No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Linguistics in Philosophy.
... The former indicates the view of a situation as a whole while the latter pays attention to the internal structure of the situation [15]. The lexical aspect refers to the general inherent semantic oppositions of the verbs and is the lexicalization of the semantic distinctions of the different verb classes (states, activities, accomplishments, achievements) as these are defined by Vendler [16] and, elaborated by Smith [17]. The primary and well-attested theory on the acquisition of aspect in L1 and L2, the Aspect Hypothesis, predicts that the lexical aspect strongly influences learners in acquiring tense and aspect markers (see [18] for Russian children). ...
... As mentioned in the previous subsection, the alternative forms are categorized based on their morphology in morphologically existing and non-existing verbal forms. The former category includes examples (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) which are illustrated below, while the latter category includes examples (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). ...
... Such a case is exhibited in example (15). ( Finally, in several cases, participants even produced and inflected different verbs from the targeted ones because of phonological similarity with the expected verbs (16). These cases are also included in this analysis scheme because these are morphologically existing forms despite the fact that the produced verb is ungrammatical in the given context or it is even infrequent in heritage productive vocabulary. ...
This paper investigates, on the one hand, which verbal features are re-organized in heritage grammars and, on the other hand, the production of novel non-canonical forms for the expression of verbal aspect by Greek heritage speakers in Germany and the US compared to monolingually-raised speakers of Modern Greek (henceforth Greek). As aspect cannot be seen in isolation from other morphological features such as voice, tense, and phi-features, the analysis of the novel forms is conducted under the prism of the verbal complex. The results indicate that φ-features and aspect seem to be the most re-organized elements encoded in Greek verbs and, furthermore, that heritage speaker groups differ significantly from monolingually-raised controls in terms of the production of novel morphological forms, demonstrating that heritage speakers, especially those in the US, face difficulties with the morpho-phonological adjustments needed to be built in verbal forms.
... It was Smith (1991Smith ( /1997 who originally proposed that Semelfactives ought to be classified as a fifth aspectual category due to their unique semantic features, setting them apart from the existing four categories: States, Activities, Achievements, and Accomplishments. She claimed that Semelfactives do not fit in Vendler's (1967) classification (Trebisacce 2020:3). ...
... Semelfactives are almost the least studied aspectual class in the literature (Katalin, 2011). Although included neither in Vendler's (1967) classification of aspectual classes of verbs nor in Dowty (1979) as a distinct aspectual category, Semelfactives are discussed as a separate category as one of the five idealized situation types in Smith's (1997) two-component aspectual theory. Smith classifies aspectual situations into five idealized situation types on the basis of three binary temporal features (static/dynamic, telic/atelic and durative/ punctual). ...
... The differences and similarities between Semelfactives and Achievements or Semelfactives and Activities are often discussed. For instance, Semelfactives were not regarded as a distinct category but were included in Achievements in Vendler's (1967) classification of aspectual types. Although both Achievements and Semelfactives are punctual (this is controversial for Semelfactives), they have distinct aspectual differences. ...
The corpus-driven study discusses the aspectual properties of Semelfactives and particularly focuses on the actual realisations in attested data of Turkish bodily Semelfactive geğir- (burp). Both grammatical and lexical aspect discussions were included in the analyses of the 97 concordance lines obtained from Turkish Web 2012 enTenTen15. The bodily Semelfactive predicate is discussed in terms of its singleton and iterative interpretations. It was found that the verb constellations with geğir- (burp/belch) reflects the typical aspectual features of a pure (bodily) Semelfactive, displaying the aspectual features of basic Semelfactives: [-Static], [-Durative], [-Telic] and [-Controlled]. With durative adverbials and in the progressive aspect it was found that the situations were aspectually shifted to multiple-event derived Activities. It is a feature of Turkish that some seemingly progressive verbs function like the present form of aorist, thus denoting events in a narrative sequence as narrative present. In such cases we do not have derived Activity type but basic level Semelfactive in perfective viewpoint. It was also shown with an extra-corpus example that this Semelfactive could head a verb constellation that reflects an aspectual shift to derived Accomplishment, which has not been mentioned in the aspectual literature. The semantic and pragmatic behavior of geğir- was also explored and it was found that geğir- events were reflexively produced with no pragmatically motivated agent-controlled fake burps. However, we had two collateral findings: the agentive subjects of geğir- were predominantly male as if female subjects are censored, which we associated with the disgusting words in its lexical environment and speakers’ avoidance of using female subjects in such disgusting contexts
... As will be discussed in Sect. 3, when employed as a completive phrase in a preverbal position, Adverbial-ts̍ ıt-ē(-á) (ts̍ ıt-ē + the delimitative suffix -á) adheres to the telicity requirement, requiring the predicate it modifies to be telic (Vendler 1957(Vendler , 1967Dowty 1979, etc.). In addition, preverbal Adverbial-ts̍ ıt-ē(-á) has to be licensed by the focus particle tō/tsiah. ...
... Klipple 1991: 154). Both postverbal iteratives and duratives are contingent on the situation types of a predicate (aktionsart or inner aspect (Verkuyl 1972: 222)), including accomplishments, achievements, states, and activities (Vendler 1957(Vendler , 1967Dowty 1979, etc.) 8 As an iterative phrase, the postverbal ts̍ ıt-ē is compatible with an activity verb (10) or a semelfactive verb (11). The verbal classifier ē serves the purpose of counting internal events, contrasting with pái 'time', which counts external events (cf. ...
... It is well known that in-adverbials (completive) and for-adverbials (durative) behave differently concerning telicity. As Vendler (1967), Dowty (1979), and many others have noted, in-adverbials occur only with telic predicates (accomplishments and achievements), while for-adverbials modify only atelic predicates (states and activities): 11 (14) a. Pug snoozed for/?in an hour. ...
As a completive adverbial meaning ‘in a short time’, the Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) ts̍ıt ‘one’ plus the verbal classifier ē sequence can be used in a preverbal but post-subject position to encode clausal dependency. This usage of ts̍ıt-ē is often translated as ‘immediately after’ or ‘as soon as’. While Adverbial ts̍ıt-ē(-á) (ts̍ıt-ē + the delimitative suffix -á) and tsin kín ‘very quickly’ in the sentence-initial position of an independent sentence establish backward linking with the preceding sentence, the subordinator ts̍ıt-ē regulates forward linking of two successive (sub)events. As a completive adverbial, the subordinator ts̍ıt-ē is subject to the telicity requirement, and it also encodes a speaker’s subjective evaluation that marks (un)expectedness. The low attachment of the subordinator ts̍ıt-ē in the subordinate clause accounts for the asymmetries observed in the three environments for how the telicity requirement is satisfied (e.g., whether completion or inchoativity has to be overtly marked): (a) an independent sentence with completive ts̍ıt-ē(-á), (b) a SUB ts̍ıt-ē clause, and (c) the main clause following a SUB ts̍ıt-ē clause. Finally, the fact that a SUB ts̍ıt-ē clause can only precede the main clause, and must be lower than a reason clause calls for further investigation.
... This paper deals with the role of the notion of 'free choice' in the analysis of English any. Section 2 is about the difference between the approaches of Vendler (1962Vendler ( , 1967aVendler ( , 1967b and Ladusaw (1979) and the way later researchers dealt with this difference. Section 3 is a critical survey, in the spirit of Horn (2000aHorn ( , 2000bHorn ( , 2005, of the question whether English any has one meaning -a univocal account -or two -an ambiguist account, with the two alleged meanings involving negative polarity, on the one hand, and free choice, on the other. ...
