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AN AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF ASHWAGANDHA FROM SAMHITHA
AND NIGHANTUS
Satya Prakash Chaudhary*
PhD Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna IMS BHU, Varanasi, India.
ABSTRACT
In the Ayurveda medicinal effect of Ashwagandha is described in the
different Samhitas like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita,
Astangahridaya, Chakaradatta and Nighantus etc. According to Indian
Herbal System (Ayurveda), Ashwagandha is considered one of the
most important herbs and the best adaptogenic. Ashwgandha has long
been considered as an excellent rejuvenator, a general health tonic and
a cure for a number of health complaints. It is a sedative, diuretic, anti-
inflammatory and generally respected for increasing energy,
endurance, and acts as an-adaptogen that exerts a strong
immunostimulatory and anti-stress agent. Ashwagandha is taken for
treating cold and coughs, ulcers, diabetes, epilepsy, insomnia, leprosy,
Parkinson‟s disease, nervous disorders, asthma, and impotence patients. The objective of this
paper is to review the literature regarding Withania somnifera (ashwagandha, WS) a
commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine.
KEYWORDS: Ashwagandha, Charaka Samhita, Immunostimulatory, Health tonic.
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda, the scince of life has emergence from atharva veda. The Ayurvedic drugs play
important role for achievement of this target. Ashwagandha is an important drug of
Ayurvedic medicine. It is found throughout the dry part of india in waste places is also
cultivated to certain extent and used in folk and traditional medicine. Ayurveda has been
practiced for over 5000 years and is based on the Vedic hypothesis that there are common
principles underlying the microcosm (individual) and macrocosm (universe) and that man
and the universe are composed of the same basic elements, and disease occurs if there is
an imbalance. It is used to maintain and promote health in addition to treating acute and
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
SJIF Impact Factor 5.990
Volume 4, Issue 10, 2736-2745. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on
19 Aug 2015,
Revised on 09 Sep 2015,
Accepted on 29 Sep 2015,
*Correspondence for
Author
Satya Prakash
Chaudhary
PhD Scholar, Department
of Dravyaguna IMS BHU,
Varanasi, India.
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Prakash. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
chronic conditions; it views the person as a whole rather than isolating different organ
systems. The term Nighantu is based on the term Nigama. The etymology of Nigama is
which brings out the extremely concealed or secret meaning of words in systemic way.
This tradition was also adopted by the Ayurvedic scholars to clarify the technical words
specially in the field of Dravyaguna. Earlier Nighantus were limited to explain the
synonyms only. After some time the description of properties, action and indications are
also included in the Nighantu along with synonyms. The Nighantu literature is one of the
important aspects in the study of Ayurveda and specially in the subject of Dravyaguna
Vijnana. The Nighantu literature is also as ancient as Ayurveda. Much importance has not
been given to the study of Nighantu. The ancient Nighantus were actually like Kosa,
containing the synonyms of Dravya. Later on, the drugs were given the description of
properties, actions and their uses. In true sense the Nighantu means collection of words,
synonyms and the names of the medicinal substances. Ramavatar Sharma in his
introduction to Kalpadru Kosa of Kesava uses the term Nighantu for the glossaries
connected with Ayurveda. To understand precisely what is aimed at these glossaries are
called as 'Ayurveda Nighantu'.
Natural products are an important source of new structures leading to drugs in all major disea
se areas. They represent a pool of privileged structures that are optimized by evolution to inte
ract with proteins and other molecules.[1] Different samhitas of Ayurveda have described
Ashwagandha as a very important plant in the Ayurveda and herbal medicine. In Ayurvedic
medicine Ashwagandha is used in different disease like arthritis, anxiety, tumors,
tuberculosis, leukoderma, bronchitis, backache, fibromyalgia, menstrual problems, hiccups,
and chronic liver disease etc Withania somnifera (Fam. Solanaceae) commonly known as
„ashwagandha‟ is one of the most important medicinal plants which is used alone or in
combination with other medicinal plants in various ayurvedic formulations. It is used by the
local practitioners for the treatment of various disorders.
In Vedas
Rigveda (6000 B.C.), the oldest repository of human knowledge contains material which
shows the rational attitude towards plants kingdom & its exploitation for the benefit of the
humanity. It is the oldest extent sources of drugs, which may be called drug stock of
Ayurveda. The Ousadhi Sukta of Rig-Veda (10.97, 1-23) is the authoritative document of
the knowledge about plant in the age.
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ASHWAGANDHA IN SAMHITA GRANTHAS
Charaka Samhita (1000 BC- 4th Century AD).[1]
Among the existing old medical treatises of India, Charaka Samita can be considered as
the oldest one. This text has been composed by Agnivesh (4th Century AD). This Samhita
is mainly concerned with Kayachikitsha.
In this Samhita the drug Ashwagandha has been described in Kusthadi Lepa (C.S.Su 3/7-
8), Brmhaniya Mahakasaya (C.S.Su 4/2), Balya Mahakasaya (C.S.Su 4/7), Madhura
Skandha (C.Ks.Vi 8/140-146), Vajikarana Ghrita etc. In Charaka Samhita the drug
Ashwagandha is described for Kustha as an ingredient of Kusthadilepa.
The preparation & their indications in different diseases which have been mentioned in
Charaka Samhita are given below:
S. No.
Preparation
Indication
Reference
1.
Kusthadilepa
Kustha
C.S.Su 3/7-8
2.
Brmhaniya Mahakasaya
C.S.Su 4/2
3.
Errand Basti
Asmari
C.Si. 3/39
4.
Bilva Taila
Vata roga
C.Si. 4/4
5.
Taila
Sirah kampa
C.Si. 9/87
6.
Basti
Vata roga
C.Si. 12/2
7.
Baladya Yapana Basti
Vata roga
C.Si. 12/6
8.
Lepa
Rajayaksma
C.Ci. 8/175
9.
Lepa
Udara Roga
C.Ci. 13/108
10.
Dhuma
Arsa
C.Ci. 14/51
11.
Balya Mahakasaya
C.S.Su 4/7
12.
Mulasava
Dipan, Pachan
C.S.Su 25/49
13.
Madhura Skandha
C.S.Vi. 8/140-146
14.
Vajikarana Ghrita
Bajikarana
C.Ci. 2-1/34
15.
Agurwadi Taila
Jwara
C.Ci. 3/266
16.
Ghrita
Fumigation
C.Ci. 14/5
17.
Lehya
Hiccup
C.Ci. 17/117
18.
IngudiTvagadi Dhuma
Kasa
C.Ci. 18/75
19.
Lepa
Granthi visarpa
C.Ci. 21/ ½ 123
20.
Lepa
Antidote unmada
C.Ci. 23/70
21.
Lepa
Pilla Kanda
C.Ci. 23/80
22.
Amrta Ghrita
Antidote, Udara
C.Ci. 23/244
23.
Kusthadya Taila
Urustambha
C.Ci. 27/43
24.
Lepa
Urustambha,thic Utsadana
C.Ci. 27/50
25.
Rasana Taila
Vataroga
C.Ci. 28/166
26.
Vrsamuladi Taila
Bone Fracture, Osteoporosis
C.Ci. 28/170
27.
Lepa
Vataroga
C.Ci. 29/73
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Susruta Samhita (100 BC- 4th Century AD).[2]
This Samihita is composed by Vrddha Susruta, Chiefly concerned with Salya Cikitsha.
This treatise was redacted by Susruta 2nd Century AD. Later on probably revised by
Nagarjuna, the greatest of Buddhist era, during the 5th Century AD.
In the existing form, it appears to be much later than Charaka Samhita because of the fact
that its emendation (Pathasuddhi) was done by Candrata in 10th Century. In Susruta
Samhita various forms & preparation of Ashwagandha are mentioned as below:
S.No.
Preparetion
Indication
References
1.
Churna
Atikrsa
S.S.Su. 14/40
2.
Lepa
Karnapali vriddhi
S.Su. 16/20
3.
Kalka and Taila
Karnapali vriddhi
S.Su. 16/22
4.
Lepa
Kaphaja sopha
S.Su. 36/6
5.
Kalka
Vrana ropaka
S.Su. 36/24
6.
Lepa
Vrana ropaka
S.Su. 36/31
7.
Ami pama
Urdhvabhaga Dosahara
S.Su. 39/3
8.
Anupana (with mamsa rasa)
Balavardhaka pustikaraka
S.Su. 46/432-2
9.
Kalka
Vatarakta
S.Ci. 5/10
10.
Bala Taila
vatavyadhi
S.Ci. 15/33
11.
Lepa
Kaphajavisarpa
S.Ci. 17/14
12.
Lepa
Paripotaka in karnapali Roga
S.Ci. 25/14
13.
Vacadi Taila
Vataroga
S.Ci 37/12
14.
Citrakadi Taila
Vataroga
S.Ci 37/16
15.
Bhutikadi
Vataroga
S.Ci 37/20
16.
Sampakadi Basti
Duodenal roga, increase blood
S.Ci 38/43
17.
Agada (antidote)
Poison of visvambhara
S.Ka. 8/5
18.
Taila
Aroga Timira
S.U. 17/34
19.
Dhum
Karnaroga
S.U. 21/7
20.
Kwatha
Revatigraha
S.U. 31/3
21.
Taila
Rukhamandika roga
S.U. 35/4
22.
Churna
Yaksma
S.U. 41/41
23.
Leha
Yaksma
S.U. 41/42
24.
Churna
Coupha
S.U. 41/43
25.
Dasamuladi Ghrita
Complication
S.U. 41/49
26.
Basti
Guda Rakta Srava
S.U. 45/40
27.
Phala Ghrita
Pregnancy to infertile women
S.U. 62/27
Astanga Hirdaya (7th Century AD).[3]
Several Vagbhatas are known in Indian history as authors of works on different branches
of learning. Among all these Vagbhatas, two are important who authored Astanga
Hirdaya and Astanga Samgraha.
Regarding identity of the author of this treatise there is a lot of controversy. Some
scholars believe there was only one vagbhata who was the author of both Granthas. While
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according to Hon‟ble Prof. P.V.Sharma, etc. there are two Vagbhata belonging to
different periods having different authorship. Vagbhata second (7th century A.D.) is the
author of this book.
In this Samhita, the drug Ashwagandha is described at many places in treatment of
various diseases. Preparations and their indication in different diseases are mentioned
below:
S.No.
Preparation
Indications
References
1.
Bala Taila
Grbha Vyapada
A.H.Sa. 2/50
2.
Ghrits
Balapustikara,kasa ojahksaya
A.H.Ci 3/122-123
3.
Ghrits
Sosanasak
A.H.Ci. 5/25
4.
Lepa
Pusti, Varna,Balaprada
A.H.Ci. 5/79
5.
Dhupana
Arsa
A.H.Ci. 8/19
6.
Sukumarka Taila
Rasayana, Vataja, Roga
A.H.Ci.13/41
7.
Ghrita
Gulma, Apasmara
A.H.Ci. 14/14
8.
Lepa
Kustha, Kandu, Pidika
A.H.Ci.
9.
Syrup
Svasa- Hidhma
A.H.Ci. 4/39
10.
Kalka
Oedema
A.H.Ci. 17/37
11.
Basti
Duodenal roga
A.H.Ka. 4/7
12.
Vata hara Basti
Vataroga
A.H.Ka
13.
Anuvasana Vasti
Vataja Roga
A.H.Ka. 4/54
14.
Laksadi Taila
Unamada,apasmara
A.H.U. 2/52
15.
Lehya
Cure emaciation
A.H.U. 2/49
16.
Kwatha
Cure emaciation
A.H.U. 2/51
17.
Laksadi Taila
Fever ,strength
A.H.U. 2/52
18.
Ghrita
Strength
A.H.U. 3/53
29.
Lepa
Palisoas
A.H.U. 18/39
20.
Churna
Unmantha
A.H.U. 18/45
21.
Kwatha
Karnaroga
A.H.U. 18/56
ASHWAGANDHA IN CIKITSA GRANTHAS
Cikitsa kalika(10th century AD):
In this test, Ashwagandha has been described in Vatasmana Gana. Its various preparations
along with indication in different diseases are mentioned below:
S.No.
Preparation
Indication
Raferences
1.
Laksadi Taila
Jwaracikatsa
1/120
2.
Bala Taila
Vataja Vyadhi
30/283
3..
Prthusatavari Taila
Vataja Vyadhi
30/286-287
4.
Bala Taila
Vataja Vyadhi
30/290-291
5.
Dasanga Taila
Vataja Vyadhi
30/295-297
6.
Prasarini Taila
Vataja Vyadhi
30/298-302
7.
Mahatprasarini taila
Vataja Vyadhi
30/303-304
8.
Phlaghrita
Grahabadha,
Vatavyadhi,
Bandhyatva etc
367
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Cakradatta (11th Century AD).[4]
Cakrapani Datta, son of Narayana Datta has written commentary “Ayurveda Dipika” on
caraka samhita,cikitisa sangraha (commomly known as Cakradatta) Dravya Guna Samgraha
and Bhanumati commentary on Susruta Samhita.
In Cakradatta the drug Ashwagandh is very much appreciated for treatment of various
diseases. Their preparations and indications in Cakradatta are given below:
S.No.
Preparation
Indications
References
1.
Kamdeva Ghrita
Raktapitta
9/53-63
2.
Ashwagandhadi Kasaya
Rajayaksma
10/9
3.
Krsnadileha
Rajayaksma
10/14
4.
Srnga-Arjunadya churna
Rajayaksma
10/26
5.
Nagabala Ghrita
Rajayaksma
10/78-82
6.
Churna
Urah ksata
10/93-95
7.
Masabaladi kwatha
Vatavyadhi
22/23-24
8.
Trayodasanga Guggulu
Gradhrasi
22/69-73
9.
Ashwagandha Ghrita
ViryaVardhaka, Mamsavardhaka
22/90
10.
Mahabala Taila
Vatavyadhi
22/101-110
11.
Narayana Taila
Vatavyadhi
22/120-130
Sarngadhara samhita (13th Century AD).[5]
This Samhita is described in three Khandas-Purva, Madhya and Utara Khandas. In Purva
Khandas,Ashwagandha is mention with Virya Vardhaka Kravyas . In other two Khandas
their preparations and indications are given below:
S.No.
Preparation
Indications
References
1.
Maharanadi Kwatha
Sarva-Vartaroga
2/20-96
2.
Ashwagandha churna
Vajikarana
6/157-158
3.
Kamdeva Ghrita
Rakta-Pitta
9/27-37
4.
Laksadi Taila
Visama Jwara
9/94-98
5.
Narahyana Taila
Vataroga
9/101-106
6.
Baladya Taila
Vatavyadhi
9/117-118
7.
Satavari Taila
Vatajaroga
9/133-141
8.
DhatturadiTaila
-do-
9/200-210
9.
Madankamadeva
Vajikarana
12/259-266
10.
Kandarpa Sundara Rasa
Vajikarana
12/268-274
Uttarkhand
11.
Mahasalvan Sweda
Vanaja Roga
2/23-27
12.
Madadi Nasya
Pakdaghata
8/36-37
13.
Lapa
Stanyavrddhi
11/112-113
14.
Lepa
Linga Vrddhi
11/115
Bhaisajya Ratnavali (18th century AD).[6]
References of Ashwagandha are this treaties are described below:
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Prakash. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
S.No.
Preparations
Indications
References
1.
Jayantivati
Jwara
5/536
2.
Jwarabhairava Rasa
Jwara
5/1375
3.
Sindukadi Dhupa
Arsha
9/153
4.
Kamadeva ghrita
Raktapitta
13/145
5.
Goksuradi Modaka
Rasayana
74/230
6.
Godhumadia Ghrita
Rasayana
74/279
7.
Amritaprash Ghrita
Rasayana
74/299
8.
Ashwagandha Taila
Rasayana
78/355
9.
Yaminyadi Churan
Gadaroga
78/7
10.
Suryavallavha taila
Sanyu Roga
82/20
11.
Adigyapakwa Taila
Khalitya Roga
83/3,4
12.
Shalimali Ghrita
Khalitya Roga
88/32
13.
Madanakamadeva
Dhwajabhanga
92/20
14.
Chandanadi Kwatha
Mastiska Roga
101/2
15.
Laksmivilasa Taila
Mastiska Roga
101/31
ASHWAGANDHA IN NIGHANTUS
Astanga Nighantu.[7]
This is Nighantu was written by Vahatacarya in 8th century AD in this text, Ashwagandha
has been described by its synonyms Gayi, Tutagi and Vaji.
Dhanvantari Nighantu (10th -13th century AD).[8]
In this Nighantu, Ashwagandha is mentioned under Guduchadi Varga. It has been
described by its synonyms Vajigandha, Kanchuka, Ashwavarohaka, Varahkarni, Turagi,
Balya and Vajikari. Its properties and action are mentioned as Kasaya, and Katu in Rasa,
Usna in Virya, Vata –Kapha Samaka, Balavardhaka, Sukrajanana, Kantivardhaka and
useful in Visa,Vrana and Ksaya.
Sodhala Nighantu(composed by Sodhala in 12th century AD).[9]
In its text Ashwagandha is described under Guduchadi Varga, with synonyms like
Varahakarni, Turagi, Balya, Vajukara, Ashwagandha, Kusthagandha, Ashwarohaka,
Punya, Sistagandha, Pivara, Elaparni, Syamala and Kamarupini. It is included among
Asthapana and Anuvasana Dravyas and as vatahara and Balya drug. It is beneficial for
Kasa, Swasa and Ksaya diseases.
Madana Pala Nighantu.[10]
This Nighantu is written by Madan Vinoda in 14th century AD. The drug Ashwagandha
has been described by its synonyms –Turangahava, Gokarna Ashwarohaka,Varahakarni
and Varada. It is used for Vjikarana and Vrsya Karma.
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Kaiyadeva Nighantu.[11]
This is composed by Kaiyadeva in 15th century AD. Another title of this book is
„Pathyapathyta Vinodhaka‟. The drug Ashwagandha is mentioned in Osadhi–Varga.
Ashwagandha, Hayahva, Ashwarohaka, varahakarni,Gokarni,Turagi Varada,Vrisa, Balya,
Vajikari Pita and Kanchuki are its synonyms. Its properties and actions are Kasaya and
Tikta in Rasa, Usna in Virya. It is Sukravardhaka, Rasayana, Balakaraka,Pustikarka and
used in the treatment of Vrana, Sopha Kandu, Visa, Krimi, Swasa, Kasa and Kasata etc.
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu.[12]
This text is written by Acharya Bhava Misra in 16th century AD. The drug Ashwagandha
is mentioned in Gudduchadi Varga. Vajigandha, Hayahandha, Varahakarni,
Varada,Balada and Kusthagandhini. It is Kasaya and Tikta in Rasa, Usna in Virya its
properties and actions are Bala karaka,Sukravardhaka, Rasayana, Vata-Kapha Samaka
and allevateds Sotha and Kasaya etc.
Raja Nighantu.[13]
This is composed by Nirahari Pandita in 17th century AD. The drug Ashwagandha is
mentioned in Satarvadi Varga. Ashwagandha, Vajigandha, Kambukastha,Varahkarni,
Turagi, Vanaja,Vajini, Hayi, Pustida, Balada,Punya, Hayagandha, Pivara, Palasakarni,
Vataghni, Symala, Kamarupini, Kalapriyakari, Balya, Gandhapatri, Hayaprya, and
Varahapatri are its synonyms.
Raja Vallabha Nighantu.
This book is composed by Raja Vallabha in 18th century AD. In this Nighantu, the drug
Ashwagandha has been described by its synonyms- Ashwagandha, Vataghni,
Balya,Vrisya and Rasayani.
Priya Nighantu.[15]
This Naghantu is composed by Acharya P.V.Sharma in 1983. The drug Ashwagandha is
mentioned in Satapuspadi Varga. Vajigandha and Ashwagandh are its synonyms. It
produces Kamasakti like horse in human and its plant bears smell like horse. It is
Usna,Tikta,Vatasamaka, Balya,Vrisya and Rasayana.
Table showing the pharmodynamic Properties of Ashwagandha in Nighantu Literature:
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S.No.
Texts
Rasa
Guna
Virya
Vipaka
Karma
1.
Dhanwantari Nighantu
Kasaya, katu
-
Usna
-
Vata –Kapha Samaka
2.
Sodhala
-
-
-
-
Vatahara
3.
Madanpala Nighantu
Tikta, Kasaya
-
Usna
-
Kapha-Vata Samaka
4.
Raja Nighantu
Katu
-
Usna
-
Vata Samaka
5.
Kaiyadeva Nighantu
Kasaya,Tikta
-
Usna
-
Vata Samaka
6.
Bhavaprakash Nighantu
Kasaya,tikta
-
Usna
-
Vata-pitta Samaka
7.
Nighantu Ratnakara
Kasaya
-
-
-
Balaya
8.
Priya Nighantu
Tikta
-
-
-
-
DISCUSSION
As outlined above, results from various samhitas and nighatus studies indicate ashwagandha
possesses many qualities, including Kustha,Vata roga, Dipan, Pachan, Jwara, Osteoporosis,
Pregnancy to infertile women, Strength, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and
immunomodulatory properties, as well as exerting an influence on the endocrine, nervous,
and cardiopulmonarysystems. According to the samhitas and nighantus ashwagandha used in
the various form or medium. The review indicates that WS may be useful in many ailments,
To evaluate the antistress effect of WS,an alcohol extract from defatted seeds of WS
dissolved in normal saline was given (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally as a single dose) to 20-25g
mice in a swimming performance test in water at 28º-30ºC10. Including arthritis and other
musculoskeletal disorders, and hypertension. There are a few preliminary studies available on
the effects of WS on the immune system, central nervous system, hemopoetic system, and
general growth promotion to form a basis for further studies but not enough evidence to
provide a firm scientific basis for definitive therapeutic uses.
CONCLUSION
Samhita and nighantus are the basic literature for understand and identification of different
medicinal plants. On review of Ashwagandha in different samhita and nighantus we find the
different synonyms and properties along with useful formulations and their medicinal uses.
REFERENCE
1. Caraka Samhita, of Agnivesa, elaborated by Caraka and Dridhabala, Edited with„Caraka-
Candrika‟ Hindi commentary along with special deliberation by Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi,
Chaukambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 3rd Edition 1994.
2. Sausruta, Sausruta Nighantu, edited by Kashiraja Sharma and Narendra Nath Tiwari; Pub.
by Mahendra Sanskrit Vishvavidhalaya, Nepal, 1st Edition, 2001; 62-63.
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Prakash. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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