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Feeding duration of dietary Nodulisporium sp. KT29 to prevent the infection of Vibrio harveyi on pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the best feeding duration in the administration of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites to improve the growth performance and prevent the infection of Vibrio harveyi on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under sea floating net cages. The experiments consist of two phases, i.e 1) the preliminary test to determine the optimum dose of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites; 20 mL kg⁻¹ and 40 mL kg⁻¹ and 2) the in vivo test to determine the best duration of administration, this study was conducted through a completely randomized design. The treatments given before the challenge test was performed in sea floating net cage for 21 days, while the challenge test was carried out on a laboratory scale. The preliminary test results revealed that the best dose of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 used for in vivo test was 20 mL kg⁻¹ of feed. The result of in vivo test showed that the administration of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites for seven days resulted the best growth performance, survival rate and immune response after the challenge test.
... The fungus was reported producing secondary metabolites which can be for any purposes [15]. The fungus contained immunostimulant compound antioxidants such as β-glucan, saponin, polyphenol, and phytosterol [6]. The compounds increased immune system, so that the resistance was increased [16]. ...
... Total erythrocytes normal conditions ranges from 1.35-3.00 x10 6 11 monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. Macrophages, monocytes, and granulocytes function were reduced bacteria [2]. ...
... That is caused by the immunostimulant compounds, namely β-glucan and flavonoids contained in the metabolite of M. sterilium KT31, so that can improved the immune system of catfish. Flavonoids can enhance fish immune responses [23], as well as β-glucans which act as immunostimulants by stimulating the immune response in shrimp [6]. ...
Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) is a freshwater fish that is widely cultivated throughout Indonesia due to its importance commodity and high market prospect. Intensive aquaculture system to increase production has risks, including fish easily infected with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila or motile aeromonad septicaemia (MAS) disease in catfish. Alternative efforts to control MAS disease is by using natural source from marine fungal Mycelium sterilium KT31 metabolites. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose of fungal Mycelium sterilium KT31 metabolites in feed for preventing and treating infections caused by A. hydrophila in catfish. The feed was prepared by repelleting method and given restricted three times a day. The bacterial concentration used for the challenge test was density of 10 ⁶ CFU/mL A. hydrophila as much as 0.1 mL per individual. This research was divided into two stage that the preventive experiment and treatment experiment with the different time challenge. Metabolites M. sterilium KT31 dose of 40 mL kg ⁻¹ of feed was able to preventing and treating A . hydrophila infection with a better blood value, resulting in the best survival rate and growth rate of catfish.
... Hal ini disebabkan karena pada perlakuan D ikan dapat dimanfaatkan pakan dengan baik sehingga di dpatkan pertumbuhan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan A dan B. Peningkatan frekuensi pemberian pakan yang diikuti peningkatan pertumbuhan ikan, berhubungan dengan volume dan kapasitas tampung lambung ikan. Pemberian suplementasi dalam pakan dapat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ikan dan udang, sehingga dapat mempercepat masa panen pada komoditas akuakultur (Wahjuningrum et al. 2016;Efianda et al. 2020). ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatahui pengaruh pemberian tepung kulit udang pada pakan komersil terhadap tingkat kecerahan warna ikan komet (Carrasius auratus). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Teknologi Produksi Benih dan Pakan Ikan. Rancangan percoban yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non faktorial dimana terdiri dari 4 perlakuan 4 ulangan, A0 = 100% pakan komersil (Kontrol), A1 = Tepung kulit udang 10 gram/90 gram pakan komersil A2 = pakan Tepung kulit udang 20 gram/(80 gram) pakan komersil A3 = Tepung kulit udang 30 gram/(70 gram) pakan komersil. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahawa pemberian tepung kulit udang berpengaruh nyata terhadap rasio konversi pakan dan yang terbaik A3= 1,85% benih ikan komet ( Carrasius auratus). Namun, pemberian tepung kulit pada pakan komersil tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tingkat kecerahan warna ikan komet (Carrasius auratus). Semakin tinggi dosis pemberian tepung kulit udang dalam pakan menghasilkan tingkat kecerahan warna orange yang lebih tinggi.
... Penambahan pakan additive pada kulit buah naga dapat mempengaruhi saluran pencernaan pada ikan yang dibuktikan dengan meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan pada ikan koi selama pemeliharaan. Wahjuningrum et al. (2016) ...
