Conference PaperPDF Available

Parenting advice about sleep: Where have we been? Where are we going?

Authors:

Abstract

For parents and professionals, “sleeping through the night” has grown in both importance and urgency as a necessary benchmark for infant as young as 3- to 6-months of age. Contemporary research contends that failure to establish unbroken nighttime sleep by 6-months of age may result in poor daytime behavior, family stress, and sleep problems in the long-term. The current construction of sleep and its resulting parenting advice, while rooted in contemporary science, proceeds from a distinct sociohistorical and cultural context that, over time, has varied, responding to changing technological, economic, political and social conditions. Beliefs about appropriate management of both adult and infant sleep have shifted from a pre-industrial configuration (communal and broken into phases), to a post-industrial sleep (solitary and consolidated). The construction of sleep in the U.S. is relatively unique and both embodies and reinforces distinct cultural values. Some research has suggested that the mismatch between cultural emphases on independence and an infant’s biological need for soothing and parental presence has resulted in high levels of anxiety for parents. While experts and clinicians agree that sleep is a major area of concern and source of stress for parents, others question whether sleep advice itself also contributes to parental worry and anxiety. This paper examines both qualitative and quantitative data from a survey of first-time parents (N = 267) about their experiences with sleep advice. Responses to open-ended questions reveal that, due to the overwhelming and conflicting nature of available sleep advice, many parents feel confused about what to do. Data further indicate that one-third of the parents worried about their infant’s sleep. Interestingly, their level of worry about their ability to manage sleep significantly outstripped their level of worry they report about the sleep itself. This finding suggests that “sleeping through the night” may no longer be a mere developmental milestone, but, increasingly, a symbol of parental competence. The paper further questions whether there are repercussions of increases in anxiety for parental functioning.

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 4
“Between the closing of the chamber door at night and its opening in the
morning,
a third of human life passes away, and upon the manner of its employment,
the physical, mental and moral character of man largely depends.”
(Hall, 1871, Sleep or The Hygiene of the Night)
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"""#> !$ $"#$0$!# $0
,,,"$ ""#"  "#$!" #.$  !
$ '09'" $ $0!!",,,-!"
"#$ 0 "#$$"# 90!!" ! ",
3&""#+666+$,:F7
!""""$#"#$0.$$"">,#Parenting
Magazine "0"!0#"#$0##.".0  
0$00! +0>0 "<0 ""$#  0 9#"""#>
"=3 # +455;+$,4E7," $.! !"#$ >!"""
#$$ "  !0 """"!##  "> ',"
"" @! ", ##"#$'####.$.  
,0.  $ "#$"" '###. " 0$
 # !. $ ".+. $!0#.!",3)+455C+H57
#.+##9"#$"! I.$+ 0#."" #+
""".$ .! $",
 J
&#$#  !"#$" 'D   !!"#$" #
! # $0+"'##"$ #0+"@ 45." 
 $,
 $$  !> '# "#$""!##.9"
"""0""'"  ##+" # ?3"0+66J7,
"!! "#.$ '.'" "#$
"$.###"""0$ "+"'##""    00 $"!"
3*+66EDK2L  +455JD"+*##+2 '#+66ED +6657,
> +"#$"$." # #0$,""#+"
##. # >. " " !0#!#,0B . !"!"
"B #"$." # # #0" " !"#$"#$00,
$. !"  # #3&##0"+455J7+ $ # #3& 02)#.+45547+ 
# $0##.9"@.3*  #,+455CD '+45547 "B" ,
&##0"3455J7"""" #"" ""#$ $0#. # #
$ ""M< #.! 0 !9 =3$,;7' " # ",""+""
> !###"$ ,
#$" # ##.9D "0""#$ "'##+ 
" 0+ 9#" ",+&##0"3455J7""""#$" 
#"0#","00+#" ""<"  !$." # #need+
 0#constraint+"  ##elaboration=3&##0"28# '+66E+$,FJ+
#" #7,0"  0#.N!##"#$,N#$"$ 0  9 ".
  # ###! "!+!#$  0#L"  
!N N999'"$#"3"0+66J7,+00 !
 C
"#$$""  !#L"!"###.9!# "3K2L  +
455JD '+4554D&##0"+455J7,
# I"#""#$+ !""$#3,,'73 0#.+
6657+" #3,,'' 07+0$ #3,,'+ '# 70"3&##0"+
455J7,##" 0"' ""$ #0"#$3A  2K+455J7+
" "'. "+'$$ $0." #,
"  $+##0$""   0.+"#!9
#+#."!#'.""#$"N N3) ##+  !!+
$$0+2* #"0+664DO#+455JD& #!+ I !!+I+2# +66C7,
K$+  !"#$!#"#" !$ 00.3G'">++
)."+).+28I# +66:7,#.+"#$"" . ! "!0#."
3'20+66C+& #!#,+66C7,+ ""#"+"#$$"" '
0 " 3) ###,+664D'20+66CD&##0"+455JD& #!#,+
66CD& 028 '+455FD& 02)#.+45547,
0 !&"+"#$""#." #.! 0!.#0+'
 00#"#$ 0" 0, 0"#$"'"0
$ "  " #0  L" ' 099 " 
! "@+" #"#$!! 0$ 3 0#.+665D&##0"+455J7," $
!' ##"++0 # +"$# "  !"#$".$#,
" +"#$ #"" "'. !'." 00#3 #
. !!! $" !++ # "$7D"  "3  " #
  0 +#'>+ $$.7D
!#3 #"!'"#$9'>""+#> I .073) ##
 F
#,+664D&##0"+455JD& 02)#.+45547,#.+"#$ #""#" 
  ""$ ##.$ #0"",,
" ##.+  '0$#"#" 
# ,"+". !## $0"#$9
 "$."$ " "!"  0"+$ #"+"!> '#+
## # "382+66CD#>9'+6FED#>9'+66ED
"+455;D#+6J5D +6657,  ""0"##
#"##  0! #I"' 0#3) ##
#,+664D& 02)#.+45547," !'"$$ !"" #?$+
###"?$#+"#"'."." #
" "'.30+455DK2A  +455JD0##+6667,
"$$ " $# 0$ ."!@.+$+
  "#$,,'##" # ? ?0#"
""0$ "0$#"$# "  !"#$,$$!?0"$
 ' !"#$".+"'##"$"L?$'"
@. !,#0$# "$ $"L?$'
  $$#. #0 !! 0 .  "#$'"
! 0 #$" 0#. " ?"##" !?.' .,
Background
Cultural Variations in Sleep
 "  !"#$"##+" #. "  ""9###.