... Second, the term 'free choice' does not occur in any of these publications, instead we find 'freedom of choice' (Vendler 1962, 151;1967a, 132;1967b, 80). Third, 'free choice' probably first appears in Ladusaw (1979): Ladusaw refers to Vendler (1967b), but not to Vendler's term 'freedom of choice'. The way Ladusaw introduces the term 'free choice' makes clear that he assumes the responsibility. ...
... (1) lists some of Vendler's (1967b) examples for the various uses of any. ...
Since Ladusaw (1979) the term ‘free choice indefinite’ is the generally accepted term for the meaning of any in primarily modal and generic sentences, such as Any owl hunts mice, but not for what is generally called the ‘polarity-sensitive’ or ‘negative polarity’ meaning, as in Did you take any? At least part of the inspiration for Ladusaw was Vendler (1967), but Vendler took a notion of ‘freedom of choice’ to characterize all uses of any. This paper has three goals: (i) to offer a critical survey, updating earlier ones by Horn (2000a, 2000b, 2005) of the question whether English any has one meaning – a univocal account – or two – an ambiguist account, with the two alleged meanings involving negative polarity, on the one hand, and free choice, on the other hand; (ii) to confirm, in agreement with much current work, that Vendler (1967) was right, and to suggest, in disagreement with most if not all current work, to make terminology reflect the insight and no longer restrict the term ‘free choice’ to just a few of the meanings of any; and (iii) to offer a new univocal approach of any, hypothesizing its meaning to contain the components ‘existence’ and ‘free choice’, and using the notion of ‘at-issueness’.
... The earliest explorations of reversative un-highlighted that lexical aspect and transitivity were two crucial factors unis sensitive to. For example, Marchand (1960) described un-'s distribution as being ungrammatical with 'non-resultative, durative verbs' such as play, sing, smoke, swim, wait, walk;Dowty (1979) and Horn (1988) posit that un-affixation can only happen with telic accomplishment verbs (invoking Vendler's, 1967 classifications of the lexical dimensions of aspect). In particular, Horn (1988) describes a profile of verbs that allow reversative un-prefixation-he argues they are all telic accomplishment predicates that take a theme argument that undergoes a change-of-state, with an optional causative agent present in the form of a second argument. ...
... Other lexical aspect considerations assumed to play a role in un-prefixation can be subjected to additional scrutiny as well. As mentioned above, earlier authors have stressed that only accomplishment predicates allow un-, to the exclusion of activities, states, achievements (based on Vendler, 1967Vendler, , 2019. This generalization seems to be largely true; however, we have found some achievement base predicates that do allow un-, primarily verbs relating to technology whose actions involve just a click, some of which are exemplified below. ...
... We note that all of the base verbs of these un-verbs are achievements, not accomplishments. The fact that these are achievement predicates is confirmed by two distributional criteria targeting the internal structure of the events (Kenny, 2003;Vendler, 1967)the progressive test, which looks for internal durativity, 3 and the for-modifier test tuned into duration of the process. Achievements usually disallow progressive forms because there is no process necessarily included in the meaning of the verb, and in the following cases, there is infelicity with for-PPs. ...
This paper explores the distribution and semantics of the reversative affix un- and the restitutive affix re-, and overall makes a new proposal about the lexical semantics of verbs. I argue that these affixes tell a story of derivational morphology that is based not on categorization of verbs into neat aspectual and decompositional classes, but on the result of the verb’s action on the object and whether or not such a result state permits reversal and restitution. The argument structure of these affixes shows us that morphology interacts with semantics in a true compositional sense, whereby the affectedness of the object is a crucial factor in determining compatibility and composition. I propose an approach to verb meaning that encodes this important information as outcomes: the lifespan properties of the object after the action occurs on it. I propose, formulating the Verb-Root-Outcomes framework, that all verb roots come equipped with sets of outcomes. A wide array of verbs that have been classified as ‘change-of-state’ are shown to have different sub-classes based on the shape of the outcome set, and this also allows a formal definition of what ‘potential’ change could mean. The affixes un- and re- are modeled as result-state modifiers, which are sensitive to the outcomes of the action of the verb stem they attach to, and only attach when their presuppositions about the state of the object are met. Apart from directly comparing reversal and restitution with the same formal notion of equivalence, this approach also allows a transparent representation of event decomposition, whereby change in the object is able to be tracked at a granular level and its importance in determining the success of morphological derivations highlighted. This theory argues for compositional semantic interpretation at a sub-lexical level, while also showing how sentential and pragmatic factors affect verb meaning and derivational affixation .
... Estos últimos consisten en poner los eventos en primer plano, una función usualmente desempeñada por el pretérito. El examen de los datos muestra que los valores del imperfecto están constreñidos por el aspecto léxico del verbo, los modificadores adverbiales temporales y el tipo de estructura narrativa en el que aparecen (LABOV Y WALETZKY, 1997[1967). Tales valores se emplean con propósitos pragmáticos para manifestar la subjetividad del narrador. ...
... These atypical uses consist in putting events in the foreground, a function usually performed by the Preterit. The data analysis shows that the Imperfect values are constrained by the lexical aspect of the verb, the temporary adverbial modifiers, and the type of narrative structure in which they appear (LABOV AND WALETZKY, 1997[1967). Such values are used for pragmatic purposes to express the narrator's subjectivity. ...
... El compendio o resumen sintetiza la historia que se relata en una o dos cláusulas que encabezan la NEP. Por último, la coda expresa el fin de la historia y marca un cambio de pasado a presente que señala el fin de la historia (LABOV, WALETZKY, (1997[1967). ...
Este artículo analiza los usos del Imperfecto del indicativo en el español peruano amazónico, una variedad formada en situación de intenso contacto lingüístico. Típicamente el Imperfecto porta valor durativo por oposición al sentido puntual del pretérito, valor continuo en contraste al carácter delimitativo del segundo y valor indefinido en referencia a una situación pasada no específica, a diferencia del Pretérito que alude a la totalidad del evento (García Fernández, 2008; Cipria y Roberts, 2001, p. 300). Usando como marco de referencia los enfoques teóricos temporal, aspectuales, y con énfasis en el contexto y el discurso (Rojo, 1990, 1999; García Fernández, 2008; Hopper y Thompson 1980, p. 251; Fleischman, 1990, p.168), se examinan usos prototípicos y atípicos del Imperfecto. Estos últimos consisten en poner los eventos en primer plano, una función usualmente desempeñada por el Pretérito. El examen de los datos muestra que los valores del Imperfecto están constreñidos por el aspecto léxico del verbo, los modificadores adverbiales temporales, el tipo de estructura narrativa en el que aparecen (Labov y Waletzky, 1997[1967], p. 3). Estos son empleados con propósitos pragmáticos que manifiestan la subjetividad del narrador. Los datos consisten en narraciones de experiencias personales a hablantes monolingües recogidas a través de entrevistas sociolingüísticas conducidas en la ciudad de Iquitos, Perú.
... 7-8). Root modality is concerned with the realization of states of affairs (also called second-order entities (e.g., Lyons, 1977), actions (e.g., Lees, 1960), or events (e.g., Vendler, 1967))-that is, relations between entities (or, in a cognitively oriented analysis, linguistically evoked representations of such relations). For instance, the social necessity expressed by deontic must in (1) has as its potential outcome the realization of the state of affairs "Marie leave." ...
