Content uploaded by Vijender Kumar Solanki
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Vijender Kumar Solanki on Jan 02, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, Nº3
- 16 - DOI: 10.9781/ijimai.2017.433
Abstract — Internet of Things (IoT) is fast emerging and
becoming an almost basic necessity in general life. The concepts
of using technology in our daily life is not new, but with the
advancements in technology, the impact of technology in daily
activities of a person can be seen in almost all the aspects of life.
Today, all aspects of our daily life, be it health of a person, his location,
movement, etc. can be monitored and analyzed using information
captured from various connected devices. This paper discusses
one such use case, which can be implemented by the automobile
industry, using technological advancements in the areas of IoT and
Analytics. ‘Connected Car’ is a terminology, often associated with
cars and other passenger vehicles, which are capable of internet
connectivity and sharing of various kinds of data with backend
applications. The data being shared can be about the location and
speed of the car, status of various parts/lubricants of the car, and
if the car needs urgent service or not. Once data are transmitted
to the backend services, various workflows can be created to take
necessary actions, e.g. scheduling a service with the car service
provider, or if large numbers of care are in the same location,
then the traffic management system can take necessary action.
’Connected cars’ can also communicate with each other, and can
send alerts to each other in certain scenarios like possible crash etc.
This paper talks about how the concept of ‘connected cars’ can be
used to perform ‘predictive car maintenance’. It also discusses how
certain technology components, i.e., Eclipse Mosquito and Eclipse
Paho can be used to implement a predictive connected car use case.
Keywords — Internet of Things, Connected Cars, Predictive
Maintenance, MQTT, Eclipse Mosquito, Eclipse Paho, Smart City.
I. InTROducTIOn
The automobile and fleet management industries, majority of
the consumers and the car service companies are following the
‘periodic maintenance’ for their automobiles. In periodic maintenance,
car owners are advised to take their cars for regular service and
maintenance either after certain specified time period or distance
covered. For example, it is generally advised to get car serviced
within three months of the last service date or after travelling 10000
kilometers, whichever comes first. Another instance where the car
can be taken out for emergency service/maintenance is after some
breakdown or malfunctioning of any part in the vehicle.
The way periodic maintenance works, is depicted in Fig. 1. [15]
A. Periodic Car Maintenance
Fig. 1 summarizes Periodic car maintenance. It can be explained
as a service/maintenance model, where a car undergoes a service/
maintenance either after a certain specified time period or on the
basis of distance covered, e.g. as shown in Fig. 1, during the lifetime
of a vehicle, regular services are carried out, as advised by the car
manufacturer. Similarly, a car can be serviced/repaired, if there is any
of the part gets faulty.
B. Drawbacks of Periodic Car Maintenance [15]
Some of the major drawbacks of periodic car maintenance are listed
below:
• Higher cost of service, as vehicles are required to be get serviced
as per the schedule
• Even if vehicle/parts are in perfect health, still service needs to
done and parts to be replaced
• No way of knowing, if a part needs immediate attention, and can
result in breakdown of the vehicle
• This breakdown could cost significant charges for the car owners
II. alTeRnaTe appROach TO peRIOdIc caR maInTenance
Instead of getting a car serviced periodically, if a system developed
using sensors and IoT [9] technology stack is used, which collect and
analyze fitness and running condition of different parts of the car, and
send this data to a centralized system. In this centralized system, data
received from these connected cars, can be analyzed further and if any
service is needed, a service request can be raised. This proposed system
can also generate emergency alerts, in case any part is about to break
down, thus avoiding car/part failure [15][17]
A. Advantage of Proposed system [18]
• Reduction in service and maintenance costs, as only parts which
needs to be replaced or serviced
• Real time alerts of possible part failure, thus avoiding breakdown
and costs associated with outages
• Analytics and reporting dashboards can be used to view how the
car is performing over different periods of time and in different
locations
• Driver’s driving habits can be analyzed and appropriate action can
be taken
• Tour and cab providers can manage their fleet better, thus
maximizing profits
• Target advertisements for monetization of data received from
connected cars (e.g. offering service discounts for car which needs
to be serviced etc.)
An IoT Based Predictive Connected Car Maintenance
Approach
Rohit Dhall1, Vijender Solanki2
1Enterprise Architect, HCL Technologies, Noida, India
2Vijender Solanki, Research Scholar, Anna University, Chennai, India
Fig. 1 Periodic Maintenance of Cars
Special Issue on Advances and Applications in the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing
- 17 -
III. WhaT Is pRedIcTIVe caR maInTenance and Why We need IT?
A common practice, generally followed in automobile world is
‘periodic car maintenance’. In this, the car is supposed to undergo
periodic service and maintenance routine. When to get a car serviced, is
generally decided by either a specified time period or distance covered.
For example, it is generally advised to get the car serviced within six
months of the last service date or after travelling 10000 kilometers,
whichever happens first.
Now, the problem with ‘periodic car maintenance’ is that nobody is
sure if any part or lubricants really needs to be serviced/replaced. This
normally leads to parts/lubricants, which are in good condition, getting
changed/serviced. Another problem, which is generally faced is that
though scheduled ‘periodic car maintenance’ is still some time away,
there is some problem with a part, which needs immediate attention.
‘Periodic car maintenance’ cannot solve this problem, and only way to
know about this is after break down. So, two problems, associated with
this model of car servicing can be summarized as:
• Higher service costs, as parts which are fine, will also be replaced
• Unable to generate any alert, if any part needs immediate attention/
service, resulting in breakdown/outages
This is where ‘Connected Cars’ and ‘Predictive car Maintenance’
can help [15][16]. Connected cars can collect data, from different
sensors installed in the car, related to the health status of different
parts, and send it over the internet to backend applications, for
analytical and decision making purposes. One of the backend
analytical application, based on the health status of different parts,
can invoke a workflow and schedule an appointment with the service
provider, if some part needs immediate attention. Similarly, real
time alerts can be sent to concerned parties, in case something need
immediate attention.
This can result in considerable savings in terms of service and
maintenance charges of the car [18]. Now, only the parts which
actually need replacement, will be serviced. This data will be collected
and transmitted by different sensors fitted on the car for performing
health check of different parts oil health check, tire and pressure health
check, filters health check and so on.
IV. hOW ThIs WORk dIffeRs fROm OTheR WORk dOne In ThIs aRea
Good amount of research work is done on the Predictive maintenance
topic [1][4][6]. Some of the work talk about how to collect or read
sensor data (from cars, from manufacturing industrial machines etc.),
or propose a model to perform predictive analysis and so on [2][3]
[5][7]. This work proposes an IoT based approach [15] to collect this
data, send it to the cloud and perform predictive analytics on this huge
amount of data. The proposed approach is based on industry proven
protocols and products, some of which are Eclipse IoT’s [11] Eclipse
Mosquitto [13], Eclipse Paho[12] and MQTT[10] protocol. High level
IT architecture is also provided, so that same can be referenced by
people to build, extend and further improve the system based on this
architecture.
Finally, a simulation of the proposed architecture model is also
given, where a client GUI utility simulates the car sensor, and sends
data to the cloud.
V. pROpOsed TechnOlOgy fOR ImplemenTIng pRedIcTIVe
cOnnecTed caR maInTenance
This section introduces some of the important technology
components, which will be used in the proposed implementation of
‘Connected car’ use case for predictive maintenance.
A. MQTT Protocol
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a light-weight
messaging protocol based on publish-subscribe model. MQTT uses
a client-server architecture where the client (such as a sensor device
on cars) connects to the MQTT server (called a broker) and publishes
messages to server topics. The broker forwards the messages to the
clients subscribed to topics. MQTT is well suited for constrained
environments where the devices have limited processing and memory
resources and the network bandwidth is low.
B. Deeper look into MQTT
MQTT is an extremely lightweight messaging protocol. Its publish/
subscribe architecture is designed to be open and easy to implement.
Single MQTT server can support up to thousands of remote clients. These
characteristics make MQTT ideal for use in constrained environments
where network bandwidth is low or remote devices that might have
limited processing capabilities and memory, need to be supported. The
MQTT protocol is based on publish/subscribe model. Publishers can
send the messages to the topics, configured on the MQTT server (also
called MQTT broker). Clients can subscribe to these topics and receive
whatever messages are published on those topics.
Fig. 2 depicts the publish/subscribe model of MQTT
Though MQTT’s publish-subscribe model is identical to any existing
enterprise messaging systems, the main advantage of MQTT has over
fully blown “enterprise messaging” systems are that its low footprint
makes it ideal for developing IoT applications with small sensors,
devices and other low-capacity things. For example, Facebook uses
MQTT for its messenger product on the mobile platform, to ensure that
battery usage of this application is minimized.
Some of the major advantages of MQTT are listed below:
• Publish Subscribe model provides one-to-many message delivery
• Uses TCP/IP for network connectivity
• Can work with SSL/TLS for security
• MQTT offers three message delivery QoS: 1) at most once ,2) at
least once and 3) exactly once
• These QoS are met even in case of network, publisher or client
failures
• Very simple specification and APIs, making it easier for developers
to work with MQTT based products
• Most important APIs are CONNECT, PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE,
UNSUBSCRIBE, and DISCONNECT
• As MQTT is specifically designed for constrained device, it
provides only the bare minimum features to support them.
• The message header is short in MQTT and smallest packet size in 2
bytes, making it ideal for small and constrained devices
Fig. 2 Publish/Subscribe model of MQTT.
International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, Nº3
- 18 -
• As MQTT is a publisher/subscribe model, sender and receivers are
decoupled from each other
• Doesn’t restrict the format of data to be in any particular format,
thus allowing flexibility
• ‘Last Will’ feature, which allows abnormal client/sensor
termination to be notified to all interested parties
• Both commercial and open sources MQTT based broker products
are available. These include IBM WebSphere MQ v 7.1 onwards,
EclipseIoT Mosquitto, ActiveMQ and HiveMQ.
C. Eclipse Mosquitto
Eclipse Mosquitto is an open source MQTT broker/server. Based on
the lightweight MQTT protocol, Mosquitto is ideal for devices, sensors
and other ‘Internet of Things’ devices, with low processing capacity.
MQTT clients can connect to a given Mosquitto broker and publish/
subscribe the messages from a topic.
Eclipse Mosquitto’s main responsibility is to provide a
communication channel between publishers/senders and subscribers/
receivers. Any publisher, using the Eclipse Paho MQTT Client API can
publish the messages to an MQTT Broker. These MQTT clients should
specify the topic, on which they want to publish the message. These
topics are configured on MQTT broker. Any subscriber or receiver,
that want to receive the message, subscribe to that particular topic. It
is the responsibility of the broker to deliver all the messages arriving
on a topic to all interested clients. As different clients (both publishers
as well as subscribers) need to know only broker/topic details, both
are decoupled from each other. This architecture pattern has many
advantages, e.g. highly scalable solution, where subscribers needn’t to
be overwhelmed by publishers sending messages at a rate faster than
what a subscriber can process.
D. Eclipse Paho
Eclipse Paho is an EclipseIoT project and is implementation
of MQTT protocols. Eclipse Paho provides MQTT client libraries
in multiple languages including Java/C++, C#, .NET and Python.
Eclipse Paho also has utilities for MQTT-SN (sensor networks). Both
publishers and subscribers (as shown in Fig. 2) can use API’s provided
by Eclipse Paho MQTT Client library, and send/receive messages to/
from MQTT broker (e.g. Eclipse Mosquitto).
VI. Why mQTT and OTheR pROpOsed TechnOlOgy
cOmpOnenTs In cOnnecTed caR ImplemenTaTIOn
• Suitable for low capacity devices like sensors fitted on connected
cars
• Provides Quality of services to handle connectivity and other errors,
which can be quite common in the case of cars and automobiles,
which are on the move, and n/w connectivity can be an issue
• Supports wide variety of languages, so compatibility will not be an
issue for any existing technology platform of a car manufacturer
• Also integrated with proven and well adopted industry leading
messaging systems like WebSphere MQ and ActiveMQ
• Message formats can be customized, allowing manufacturer to
customize and innovate the solutions
Details of MQTT protocol and its specification can be found on the
MQTT site, given in the reference section.
VII. pROpOsed aRchITecTuRe Of ‘pRedIcTIVe caR
maInTenance’ usIng eclIpse mOsQuITTO and eclIpse pahO
Fig. 3 shows the simplistic high level architecture context diagram
of a system implementation of ‘predictive car maintenance’ using
Eclipse Mosquitto and Eclipse Paho.
Flow of context diagram (Fig. 3) can be explained as follow:
• ‘Connected Cars’ send data in predefined format to IoT Gateways
like Eclipse Kura.
• Cars can use any possible way to send the data, i.e. via Wi-Fi, Telco
services etc.
• IoT Gateway would send this data to MQTT based Eclipse
Mosquitto Broker hosted in a cloud environment
• In many scenarios, there can be additional components like
coordinator/controller nodes in the architecture, which do some
kind of pre-processing/aggregation of data collected from various
devices, before sending it to the cloud
• Once data is received by Eclipse Mosquitto, subscribers will
receive this message, using Eclipse Paho API
• After doing basic validations and any data conversion, subscribers
can send this message to downstream systems, using services
exposed by the Data Integration component of the architecture
• It could be that these messages are sent to a messaging system, e.g.
Apache Kafka, where these messages can be consumed by the workers
• These workers can push these messages to Apache Hadoop or other
such data processing service, for analytical purpose
• These messages can also be consumed by data processing services,
handling real time stream of messages e.g. Apache Storm
• These real time stream of messages can be used for real time
analytics purpose e.g. sending alerts in case something needs
immediate attention
‘Workflow’ component can be used to define and execute different
workflows, based on some conditions
For example, to schedule a service appointment, invoke a REST
based service of the car service provider, in case some parts need to
be replaced.
There can be various visualization tools to view reports of
summarized data and perform analytical queries.
Fig. 3 Architecture diagram of ‘Connected car’ ecosystem.
Special Issue on Advances and Applications in the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing
- 19 -
Note that, in real life complex scenarios, there can be many more
components involved in the architecture (e.g. configuration services,
policy manager, rule engine and so on), but for simplicity’s sake, those
have not been included in this paper.
Fig. 4 summarize the high level data flow of the proposed system.
VIII. sample ImplemenTaTIOn Of pRedIcTIVe caR maInTenance
use case WITh eclIpse mOsQuITTO and eclIpse pahO clIenT uTIlITy
In this section will use Eclipse Paho Client utility to simulate a
connected car, which will send city where the car is (can send exact
location also), speed and current car health check, including if any part
needs to be replaced or not.
In the real world, devices like connected cars might be sending data
first to a IoT gateway, as shown in architecture diagram in Fig. 3 in last
section, where this data will be processed and aggregated, before being
fed to further downstream applications. Depending upon the actual
requirement, applications can be designed to take appropriate actions
based on the data being received e.g. Send alerts if speed is too high
or schedule an appointment with the car service agency, if some part/
lubricants needs to be replaced.
Sample format of the MQTT message, transmitted by sensor fitted
on the car is shown on Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Sample MQTT message format, sent by connected car
Some of the information, which can be sent by the connected car is
shown in Table 1.
TABLE I.
LIST OF SAMPLE PARAMETERS WHICH ARE MONITORED
Parameters
Location
Mileage per litre
Quantity of fuel consumed
Total Distance Covered
Trip Distance
Distance covered in top gear
Top Speed
Fuel Level
Current temperature
Coolant Level
Engine Oil level
Fuel Level
In this paper, we will be simulating the behavior of connected
car, using Eclipse Paho MQTT Utility, a Java Swing based GUI
application, to connect to a Mosquitto server, publishing message to a
topic on Mosquitto server. The client will receive this message and for
simplicity, will display this message content in the GUI.
Once the utility is launched, screen as shown in Fig. 6 will appear.
Specify the address of the MQTT Mosquitto server and port and
connect to the server. We are using a cloud based test Mosquitto server,
available for public, at the address “test.mosquitto.org”, port 1883.
After specifying the address, click “Connect”. If everything goes
right, you will be connected to server, else you will get error message.
Once connected, enter the name of the topic, and click subscribe.
Now, any message, published on this topic will be displayed in the text
area of the subscriber. Fig. 7 shows a subscriber, connected to a topic
named ‘CarHealth’.
Fig. 4 Sample data ow for connected car.
CarId=xxxxxx;Location=XXXX;ItemName=<<Value>>;currentS
tatus=<<value>>
Fig. 6 Connecting to MQTT server using Paho MQTT utility.
Fig. 7 Subscribing to a MQTT topic.
Fig. 8 Publishing a message to MQTT topic.
International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, Nº3
- 20 -
Enter the message payload in the ‘Publish Messages – text display’
area and click publish. Fig. 8 shows the step to publish a message onto
MQTT topic.
Once the message is published, all clients who have subscribed
to this topic, will receive this message. In our scenario, this will be
displayed in the utility GUI. Fig. 9 shows the scenario of a subscriber
receiving the message.
Ix. cOsT benefIT Of pRedIcTIVe caR maInTenance
Predictive car maintenance can help address the issues of traditional
periodic car maintenance approach. Some of the advantages it provides
are
• Reduction in service and maintenance costs, as only parts which
needs to be replaced are serviced
• Real time alerts of possible part failure, thus avoiding breakdown
and costs associated with outages
• Analytics and reporting dashboards can be used to view how the
car is performing over different periods of time and in different
locations
• Driver’s driving habits can be analyzed and appropriate action can
be taken
• Tour and cab providers can manage their fleet better, thus
maximizing profits
• Target advertisements for monetization of data received from
connected cars (e.g. offering service discounts for car which needs
to be serviced etc.)
Table 2 shows the cost comparisons of periodic vs predictive
maintenance for a medium sedan car. Periodic service cost figures are
taken from a leading automobile web site (see reference). As most of
the car vendors provide first two services as free services, zero cost is
taken for these two services. For predictive maintenance, it is assumed
that service cost will go down by 30%.
TABLE II. SERVICE COST COMPARISON OF PERIODIC VS
PREDICTIVE CAR MAINTENANCE
Service
Cost (Periodic
Maintenance) in
INR
Cost
(Predictive Maintenance) in
INR
1st Service 0 0
2nd service 0 0
3rd service 2465 1726
4th service 6455 4519
5th service 3835 2685
6th service 6455 4519
7th service 3835 2685
8th service 6455 4519
Total 29500 20653
Sample calculation for 3rd service is as follow
Cost of 3rd periodic service – 2465 INR [21]
Cost with predictive maintenance with 30% saving = 2465 *((100-
30)/100) = 1726 INR
Fig. 10 represents another view of the service cost comparison data
of Table 2. During the first eight services (scattered across 5 years) of
the car, total costs incurred on periodic maintenance is 29500 INR.
This cost will come down to 20653 INR (assuming 30% reduction in
service cost), with the help of predictive car maintenance.
To understand the outage costs of a fleet/transport organization, let
us take an example of a company with a fleet strength of 100 cars.
If a car of such commercial organization is out of service because of
breakdown or faulty part, there will be various costs associated with it
e.g. pay for an unutilized driver and support staff, rental of the car for
that day, fixing and service cost, need to ensure alternate vehicle for the
customer to ensure company’s commitment, else loses on reputation
part in the consumer market and so on.
Assume that the total outage cost for one vehicle going out of
service is Rs. 5000 per day. So, for a company with one vehicle out of
service, associated costs can be calculated as follows
Outage cost of one vehicle going out of service – 5000 INR (A)
Annual cost of one vehicle going out of service – 5000(A) * 365 =
1825000 INR (B)
Table 3 shows the outage cost per year for multiple number of
vehicles going out of service on a given day. For a company with a
fleet size of 100, number of vehicles going out of service can be much
higher, but for simplicity, table 3 shows costs for maximum three
vehicles going out of service.
TABLE III. OUTAGE/BREAKDOWN
COST FOR A FLEET/TRANSPORT COMPANY
No of Vehicles No. of out of service
vehicles
Outage Cost
per year(in INR)
100 1 1825000
100 2 3650000
100 3 5475000
Fig. 11 represents another view of the outage/breakdown cost data of
Table 3. Assuming that per day cost of a vehicle going out of service is
5000 INR. As shown, on average with only one vehicle out of service,
cost per year is 1.8 million INR and with three vehicles going out of
service, this will increase to 5.4 million INR per annum.
Fig. 10 Service cost comparison of periodic vs predictive car maintenance.
Fig. 9 Subscriber receiving the message
Special Issue on Advances and Applications in the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing
- 21 -
Table 4 shows the outage cost comparison with 30% improvement
in outage scenarios.
Original Outage cost of 1 vehicle out of service = 1825000 Rs ( B)
Cost after 30% improvement in outage situations = 1825000 *
((100-30)/100) = 1277500 Rs.
TABLE IV BREAKDOWN/OUTAGE COST COMPARISON
No of
Vehicles
No. of out of
service vehicles
Outage Cost per
year(in INR)
Outage cost
@30%
improvement
100 1 1825000 1277500
100 2 3650000 2555000
100 3 5475000 3832500
Fig. 12 represents another view of the outage/breakdown cost
comparison data of Table 4. Even 30% assumed reduction in downtime
will provide considerable savings for the organization. For three
vehicles out of service, cost of breakdown will come down from 5.4
million INR to 3.8 million INR.
Fig. 13 depicts a sample portal/dashboard to view the status of a
given car. Any authorized person can view, whether any part needs
replacement or not, current status of different parts, historical
information, including details of any alert that was sent.
For example, the second row in this dashboard shows that an alert was
raised for a particular part. Though the current value of this part is
within a valid range (between 0-1), but as it is almost on the threshold
to breach the value, a pro-active alert was sent, thus avoiding any
possible outage and associated costs
This dashboard can also be used to trigger additional workflows.
For example, a request to book a service appointment with the car
service provider can be raised using this portal.
x. challenges In The pRedIcTIVe maInTenance Of cOnnecTed caRs
Some of the challenges in successful implementation of predictive
maintenance and connected cars are as follows [8]:
• Govt. and Regulatory policies, restricting on what kind of sensitive
data can be transferred
• Security concerns related to location and other sensitive data being
shared and transmitted
• Lack of industry standards. Right now, most of the work done is
vendor specific/proprietary
• Need to have a proper IT Analytics system in place. Can involve
huge costs upfront
• Need better connectivity in terms of telecom, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and
other such networks for transmission of real time data from sensors
• Associated business use cases are still evolving, so justifying initial
costs can be difficult
• With higher number of sensors needed on the car, cost of buying a
new car can go up
xI. cOnclusIOn
‘Connected car’ concept is getting lots of traction with automobile
companies these days. There are multiple benefits of ‘Connected
Car’ ecosystem, and one such benefit is Predictive Car Maintenance.
This paper talked about what predictive car maintenance is all about,
which problems it could solve. MQTT, a popular protocol for IoT is
also discussed, followed by an introduction to Eclipse Mosquitto and
Eclipse Paho, an implementation of MQTT.
This paper also presented a high level architecture of how
Connected car use can be implemented, using Eclipse Paho and Eclipse
Mosquitto. A simulation of ‘connected car’ sending sensor’s data to
the cloud is also discussed. Finally, cost saving of a predictive car
maintenance system over a traditional periodic car maintenance system
is shown. This paper concluded by sharing of some of the challenges in
implementing predictive maintenance of connected cars.
RefeRences
[1] Kevin A. Kaiser ; Cerner Corp., Kansas City, MO ; Nagi Z. Gebraeel
,Predictive Maintenance Management Using Sensor-Based Degradation
Models, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A:
Systems and Humans (Volume:39,Issue: 4),pp 840-849 ,2009
[2] D. C. Swanson ; Appl. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University
Park, PA, USA ,A general prognostic tracking algorithm for predictive
maintenance , Aerospace Conference, 2001, IEEE Proceedings.
(Volume:6 ) pp 2971 - 2977 vol.6 ,(2001)
[3] A. Grall ; Lab. de Modelization et Surete des Systemes, Univ. de
Fig. 11 Outage/Breakdown cost for a eet/transport company.
Fig. 12 Breakdown/outage cost comparison.
Fig. 13 Sample dashboard for viewing parts/items health.
International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, Nº3
- 22 -
Technologie de Troyes, France ,L. Dieulle , C. Berenguer and M.