 0,0.#"+"#$" 00#!!+' " $" !
"""#$30##+66ED& 02)#.+45547,#$ 00##."""
 E
!@ "#"$."# ,8#+! ?0$#+!">$$
# "#"#"! ,"#+!" "#$
.'0" " !@"$ , "#"+"#$" "$+$
 0+ $#." #! "0 !# "$",+
8#" ""#$# ."##." # 3& 02
)#.+45547,
  !"#$ "#"  "##.".$" ""
#"+"@  90" ",+K$+"#$#""""" 0
!   $ !"" # "# 3"#,+66C7,K$"!0#" #."
"#$"$  !+#  ""$+ 
$!0#.#3) ###,+6647,
#$"!#!"'##"#$'..  " ,.!
 "'> ?$""  !!L"! 0 +'"$
 00 3G'">#,+66:D'20+66CD& #!#,+66C7,!"
#  !?0"+## ' ".$0!0#."
!##"#$0"3K2A  +455J+"#,+66C7,#.+! " !
!0### "$""$""#"0 !$"#$,
G##003455J7""$" #I  #"!! "#.
'#"$" ", $90" #I ""
! " #.@"  !  0 "# 3,,"#$ +"#!9
" 7$! 3,," #."#$+$#.# 7,""#+
##. " ".$##."$#."#$".#0$"I" B9
 6
$#.#"# $0 !"$"""#!9 3G##
#,+455:DG##200+455JDO#+455J7,
 "+0 $ ?0#".#" !$3,, "#$+.70 
!# ""+" ## + 0$#3G##200+455J7,
". !K$"00 "+8 "#,36657! 00 "
! ## '!A""  0 B"+. 
"#!9"",K$"0 "+  +!A"
 > 0"#"'!! "  0+.! 
$" # !# "$,
)#I3455J7"""@0"! !A""#!9# .!! "
0"#" !!0>#. ""#",  " ! ' 0.+!
"#$ "0.##'" !!.+"'##"'">##"'##
"".! "#'#3$2>""+6ECDO#+455J7,
 900$"" #. " #" #."#$" +! +
 $." # #0+"" #.! 0.##?$ " '
 "" N#.N<" ="#$3K2A  +455JD$2>""+
6ECD##+6E67,
Historical Constructions of Sleep in the U.S.
" ##.+"#$$"'#.+"$  
 # #+  0+$ ##" #  "382+66CD>+455D
*+66CDK2A  +455JD0##+66ED#+6J57,+
 "  !"#$"##9+$ "!#.$ 0 3"+
#,+6667,#$"##.# ' "$9"#3$ 
 5
 EE57$ "9"#,#$ + 0"+#!"0##.'
"' 0$ ",&"0+"#$! 0$"" +! 0$# 
$+! 0 >  " #+! 0"#!9# ?##.#3&##0"+
455J7, 0" #$"$+"#$ ! #. " 0"+
#.+##0 . #,
Pre-Industrial Sleep.   096.+"#$'" #."+
$#,$$ !##"#$$#$#"'" 00 $#3>+4557,
#"""'""$#"+ " ##. " ! $$ "
"?,+   ! 0""! " #$$ " !"#$  #
E.,  "0+ 0' "#$'"#" "! . ! 
!0#."3 0#.+6657,&!0#"+!"$" "#"""
 !"".3 0#.+665D"+#,+6667,+" !#> !!#
#+"#$'"   " !>""'!0#"  "#$"0
0,0"#$+ '+'" #. > ' "0$ ",
<!""#$= !" '#" 00'#"' #'>
M" 00"! !' ","0'""$>+#>+ $.,<" 
"#$=' # 00#.>3>+455DA  2K+455J7,
#09E55"+#L""#$'"  $ !  0@.,
# """ !0 #.# 3*+66ED"+#,+
6667,&##'"$#!#+"' 0L"0I"#.
0 "#$"@ ",#$ " #0"#
$0#. #L""#$ 0'#'"  #+   +
''"$$ $# 3*+66E7,@"  !##A"
 
"#$'"" !    ,'"##' #"#$'
!  '# .@3K2A  +455JD"#,+6667,!"'
?$ "#$4 "! !""?0 "+!"0+@. !"#$
@' #$#.0"+" "9.9 ##" # #."#$'
F6 "$3"#,+6667,
#"#$$ #0"+  +' "0 #!#"M" !
$" ##@.  #,0"+ '+'##."! '
 #$ $"#!9"$# ?"!",-"$ + "#$'"
 " "# !$."##$$ $0 #",#'+ ! "+
  !"$" #"  0"+'  #> ! 00 "#$
3"#,+6667,
Post-industrial Sleep.  !45.+0" #+  0+
##"!"""!"!"" "# 
"#$#3#>9'+66ED"0+66JD*+66ED"#,+6667,
0"# # #0$" !0#.,#""" "+
 #"+!0#."+#!".#""# !0""$  ".,
0#"0 #0"! 0 . #", 0##"""+
  0. !!0#.0 ! 0 09"$   '  0.'
!"#! 0! ' >, ' >#"""+'"  0"! !' 0
# ' >! ,"  00   ! 0+"$
" "'0#!0# #"0,"'$  "$ "+
'#0 ""#0 " #3#>9'+66ED#+
66FD# ""0+6FC7,
 4
"! .9'##"0.!0#" #"0## 0"0# "
 ,"$ $# #" "#  !""+0+
>""<",= 0'" "! 0"' #+0 0$ #.+
$#'"$ #0" ##0#.$ $ $.$
30 73*+66E7,
 !.+  !,0#"$  "
0+ !'.#.0+'0 #+#"
# $0 !,N+> !0 # "".+ #
L"L ' >+"#!9"!+# " "+ "
0 ##'"N3"0+66J+$,C:7,+!0#"""!"
 #"   0! #!3*+66C7,
#$ !.+ '+$0. !"#!"!! 0
NN #.999# $0" . ! L"@"", 0
""""!'""$ "  .0. !.#!$  #' >
3"0+66J7,0$#   !#.'"#" "$ "#. !
#!  ''##9#,   !"#!9#"#!9"!!.
 0$' $ " !"#!"@"$#3"#,+6667, "
 #.E55"+0#"M  0.+#.+0".+$" !'##9
M00  #. "#$ 3"#,+6667, "#$+  
  !0""+0+""+ '$ "#   !" .