... For instance, the social necessity expressed by deontic must in (1) has as its potential outcome the realization of the state of affairs "Marie leave." In contrast, epistemic modality is concerned with the evaluation of propositions (also called third-order entities (e.g., Lyons, 1977) or (potential) facts (e.g., Lees, 1960;Vendler, 1967))-that is, meanings that can be said to have a truth value (or, in a cognitively oriented analysis, representations which are stipulated to have a referent and which can thus be evaluated according to whether or not they actually do have a referent; Boye, 2010. For instance, the rational necessity expressed by epistemic must in (6) has as its potential outcome the evaluation of the proposition "Marie has left" as true. ...
As a term relating to linguistic categories, modality is used in its most narrow sense to refer to categories that can be defined in terms of the notions of necessity and possibility. A number of broader uses are also common, however. For instance, the term is used also for categories that have to do with the indication of degree of certainty and possibly the indication of information source (a notion associated with the category of evidentiality). Some use it in an even broader sense as related to mood (including notions like indicative, subjunctive, imperative, declarative, and interrogative), or for linguistic elements that have to do with the indication of speakers' attitude or stance toward what they describe. Narrow‐sense modality may be seen as organized in three dimensions. (a) Modal strength basically covers a distinction between necessity (strong) and possibility (weak). (b) Modal source concerns a distinction between necessities and possibilities originating within the entity for which something is necessary or possible, and necessities originating outside this entity. (c) Modality type covers a distinction between, among other things, “dynamic” (physical), “deontic” (social), and “epistemic” (reasoning‐related) necessities and possibilities.
... In the previous section, we distinguished two kinds of action: activities and acts (Vendler 1967;Kenny 1963;Simons 1987;Mourelatos 1978;von Wright 1963). Hyman says that in the case of activities but not of acts, if X is ing at all times between t1 and t2, then X s between t1 and t2 (2015,34). ...
... Achievements, like finding one's keys, voting, winning the race or reaching the top, are crucial for the argument because unlike accomplishments, they do not go on in or over time, which is a distinctive characteristic of processes. Vendler (1967) and Mourelatos (1978) think that achievements are punctual in the sense that they have no parts: they are atomic events. If this is true, achievements only presuppose a single time instant. ...
... Activity verbs are members of Vendler's aspectual classification (Vendler, 1957(Vendler, , 1967, where verbs are divided into activities, states, achievements, and accomplishments. This classification has been subsequently elaborated by Dowty (1979) and Van Valin and LaPolla (1997). ...
... Using this, we filtered the extracted verbs and selected only the imperfective ones. Then we selected manually the verbal set so far leaving aside the prefixed verbs, as well as those that refer to states, accomplishments, and achievements (Vendler, 1967). The verbs that were selected refer to continuing activities, may have human or human-like volitional subjects, do not have a terminal point and a (tangible) result. ...
The paper presents the ongoing process of compilation of a multilingual corpus of illustrative examples to supplement our work on the syntactic and semantic analysis of predicates representing activities in Bulgarian and other languages. The corpus aims to include over 1,000 illustrative examples on verbs from six semantic classes of predicates (verbs of motion, contact, consumption, creation, competition and bodily functions) which provide a basis for observations on the specificity of their realisation. The corpus of illustrative examples will be used for contrastive studies and further elaboration on the scope and behaviour of activity verbs in general, as well as its semantic subclasses
... La télicité est une propriété d'Aktionsart qui se caractérise par la description d'une éventualité comportant un telos , c'est-à-dire un point culminant actualisant l'action décrite (Garey 1957 ;Vendler 1967 ;Rothstein 2004 ;Demonte & McNally 2012 ;Filip 2012 ; inter alia ). On examine traditionnellement cette propriété dans le domaine verbal. ...
... Par exemple, le verbe construire s'oppose au verbe nager en cela qu'il dénote un procès impliquant une fin inhérente. Plusieurs tests linguistiques peuvent être employés pour juger de la télicité d'un verbe (Garey 1957 ;Kenny 1963 ;Vendler 1967 ;Verkuyl 1971 ;Dowty 1979 ;Fuchs et al. 1991 ;Haas 2009 ; inter alia ) 3 . L'un des plus fiables en français est la construction avec des compléments de durée introduits par en (5a), dont les verbes atéliques s'accommodent mal. ...
Cette contribution est consacrée à la délimitation aspectuelle exprimée par les noms du français. Nous distinguons, d'après leurs manifestations linguistiques, deux formes de délimitation dans le domaine nominal : la télicité en tant que culmination et l'occurrentialité en tant qu'individuation temporelle. Nous nous intéressons à la relation qui existe, pour les noms dérivés de verbes, entre ces deux formes de délimitation et l'aspect des bases verbales. À partir de l'examen d'un échantillon de 300 néologismes formés avec les suffixes -age, -ion et -ment, nous cherchons à savoir si la nominalisation préserve la télicité et à identifier de potentiels facteurs permettant de prédire l'occurrentialité.
This study focuses on aspectual delimitation as expressed by nouns in French. We first distinguish two types of delimitation in the nominal domain through different linguistic manifestations: telicity as culmination and occurrentiality as temporal individuation. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the dependence between the two types of delimitation and the lexical aspect of bases from which deverbal nouns are derived. Based on a sample of three hundred neologisms formed with the suffixes -age, -ion and -ment, we investigate whether nominalization preserves telicity and we identify potential factors predicting occurrentiality.
... The formal linguistic properties of telicity have been extensively studied in spoken languages (e.g. Comrie, 1976;Dowty, 1979;Vendler, 1967), and its grammatical reflexes have been identified for a wide variety of languages (e.g. Smith, 1991). ...
... Thus, while telicity classifications are generally made in the literature through the application of classic tests (cf. Smith, 1991;Vendler, 1967) much of what children said did not readily permit the use of those tests as they are traditionally done. Both of our coders are familiar with the range of traditional telicity tests, and they largely agreed on the appropriate rating (their scores differed on average by 0.95, which was less than half of a standard deviation of the overall average rating). ...
... The fact that the predicate can co-occur with the perfective suffix -le, which typically modifies bound or terminated events (Li & Thompson 1981, Smith 1997, suggests that the predicate in (3) is not stative. Additionally, the ability to modify the predicate with the durative adverbial phrase 'for X-time' (e.g., Vendler 1967, Smith 1997) also indicates its non-stative nature. ...
... In this study, I will use the term 'situation types' to represent this type of aspect. 5 Prior studies, including Vendler (1967) and Smith (1997), have proposed a general classification of situation types into four main classes based on their temporal characteristics: activities, states, accomplishments, and achievements. Smith (1997) highlights that each situation type exhibits specific temporal features, including dynamism, telicity, and duration. ...
This study presents a syntactic analysis of the different aspectual readings of a gradable predicate in Mandarin Chinese. It is argued that such predicates contain an uninterpretable/underspecified [a dynamic] feature that needs a value. To receive a value, the feature must be in a c-command relation with a functional element. For example, a functional element like the degree adverb hen 'very,' which is in the head of the Degree Phrase, can assign the feature with a negative value, and the predicate has a stative reading. In contrast, a null atelic morpheme in the head of the Inner Aspect Phrase can give a plus value to the predicate and it has an atelic and dynamic reading. The present study also discusses the telic reading of the same kind of predicates functioning either as the main predicate or a secondary one. It is argued that a covert telic morpheme is responsible for the telic reading. The proposed analysis shows that a syntactic account is as plausible as a lexical one, providing a comprehensive understanding of the aspectual readings of gradable predicates in Mandarin Chinese.