Roussignol ,Continuous-time predictive-maintenance scheduling for a
deteriorating system,IEEE Transactions on Reliability(Volume:51 ,Issue:
2 ),pp 141 - 150 , 2002
[4] Stabler, L,Hawthorne, K(2004) FIX IT BEFORE IT’S BROKE, Railway
Age , Volume: 205, Issue Number: 9 ,pp. 83-84,2004-9
[5] J. Endrenyi , Ontario Power Technol., S. Aboresheid , R. N. Allan
, G. J. Anders , The present status of maintenance strategies and the
impact of maintenance on reliability,IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems(Volume:16 ,Issue: 4),pp 638 - 646 ,2001
[6] Joel Levitt,Complete Guide to Predictive and Preventive Maintenance
,Industrial Press, Inc.; 2 edition (June 15, 2011)
[7] Joseph S. Ng,Automated wireless preventive maintenance monitoring
system for magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) trains and other vehicles
http://www.google.com/patents/US5445347, 1995
[8] Why Do Predictive Maintenance Programs Fail? - http://reliabilityweb.
com/articles/entry/why_do_predictive_maintenance_programs_fail/
[9] What is Internet of things - http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/
Internet-of-Things
[10] Details about MQTT protocol - http://mqtt.org/
[11] Eclipse IoT - http://iot.eclipse.org/
[12] Eclipse Paho - http://www.eclipse.org/paho/
[13] Eclipse Mosquitto - http://projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.
mosquitto
[14] Eclipse Paho MQTT Client API – http://www.eclipse.org/paho/files/
javadoc/index.html
[15] IoT, Analytics & Cars – Joe Speed - https://mobilebit.wordpress.com/
[16] Practical MQTT with Paho- http://www.infoq.com/articles/practical-mqtt-
with-paho
[17] IoT and Predictive Maintenance- http://blog.bosch-si.com/categories/
manufacturing/2013/02/iot-and-predictive-maintenance/
[18] The Smart and Connected Vehicle and the Internet of Things - http://tf.nist.
gov/seminars/WSTS/PDFs/1-0_Cisco_FBonomi_ConnectedVehicles.pdf
[19] IBM Predictive Maintenance and Quality for automotive - http://www.
novemba.de/wp-content/uploads/IBM-Predictive-maintenance-and-
Auality-for-automotive.pdf
[20] The advantages of implementing a predictive management within the
maintaining and equipment repair at an enterprise which produces
components for the automotive including technical assistance and services
- http://eccsf.ulbsibiu.ro/repec/blg/journl/5317sima.pdfconnected cars
- use cases for Indian scenario - http://www.hcltech.com/white-papers/
engineering-and-rd-services/connected-cars-use-cases-indian-scenario
[21] Maruti Swift Diesel Estimated Maintenance Cost - https://www.cardekho.
com/maruti-swift/service-cost.htm
Rohit Dhall is working as an Enterprise Architect with
Engineering and R & D Services,HCL Technologies,India.
He has over 19 years of software industry experience.
He helps global clients build technical solutions to solve
their complex business problems. His main area of
expertise is architecting, designing and implementing high
performance, fault tolerant and highly available solutions
for leading Telco and BFSI organizations. He has worked
on diverse technologies like java/J2ee, client-server,P2P ,DWH,SOA, BigData
and IoT etc. He regularly writes articles, blogs and white papers for various IT
forums, portals and events. He is also a coauthor of IBM Redbook and Redpaper
on ‘ITCAM for WebSphere’.
Vijender Kr. Solanki, Ph.D is a research scholar in the
department of Computer Science and Engineering at Anna
University, Chennai. He has completed his graduation
and postgraduation (B.Sc., M.C.A and M.E) from
institution afliated with Maharishi Dayanand University,
Rohtak (MDU) Haryana, India in 2001, 2004 and 2007
respectively. He has attended an orientation program at
UGC-Academic Staff College, University of Kerala and
a refresher course at IIIT-Allahabad. He has participated in more than 15
seminars, summits and conferences at various national & international levels,
including IIT-Delhi, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore and Anna University,
Chennai. He has published more than 10 technical papers with IEEE, Springer
and Elsevier- Science-Direct library. His research interest includes smart city,
network security and network management. He is having 08 Years of rich
academic experience. He has delivered many technical lectures in various
institutions including AICTE Sponsored SDP-FDP Lectures at SKNCOE, Pune,
SNS College, Coimbatore, ITS Ghaziabad and DAVIM, Faridabad. He was an
invitee as key note speaker in DST Sponsored seminar at RCEW, Jaipur. He
has chaired session in many conferences. He is reviewer of some of the IEEE,
Springer and Elsevier Journals and Conferences which are indexed in Scopus,
DBLP, ACM Digital library. He is also a book editor with Universities Press.