# !#3&##0"+455J7,""+0! 
 ,
 ;
&.+'"#$$" 9""! 0##+"#. 0
! "! " 0.#9#!! "("#,36667"""# #$$
0##.!#" #6#.45"$ $##
" " " "#$" $ #0# #'##9
,
Edison’s Curse.   !###! 0"A
# "$ >""#. ""."" !"3>+
4557, !$ ""+#.## '! ' >"! "  $ 
# >,+" 0"#! ""#$ '" !!!#0,N&#'."
$ $##> L# "" !"#$L"#0.,.### "" !0+#.+
$$ "N3" 2"+6:E+$,FE7,!' >! "@' >" "
"$!0"  ' >$"" ', 0"" !!#"'
"#$#. ""  ! 0""""3 +66FD&+6667,
"#0$!0#.#!+"'##"' >,8##0
#" #  '#,   !<#0=999""$
! 0<!0#.0=9990," #9 " # '>$#
!#'$ 3"+#,+6667, ! #0  + '+
# "#$"$#  ! 3,, $L"0" 
7,
+"$$"" 0"$$! "#$"$' #
"#!! 0 """"!.'#."#$"$",""#+
"$#" #""$#.$##""$$ $"#$"$"! 
!","#" $."##. #L""#$ ".,#"$ #
 :
'0  '$'","+  +'#$" !
!0$#+.! " # ! !"#$3 0#.+664D
)I+455:D"#,+6667,
#. !! "$ 0"! ##" 0" !""3"+
#,+6667+"'##"''. ?$""0#.$" #.3 0#.+
6647, 00<$#!  A"$" ## "+ "0#""##
"'"" " !#!.,,,  0'
$#.$" #$!0.!#.?"=3>#.+65C+$,C6:7, !
. 0 0
$" #. !0"" #"$,! B ! 0" 
#! !# $0,." #""0"
!#""". !" # ,"$##. ' # "#$+ "
.$"  ""# "$$0,3*+ E6C+$,4:C7
# " #" . !" 0"+ 0#.366C7
"0" 0+'## !"! +  #.?$""
#.+#" " !
 0  >""$" $ $  "!  ."#"
!!0#.,"""0>! !#'."#$"!  .L" 0,
*#"L 0"B ""#",3$,67
  #6#.45"+ 0"0"#.$,
   !.+ 0"'.$##.""  "# 
 0",8.65+ 0"'"" #.! 0###'., 0
0$+"#.$" #"$! #..3 0#.+
 J
66C7,!" '"#$"$##.9 ""'.! 0 ". !
!0#.,"#,36667"""#$0$ #00#.""" #.
"#$0"'  !"$" !#"#$""!"! 
 0! ,
The Emergence of “The Expert.” EC5+'""0J945P !!"
! !"., #5P' #!  !!,8.#6
.+0!# !$"!!#.0$# .""  0
""#0 #.3"0+66J+*+66CD)I+455:7,0''
> '#. !"+'   "" ###" #" #
" # !#$$#  !"!0 "3*+66CD)I+455:7,
#6.#" 0>0 !$". # .""$"+
## $0""".! " !".,"#."EF5"+-'$#"A
Biographical Sketch of an Infant+!#". !" '!" L" , #
$ " !#".+*,#.##,00 #+"0 " !
! 0 "" $   0" #$ "!$$  
#3*+66C+)I+455:7,?$""#"N"0##0#"'!" 0
$$"+'   > '##9B"#+ !
"#!9  #N3)I+455:+$,67,$$ " # "#.0
'$"!"#$"#"#  ! # "$ #
3)I+455:7,
$"$"$999! 0# "+#"""$$ " !
#.6. "#.0$$  !#$ !.999"$ ""
   #.$"    0"!">$#0+#"  # "
 C
#0 #.I" !#!,""#.# > ?$"' 
' '0'. !"!!  3"0+66J7,
"!+ "#$0$"I! "$ 0"! 
$$ " !#"#$,<?$" '$" ! "' #+
!+0>"#$0 !!#+ #"#" ##  !"#"#!9
#"#$=3"#,+666+$,;J67, "
 >"#"""! #,) "' # " $""#"
!" 0 #.$3)I+455:7,?$""#.""#!9
"!!. "#$3"#,+6667
!0"" '+'  >"+0"   $ 
"#$"0'"0 ,"#.#!+" #>  !"
?$ !+ "# +  ," # 
 # #$+ #+ . !"" ' !D
0 ."## +#'##,3*#+6J+$,E;7
Freud: Unconscious drives and prevention of nervous disorders. 8.#6
.+  " ! " "+$"""?"+" #.
0$>  ""#$,! "#!'"$ ##.!'
! 0$#"" """+#"#$"$"' ##$
  #" " "#".>$ ""$3"#,+666D&##0"+
455J7,#$++0$+0 "#." #.!!0$" #
 " <$". # #I "=3#"+6FE+$,CE7,
""""" !' >0 #!+"0# 0 
0"'    $#  ! " "#
 F
 "?"   N$#."" !'##N3"0+66J+$,CC7, " 
< "  "=$ 0$"". !"#$.+"$ #! #
$   !",#$'"  #$<! =3"#,+666+
$,;:E7, "$ !$ "9"##!+ '+0$ L"#.  
"#$,#$++'" # ##. #.$ 0 +'" '#"
+""#+0  !#  "$ ""3&##0"+455J7,
 " #"#$!!" !""""0   $ 
@#.@. !#A""#$3"#,+6667,"?$"#>'
  0$ !0 "#.#! #A"# $00 
"$!##.+ 0 @#. !"#$,"#."#$0
# 0$  !@#.3*+66C7,& 0L"0I" 
""$ #" "$"! !"" 
 >  #" #' #  0 #.$,"#,36667
"""0># !0 0N""#!9
"!!. '"#$"N3$,;:E7,
20th Century Advice on Sleep
Scientific Parenting. 645"+ !$". # .$""
$!#" !"." #0 !" " 00. 
 0$ " !#A"$."#0#'##9,0B 0$ 0"
!##0##"" #$ $ $
.3*+66E7,&0 #" #A"0 #.  ##+
! " ! "! $ #" !0 #!,?$" '
$" $ ###!!" !< ?0=. +0 "+
 E
"$#" # #A"#,  '"# 
$0 !< !,=Woman's Home Companion#+0" 
364;7"""N"   Q# '0# R'
',,,  !!# $$"!0#" !$0B.,""
   ! !N3$,4J7,#$+"@.@#.+0  "
#.$ #$ #03"#,+66C7,
#"#.! " #A"! $ $
"#$3"+455;7,0" 364;7 N!0#@0" >$
#!! 0 9!.  !.N3$,;C7,#?$"""
' "" #"#$45944 "$.#$  !!@;9J
 " !"#$,!"' $ C" ##+ #F$0,
""""0""+."+'#.# "!!"#$3#L"
8+6467,<!'""+##.+' "#$0 "M"0 
0 "0#"+$$#.+.$"' "   "A#$
#' " "#$ 0 " !.=3"#,+66C+$,;J57,
&" 364:7+!#.A" " !$""$0"+#
# !"""""#$++" #I"$#." !0  
' #"#$0<0#B"0"' #0  ##.00" ##.