This study aims to determine the rate of growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio in feed of Cyprinus carpio with Hylocereus polyhizus. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments in this study include 0% (P0), 5% (P1), 10% (P2), and 15% (P3). The method of feeding uses 5% feeding rate with a frequency of three times a day (morning, afternoon, evening). The research parameters observed included survival, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and water quality. Quantitative research results showed the best survival at P3 of 92.5%, the best specific growth rate at P3 treatment was 0.04 g / day, the best feed conversion ratio at P3 was 1.06, while the results of qualitative research on water quality showed temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen is in optimal condition according to the water quality of koi fish. The conclusion of the 15% treatment study (P3) is the best dose of Hylocereus polyhizus substitution of Cyprinus carpio with increased survival and specific growth rate, and decreases the rate of feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio, Growth, Hylocereus polyhizus, Production, Survival Rate.
... KT29 for production of secondary metabolite. Pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio harveyi, were found in both fresh water and sea (Widanarni et al., 2012;Wahjuningrum et al., 2016), and reported to contain lip-opolysaccharide (Pandey et al., 2016). Mearns-Spragg et al., (1998) reported that administration of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherisia coli together0cultured with alga Fucus vesiculosus could produce secondary metabolites such as saponin. ...
This current study aimed to investigate the effects of Vibrio harveyi induced Nodulisporium sp. KT29 administration on enhancement of bioactive compound concentration, surface of intestinal structure, and production performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured in the sea. The post larvae (PL) 10 of L. vannamei was cultured at density of 1000 shrimp/m 3 for 30 days in the sea. Completely randomized design was arranged, consisting of 3 treatments with three replications, i.e C (control 0 mL/kg), NP (Nodulisporium sp. KT29 without induction of V. harveyi 20 mL/kg), NK (Nodulisporium sp. KT29 with induction of killed Vibrio harveyi 20 mL/kg), NL (Nodulisporium sp. KT29 without induction of living V. harveyi 20 mL/kg). The results revealed that NK treatment showed the best effects on rising concentration of bioactive compounds, production performance, and improving the density of shrimp intestinal structure compared to control.
... Kultivasi kapang terdiri dari dua tahap, yaitu prekultur dan kultur massal mengacu pada Wahjuningrum et al. (2016). Nodulisporium sp. ...
p> Nodulisporium sp. KT29 merupakan salah satu kapang endofit yang diisolasi dari alga merah Eucheuma edule , tidak bersifat toksik, dan bersifat antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kapang laut Nodulisporium sp. KT29 terhadap Vibrio harveyi . Penelitian dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yaitu kultivasi kapang, ekstraksi senyawa aktif, pengujian aktivitas antibakteri, kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), bioautografi, serta pengamatan kerusakan sel bakte ri Vibrio harveyi . Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat dan dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak Nodulisporium sp. KT29 diuji terhadap bakteri Vibrio harveyi pada konsentrasi 0,125; 0,25; 0,5; 1 dan 2 mg/disc. Ekstrak Nodulisporium sp. KT29 membentuk zona hambat tertinggi pada konsentrasi 2 mg sebesar 45,33±0,71 mm. Hasil uji KLT ekstrak Nodulisporium sp. KT29 menunjukkan adanya 7 spot retardation factor (Rf) dengan tiga komponen warna yaitu cokelat, kuning dan ungu. Uji bioautografi menghasilkan 2 spot zona hambat yaitu 16 mm dan 13 mm pada Rf 0,94 dan 0,14. Pengamatan menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan pada morfologi sel Vibrio harveyi dengan pemberian ekstrak Nodulisporium sp. KT29 yang ditandai dengan lisis.</p
... Among those important types of pathogens there are bacterial and viral agents. One of the most important types of these bacteria in the marine ecosystems is Vibrionaceae family [2]. These bacteria are a natural flora in the marine ecosystem, which, in the second place under certain conditions, such as stress, vitamin C deficiency, high density, algae, viral diseases, etc., cause the disease of vibriosis in aquatic organisms. ...