... Psycho-verbs and verbs of perception are semantically stative, as assumed in the event semantics(Davidson 1967;Vendler 1967;Maienborn 2011).16 The Mandarin verb ài 'love' can be only expressed as xuɛ 42 ɕi 213 'like, love' in YJ. ...
The morpheme po ⁵⁵ in the Yanzhou (Jiande) dialect functions as either a verb of giving or an object marker (Cao 2017). In the former case, po ⁵⁵ patterns with the ditransitive verb g ě i in Mandarin Chinese, where the mode of transfer is semantically underspecified, while in the latter case, po ⁵⁵ marks distinct thematic roles of the post- po ⁵⁵ NP, akin to b ǎ . The multifunction of po ⁵⁵ results from the grammaticalization pathway from verb of giving/helping to object marker, as defined by Chappell (2007). Through the extensive comparison with b ǎ and b ǎ - sentences in this paper, we argue that the post- po ⁵⁵ NP must be affected in a specific way and is always associated with the resultative state, due to the realization of the event denoted by the VP. By employing the linking framework in Randall 2010, we propose a unified treatment of po ⁵⁵ based on causativity, which ultimately leads to the conclusion that causativity constitutes the crucial component of the underlying Conceptual Structure of po ⁵⁵ , while the morpheme po ⁵⁵ is lexicalized as a strict causative item, albeit its dual status in the grammar.
... The kinds of events described by verbal predicates may be sorted into different semantic classes of grammatical relevance. Respective classifications go under various names such as Vendler classes (Vendler, 1967), actionality classes (Tatevosov, 2002), situation types (Smith, 1997), eventuality types (Filip, 1999), taxonomic categories (Padučeva, 1996), event kinds (Gehrke, 2019), or lexical aspects (Dickey, 2020). At a very general level, a first such class distinction may be drawn between states and dynamic situations: ...
This paper investigates the role of simplex perfectives in the Russian aspectual system, which are known to display a number of characteristics that seem to escape a proper theoretical treatment. It is proposed that simplex perfective roots (like reš- or bros-) share with internally prefixed base predicates (like napis- or pročit-) a maximal path in their event descriptions. The two classes of predicates differ from each other, however, in that only the latter require their events to realise the path up to its limit. The underspecification of so-called simplex perfectives with respect to event maximality is resolved by the choice of the different theme vowels -a or -i. A theoretical model is developed that derives the actual verb forms in accordance with their aspectual values. It implements two different morphological cycles, with theme vowel insertion demarkating the end of the first one. Early (internal) and late (external) prefixation are defined relative to this.
... Take a look at the following examples: Although all the sentences are in the same tense-aspect (past simple), the narrative in example (10) seems more cohesive and acceptable than that of example (11). The difference can be explained by the lexical aspect (Aktionsart) of the verb phrases as per Vendler (1957;1967), which refers to the aspectual distinctions inherent in the clause as conditioned by the relationship between the predicate and its arguments. Unlike morphological aspect, semantic theories of lexical aspect stress that verbs can be grouped into various classes depending on their "inherent aspectual meaning" or "Aktionsart" (Dahl 1985, 26) regardless of their grammatical form. ...
This volume is based on a selection of papers presented at the Second Conference on the Endangered Languages of East Asia (CELEA2), hosted by the Department of Asian and North African Studies at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice on 3-5 May 2022. In each chapter, the authors discuss the topic of ‘time’ in relation to different aspects of a number of East Asian languages that are rarely represented in typological studies (Nivkh, Nighvng, Chalkan, Khitan, Ainu, Sakizaya, Kaxabu, Ryukyuan languages, Hachijō, Manchurian, and Yu). The volume will appeal to scholars with an interest in endangered languages or East Asia, and more generally will serve as a reference work in descriptive, historical and comparative linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse studies, and lexicography.
... Depending on the context, a single verb can therefore be assigned to different Aktionsarten. Each Aktionsart class is also assumed to naturally head either a telic or atelic predicate, as postulated by Vendler (1967), with semelfactives (absent in the Vendlerian classification but included in van Lambalgen, Hamm 2005) heading telic predicates (Rothstein 2004, 185). This assumption eventually makes telicity a defining feature of Aktionsarten. ...
This paper investigates inferential evidentiality in Sakhalin Ainu with a specific focus on the pragmatic use of inferential forms to bring out the tense reference of the predicate that is under the scope of evidentiality. It will be argued that what derives either a present or past tense reference for the scope predicate is the interplay of the telicity and aspectual values of the scope predicate itself, and the inner semantics of the inferential form used. Together with these two semantic variables, another pivotal element involved in the derivation of tense reference is the very cognitive process that is entailed by acquisition of information through inference. As it is chiefly concerned with tense and aspect, this study contributes to the description of the tense-aspect-mood-evidentiality (TAME) system of Sakhalin Ainu and Ainu more generally, which has traditionally been described as a 'tenseless' language.
... Según Vendler (1967), existen 4 categorías de predicados: estados, realizaciones, actividades y logros, los cuales se caracterizan por tener uno o varios de los siguientes rasgos: duración, delimitación y dinamismo. De los ejemplos (1,2,4,5) podemos ver que la pasiva perifrástica admite las realizaciones y los logros, pero no los estados como (3), a menos que cuenten con el complemento agente plural, tampoco las actividades, que no se culminan en un punto, como se muestra en el ejemplo (6), ya que construir viviendas no posee un fin natural. ...
RESUMEN El uso de la pasiva constituye una de las dificultades con las que los estudiantes chinos se encuentran al estudiar el español. Muchas veces confunden la pasiva perifrástica con la pasiva refleja y las construcciones con «estar + participio», también confunden la pasiva refleja con las construcciones impersonales con se, y no saben realmente cuándo y cómo han de utilizarlas. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis contrastivo entre las distintas construcciones pasivas en español, y también entre las pasivas en español y en chino, se analizan los errores cometidos por los alumnos chinos y se proponen sugerencias para mejorar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la pasiva. Palabras clave: la pasiva, chino, español, análisis contrastivo, análisis de errores ABSTRACT The use of the passive tense is one of the difficulties that Chinese students encounter when they study Spanish. They often confuse the passive constructions «ser + past participle» with the passive se constructions, and «estar + past participle». The impersonal and passive se constructions are also confusing for them. In fact, many of them do not really know when and how to use the different forms of passive. This paper presents first a contrastive analysis among the passive constructions in Spanish, and then between the passive constructions in Spanish and in Chinese. Errors made by Chinese students are also analyzed and suggestions for improving teaching and passive learning are proposed.
... In this article, TAM theories refer collectively to all of the following: 2 • Canonical works in tense, namely Jespersen (1924), Reichenbach (1947), Bull (1960), Allen (1982), Klein (1994), and Comrie (1985). • Theories on Grammatical, Lexical, and Predicational Aspect, including Vendler (1967), Verkuyl (1993), and Borik (2006). • Mood and the expansion to or interaction with Modality, without crossing over to Evidentiality, as summarised in Bybee et al. (1994, 240-2), Bybee (1998, 262-3), and van der Auwera and Aguilar (2016). ...