"$ "##"=3# ""0+6F6+$,::7,"' ##.9  "
'  "+"## '""# !  "$ ""+
!"#'0#.#,
&" 364:7"00"#.+"+!#!+
"' ##!#  "@",0 "  < #="
 6
' ,) "''"$>$#'.  >
" ..'.! ,""$ $$$  "
##!"#$"#"'" "#"0 +# 0! 
,<! '#"+#0 '#,'> !"0'##.  #.0
 =3&" +64E+$,457.  #$#   !0  #
<"0 =' # #+ ! 0" .3*+66C7,
&" A" "#" $##0"@#. $"!. "$ 
'## "@",KL  3455J7""<" 0 #"0 !#9
"#$# #" ?" #$"" $"+' " '" #
0$!.SA #A"0"" S #A!.
 >0 "#$=3$,4;7,"'0$"" $ #"$ "#. !$"
 '"  0"#"$"0#9"""
$" !$",+!##"0!' ##'
## """'#,"#.+$"'  '$$#'
0$#0!!"!#.! 0'..0"#""
3"+#,+66C7,
The Era of Baby Books. 6:5""'" !"## ""' ' #
  !##  " !45.0"  .
$ >+*""##+* 3*+66ED"+455;7, ##<. >"=3*+
66E+$,E:7$> " ## $0#'"""# 
$"," ""$! 0 "" !45" ! 0# $0#
$  !'#$  ""+'?$###" ! ",
 45
#'"#" @,) "'  # #L"#
! ## '"3#>9'+66ED*+66ED# ""0+6FC7,
'> !I"0+ "0 " !$ ""' '""
0+!!!""3*+66ED)I+455:7,-# $0# ""
 $$ "0$"I# ! '# $0, 
0". !"# #.#"' ' ##"
 .,$$ $#" #N0 N0 "" ###+
 "0  B3*+66ED)I+455:7,0" ! !##
+0 "+? "'  '.". #'#.0
'#+  >"3)I+455:D"+66J7," # # #.
'" 0 ! '?!0#.,) "! 0$ ""' "
0 +0"+ 0!#,).$"##  #. 
0 ""!?$  '  #,"#,36667
""
$"" #L""#$"0B ""! # D
#!!  ?$'0.!0#"" 0#0 " !"#$! 
. ,,, 0 "$ !0#"#" $" 
 ' # "#$'##,,,QR"0$"" 
0$ +#" $ #0@#" !#L""#$,+##.'"
"B$"" #' . ,,,#""##.! 0",3$,;J:7
6J5"+# ?$"!"!0#"0  $##.
$# " $##.'.! 0?"?!0#.' >",!# !'!0#"
 "" $#'"0#$$ " !$ ""'
 4
"!##.  !+  " "  !$# !"#
#  >"  "! #3 I+664D*+66ED"+
455;7,
 0 '0.". )+""  .   "
"#"" .," !!!#  #"+. " #$ ##.
. . ! 0.   ,3* +6CF+$,CC7
 0.+$ >L" # .  0 ">'0 . .
+0"'# 0#!3*+66ED"+455;7,$ > !!0 "$0"" 
 ! ## ' '"",#""+" >+Baby and Child Care 36:J7+'"!##
' $. "#+#."$ "" . 
"$ #,$3E 7+'"
 ' . "$ #(#. $ #03!C 690 " !7+
"" ,>"#  !'##$ '## ! ". 
 . ., . "#!0 +.  00+# 
+" #0""?""$' "! "! 
. ,,,)> "#! . "#!,,,@".  ".' "' > 
.#"! 0 !0."'>,,,.'##$
!"0 "."  !" $ !0!"#>"##,3$ >2
#0+455:+$,5J7
 +'#0 "'  #" ""+.'#" 
 >L"'  ! '    $   0",
The American baby and current advice on sleep: Where are we now?
 44
!"#$ " " 0 !$0,+0 !
"" "$ "! 00#I$0"#.'"
'>99 # ##. 0$ 0 M"$ ##."  
3 '+4554D"#,+6667,+0!# !!"#$0"
 !$ #0!"#$ "  " " !
behavioral insomnia of childhood, # "leep onset association disorder 3@ >+
! $#$" "#$7 and limit setting sleep disorder+'"$#
N$ #0N !"$  0"#3.7300. !#$)+
455J7, 0##.9!#+#.""0$ ""#$$ #0"
#. +"+#."#! 0 9 $0#  $ !
! $3,,8.+" >+0$ +2&>+455FD)###,+455F7,>
#"+?$"""""$ #0""#.0
'$$ $$$#  ! #"3,,0 # !  ?#"
! '>! 0! " 7328#0$+6667,
!"#$" "N  N $! $"" 0 !$ 0 
!L"#+"'##"?$""  !#.$#"3*  2##+
455ED) ###,+6647,".''$""> "#$"#0#.
'!##! $#"" !! >",$"' "+0 !
##"#""! 04556E;3"2- +6E;7 6CC;
455C38 '>+455C7,#" !"#$ ,"0$#" 0I , 0L"
$" !  >"'<"#$=#"##" !45:#", '
0 !$# ""#"+$+! 0$"A"0! ,) #. !
$"'.! 0!0#" ! +"0$#"  !0$  !
 4;
$+""" ! 0 +"" $0#$3
" #7 !##> '#"$ $3-! +455J7"# 
,
&#0! $"+0   $ "
@##.,$0>"# " !"0+#" 
""0>"#!9". " +"'$"'"""
03-! +455J7,$#" 98"0"NL" $$ . .! 
",,,0" "+'" ! "#,,,N3>+66E+$,;57,*
$#.?$"$$#. ! "#$+"'##"$"L '# "
! 0 +  >"+0I"'""" #?0+  #.
! "## +!  '"?$.$" ' 0"0>,
Prevailing advice on infant sleep.  "#. "$$ " #
#  + 0$ ."#$"0"#.
!#.">,0B . !# "#$" " ! "
 # !$# 0! 0!"#'>
3+8+#$$+" +2T>0+66D28#0$+666D'"+
+2&"+666D$">+455;7,#$"3"$ '!
U " 7"" #. #'!@$ # $" " !
'>3#,+66D+6EFDK " +66D)##+666D>2K " +
6EE7,
 0$$  " #"#$$ #0"+! + " 0
0 # !! 03,,$# 7'##"#?  !.
  038#0$2+66;DI#2*'I+6CFD28#0$+
 4:
666D+##+8##+"+2& #!+6C:D'"#,+6667,&"!0' >+
"#$" " "##0 $#. !!  "3I2
"+6EF7 '345547"0"N"'+" "" 
00+"$.#I  !##9"#$"# 0
@" $ !#!#. !!"N3$,EJ7,
 $##.## “crying it out”37 Ferberizing+? " ".
0B . !$"3)###,+66:7$9 >" "#$30 "2
 #>+455C7"9" ! !"#$!!#",0$#
"$ '""""0" "@>+!!+
' "!!,#' "$"!" "$ '"!#.0 
#>#.  "#"#$ 30"2>+6E6DI2
"+6EFD+8#0$+2&#>" +66D2" +665D" >2&>+
4554D0+&"+&+2 "+4555D+&#+2L.+666D>2
K " +6EE7,
 .9  " !!+ '+$"0"""#.
#" " .!,""> '#$"
@# !< "=3&2->+6EE7 9 9 "$$ 
  0!#" !"""#3+" +2" +66C7+"
'##" "" "#"! 0 ##. !L"",
#"""> ' 0B  0$#0  !.
 "3K">'2K">'+66;DK " +66D)##+666D0+- #"++
" '+2+6EJD>2K " +6EE7,+""?$""
"$"## !$# $$ " . 3" >2&>+4554D>
 4J
2K " +6EE7, 0" "!"! "" ""0+ 
$ #""0+ .9  $"3I2"+6EFD' ++2
8#0$+66D+&#+2A.+666D0#,+6EJD>2K " +
6EED&2->+6EE7,
  ##.$"A "+""3I2"+6EF++66:D
+" +2" +66C7$ $#3+455CD*  2+
455CD)##+455JD&#2$>+455FD&""#+6667 ""#."0
0 #.! "#$"$." # ##. $". # ##.0!#,
' !#+ '+#""$ $$"##. #,*  
##3455C7$ # $0##.9"0$#" $." # # 
$". # #!!" !0 #.! "#$ # ! ,
"#"""".?$". B!+
"$ 0 #. $ $"#$"3#,+66C7,
3455C7+$  !0 "$ $# 0$ ."#$ +"0"
. # ."'""! 0+0..! " 
''",,,!' $#.'"$>!+. ' #  
0 0 '+. ' # !##. ' . 
$". # # "@", "#$$"#" 0!#! . #"
. B   0,- " "" !+  !"#!""",3$,557
"! #.#!.' "$ ".#$
. !# $#"#!9" ">##",Happy Baby, Healthy Sleep Habit+
&""#36667"""
 4C
,,,##0#.'. !##"$#"" #"
<$ "=.0'## "$00  # $". # #
$ #0",$#!+ .", ?0$#+-,-,&,& ,,,
0$"I"$. # "  !0 "0$ "" !0.
0  ## $0,3$,JF7
#+Ages and stages: A parent's guide to normal childhood development+
!-* 0 3455570$"I0$  !$ "
  0.
 ,,,   0..#. .!##"#$' . #$,!. 
#'." >+!+ " 0 "#$+. >'."##. "#!9" 
! "0 0 $ . ,,,,LL. "#$"
0 ""$ ! 0) 0-,3$,:7
The Sleepeasy Solution+$ !"" #"#$"&#$>3455F7""
,,,0. #"#"+L"  0$ B0$",8
'.  "+. ##.$! 0#for herself'"
  ##!" M ' "+#">##'###$ '
# $"0,
 ' "#$"  !0 "!0##.0$ ">##"0
" 0",8 !'">##"+. #".  " 0
0"$+'?0#.!!#,8L"' +",,,. 
 " 00$ . "$$  "#$M #,
3$,E7Q#" #R
 4F
00. !"LGuide to your Child's Sleep 3455;7"""
<#.!##"#$"0.'# "# # $"" !
$#.=3 +455;+$,EC7,
" !!" !#"#$$ "#" ! 
!"#$,"#.+!'>!#""" "  .!  0#
$ "9$0$"" 30" +O+-"+2"+66ED-"2 ""+
455J7+  #. !"# "$""###3*.2G"#+455CD
!+0 !!+->"+2.+66C7,+$ #"#$"I"
 '# ," !)3455C7#.$ N
0#!!" !"#$# """#$" "$"9 I$##
$ #0"" '' !# "@"#
""> !.$" +"+ ".+$"" +>+" >N3 #2
# +455C+$,JJ7,*! "#0 " #+##"#$"
! $""#9#$ .! $"M '"!
 "@"" #.!#,
#$+'#$#!#+#" "'#." " $"
0 ! "+?$#"#$ 0"+""0@. !$#
"$ ",&#" 0?$""" # "" #
 #C0 "3+6EFD28#0$+6667+$?$"
0"0"#."""#.";9 :90 "3.+4554D
"+455;D)##+66FD&""#+6667, 0 "$" "
#."E'>"3*  2+455C7,!3& +45557"""<
. !+"$ ""'##=3$,4C:7,
 4E
?$#"#$ 0".'#.'" ",*  3455C7
"".4'>"+!""#$4 "' !,& 345557"0"
.4$ " ;9 :0 "+!"$!"," """
!"0.'>940"$ 490 "3#.+45547, 0+ '+
"""'>C90 " """#$$ #03&""#+
6667,  00>""$"$ $ !' ?$
! 0!,#>9'36FE7"# @$ $#! @#.
$ ." ! 0 ,"""+""#+$"# $
#"?$ "' .'! " <0"$,=
)"0$$ "#" !!" " $"' 
"$  '#  #."$ ",) "$$ """"# '#..
#."$ ".J0"+$ "" 5?36EFD)##+
66F7, 0"0?00#! .'   !$
3,,! 0 59J0"073 +455;7,"
" # $$#0! .! 0"#$3&""#+6667,#
.+?$" +" 0!#3+66:D#,+66CD$ >2>+664D
&""#+6667'## !!#A"# "$'$"3+664D
&#2$>+455FD&""#+6667,?$"! !" !
0$ "#$ '.$ # ""3.+4555D"+455;D& +45557,
 "$"#.+#"  !"#$  >" $#.
!!#" "0"0$#.,#"$ 0"N".N N"$!"N" # "3#
7 "#$$ #0" N"0$#N'." ?"#$0.0"#! $"
' 0.?$"""0$# @>,?$"+! ?0$#+
 46
.9""#$ "'##>#""'> !.! 
