated RLD. The performance of the proposed maintenance policy is evaluated using a simulation model of a simple manufacturing cell. Frequency of unexpected failures and overall maintenance costs are computed and compared with two other benchmark maintenance policies: a reliability-based and a conventional degradation-based maintenance policy (without any sensor-based updating).
Book
A completely revised and updated edition of a bestseller, Maintenance, Replacement, and Reliability: Theory and Applications, Second Edition supplies the tools needed for making data-driven physical asset management decisions. The well-received first edition quickly became a mainstay for professors, students, and professionals, with its clear presentation of concepts immediately applicable to real-life situations. However, research is ongoing and relentless-in only a few short years, much has changed. See What's New in the Second Edition: New Topics •The role of maintenance in sustainability issues •PAS 55, a framework for optimizing management assets •Data management issues, including cases where data are unavailable or sparse •How candidates for component replacement can be prioritized using the Jack-knife diagram New Appendices •Maximum Likelihood Estimated (MLE) •Markov chains and knowledge elicitation procedures based on a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation •E-learning materials now supplement two previous appendices (Statistics Primer and Weibull Analysis) •Updated the appendix List of Applications of Maintenance Decision Optimization Models Firmly based on the results of real-world research in physical asset management, the book focuses on data-driven tools for asset management decisions. It provides a solid theoretical foundation for various tools (mathematical models) that, in turn, can be used to optimize a variety of key maintenance/replacement/reliability decisions. It presents cases that illustrate the application of these tools in a variety of settings, such as food processing, petrochemical, steel and pharmaceutical industries, as well as the military, mining, and transportation (land and air) sectors. Based on the authors' experience, the second edition maintains the format that made the previous edition so popular. It covers theories and methodologies grounded in the real world. Simply stated, no other book available addresses the range of methodologies associated with, or focusing on, tools to ensure that asset management decisions are optimized over the product's life cycle. And then presents them in an easily digestable and immediately applicable way.
Conference Paper
Large and complex data that becomes difficult to be handled by traditional data processing applications triggers the development of big data applications which have become more pervasive than ever before. In the era of big data, data exploration and analysis turned into a difficult problem in many sectors such as the smart routing and health care sectors. Companies which can adapt their businesses well to leverage big data have significant advantages over those that lag this capability. The need for exploring new approaches to address the challenges of big data forces companies to shape their business models accordingly. In this paper, we summarize and share our findings regarding the business models deployed in big data applications in different sectors. We analyze existing big data applications by taking into consideration the core elements of a business (via business model canvas) and present how these applications provide value to their customers by making profit out of using big data.
Conference Paper
For healthcare applications, voluminous patient data contain rich and meaningful insights that can be revealed using advanced machine learning algorithms. However, the volume and velocity of such high dimensional data requires new big data analytics framework where traditional machine learning tools cannot be applied directly. In this paper, we introduce our proof-of-concept big data analytics framework for developing risk adjustment model of patient expenditures, which uses the “divide and conquer” strategy to exploit the big-yet-rich data to improve the model accuracy. We leverage the distributed computing platform, e.g., MapReduce, to implement advanced machine learning algorithms on our data set. In specific, random forest regression algorithm, which is suitable for high dimensional healthcare data, is applied to improve the accuracy of our predictive model. Our proof-of-concept framework demonstrates the effectiveness of predictive analytics using random forest algorithm as well as the efficiency of the distributed computing platform.
Article
Over recent years a significant amount of research has been undertaken to develop prognostic models that can be used to predict the remaining useful life of engineering assets. Implementations by industry have only had limited success. By design, models are subject to specific assumptions and approximations, some of which are mathematical, while others relate to practical implementation issues such as the amount of data required to validate and verify a proposed model. Therefore, appropriate model selection for successful practical implementation requires not only a mathematical understanding of each model type, but also an appreciation of how a particular business intends to utilise a model and its outputs.This paper discusses business issues that need to be considered when selecting an appropriate modelling approach for trial. It also presents classification tables and process flow diagrams to assist industry and research personnel select appropriate prognostic models for predicting the remaining useful life of engineering assets within their specific business environment. The paper then explores the strengths and weaknesses of the main prognostics model classes to establish what makes them better suited to certain applications than to others and summarises how each have been applied to engineering prognostics. Consequently, this paper should provide a starting point for young researchers first considering options for remaining useful life prediction. The models described in this paper are Knowledge-based (expert and fuzzy), Life expectancy (stochastic and statistical), Artificial Neural Networks, and Physical models.