This article investigates the historical development of the linguistic writings on Vietnamese tense marking. The scholarship on Vietnamese tense marking is unique as it is shaped by both linguistic and non-linguistic influences: foreshadowed in the seventeenth-century missionary grammars, turned prescriptive during the French colonisation of Vietnam, bifurcated during the Cold War, and since 1986 converged with rapid developments in tense-aspect-mood (TAM) theories. In this article, I critically examine and (re-)interpret the claims on Vietnamese tense marking made by the relevant grammatical writings during these periods and consolidate the scholarship into three emerging themes: transcategorial complexity; covert–overt complexity; and prevalence of TAM. I show that TAM theories have predominantly been the only theoretical framework for analysing a group of multifunctional particles. This prevalence of TAM theories arises not only because (i) how each of the earlier grammars of Vietnamese on the topic was referenced, misinterpreted, or ignored due to certain historical and socio-political milestones, but also because (ii) the influence of certain linguistic ideologies overshadows the other two themes and ultimately the pragmatic functions of those particles. These two reasons form a unique scholarship on Vietnamese tense marking, the basis of which is grounded firmly on continuously expanding TAM theories.
... The adopted model for introducing verbs in the DOLCE-oriented WordNet ontology finds support in the ITP (Intelligent Text Processing) linguistic ontology proposed by Dahlgren [3], which is a content ontology for natural language processing that intends to represent a "world view" based on assumptions about what exists in the world, including verbs, viewed as essential elements in NLP, and how to classify it. Regarding verbs, the ITP ontology follows the Vendlerian approach [26], classifying each verb as an event or state, being events further subdivided into activities, accomplishments and achievements. This is very close to the classification of temporal entities defined in DOLCE, which presents some small variations, detailed in the next Section. ...
Semantic annotation is fundamental to deal with large-scale lexical information, mapping the information to an enumerable set of categories over which rules and algorithms can be applied, and foundational ontology classes can be used as a formal set of categories for such tasks. A previous alignment between WordNet noun synsets and DOLCE provided a starting point for ontology-based annotation, but in NLP tasks verbs are also of substantial importance. This work presents an extension to the WordNet-DOLCE noun mapping, aligning verbs according to their links to nouns denoting perdurants, transferring to the verb the DOLCE class assigned to the noun that best represents that verb's occurrence. To evaluate the usefulness of this resource, we implemented a foundational ontology-based semantic annotation framework, that assigns a high-level foundational category to each word or phrase in a text, and compared it to a similar annotation tool, obtaining an increase of 9.05% in accuracy.
... This explains the wide functionality that the following study's data analysis function pertains moreover, it is experienced heavily in academic researches that thematic analysis takes place in two forms (Kennedy, 2017). Either primarily developing the themes (keywords or phrases), that act as the guideline for the collected responses and each answer is then coincided with the firmed keywords in order to compromise upon a certain majority keyword and it is then forwarded to ensure that a specific result is obtained (Vendler, 2019). Whilst the second perspective is a firm believer about collecting response or answer primarily and aligning it with on the form where majority of responses gets served as the best forum. ...
This study investigates the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on the construction sector in Southeast Asia, focusing on Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia. Qualitative research approach is used to analyze the implications of Chinese investments in these countries, exploring both the opportunities and challenges faced by Chinese investors. Key research questions address the resilience of the construction sector, the obstacles encountered by investors, and the influence of policy on the construction business. Through interviews with CEOs and senior managers of major construction companies and a review of relevant documents, the study uncovers the economic and geopolitical motivations behind China’s BRI strategy. The findings reveal significant insights into the benefits and drawbacks of BRI financing, providing recommendations for overcoming challenges and leveraging future opportunities in Southeast Asian construction sectors.
... Fulfilment types concern whether intention fulfilment (akin to change, more details below) happens in causative events, which is reminiscent of verbs' lexical aspect, i.e., "a semantic category that concerns properties of eventualities … expressed by verbs … [such as] the presence [or absence] of some end, limit or boundary in the lexical structure of … verbs" (Filip 2012: 722). A well-known aspectual system is Vendler's (1967) classification along three dimensions: stative/dynamic, durative/ punctual, and telic/atelic. A crossing of these features yields four aspectual categories: states (stative/durative/atelic, e.g., know), activities (dynamic/durative/atelic, e.g., walk), accomplishments (dynamic/durative/telic, e.g., clean), and achievements (dynamic/punctual/telic, e.g., break). ...
Memory of event outcomes is a topic increasingly discussed in the field of event language and cognition. This study approaches how language influences memory of event outcomes from the under-explored perspective of the verb’s “fulfilment type”, a property formulated in Talmy’s event integration theory. This property indicates the extent to which verbs depict fulfilment of intentions. Through two experiments, we explored how verbs’ fulfilment type properties shape the text-based memory of event outcomes according to their perceived likelihood of intention fulfilment. There are two major findings. First, people tend to have “fulfilment preferences” and infer that intention fulfilment is more likely than intention non-fulfilment. Second, intention-unfulfilled event outcomes tend to be remembered better for event descriptions that trigger no fulfilment perferences. This study contributes to event language and memory research by demonstrating how language-generated inferences can influence established memory of event outcomes.
... Finally, 'flash' is referred to as a semelfactive verb -it denotes a type of event that only has a culmination, but lacks a force that initiates it, a resultant state, and any kind of change. These are the six classes of Aktionsart outlined by van Lambalgen, Hamm (2005), which include the four classes originally distinguished by Vendler (1967). Defining the Aktionsart of a predicate is useful to understand its incompatibilities with certain categories or lexical items (e.g. ...
This volume is intended to be a practical manual to learn the basics of the Ainu language, in its varieties of Southern Hokkaidō and Sakhalin. Each lesson presents one specific topic that is investigated taking into account both varieties of the language. Three kinds of activities guide the student throughout each lesson to inductively make generalisations on the language that can be supported by linguistic evidence and, possibly, to revise the information they were given as a start of their analysis. In order to do this, the student learns to observe the data, recognize recurring patterns and exceptions, and formulate a description of the language behaviours illustrated by the given examples. At the end of each lesson the student actively gains knowledge of the Ainu language by producing themselves a set of descriptive rules. The course aims at giving the student some basic analytical tools to approach and analyse Ainu language sources. Furthermore, the student will gain knowledge about the genealogical relationship of the Ainu language and about important sociolinguistic issues relative to its past history and present status of vitality.
... In addition to grammatical aspect, there are also nongrammatical aspectual distinctions based on the semantics of verbs and their arguments. In this sense, four aspectual classes are commonly used to differentiate predicates (lexical aspect or Aktionsart), which can be defined based on three semantic features (Smith 1997;Vendler 1967; see Table 1). Punctuality is a feature of events that are instant in nature and therefore lack duration. ...
Tense-mood-aspect mappings and the variable morphosyntactic structures that express them are a key aspect of language development. For instance, progressive aspect expression in Spanish might present a learnability problem because the language alternates synthetic and analytic forms to encode progressiveness (e.g., como vs. estoy comiendo ‘I am eating’). To date, however, acquisition studies have focused on present temporalities, rather than past or future contrasts. We examine the frequency of selection of these variants and the linguistic factors that significantly condition selection across course levels. For this purpose, four groups of college-level learners (N = 117) and one L1 Spanish group (N = 21) completed a 30-item written preference task. The dependent variable was form selection (synthetic, analytic, or that both were equally possible). The independent variables considered were the dynamicity of the predicate, the presence of a co-occurring adverb, temporality, and verb lexeme frequency. Results showed stable rates of selection across groups, with each selecting synthetic forms in over 50% of contexts. Within-group mixed-effects regression analyses revealed that lexical frequency and temporality, in addition to dynamicity, were relevant predictors of preference, as learners moved from making no distinction between forms to systematic patterns of selection as course level increased.
... Consequently, it would be only the first that can be related to "green". Nevertheless, the verb grow is mainly a telic verb belonging to the aspectual type of accomplishment (Vendler, 1967), whereby a culminative state is projected as part of the dynamics of its meaning. The meaning of green as "unripe", then, would not follow strictly speaking from the semantics of the verb. ...
The present work explores the relevance of prototype semantics in determining genetic relations in Indo-European linguistics. It argues that schematisation as a constitutive process of category formation can be used as a criterion of economy and analytical coherence, when it comes to corroborating assumed phonological correspondences. Thus, it takes the terms grástis, grāmen and græs in Ancient Greek, Latin and Old English, respectively, all roughly meaning “fodder, grass”, and examines the possibility of all three stemming from a common non-propositional prototypical core. The analysis proceeds in the following way: it first tries to reconstruct a schematic prototype for the series of all meanings related genetically to each of the terms, whereas in turn it compares this prototype for each series with that of the rest. It concludes that the image schema of vigorous INTERNAL GROWTH is the prototypical core from which all senses emanate in a conceptual network with radial structure.
Keywords: Indo-European reconstruction, prototypes, image schemas, Occam´s criterion.
... The imperfective intersects with the predicate's internal temporal structure, otherwise known as situation type, aspectual class, or Aktionsart (Vendler 1957;Bach 1986;Smith 1999;Filip 2012). It overrules the temporal ramifications of the situation type, as in przepisać ᴾ and przepisywać ᴵ where both verbs denote the same situation type, i.e., accomplishment, but differ in grammatical aspect (Klein 2018). ...
This study examines the temporal architecture of Polish film retellings within the research framework developed by Christiane von Stutterheim and colleagues, who identified grammaticalized progressive and imperfective aspects as powerful agents capable of influencing event construal, and through it, the organisation of discourse. Based on this finding, the study explores 30 offline film retellings to find out whether their narrative structure reflects the patterns attributed to the influence of a grammaticalised imperfective (IMPF). The results show that narrators consistently build the storyline using the present tense and the IMPF. In Polish, present tense verb forms encode the IMPF predominantly in the stem or in a grammaticalised secondary imperfective (SI) marker. As revealed by the study, the SI is used rather sparingly in the retellings. Another feature of note is a scarcity of connectives, found to coincide with the presence of grammaticalised imperfective markers in the languages examined under the framework. The study concludes that, due to low usage rates for the SI, there is not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a causal relationship between the grammaticalisation of the IMPF and narrative frames in Polish, and points to a formative role of discourse mode dynamics in shaping temporal progression.
... Les tests permettant d'identifier les noms d'évènements sont connus (cf. notamment Vendler 1967, Godard & Jayez 1994, Van de Velde 2006, Huyghe 2012 Tous ne passent cependant pas aussi bien l'intégralité de cette première série de tests. Le nom neige est de ceux-là. ...
Si les phénomènes météorologiques ont été bien explorés dans les domaines verbal et nominal, la présente étude est, à notre connaissance, la première qui aborde ces phénomènes dans le domaine adjectival sous l’angle constructionnel, en particulier en s’attachant à la formation d’adjectifs dénominaux en -eux dérivés des noms de météores. À ce titre, elle demeure exploratoire, et reste à affiner.
Le premier résultat que fait apparaitre cette étude est que la suffxation en -eux peut activer les lectures ‘évènement’, ‘susbtance’ et ‘état’ des bases auxquelles elle s’applique. Le deuxième résultat qui se dégage est que nos adjectifs satisfont globalement les caractéristiques mises au jour par Fradin (2007) et Fradin & Yannick Mathieu (2013) à propos de la suffixation par -eux en général modulo la mise en évidence d’une dimension supplémentaire ‘son’.
Cependant, et c’est le troisième résultat qui nous semble intéressant, ils présentent une caractéristique inédite, qu’ils héritent de leur base nominale : celle de pouvoir être utilisés sans nom recteur. Notre étude a par conséquent montré que la particularité du domaine météorologique se maintient dans le domaine adjectival et provient, au moins en partie, de la particularité des noms de météores qui relèvent tous, dans des proportions variables, de trois catégories traditionnellement distinctes, à savoir les noms d’évènements, de substances et d’états.
... Within the last 10-15 years, a new interest in OLP has been on the rise, bringing about a number of new interesting interpretations often pointing toward how the OLPs have been misunderstood (see for example Laugier [2013] and Baz [2012]). However, since the middle of the 1970s, OLP basically vanished from mainstream philosophy but was incorporated in other disciplines, bringing discussions of the ordinary away from what seems like narrow (but not irrelevant) philosophical discussions (e.g., discussions of what it means to say "I know") and using and developing the insights of OLPers within diferent felds, such as linguistics (Vendler, 1967), anthropology (Das, 2020), literary studies (Felman, 1983;Moi, 2017), education (Saito & Standish, 2012), performativity studies (e.g., Butler, 2015;Derrida, 1988), and as already mentioned, the early ethogenics by Harré and Secord, plus the later development of PT. It is, therefore, ftting to end this historical-exploratory chapter by indicating implications from our investigations into Austin, Ryle, and Strawson. ...
... argument structure. A number of approaches exist in the literature with respect to how it interacts with the selection of grammatical relations, and with other components of grammatical information. These approaches in selection of grammatical relations and grammatical information will be exploited in the present study with respect to Kambari data.Vendler (1967) was a pioneer study of the event structure approach. In his work, Vendler (ibid: 102) proposed a classification of verbs into four types: activities, states, accomplishments, and achievements. In general, in Vendler's work (and later interpretations of it) three types of concepts tend to occur: the notion of change or transition, the no ...
I present aspects of Kambari grammar within the framework of Chomsky’s Theta theory, a sub-module of the Government and Binding Theory focusing on the assignment of Theta roles to verbal arguments. Each Argument of a predicate bears a particular thematic role, and the set of thematic functions which Arguments can fulfil are drawn from a highly restricted, finite, universal set. Kambari language is from different language phyla with all languages in Europe and Asia. The Kambari cluster is classified as Niger-Congo.
The rich treasure of polymorphous tales belonging to the Kurichya tribe of
Wayanad, Kerala, India, may be viewed as fundamentally an expression of their attempt to impose a humanising shape on what appeared to them as a haphazard world. Evidently, these tales aim to account for the plurality and uncertainty of life that they encountered. Hence, a structuralist analysis of such tales by employing Vladimir Propp’s framework given in his Morphology of the Folktale, great as it is, seems to fall short in terms of capturing the semantic richness of these tales. However, incorporating Elinor Ochs and Lisa Capps’ dimension of linearity might afford a far more comprehensive and nuanced perspective. The findings of the study highlight the unique characteristics and organizational patterns present within the Kurichyan cultural context, and it hazards the view that a minor revision in Propp’s framework for the analysis of these tales may be in order. Additionally, the study presents twenty-five tales in all, structurally analysed after having the tales been compiled and translated by the researcher. It is hoped that this study which is assumed to be the first step in an ethnographic analysis of the Kurichyan community, sets in motion future research initiatives in the area.