!L""#$" 3.+4554D"+455;D)##+66FD$ >2>+
664D&""#+6667,0$#+ '+"$ "">0
# , !#"0$#" " $? 
$  >#"5."3&##0"+6J67,0.""+? '"0$#0
 " !E95'>"! '>'"?"30"2>+6E6D
I2"+6EFD>2K " +6EED$ !!+" $"+2$ !!+6E4D
+&#+2L.+666D.0 +8 >+-+2 #+6E67,". !!"
0$"+*  ##3455E7! 0"$ " !$"' '
#."" "'"49;'>",45P !"$ "
! 40 " 0 ,
8 # "#"  0$# .!." 3,,
##""+ 7,$"*  ##L"3455E7". #! !
 "#.' > "#$" # "#."
$$ 0  ,#.45P !" $" : 0 
0",! 0 '00I" A"  $ #!!#"##
$$"$"! 0  !..0. '",*'
#.+" 00"+"@. !"#$+" "$"
$"? "  '.A0!A""#$3*  2##+455ED
"+455;7,
Parents' Experiences with Infant Sleep Advice
&#"0 " !"?" !# $0+##"
> '  '$"?$ !# !0.+0"+
 ;5
 !#,*  ##3455E7?0 '!"90$" !!"$"
"#$. ,!"$ "!#'"  
!@#.  ., 0""'"#0 
&''. .L"  #""'  "#$ 
 '3C0 ",7"$"''"$' ##"#"'"
' ,"""" '"  ' >"."! ## '
.A""#,$" ##.>"'",
$" 00"" #. '. $$ "#$
) " !$$ "#  03 .",. 7
# 0'.'"0$"" $ruin
#. ! ## '?$A",
$"00$<"0"#>" 0 !! 0  !#"
!####. 0' ,=
*  ##3455E7 0.$$" #.#0$ ?$
'!",#.J$.+#' + ."!
!  0$",#.#!>#"" ' +"$"
#.+!!#"0$#'#"" + 0! '+! 0#" ,
 +0.'"$ $##. $# " $##.! 0
!0#.,#.# !'.! 0!0#. ,+"$"0
!$"'. $ '#'.'"!0##.!!
! 0 '?$,#.:5P !"0$#$ .'$<.
!!#.=! 0 '$", ?#! """ $#$# " $#
"! 0?!0#.+#0?$'!"+ ###"
 ;
> ' "$"A# 3#>9'+6F6D>+66ED
* .+6EDA  2)+455:7,
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'#.$.?$"$"' . !L""#$'>!#"""
" !"' .,# >0$ ! $#?$+*  
##3455E7@" '" 0 !"' . # "?$ "! 
$"L 0$. ""$$ ",".+! ">
$"' 9$@" N '' .  . !L""#$N3V ' 
##DCV?0#.' 7N '' .   ''##. managing. 
!""#$N3V ' ##DCV?0#.' 7Q#" #R,
"" !$"" #3.7$$ ! '>'
"!#.0 '  ''##.'0"#$+.' "#$
"#!,"' "$ " "3 .7$$ $ @##..
'   "#$0"#$,#. "#$"$ # '##" !' . 
 "#$ '.'0," ! #$ $   !".
"$ "$ ."#!!$$ " 0,+0."$ "
  #$ "  "+$ !##"" !
$$ '"' >,3*  2##+455E7> +"!"$$ !
$"' ? " "#$+"'##"   ! "$$ $
!!! $#!,
.$##.+"""# !'>""""#$"
'  """.!A"'>!#""" $$ $ "$" 
0# $ #0D '+ "$#!" !"#$9#' ."
 ;4
+ 0"$$0. "0$#.'>!#""' "$","$ ""#
"#$" "0$#.$" !0#"  !!# $0+" 0
0> !$# 0$("$ ""#"#!"' .
"""! $"("#$ $ #0 " " #(
The influence of contemporary culture: Where are we going?
&#$$"#@. !" !"#$ "
 '+#" $$" ##.' !###"!#,#
!#".$ !"" $#"+"'##" '"
$ . $",+""?$"0. ' !
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"."I 0! 0   $$#.#9' #"",0$#
". !"#$$$ "+! ?0$#+$0#.  ##"0$#" !!0#"
' "#$!!#",#$! 0 """".$##.""0
">##0##$ !"" #"'""" 0$. 
"$$ ,
""@!!! 0#' #" "'$". >0$ 
" # "' # +!> "$$ ,+'!'
!'  " !$" 0" '  " '. >""
0."$"  0"#" !,*  ##3455E7! $"
.0.!!$$ "+$#.! 0" !!+! " 0+
""#! 0' .  " 0' ,$$ 
 >"00!#"I $,' #  + 
0."#!'"'.  +. 0..!##$'"0,' #
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 >  >L#> ."#.U"0+0
" #>'"0## 0""#.",' #
0$ >!# 0$##.#.! #" ,
>$ >! + #''""! 0..+' 
L"0 ! . .,L ##" 0. '""
 3. ' ." >"W7,
" !"#$ " ?. @"  !'  
' >"," ">'  "' >! (' ?"(&" $$ $() 
0$ #.+""3?$"7" #@ #' #?$ !
$"'  ! 0# ' #.. . >,
 ;:
!"
+,+8+,+#$$+8,+" +,+2T>0+8,3667,'>
!. # !$#$"0,Pediatrics, 873:7+J559J5:,
0" +G,,+O+,,+-"+),,+2"+,366E7,#$$  
$ "#$"" #!.$>! 0,Journal of
Paediatrics and Child Health, 343;7+4C594C4,
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Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 2537+;94F,
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International Journal of Behavioral Development, 133;7+4E69;5E,
8 '>+,,3455C7,Books in Print, 2005-2006,""! 0$UU''',>#",  "
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80+),+2'#+K,3455C7,The complete idiot’s guide to sleep training your child.'
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I+,,+2"+,,36EF7, $$0.#
$", Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 163;7+4494F,
#L"836467,Why sleep? It helps children grow,&" +-,,,,
-$0 ! ,
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;C6,
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. #"&'(&' (Early
Development & Parenting, 7+59F,
 +*,K,3,73455;7,American Academy of Pediatrics guide to your child’s sleep: Birth
through adolescence.' >O##,
 # +,3455;7, L""#$M! . +Parenting, 17367+4E9;5,
 #+,,+2# +8,),3",73455C7,Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet
public health problem,&" +- #0""",
 I+,36647,The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap,' >
8"8 >",
 +,366F7,Sleep thieves. ' >0 2",
'! +,3455C7,#"0!#$,Health, 103:7+:59:45,
 ;J
 0#.+,,36657,#$ " . !0" 0",Journal of
Design History, 337+9F,
"0+,366J7,Constructing the self, Constructing America: A cultural history of
psychotherapy,0+)"",
" +K,+2##+,36EJ7,Helping your baby sleep through the night.' >
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-#+,,366C7,0$ !@"#$ #L".0 ! ,
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 3+::9J5,
-! +,3455J+.4E7,"S0. >,Publishers Weekly, 252367+4E9;C,
-"+,,+2 ""+,3455J7,# "$"0 !"#$$"+0#!+
# $0 !$""".0$ 0 # .,Birth, 323;7+EF16;,
- #"+,3455C7,Sleep solutions for your baby, toddler and preschooler: The ultimate no-
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" +,,+2"+-,-,36:C7,.". " " ! 0"#
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>+,,34557,#$'# "9"#"#08""#",American
Historical Review+106347+;:;1;EC,
#"+,36FE7,The civilizing process: A history of manners. ?! +G8"#8#>'##,
0" +&,,364;7, # >,Woman's Home Companion+ +4J,
"#+,3455E7,5 days to a perfect night’s sleep for your child: The secrets to making bedtime
a dream,' >+8##,
I#+8,,+2*'I+K,,36CF7,?$0#0 !  !>909
 $.C9459'>9 #!3!". "7?  !
.'! 0 !. "0#,Journal of Experimental Child
Psychology, 5+;5;9;F,
+,36EF7,#$#""""+'>+.!  #,
Pediatric Review, 9(;7+C69E4,
+,3455C7,Solve your child's sleep problems 3,?$,7,' >",
#""+,34557,Sweet dreams: A pediatrician’s secrets for baby’s good night’s sleep,'
 >)*'9##,
 +*,3455C7,The complete sleep guide for contended babies and toddlers,' >
 0 ",
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"#$",Behavior Change, 11347+5956,
+G,*,+28#0$+,),36667,!"#$"-"$  !$ #0
 $ "",Sleep Medicine Reviews, 33:7+4CJ14E5,
+G,+" +K,),+2" +,),366C7,++9"
$$  "#$$ #0" !!". #,Child &
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 53;7+JE9J66,
 ;C
>+K,O,366E+KE7,8$.,Publishers Weekly, 24534;7+;59;E,
*#+,),365;7,The four epochs of woman’s life,##$+&,8,"2
 ,
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 "+ '+2#,
* .+),K,36E7,& "#" N?$"(N" !#0#".$",
Family Relations, 30347+45J94;,
*  +,+2+,3455C7,The baby sleep solution: A proven program to teach your
baby to sleep twelve hours a night.' >,3 "#.#Twelve hours
sleep by twelve weeks7
* +),+2*  +K,345547,* "$$.$"A !0#.,
' >+,)A""",
* +,,36CF7,Preparing for childbirth: A manual for expectant parents.  
* ##',
*  +),-,+2##+,,3455E+)7,What to do about sleep? A survey of parents'
experiences with infant sleep and popular advice.  "$" #
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*  +),-,+##+,+2 "+8,3455C+K#.7,“Crying it out:” A critical review of the
literature on the use of extinction with infants. "$"& #!
)## !+"+,
*+K,366E7,Raising baby by the book: The education of American mothers.'+
#"."",
*.+,+2G"#+,36EF7,#$" "!"E0 " !#!.$ "" 
 # !0 9#0  #?",Infant Mental Health Journal, 83;7+;5F9
;E,
+8,),+##+G,,+8##+K,,+"+,,+2& #!+),),36C:7,!!" !" #
! 0  $.,Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1+:J9J;,
.+,345547,* +.WParenting Magazine, 163;7+4594;,
"+,,3455;7,8."#$! 0 IIII,Parents Magazine, 783J7+;59;:,
0+,34557, '#  '$". # ."0 ,History of
Psychology, 43;7+46F9;C,
" >+,+2&>+),345547, 0"  ### ! #!"#$
  0$ !"#$0#0 ,British Medical Journal, 324,
5C49J,
 +,+28#+),3455C7,The Baby Whisperer solves all your problems by teaching you how
to ask the right questions: Sleeping, feeding, and behavior.' >0 2
",
"+,+2- +,,36E;7," !#! 0 ">.!0#",Family
Relations, 32+45;944,
 ;F
K">'+,K,+2K">'+,,366;7,Infant sleep disturbances: Prevalence, parent practices
and opinions.-"" ""+#)".,
K+,*,+2A  +8,8,3455J7,#A""#$$#.'#
 # .,Pediatrics, 115+45:14C,
K " +,),3667,! #"#$#$ ". !$" 
 00.,Journalof Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics+ 12347+5E9:,
G+,+'" +),,+2+*,,36EF7,"" !"#$""
$" ##,Journal of Pediatrics, 1103:7+C:49C,
G'">+,++K,G,+)."+,+).+,+28I# +,8,366:7,
## I  !!"L"#$,Children's Environments, 11347+EJ96C,
G##+,+200+8,3455J7,"?$""  !"  " #0" !
*0#" ,International Journal of Behavioral Development,293;7+4;E9
4:C,
G##+,+ "+,+8 >+K,+GX+K,+K"+,+2$# +T,3455:7,-# $0#
 "@" !#.$?$"#!9  "#!9# 
## 00",Child Development, 753C7+F:J1FC5,
+,+2*#"+,3455F7,Baby and toddler sleep solutions for dummies.  >+K
&#.#",
' +,++G,*,+28#0$+,),3667,0 !!"#$".
? ,Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 1337+;69JC,
)+),3455C7,Sleeping baby, happy baby.##! 0
$UU''',"#$.$$.., 0,
)#I+,3455J7,##!"$" #."#!9# 0$ !
#00 ,Infants & Young Children, 18347+;C9:C,
)+G,+ $#+G,+ "+,+#>+,+>+G,+2#.9-.+),366;7,
# 0 !"#$"". #,Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 34+J49J;;,
)##+K,,36667,0$##."$$ 0"$$". # .80!"#
'>". #,Kournal of Pediatric Psychology, 243C7+:CJ9:E,
)##+K,,3455J7,Sleeping through the night: How infants, toddlers, and their parents can
get a good night's sleep 3,,7,' >$ ##",
)##+K,,+G+8,+'+-,,+)#I+,K,+2+,3455C7,8 #0
!0$ #0"'>"!". #,Sleep, 29357+
4C;94FC,
)I+,3455:7,Huck's raft: A history of American childhood,0+)8#>$"",
) +,3455E7,The 90-minute sleep program: Follow your child’s natural sleep rhythms for
better nights and naps.' >& >0,
) ##+*,8,+  !!+-,+$$0+-,+2* #"0+-,36647,## 
!"A"#$0"Y" " !$,Developmental Psychology,
28+C5:9C;,
 ;E
)> !!+,3455E7,What to expect the first year,' >& >0,
'+,,+20+,,366C7,)##!"!$"#.
",,>""2,),$3",7+Parents' cultural belief systems:
Their origins, expressions and consequences3$$,;EJ9:5C7,' >*#! ,
A  +,+2)+,3455:7,<).00A".."  != # !
"  0  ,Community, Work, & Family, 73;7+;J9;C6,
'"+K,+2)##+K,3455J7,Take charge of your child’s sleep: The all-in-one resource for
solving sleep problems in kids and teens,' >)# '2 ,
'"+K,,++G,*,+2&"+,36667,8 # 9 #
 "! "#$" "!"#',Sleep Medicine
Reviews, 33:7+4E1;54,
#.+,3455E7,The no-cry nap solution: Guaranteed gentle ways to solve all your naptime
problems.' >)*'9##,
+K,+28+K,36667,Baby and toddler sleep program: How to get your child to sleep
through the night, every night,' >-$ "",
#+,),366F7,Women at home in Victorian America: A social history.' >"
#,
 ## >+K,,36647, "# 90""  " !$ "#$!!#"
!.,Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 10+J9CE,
0+,+&"+,+&+O,+2 "+*,345557,"."0' !0"
! "#$ #0"'>. #,British Medical Journal, 320+
45694:,
0 "+G,-,+2 #>+-,),3455C, >" #"#$
 "#$.99 ,Sleep, 29347+CC94;,
+),K,+&#+,,+2L.+,*,36667,0 !. #L"0
!"#0'>" 0$"  !" 
$ ",Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2737+J9C,
0+,36E7, 00.". !"" !9 49.9 #"'"#$
"$ ",Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20+4E946,
0+,+- #"+K,++,+" '+,+2+,36EJ7,8 #0 "
0 !"#$" "$# ".,Journal of Child Psychology &
Psychiatry, 26, JE9J65,
>+O,,+2K " +,),36EE7, #'>.$" "
!". # 0$" '"#'>""."0
 ,Pediatrics, 81347+45;94;,
 '+K,345547, 0 ! '" ##"$ !!"#$,Nursing Inquiry,
103;7+E:964,
+,34557,Sleeping like a baby: A sensitive and sensible approach to solving your child’s
sleep problems. '+K#"."",
00 "+&,,36E67,The self-calmed baby+8 " #+8 '2 ,
 ;6
!+,,+2-* 0 +,,345557,Ages and stages: A parent's guide to normal
childhood development.  >+K&#.,
# ""0+,,36FC7,8!  0 " '" . !$ 
0+E6F9646,Harvard Educational Review+463;7+:;C9:CF,
 +*,+2"+),,36657,'>!"!!" !$ 
"$$ ! $",Journal of Child Psychology, 313:7+JJ9JCF,
"+&,+"+,+"+K,+2"+),3455C7,The baby sleep book: The complete guide to a
good night’s rest for the whole family.' >#8 ',
!+,+0 !!+,K,+->"+,+2.+,,366C7,#$". $ # .
"#$ #,Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
53;7+FJ9F4F,
.0 +,&,+8 >+,+-+),+2 #+*,36E67,"#$"$ ". 
##  !$"9'! 0 $$ "!
$ ,Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 303C7+6;96E,
0##+),,366E7,Our babies, ourselves,' > 8 >",
$ >+8,36:J7,Baby and child care. ' >0 2",
$ >+8,+2#0+,3455:7,Dr. Spock's baby and child care 3E,7,' >
0 2",
"+,,3455;7,Anxious parents: A history of modern childrearing in America.' >
"",
"+,,+ '#+,+2*##+,36667,#A""#$>" #
,Journal of Social History,30(2), ;:J9;CC,
#+,8,36J57,?.." !#$",Journal of Pediatrics, 36+449;C,
$">+,K,3455;7,8 #"#$0" #$"$,Behavioral Sleep
Medicine, 137+:14,
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$+,),+2>""+,36EC7,# $0# $#I 
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JC6,
 +,3455C7,The Lull-A-Baby sleep plan: The soothing, superfast way to help your new
baby to sleep through the night…and prevent sleep problems before they develop.'
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Pediatrics, 115,4C694F,
O ##0+K,,+#I+,,+2+K,),3455E7,00" 0"
#  "! !0#.,Journal of Interior Design, 3137+9;,
&#+K,+2$>3455F7,The Sleepeasy Solution: The exhausted parents guide to
getting your child to sleep from birth to age 5,-!#8+#
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  ,
&+,,36667,0$ !"#3"  $ 7 0"#$,
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4EJ,' >)#->>,
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&"+G,+2G+K,3455C7,Good night sleep tight: The Sleep Lady’s gentle guide to helping
your child go to sleep, stay asleep and wake up happy.' >-8 >",
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6,F;9455,
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.# ",
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   #,
&##0"+,K,+28 +,3455:7, "0'"#$(- 0 " "0
#,Sociological Research Online, 9347,##! 0
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$3",7+Parents' cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions and
consequences3$$,;C:9;E:7,' >*#! ,
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& 0+,),+2)#.+),G,345547, ' 0$# $0# # . !
0"#$,),,"> 3,7+Adolescent sleep patterns: Biological, social and
psychological influences 3$$,C69C7,' >0,"",
 +G,,36657,0 $ " !!# $0! 06CJ 6E:&
?$"##$",Child Development, 6137+F946,
Article
Introduction In Western cultures, parents often view infant sleep as problematic. Family, friends, and doctors may advise parents to “sleep train” assuming it is safe and effective, without considering its possible side effects, including its impact on breastfeeding. Unfortunately, it may reduce night feeds and result in earlier supplementation or weaning. The larger question is whether sleep training is worth the risk (i.e., does it improve infant sleep?). Our goal was to examine the data on the effectiveness of sleep training interventions on infant/toddler sleep. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for specific terms to identify articles that included behavioral sleep interventions and objective measures of sleep pre-and postntervention. Two objective infant sleep measures were examined: Night wakings and total sleep duration. Articles were then reviewed for evidence of the effectiveness of these interventions to reduce night wakings and increase total sleep duration. Results Five articles were identified that met the criteria for inclusion. Overall, there was no evidence that sleep training improves infant sleep. Applications for Practice The claim that sleep training is effective in changing infant sleep is not warranted. Given the potential side effects on breastfeeding, parents should be cautioned about engaging these behavioral sleep interventions if they have breastfeeding goals they want to achieve.
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