Objective: In order to prevent the unusual use of antibiotics and promote green aquaculture, researchers have used various herbs as medicines proposed in the aquaculture industry. One of medicinal plants is Eucalyptus camaldulensis which has been identified in different studies for the antimicrobial activity of the extract in controlling and eliminating bacterial and fungal strains which was evaluated in this study.
Methods: In this research, a variety of soxhlet and rotary extracts of ethanol, methanol, acetone and water soluble compounds and its antibacterial effect was investigated by agar diffusion method in a well. For this purpose, Vibrio Harveyi and Vibrio azureus (Kj018724.1) were isolated and identified by the sequencing of 16SrDNA.
Results: The results showed that 2.5 μg/ml extracts of ethanol, methanol, acetone and 10 μg/ml of aqueous extract of the herb had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)and also 10 μg/ml of ethanol, methanol, acetone and 40 μg/ml of aqueous extract conferred minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) against V. harveyi in addition, 5 μg/ml of each methanolic and acetone, 2.5 μg/ml of ethanolic and 10 μg/ml of aqueous extracts had MIC on V. azureus and 5 μg/ml of ethanolic and 10 μg/ml of methanolic and acetone and 20 μg/ml of aqueous extracts showed MBC against V. azureus. Moreover, by examining the kinetics of V. harveyi and V. azureus, the Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract had growth inhibitory effect on the both species.
Conclusion: The effects of various environmental factors such as temperature, salinity and time on the antimicrobial activity, the extract exhibited a good performance and can be used as an environmentally proper and compatible antimicrobial agent in ecological conditions and shrimp breeding areas, especially in southern Iran.
... However, a study of potential marine derived fungi against vibriosis agents is rarely found. The latest report of this study was done by Wahjuningrum et al (2016). They formulated the crude extract of marine derived fungus Nodolisporium sp. ...
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is commonly reported to be infected by Vibro spp. which increases the death rate and decreases the productivity. Even though the use of antibiotic is considered effective against the vibriosis, unfortunately, it is prohibited in aquaculture practice. Regarding to this issue, an exploration of biological sources of anti-vibriosis is urgently needed. Our study used sponge associated fungi as source of anti-vibriosis agent. The objectives of this research were to screen the potential of sponge associated fungi against vibriosis agents, to determine the antibacterial activity, to detect the nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) gene fragments of potential fungus and to determine the fungal extract lethal concentration (LC50) to L. vannamei. There were 8 from 28 of sponge associated fungi which could be revived. From 8 available strains, Trichoderma asperellum MT02 showed inhibition zone against V. harveyi and V. alginolyticus, while V. parahaemolyticus was inhibited by Trichoderma sp. MT01. Crude extract of T. asperellum MT02 showed antibacterial activity against V. harveyi and V. alginolyticus. The widest inhibition zone was performed against V. alginolyticus at concentration 1000 µg mL-1 with LC50 value of 383.70 µg mL-1. The existence of NRPS gene fragments was detected in T. asperellum MT02.
The aquaculture industry is expanding to meet the daily requirements of humanity from high-quality seafood. In this regard, intensive aquaculture systems are suggested, resulting in high production but being challenged with immunosuppression and disease invaders. Antibiotics were used for a long time to protect and treat aquatic animals; however, continuous use led to severe food safety issues, reducing the natural immunity response and high resistance to harmful bacterial strains. Therefore, natural functional additives were introduced to reduce or even replace chemotherapies. More specifically, marine-derived substances showed effective immunostimulant and antioxidative roles when introduced to aquatic animals. Bioactive molecules derived from algae, crustaceans , and fish, including astaxanthin, carotenoids, chitosan, fucoidan, lectins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are the most applied additives in aquaculture. In addition, marine-derived biomolecules were introduced to several other sectors, such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. Marine-derived substances are lipid-soluble biomolecules known for their ability to cross the cellular membranes, thereby causing pigmentation roles. Consequently, marine-derived biomolecules are involved in antioxidative and immune activation effects and, thereby, high performances and productivity of aquatic animals. In the literature, there are available knowledge about the possibility of using marine-derived biomolecules in aquaculture. This article presents information about the sources, mode of action, and effects of marine-derived bio-molecules on aquatic animals to fortify the scientific community with enough details about friendly natural substances for sustainable aquaculture.