L'objectif de ce travail est de comparer les constructions Tough (TC) en français et en bulgare (Ce livre est difficile à lire / Tazi kniga e trudna za chetene). Après un rappel des propriétés générales de ces constructions (§ 2) et des hypothèses concernant leur structure profonde (§ 3), nous nous concentrons sur leur réalisation dans les deux langues, en identifiant surtout la TC en bulgare, langue qui n'a pas fait l'objet d'études dans ce domaine 1 (§ 4). Au coeur de l'article (§ 5) est l'analyse morphosyntaxique et sémantique de l'élément post-adjectival-infinitif en français et nom déverbal en bulgare-, analyse qui révèle des similitudes frappantes au niveau des relations complexes qui s'établissent entre les constituants des TC dans les deux langues. Enfin, dans une conclusion qui débouche sur des perspectives (§ 6), nous soulignons la nécessité de prendre en considération les contraintes lexicales/pragmatiques propres à chacune des deux langues, qui font que la traduction d'une TC française par une TC bulgare (ainsi que l'inverse) n'est pas toujours possible.
Since West’s seminal 1989 article, it has been assumed that there were (only) four instances in epic Greek (Homer, Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns) in which the injunctive (often called an unaugmented indicative in the commentaries) could be interpreter as having a timeless (or omnitemporal) meaning. In an article, divided into two parts, I will argue and show that there could be more of these forms. I will also analyze several other instances in which an injunctive has been transmitted, instances in which it refers to a background action or an event in a remote past. In part 1, I address the interaction and difference in use between the injunctive and the (augmented) indicative in epic Greek, paying special attention to the gnomic aorist, the similia, the instances with τε-épique and the so-called “Hymnic aorist”, explaining why they mostly comprise the augment. Following West 1989 for Greek and Hoffmann 1967 for Vedic, I argue that the injunctives or unaugmented indicatives are not simply metrical variants of the indicative, but have their own distinct meanings and functions, as they are used to “mention” or describe background actions, preserve an old “timeless” meaning or refer to a more remote (and often mythical) past. As some of the instances have an aorist and others a present injunctive, I also take into account the aspectual difference(s) between these forms, discussing scholarship on tense and aspect in general and Homer in particular. In part 2, I proceed to actual instances and will investigate them for both the use of the injunctive or indicative and for that of the aspectual stem.
На сегодняшний день частица бывало описана значительно меньше, чем частица было, восходящая к древнерусскому плюсквамперфекту. В задачи данного исследования входило изучить динамику видо-временных форм глагола с контактным употреблением бывало, проверить, какие факторы влияют на выбор видо-временной формы, а также установить, может ли бывало входить в состав устойчивых синтаксических конструбкций. Опираясь на анализ примеров из Национального корпуса русского языка, мы продемонстрируем, что выбор видовой формы после бывало зависит от таких формальных показателей, как наличие цепочки действий и контраста, а также связан с диалогичностью или нарративностью контекста. На основании выборки можно выделить две конструкции: бывало + три или более глагола СВ непрошедшего времени и бывало + СВ прошедшего времени + контраст. Первая конструкция разворачивает типичный сценарий действий в прошлом и начинает реже употребляться со второй половины ХХ века. Вторая конструкция, судя по всему, является инновацией и зафиксирована главным образом в текстах Интернета. Обе конструкции представляют интерес, поскольку отражают способность глаголов СВ указывать на проявления повторяющихся действий. Мы рассмотрим свойства этих конструкций на фоне дискурсивных употреблений бывало.
The present study reports on a machine learning experiment concerning mobile vowels in the Russian preposition v ‘in(to)’. It is shown that a neural network is able to predict mobile vowels in 97.4% of the cases in our dataset, and a decision tree is used to extract a set of three rules that a language learner can use to achieve nearly the same level of accuracy. We argue that these rules are valuable from the perspective of language pedagogy, but that some adjustments are necessary in order to make the rules simpler and more precise. Our study lends support to earlier analyses which emphasize the capacity of mobile vowels to prevent sequences of identical segments. We advance the Word Onset Hierarchy, which enables u s to evaluate the relative importance of phonological features for mobile vowels and highlights the gradient and asymmetric nature of mobile vowels. It is suggested that machine learning represents a valuable tool for language pedagogy, not only for mobile vowels, but also for other areas of Russian grammar that are challenging for students of Russian as a foreign language.
Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) is a functional-structural theory in which syntactic structures are combined with semantic structures but the core part is the semantic structure. This paper aimed to analyze and describe different types of static structures in Arabic within the RRG and by using examples from the Holy Qur’an. Therefore, the data of this descriptive-analytic study was gathered from native speakers of Arabic and the text of the Holy Qur’an. First, different types of static structures in Arabic were explained using the evidence of the ayahs of the Holy Qur’an. Then, employing the means available in this grammar, that is, Van Valin and Lapolla's (1997) verb classification tests, static structures were determined. The results demonstrated that static structures in Arabic are divided into the following nine categories: attributives, possessives, defective verbs, emotive verbs, modal verbs, verbs to express wishes and hopes, exclamatory verbs, and verbs for praise or dispraise. Furthermore, it was found that out of the five tests in RRG, four have the required efficiency for identifying static structures. In other words, except for the test of progressive structure, other four tests including the application of adverbs related to the force of the action, application of adverbs having to do with speed, accompanying the adverb, e.g. for an hour, and accompanying the adverbs of time are efficient in Arabic.
While historians extensively research narrative and use a significant number of concepts that linguists traditionally see as their own, the properties of historical narrative have not received sufficient coverage in linguistics yet. This article analyses the similarities and differences in the approach to narrative by historians and linguists, formulates the linguistic criteria of narrativity and discusses the relationship between factuality and fictionality. The constitutive features of historical narrative identified and described in the present study include temporality, spatiality, eventfulness, informativeness, interpretability, ideologization and semioticity. Language is treated as a tool of verbalising historical narrative, structuring its chronology and logic, shaping the perception of events through a system of presuppositions, connotations, and allusions, creating historical ambiance and constructing mythologised designations. The linguistic means used in the construction of historical narrative comprise: 1) the language of the historical source; 2) the narrator's language; 3) historical terminology; 4) historicisms and archaisms; 5) precedent names; 6) obsolete and modern toponyms. The study emphasises the importance of perceiving history as a hypertext – multiple narratives united by a network of intertextual connections. The study is illustrated by examples from narratives about the Silk Road in Chinese, Russian and English. The Silk Road symbolises the crossroads of civilisations, the interaction between East and West, the economic and cultural exchanges between Asia and Europe, peaceful cooperation, good neighbourliness, and shared cultural experience.
У статті розглянуті партицип ІІ та дієприкметник/дієприслівник минулого часу у формі доко- наного виду як носії результативної семантики у німецькій та українській мовах відповідно. Завдяки аналізу прикладів із творів художньої літератури та їхніх перекладів встановлено, що досліджувані форми можуть виражати результативність дії як самостійно у функції означення, так і як складові ча- стини різних конструкцій. Завдяки контрастивному методу дослідження з’ясовано, що дієприкметники минулого часу у формі доконаного виду використовуються як означення в українській мові частіше, ніж партиципи ІІ у цій же функції в німецькій мові. Натомість у німецькій мові виявлено більше прикладів із різними конструкціями, складовими частинами яких виступають другі партиципи з ре- зультативною семантикою, ніж прикладів з різними конструкціями в українській мові, у склад яких входять дієприкметники минулого часу у формі доконаного виду. Ключові слова: результативна семантика, партицип ІІ, дієприкметник минулого часу, дієприслівник минулого часу, доконаний вид.
The paper focuses on the semantic class of verbs of creation as a subclass of dynamic verbs. The objective is to present the description of creation verbs in terms of their corresponding semantic frames and to outline the semantic features of the frame elements with a view to their automatic identification and analysis in text. The observations are performed on Bulgarian and English data with the aim to establish the language-independent and language-specific features in the semantic description of the analysed class of verbs.
La critique littéraire peut être étudiée comme un genre à part entière : c’est ainsi que, dans cet article, on se propose de contribuer à une poétique de la critique en caractérisant certains procédés. Notre propos sera principalement d’étudier le rapport entre le général et le particulier dans un commentaire, ce qui suppose de s’intéresser à des questions de morphosyntaxe comme la détermination nominale, ou les tiroirs verbaux, aussi bien qu’à des problèmes de sémantique, comme les relations hyperonyme / hyponyme ou holonyme / méronyme. Cette grammaire de la métatextualité nous permettra en outre de contribuer aussi à la poétique de l’hypertextualité, en réfléchissant à des types de réécriture jusqu’ici peu abordés par la théorie littéraire : d’un genre à l’autre (en particulier le récit et l’essai) et d’un régime référentiel à un autre (du fictionnel au factuel et inversement).
This study investigates the developmental trajectory of progressive construction among Chinese and Japanese EFL learners through a usage-based approach. A total of 600 written essays, produced by EFL learners from China and Japan with proficiency levels ranging from elementary to upper-intermediate, were analyzed. The findings reveal that advanced EFL learners, irrespective of their L1 backgrounds, exhibit higher productivity in using progressive constructions, aligning more closely with native English speakers. Moreover, the results support the aspect hypothesis, as activity verbs are predominantly marked with progressive across all learner groups. As for the development of progressive construction, less prototypical verb types in progressives increase proportionally with proficiency levels in the top 10 contingencies. However, discrepancies in proportions among Chinese and Japanese EFL learners underscore the need for a further examination of the intricate patterns of non-prototypical form-meaning associations across L1 backgrounds. The present study bears significance in shedding light on the acquisition of tense-aspect morphology influenced by L1 transfer and learner proficiency.
Esta réplica ofrece una respuesta a los comentarios de Arriagada, Rodríguez y Godinho, centrada en los siguientes problemas: el entendimiento de las preguntas ontológicas sobre el cual se asienta la categorización de las normas jurídicas como artefactos institucionales abstractos; la relación existente entre las normas y el lenguaje, a propósito de la reconstrucción crítica de las concepciones expresiva e hilética y de la clarificación de cómo se conectan la semántica y la pragmática; la inteligibilidad de la postulación de artefactos culturales abstractos, entendidos como entidades dependientes de actitudes intencionales, y de la categorización de las normas jurídicas como entidades de esta clase; y la compatibilidad de la caracterización ontológica de las normas de comportamiento punitivamente reforzadas como artefactos institucionales con su caracterización funcional como razones autoritativas y externas para la acción, en consideración a las implicaciones que esa doble caracterización tiene para la teoría de los sistemas de derecho penal.
Há um uso inovador para a negação no português brasileiro (doravante, PB), em que o marcador negativo não (doravante, não baixo) é possível na posição entre o auxiliar e o verbo não-flexionado em perífrases progressivas e perfectivas. Uma vez que a negação não pode aparecer nessa posição em outras línguas românicas, eu discuto uma possível análise para essa nova construção. Primeiramente, eu discuto as propriedades de “eventualidades inibidas” possíveis em espanhol (Fábregas; González-Rodríguez, 2019, 2020, 2021), para checar suas semelhanças e diferenças com o ‘não baixo’ do PB. Em seguida, eu considero a posição sintática para o ‘não baixo’, dadas suas propriedades e a literatura sobre posições múltiplas para a negação (Declercq, 2013). Depois, assumindo a proposta de Ramchand (2018), eu proponho que, diferentemente do inglês, os verbos auxiliares de ambas as perífrases são gerados dentro do vP em PB. Além disso, assumo que o ‘não baixo’ se tornou possível no PB porque houve a perda de movimento do verbo para uma posição funcional alta na língua. Assim, o verbo lexical sobe apenas para uma posição mais baixa (aspectual), ao passo que o auxiliar se move para uma posição mais alta (Cyrino, 2013; Cyrino; Araújo-Adriano, 2023).
La présente étude empirique vise à examiner l’influence de l’aspect lexical sur l’acquisition initiale du passé composé et de l’imparfait chez les apprenants sinophones en français langue étrangère, tout en essayant de dégager des difficultés d’apprentissage sous-jacentes. Selon l’hypothèse de l’aspect, aux stades initiaux de l’acquisition, les apprenants associent de manière préférentielle la morphologie perfective aux prédicats téliques (à savoir les verbes d’accomplissement et d’achèvement) et la morphologie imperfective aux prédicats atéliques (à savoir les verbes d’état et d’activité). Les analyses statistiques effectuées ont mis en évidence cette préférence significative chez les apprenants sinophones testés, dont la L1 est connue pour l’absence de la morphologie temporelle, corroborant les résultats obtenus dans des études menées auprès d’apprenants qui marquent la morphologie temporelle dans leur L1. Il en ressort que l’acquisition de la morphologie verbale pourrait être étroitement liée à l’aspect lexical, indépendamment de la présence ou de l’absence de la morphologie temporelle en L1. Les résultats montrent également que les apprenants testés ont eu plus de difficultés à reconnaître l’emploi atypique des temps verbaux par rapport à leur emploi typique, notamment pour les verbes d’état et d’achèvement, et ce, probablement à cause de l’influence du système aspectuel du chinois, lequel présente de notables différences par rapport à celui du français.
This paper proposes an explanatory model for the lexical representation of the native speakers’ lexical knowledge of English prepositions. Lexical knowledge of prepositions as relational predicates includes argument structure (trajector-landmark) as in Cognitive Grammar , situation types (position vs state) as in Functional Grammar , lexical hierarchies (spatial subdomains) based on semantic primitives, as in Natural Semantic Metalanguage , and embodied perceptual parameters configured in four dimensions, namely, geometry, topology, force-dynamics and function (from Cognitive Linguistics ). This model is illustrated here by expounding three lexical templates compatible with constructional templates in the Lexical Constructional Model , representing the semantic decomposition of English prepositions at , on and in .
One of the questions that still surrounds the history of auxiliary do is what function it had during the Middle English period (c.1100-1500). Scholars have put forward different hypotheses, suggesting that it could serve, among others, as a perfective marker (Denison 1985), agentive marker (Ecay 2015) and habitual marker (Garrett 1998). The present article reports on a quantitative study that aims to shed further light on this issue. By means of a collexeme analysis, this article investigates the semantic features of the infinitives that occur with auxiliary do in several Middle English corpora. The results show that auxiliary do was not connected to verbs with specific semantic profiles, but it was employed in different contexts and had various functions. Specifically, the data suggest that auxiliary do was used (i) as an accommodation tool to facilitate the use of low-frequency verbs, particularly of French origin, and (ii) as an aspectual particle to mark both perfectivity and habituality. It is argued that the multifunctionality of auxiliary do in Middle English played a crucial role in the preservation of the construction before it spread to the NICE (i.e. negation, inversion, code and emphasis) environments.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.