This study aimed to determine the effective dose of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite for enhancing the production and innate immunity of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against co-infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio harveyi. Nodulisporium sp. KT29 isolate used in this study was a marine algicolous fungus isolated from Euchema edule. A field-scale experiment was conducted in floating net cages for 30 days using postlarvae 10 (0.0032 ± 0.01 g/shrimp) as experimental animals. This experiment tested three doses of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite including 0 (control), 10 (L10), and 20 mL/kg feed (L20) in triplicate. The metabolite was orally administered to the shrimp. A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted in controlled tanks with co-infection of WSSV and V. harveyi for 10 days, consisting of four treatments of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite including 0 (C + : positive control and C-: negative control), L10, and L20 in triplicate. The observation parameters in the challenge test included survival and immunological parameters consisting of phenoloxidase activity (PO) and respiratory burst (RB). The shrimp fed with fungal metabolite showed better results in zootechnical parameters than those of control. Innate immunity of shrimp was positively affected by Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite, demonstrated by the higher pre-challenge test and post-challenge test PO and RB of treated groups than those of C + and C-. Conclusively, a low dose of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolite could enhance the production and innate immunity of Pacific white leg shrimp against the co-infection of WSSV and V. harveyi.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 supplementation with various
Vibrio harveyi induction in feed against vibriosis in vannamei white shrimp. The study design included KP (positive
control without supplementation Nodulisporium sp. KT29 and infected with V. harveyi), KN (negative controls
without Nodulisporium sp. KT29 and infected with physiological solution), NT (treatment of supplementation
Nodulisporium sp KT29 20 mL/kg and infected with V. harveyi), NM (treatment of supplementation test
Nodulisporium sp. KT29 induction of V. harveyi dead cell 20 mL/kg and infected V. harveyi), NH (treatment of
supplementation Nodulisporium sp. KT29 induction of V. harveyi live cell 20 mL/kg and infected with V. harveyi).
The study parameters included inhibition zone, resistance, immune responses, and hemolim glucose. The results
showed Nodulisporium sp. KT29 with induction treatment raised antibacterial activity with best treatment of NM
and NH (P
This study examined the impact of marine fungal fermented feed at various concentrations on the growth and blood profiles of African catfish Clarias sp.. Catfish with an average body weight of 0.74 ± 0.01 g were raised in an aquarium that measured 30 cm x 45 cm x 30 cm and contained 25 L of water. The feed was not fermented in this study (control), and the feed was fermented with marine fungi at various concentrations (using 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% extract marine fungi). At 8:00 am, 12:00 pm, and 16:00 pm, fish were fed three times a day until they were completely satisfied. The results showed that feeding juvenile catfish marine fungal fermented diet resulted in significantly higher growth performance. The larger final biomass, faster growth, and lower feed conversion ratio were used to examine this. The generation of red blood cells in fish fed with fermented diets was higher and better than the control treatment, according to the results of the blood profile of catfish (P 0.05).
em>This study aimed to determine the best dose of administration of marine fungal Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites to improve the production performance of marine culture of white shrimp. The experimental animals used were white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei post larvae 12, which were reared in the sea using floating net cages with a stocking density of 700 post larvae/net. Experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of 3 treatments with 3 replications; control without the administration of Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites, dietary of feed containing Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites at doses of 20 mL/kg of feed and 40 mL/kg of feed. The results showed that survival rate, absolute length growth, weight gain, daily growth rate and feed conversion ratio in treatment groups were better than the control (P<0.05). The administration of marine fungal Nodulisporium sp. KT29 metabolites at a dose of 20 mL/kg of feed could improve the production performance of white shrimp cultivated in the sea with survival rate, daily growth rate and feed conversion ratio: 66.61±6.94%, 20.18±0.39 %/day and 3.20±0.22, respectively.</em
Endophytic fungi or endophytes exist widely inside the healthy tissues of living plants, and are important components of plant micro-ecosystems. Over the long period of evolution, some co-existing endophytes and their host plants have established a special relationship with one and another, which can significantly influence the formation of metabolic products in plants, then affect quality and quantity of crude drugs derived from medicinal plants. This paper will focus on the increasing knowledge of relationships between endophytic fungi and medicinal plants through reviewing of published research data obtained from the last 30 years. The analytical results indicate that the distribution and population structure of endophytes can be considerably affected by factors, such as the genetic background, age, and environmental conditions of their hosts. On the other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites. All the changes are very important for the production of bioactive components in their hosts. Hence, it is essential to understand such relationships between endophytic fungi and their host medicinal plants. Such knowledge can be well exploited and applied for the production of better and more drugs from medicinal plants.
It is known that plant-based ethnomedicine represented the foundation of modern pharmacology and that many pharmaceuticals are derived from compounds occurring in plant extracts. This track still stimulates a worldwide investigational activity aimed at identifying novel bioactive products of plant origin. However, the discovery that endophytic fungi are able to produce many plant-derived drugs has disclosed new horizons
for their availability and production on a large scale by the pharmaceutical industry. In fact, following the path traced by the blockbuster drug taxol, an increasing number of valuable compounds originally characterized as secondary metabolites of plant species belonging to the Spermatophyta have been reported as fermentation products of endophytic fungal strains. Aspects concerning sources and bioactive properties of these compounds are reviewed in this paper.
This completely revised and updated edition of Bacterial Fish Pathogens is a comprehensive discussion of the biological aspects of the bacterial taxa which cause disease in fish. Since the 3rd edition was published in 1999, much has changed in the control of disease of farmes and wild fish. New pathogens such as Pasteurella skyensis have been described, and antimicrobial compounds for the control of disease have been replaced by alternative methods, such as probiotics. Consideration is given to all the bacterial taxa which have at some time been reported as fish pathogens, whether they are secondary invaders of already damaged tissues or serious, primary pathogens.
Bacterial Fish Pathogens
*provides up-to-date information on all the bacterial fish pathogens
*covers all aspects of the biology of the bacterial fish pathogens
*details comprehensive diagnostic and identification schemes
*covers new developments on long-established diseases, such as furunculosis and vibriosis
*considers alternative methods of disease control, such as the use of probiotics
Schizophyllan, scleroglucan and lentinan, which are β-1, 3-glucans derived from Schizophyllum commune, Sclerotium glucanicum and Lentinus edodes, respectively, were evaluated for their ability to enhance protection to Edwardsiella tarda infection in carp Cyprinus carpio. Intraperitoneal injections of these polysaccharides (2-10mg/kg) to carp 6 and 3 days prior to intraperitoneal challenge with E. tarda (5×107CFU/100g) resulted in a significantly increased survival rate. In all polysaccharide-treated groups, the rapid elimination of the challenge bacteria from the blood was observed and phagocytic activity of pronephros cells against baker's yeast was significantly elevated. Furthermore, it was shown that these polysaccharides activated the alternative complement pathway of carp. These results indicate that schizophyllan, scleroglucan and lentinan enhance the resistance of carp to bacterial infection through the activation of the non-specific immune system.
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemented diets with β-glucan (BG) at four levels [0 (D1), 250 (D2), 500 (D3) and 1000 (D4) mg BG kg-1] on red sea bream, Pagrus major. The obtained results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, body protein content, lysozyme activity and tolerance against low-salinity stress test in all BG-supplemented groups when compared with BG-free group. Furthermore, D4 group resulted in a significant increase in feed efficiency ratio, protein gain, protein and lipid digestibilities, serum bactericidal activity and peroxidase content when compared with D1 group (P < 0.05). Haematocrit and plasma protein content in D3 group were significantly higher than those in D1 group (P < 0.05). Interestingly, BG supplementation decreased glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in D2 group and reactive oxygen metabolites in D2, D3 and D4 groups when compared with D1 group. Following low-salinity stress test, significantly higher amounts of secreted mucus were observed in fish fed D2 and D4 diets than those from fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of BG improves growth, stress resistance and immune response of P. major.
This chapter describes tropical shrimp farming and discusses its ecological and socioeconomic impacts. It recommends measures to achieve long-term sustainability including farm management, integrated coastal zone management, and regulatory mechanisms and policy instruments. Shrimp grow-out systems may be classified into extensive, semi-intensive and intensive with stocking rates of 1–3, 3–10 and 10–50 m-2 respectively. Sustainable development has been defined by FAO as the management and conservation of the natural resources base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. The chapter presents a figure that illustrates the environmental and socioeconomic consequences of shrimp culture, and the negative aspects appear to outnumber the positive. The environmental effects of shrimp farming include the deterioration of water quality due to input of artificial feeds which contain nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter.