The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project

Abstract

The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.

Full text

Ecology and Evoluon 2016; 1–44  
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1
www.ecolevol.org
Received:22April2016
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Revised:10September2016
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Accepted:22September2016
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2579
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The database of the PREDICTS (Projecng Responses of
Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project
Lawrence N. Hudson1* | Tim Newbold2,3* | Sara Contu1 | Samantha L. L. Hill1,2 |
Igor Lysenko4 | Adriana De Palma1,4 | Helen R. P. Phillips1,4 | Tamera I. Alhusseini5 |
Felicity E. Bedford6 | Dominic J. Benne4 | Hollie Booth2,7 | Victoria J. Burton1,8 |
Charloe W. T. Chng4 | Argyrios Choimes1,4 | David L. P. Correia9 | Julie Day4 |
Susy Echeverría-Londoño1,4 | Susan R. Emerson1 | Di Gao1 | Morgan Garon4 |
Michelle L. K. Harrison4 | Daniel J. Ingram10 | Marn Jung10 | Victoria Kemp11 |
Lucinda Kirkpatrick12 | Callum D. Marn13 | Yuan Pan14 | Gwilym D. Pask-Hale1 |
Edwin L. Pynegar15 | Alexandra N. Robinson5 | Kaa Sanchez-Orz16 |
Rebecca A. Senior14 | Benno I. Simmons4 | Hannah J. White17 | Hanbin Zhang16 |
Job Aben18,19 | Stefan Abrahamczyk20 | Gilbert B. Adum21,22 |
Virginia Aguilar-Barquero23 | Marcelo A. Aizen24 | Belén Albertos25 | E. L. Alcala26 |
Maria del Mar Alguacil27 | Audrey Alignier28,29 | Marc Ancrenaz30,31 |
Alan N. Andersen32 | Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés33,34 | Inge Armbrecht35 |
Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez36 | Tom Aumann37 | Jan C. Axmacher38 | Badrul Azhar39,40 |
Adrián B. Azpiroz41 | Lander Baeten42,43 | Adama Bakayoko44,45 | András Báldi46 |
John E. Banks47 | Sharad K. Baral48 | Jos Barlow49,50 | Barbara I. P. Barra51 |
Lurdes Barrico52 | Paola Bartolommei53 | Diane M. Barton51 | Yves Basset54 |
Péter Batáry55 | Adam J. Bates56,57 | Bruno Baur58 | Erin M. Bayne59 | Pedro Beja60 |
Suzan Benedick61 | Åke Berg62 | Henry Bernard63 | Nicholas J. Berry64 |
Dinesh Bha65 | Jake E. Bicknell66,67 | Jochen H. Bihn68 | Robin J. Blake69,70 |
Kadiri S. Bobo71,72 | Roberto Bóçon73 | Teun Boekhout74 | Katrin Böhning-Gaese75,76 |
Kevin J. Bonham77 | Paulo A. V. Borges78 | Sérgio H. Borges79 | Céline Boun80 |
Jérémy Bouyer81,82 | Cibele Bragagnolo83 | Jodi S. Brandt84 | Francis Q. Brearley85 |
Isabel Brito86 | Vicenç Bros87,88 | Jörg Brunet89 | Grzegorz Buczkowski90 |
Christopher M. Buddle91 | Rob Bugter92 | Erika Buscardo93,94,95 | Jörn Buse96 |
Jimmy Cabra-García97,98 | Nilton C. Cáceres99 | Nicolee L. Cagle100 |
María Calviño-Cancela101 | Sydney A. Cameron102,103 | Eliana M. Cancello104 |
Rut Caparrós25,105 | Pedro Cardoso78,106 | Dan Carpenter107,108 | Tiago F. Carrijo109 |
Anelena L. Carvalho79 | Camila R. Cassano110 | Helena Castro52 |
ThisisanopenaccessarcleunderthetermsoftheCreaveCommonsAribuonLicense,whichpermitsuse,distribuonandreproduconinanymedium,
providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
©2016TheAuthors.Ecology and EvoluonpublishedbyJohnWiley&SonsLtd.
*Theseauthorscontributedequallytothiswork.

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HUDSON et al.
Alejandro A. Castro-Luna111 | Rolando Cerda B.112 | Alexis Cerezo113 |
Kim Alan Chapman114 | Mahieu Chauvat115 | Morten Christensen116 |
Francis M. Clarke117 | Daniel F.R. Cleary118 | Giorgio Colombo119 | Stuart P. Connop120 |
Michael D. Craig121,122 | Leopoldo Cruz-López123 | Saul A. Cunningham124 |
Biagio D’Aniello125 | Neil D’Cruze126 | Pedro Giovâni da Silva127 | Marn Dallimer128 |
Emmanuel Danquah21 | Ben Darvill129 | Jens Dauber130 | Adrian L. V. Davis131 |
Je Dawson132 | Claudio de Sassi133 | Benoit de Thoisy134 | Olivier Deheuvels135,136 |
Alain Dejean137,138,139 | Jean-Louis Devineau140 | Tim Dieköer141,142,143 |
Jignasu V. Dolia144,145 | Erwin Domínguez146 | Yamileth Dominguez-Haydar147 |
Silvia Dorn148 | Isabel Draper105 | Niels Dreber149,150 | Bertrand Dumont151 |
Simon G. Dures4,152 | Mats Dynesius153 | Lars Edenius154 | Paul Eggleton1 |
Felix Eigenbrod155 | Zoltán Elek156,157 | Marn H. Entling158 | Karen J. Esler159,160 |
Ricardo F. de Lima161,162 | Aisyah Faruk163,164 | Nina Farwig165 | Tom M. Fayle4,166,167 |
Antonio Felicioli168 | Annika M. Felton169 | Roderick J. Fensham170,171 |
Ignacio C. Fernandez172 | Catarina C. Ferreira173 | Genle F. Ficetola174 |
Crisna Fiera175 | Bruno K. C. Filgueiras176 | Hüseyin K. Fırıncıoğlu177 |
David Flaspohler178 | Andreas Floren179 | Steven J. Fonte180,181 | Anne Fournier182 |
Robert E. Fowler10 | Markus Franzén183 | Lauchlan H. Fraser184 |
Gabriella M. Fredriksson185,186 | Geraldo B. Freire-Jr187 | Tiago L. M. Frizzo187 |
Daisuke Fukuda188 | Dario Furlani119 | René Gaigher159 | Jörg U. Ganzhorn189 |
Karla P. García190,191 | Juan C. Garcia-R192 | Jenni G. Garden193,194,195 |
Ricardo Garille25 | Bao-Ming Ge196 | Benoit Gendreau-Berthiaume197 |
Philippa J. Gerard198 | Carla Gheler-Costa199 | Benjamin Gilbert200 | Paolo Giordani201 |
Simonea Giordano125 | Carly Golodets202 | Laurens G. L. Gomes203 |
Rachelle K. Gould204 | Dave Goulson10 | Aaron D. Gove205,206 | Laurent Granjon207 |
Ingo Grass55,165 | Claudia L. Gray10,208 | James Grogan209 | Weibin Gu210 |
Moisès Guardiola211 | Nihara R. Gunawardene206 | Alvaro G. Guerrez212 |
Doris L. Guérrez-Lamus213 | Daniela H. Haarmeyer214 | Mick E. Hanley215 |
Thor Hanson216 | Nor R. Hashim217 | Shombe N. Hassan218 | Richard G. Hateld219 |
Joseph E. Hawes220 | Ma W. Hayward221,222,223 | Chrisan Hébert224 |
Alvin J. Helden220 | John-André Henden225 | Philipp Henschel226 | Lionel Hernández227 |
James P. Herrera228 | Farina Herrmann55 | Felix Herzog229 | Diego Higuera-Diaz230 |
Branko Hilje231 | Hubert Höfer232 | Anke Homann233 | Finbarr G. Horgan234,235 |
Elisabeth Hornung236 | Roland Horváth237 | Kristoer Hylander238 |
Paola Isaacs-Cubides239 | Hiroaki Ishida240 | Masahiro Ishitani241 | Carmen T. Jacobs131 |
Víctor J. Jaramillo242 | Birgit Jauker243 | F. Jiménez Hernández244 |
McKenzie F. Johnson100 | Virat Jolli245,246 | Mats Jonsell247 | S. Nur Juliani248 |
Thomas S. Jung249 | Vena Kapoor250 | Heike Kappes251 | Vassiliki Ka252 |

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HUDSON et al.
Eric Katovai253,254 | Klaus Kellner255 | Michael Kessler256 | Kathryn R. Kirby257 |
Andrew M. Kile258 | Mairi E. Knight259 | Eva Knop260 | Florian Kohler261 |
Ma Koivula262 | Annee Kolb263 | Mouhamadou Kone264,265 | Ádám Kőrösi156,266 |
Jochen Krauss179 | Ajith Kumar267 | Raman Kumar268 | David J. Kurz269 |
Alex S. Ku270 | Thibault Lachat271,272 | Victoria Lantschner273 | Francisco Lara105 |
Jesse R. Lasky274 | Steven C. Laa275 | William F. Laurance276 | Patrick Lavelle277,278 |
Violee Le Féon279 | Gretchen LeBuhn280 | Jean-Philippe Légaré281 |
Valérie Lehouck282 | María V. Lencinas283 | Pia E. Lenni284 | Susan G. Letcher285 |
Qi Li286 | Simon A. Litchwark287 | Nick A. Lilewood288 | Yunhui Liu289 |
Nancy Lo-Man-Hung290 | Carlos A. López-Quintero291 | Mounir Louhaichi292,293 |
Gabor L. Lövei294 | Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja295 | Victor H. Luja296 |
Mahew S. Luskin269 | M Crisna MacSwiney G297 | Kaoru Maeto298 | Tibor Magura299 |
Neil Aldrin Mallari300,301 | Louise A. Malone302 | Patrick K. Malonza303 |
Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte304 | Salvador Mandujano305 | Inger E. Måren306 |
Erika Marin-Spioa307 | Charles J. Marsh308 | E. J. P. Marshall309 | Eliana Marnez310 |
Guillermo Marnez Pastur283 | David Moreno Mateos311 | Margaret M. Mayeld312 |
Vicente Mazimpaka105 | Jennifer L. McCarthy313 | Kyle P. McCarthy314 |
Quinn S. McFrederick315 | Sean McNamara316 | Nagore G. Medina105,317 |
Rafael Medina318 | Jose L. Mena319 | Estefania Mico320 | Grzegorz Mikusinski321 |
Jerey C. Milder322,323 | James R. Miller324 | Daniel R. Miranda-Esquivel325 |
Melinda L. Moir284,326 | Carolina L. Morales327 | Mary N. Muchane328 |
Muchai Muchane329 | Sonja Mudri-Stojnic330 | A. Nur Munira331 |
Antonio Muoñz-Alonso332 | B. F. Munyekenye333 | Robin Naidoo334 | A. Naithani335,336 |
Michiko Nakagawa337 | Akihiro Nakamura338,339 | Yoshihiro Nakashima340 |
Shoji Naoe341 | Guiomar Nates-Parra342 | Dario A. Navarrete Guerrez343 |
Luis Navarro-Iriarte344 | Paul K. Ndang’ang’a345,346 | Eike L. Neuschulz75 |
Jacqueline T. Ngai347 | Violaine Nicolas348 | Sven G. Nilsson349 |
Norbertas Noreika350,351 | Olivia Norfolk352 | Jorge Ari Noriega353 |
David A. Norton354 | Nicole M. Nöske355 | A. Jusn Nowakowski356 |
Catherine Numa357 | Niall O’Dea358 | Patrick J. O’Farrell359,360 | William Oduro21,361 |
Sabine Oertli362 | Caleb Ofori-Boateng363,364 | Christopher Omamoke Oke365 |
Vicencio Oostra366 | Lynne M. Osgathorpe367 | Samuel Eduardo Otavo368 |
Navendu V. Page369 | Juan Paritsis370 | Alejandro Parra-H371 | Luke Parry372,373 |
Guy Pe’er183,374 | Peter B. Pearman375,376 | Nicolás Pelegrin377 | Raphaël Pélissier378,379 |
Carlos A. Peres380 | Pablo L. Peri381,382,383 | Anna S. Persson349 |
Theodora Petanidou384 | Marcell K. Peters385 | Rohan S. Pethiyagoda386 | Ben Phalan387 |
T. Keith Philips388 | Finn C. Pillsbury389 | Jimmy Pincheira-Ulbrich190,390 |
Eduardo Pineda391 | Joan Pino211,392 | Jaime Pizarro-Araya393 | A. J. Plumptre394 |

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HUDSON et al.
Sanago L. Poggio395 | Natalia Poli396 | Pere Pons397 | Katja Poveda398 |
Eileen F. Power399 | Steven J. Presley400 | Vânia Proença401 | Marino Quaranta402 |
Carolina Quintero370 | Romina Rader403 | B. R. Ramesh379 | Martha P. Ramirez-Pinilla404 |
Jai Ranganathan405 | Claus Rasmussen406 | Nicola A. Redpath-Downing407 |
J. Leighton Reid408 | Yana T. Reis409 | José M. Rey Benayas410 | Juan Carlos Rey-Velasco411 |
Chevonne Reynolds412,413 | Danilo Bandini Ribeiro414 | Miriam H. Richards415 |
Barbara A. Richardson416,417 | Michael J. Richardson416,417 | Rodrigo Macip Ríos418 |
Richard Robinson419 | Carolina A. Robles420 | Jörg Römbke421,422 |
Luz Piedad Romero-Duque423 | Mahias Rös424 | Loreta Rosselli425 |
Stephen J. Rossiter11 | Dana S. Roth426 | T’ai H. Roulston427,428 | Laurent Rousseau429 |
André V. Rubio430 | Jean-Claude Ruel9 | Jonathan P. Sadler431 | Szabolcs Sáán432 |
Romeo A. Saldaña-Vázquez433 | Katerina Sam194,434,435 | Ulrika Samnegård238,349 |
Joana Santana60 | Xavier Santos60 | Jade Savage436 | Nancy A. Schellhorn437 |
Menno Schilthuizen438,439 | Ute Schmiedel440 | Chrisne B. Schmi441,442 |
Nicole L. Schon443 | Christof Schüepp260 | Katharina Schumann444 | Oliver Schweiger183 |
Dawn M. Sco445 | Kenneth A. Sco446 | Jodi L. Sedlock447 | Steven S. Seefeldt448 |
Ghazala Shahabuddin449 | Graeme Shannon223,450 | Douglas Sheil451 |
Frederick H. Sheldon452,453 | Eyal Shochat454,455 | Stefan J. Siebert255 |
Fernando A. B. Silva456 | Javier A. Simone430 | Eleanor M. Slade208 | Jo Smith457 |
Allan H. Smith-Pardo458,459 | Navjot S. Sodhi460 | Eduardo J. Somarriba112 |
Ramón A. Sosa461 | Grimaldo Soto Quiroga112,462 | Marn-Hugues St-Laurent463 |
Brian M. Starzomski464 | Constan Stefanescu211,392,465 | Ingolf Stean-Dewenter179 |
Philip C. Stouer466,467 | Jane C. Stout399 | Ayron M. Strauch468 | Mahew J. Struebig66 |
Zhimin Su469,470 | Marcela Suarez-Rubio471 | Shinji Sugiura298 | Keith S. Summerville472 |
Yik-Hei Sung473 | Hari Sutrisno474 | Jens-Chrisan Svenning475 | Tiit Teder476 |
Caragh G. Threlfall477 | Anu Tiitsaar476 | Jacqui H. Todd302 | Rebecca K. Tonieo478 |
Ignasi Torre465 | Béla Tóthmérész479 | Teja Tscharntke55 | Edgar C. Turner480 |
Jason M. Tylianakis4,481 | Marcio Uehara-Prado482 | Nicolas Urbina-Cardona483 |
Denis Vallan484 | Adam J. Vanbergen485 | Heraldo L. Vasconcelos486 | Kiril Vassilev487 |
Hans A. F. Verboven488 | Maria João Verdasca489 | José R. Verdú320 |
Carlos H. Vergara490 | Pablo M. Vergara491 | Jort Verhulst492 | Massimiliano Virgilio493 |
Lien Van Vu494 | Edward M. Waite495 | Tony R. Walker352,496 | Hua-Feng Wang497 |
Yanping Wang498 | James I. Watling499 | Bria Weller189 | Konstans Wells500,501 |
Catrin Westphal55 | Edward D. Wiafe502 | Christopher D. Williams503 |
Michael R. Willig504,505 | John C. Z. Woinarski446 | Jan H. D. Wolf506 |
Volkmar Wolters243 | Ben A. Woodcock507 | Jihua Wu508 | Joseph M. Wunderle, Jr509 |
Yuichi Yamaura341 | Satoko Yoshikura510 | Douglas W. Yu511,512 | Andrey S. Zaitsev243,513 |
Juliane Zeidler514 | Fasheng Zou515 | Ben Collen3 | Rob M. Ewers4 |
Georgina M. Mace3 | Drew W. Purves516 | Jörn P. W. Scharlemann2,10 | Andy Purvis1,4

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HUDSON et al.
1DepartmentofLifeSciences,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,UK
2UnitedNaonsEnvironmentProgrammeWorldConservaonMonitoringCentre,Cambridge,UK
3DepartmentofGenecs,EvoluonandEnvironment,CentreforBiodiversityandEnvironment,Research,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
4DepartmentofLifeSciences,ImperialCollegeLondon,Ascot,UK
5ImperialCollegeLondon,SouthKensington,London,UK
6DepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversity,Cambridge,UK
7FrankfurtZoologicalSociety,AfricaRegionalOce,Arusha,Tanzania
8ScienceandSoluonsforaChangingPlanetDTPandtheDepartmentofLifeSciences,ImperialCollegeLondon,SouthKensington,London,UK
9Centred’étudedelaforêt.,UniversitéLaval,Laval,QC,Canada
10SchoolofLifeSciences,UniversityofSussex,Brighton,UK
11SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,London,UK
12SchoolofBiologicalandEcologicalSciences,UniversityofSrling,Srling,UK
13SchoolofBiologicalSciences,RoyalHollowayUniversityofLondon,Egham,Surrey,UK
14DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences,UniversityofSheeld,WesternBank,Sheeld,UK
15SchoolofEnvironment,NaturalResourcesandGeography,BangorUniversity,Bangor,Gwynedd,UK
16UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
17SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Queen’sUniversityBelfast,Belfast,UK
18InstuteofBiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAberdeen,Aberdeen,UK
19EvoluonaryEcologyGroup,UniversityofAntwerp,Antwerp,Belgium
20NeesInstuteforPlantBiodiversity,UniversityofBonn,Bonn,Germany
21WildlifeandRangeManagementDepartment,FacultyofRenewableNaturalResources(FRNR),CollegeofAgricultureandNaturalResources(CANR),Kwame
NkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KNUST),Kumasi,Ghana
22SAVETHEFROGS!Ghana,Adum-Kumasi,Ghana
23EscueladeBiología,UniversidaddeCostaRica,SanJosé,CostaRica
24LaboratorioEcotono-CRUB,UniversidadNacionaldelComahueandINIBIOMA,RíoNegro,Argenna
25DepartamentodeBotánica,FacultaddeFarmacia,UniversidaddeValencia,Burjassot,Valencia,Spain
26MarineLaboratory,SillimanUniversity-AngeloKingCenterforResearchandEnvironmentalManagement,SillimanUniversity,DumagueteCity,Philippines
27DepartmentofSoilandWaterConservaon,CSIC-CentrodeEdafologíayBiologíaAplicadadelSegura,Murcia,Spain
28INRA,UR0980SAD-Paysage,RennesCedex,France
29INRA,UMR1201DYNAFOR,CastanetTolosanCedex,France
30HUTAN–KinabatanganOrang-utanConservaonProgramme,KotaKinabalu,Malaysia
31BorneoFutures,KotaKinabalu,Malaysia
32CSIROLand&WaterFlagship,Winnellie,NT,Australia
33MuseodeZoología,FacultaddeCiencias,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MéxicoD.F.,Mexico
34ColeccióndeTejidos,InstutodeInvesgacióndeRecursosBiológicosAlexandervonHumboldt,ValledelCauca,Colombia
35BiologyDepartment,UniversidaddelValle,Cali,Colombia
36InstutodeInvesgacionesenEcosistemasySustentabilidad,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,Morelia,Mexico
37CollegeofScience,Engineering&Health,RMITUniversity,Melbourne,Vic.,Australia
38UCLDepartmentofGeography,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
39BiodiversityUnit,InstuteofBioscience,UniversiPutraMalaysia,Serdang,Malaysia
40FacultyofForestry,UniversiPutraMalaysia,Serdang,Malaysia
41DepartamentodeBiodiversidadyGenéca,InstutodeInvesgacionesBiológicasClementeEstable,Montevideo,Uruguay
42Forest&NatureLab,DepartmentofForestandWaterManagement,GhentUniversity,Gontrode,Belgium
43TerrestrialEcologyUnit,DepartmentofBiology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
44UFRSciencedelaNature,UniversitéNaanguiAbrogoua,Abidjan,IvoryCoast
45CentreSuissedeRecherchesScienquesenCôted’Ivoire,Abidjan,IvoryCoast
46MTACentreforEcologicalResearch,Vácrátót,Hungary
47UniversityofWashingtonTacoma,Tacoma,WA,USA
48NorthernHardwoodsResearchInstute,Edmundston,NB,Canada
49LancasterEnvironmentCentre,LancasterUniversity,Lancaster,UK
50MCT/MuseuParaenseEmílioGoeldi,Belém,Brazil

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51AgResearchLimited,InvermayAgriculturalCentre,PuddleAlley,Mosgiel,NewZealand
52CentreforFunconalEcology,DepartmentofLifeSciences,UniversityofCoimbra,Coimbra,Portugal
53COT(TuscanOrnithologicalSociety),Livorno,Italy
54SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstute,Balboa,Ancon,PanamaCity,RepublicofPanama
55Agroecology,DepartmentofCropSciences,Georg-AugustUniversity,Göngen,Germany
56Biosciences,SchoolofScience&Technology,NonghamTrentUniversity,Clion,Nongham,UK
57UniversityofBirmingham,Edgbaston,Birmingham,UK
58SeconofConservaonBiology,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland
59DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
60CIBIO/InBio,CentrodeInvesgaçãoemBiodiversidadeeRecursosGenécos,UniversidadedoPorto,Vairão,Portugal
61FacultyofSustainableAgriculture,UniversiMalaysiaSabah,Sandakan,Malaysia
62TheSwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,TheSwedishBiodiversityCentre,Uppsala,Sweden
63InstuteforTropicalBiologyandConservaon,UniversiMalaysiaSabah,JalanUMS,KotaKinabalu,Malaysia
64SchoolofGeosciences,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
65DepartmentofZoology&EnvironmentalScience,GurukulaKangriUniversity,Haridwar,India
66DurrellInstuteofConservaonandEcology(DICE),SchoolofAnthropologyandConservaon,UniversityofKent,Canterbury,UK
67IwokramaInternaonalCentreforRainforestConservaonandDevelopment,Georgetown,Guyana
68DepartmentofEcology-AnimalEcology,FacultyofBiology,Philipps-UniversitätMarburg,Marburg,Germany
69ComplianceServicesInternaonal,PentlandsSciencePark,Penicuik,Edinburgh,UK
70CentreforAgri-EnvironmentalResearch,SchoolofAgriculture,PolicyandDevelopment,UniversityofReading,Reading,UK
71SchoolfortheTrainingofWildlifeSpecialistsGaroua,Garoua,Cameroon
72DepartmentofForestry,FacultyofAgronomyandAgriculturalSciences,UniversityofDschang,Dschang,Cameroon
73MaterNatura–InstutodeEstudosAmbientais,Curiba,Brazil
74CBSFungalBiodiversityCentre(CBS-KNAW),Utrecht,TheNetherlands
75SenckenbergBiodiversityandClimateResearchCentre(BiK-F),FrankfurtamMain,Germany
76InstuteforEcology,Evoluon&Diversity,GoetheUniversityFrankfurt,Biologicum,FrankfurtamMain,Germany
77SchoolofLandandFood,UniversityofTasmania,SandyBay,Tas.,Australia
78DepartamentodeCiênciasAgrárias,cE3c–CentreforEcology,EvoluonandEnvironmentalChanges/AzoreanBiodiversityGroupandUniversidadedosAçores,
AngradoHeroísmo,Açores,Portugal
79InstutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazônia,Manaus,Brazil
80EnvironmentandClimateChangeCanada,Science&TechnologyBranch,CarletonUniversity,Oawa,ON,Canada
81UnitéMixtedeRechercheContrôledesMaladiesAnimalesExoquesetEmergentes,CentredeCoopéraonInternaonaleenRechercheAgronomiquepourle
Développement(CIRAD),Montpellier,France
82UnitéMixtedeRecherche1309ContrôledesMaladiesAnimalesExoquesetEmergentes,Instutnaonaldelarechercheagronomique(INRA),Montpellier,
France
83DepartamentodeZoologia,InstutodeBiociências,UniversidadedeSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil
84HumanEnvironmentSystemsCenter,BoiseStateUniversity,Boise,ID,USA
85SchoolofScienceandtheEnvironment,ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity,Manchester,UK
86UniversidadedeÉvora–ICAAM,Évora,Portugal
87NaturalParksTechnicalOce,DiputaciódeBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
88NaturalHistoryMuseumofBarcelona,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain
89SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,SouthernSwedishForestResearchCentre,Alnarp,Sweden
90DepartmentofEntomology,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayee,IN,USA
91DepartmentofNaturalResourceSciences,McGillUniversity,Ste-Ann-de-Bellevue,QC,Canada
92Alterra,partofWageningenUniversityandResearch,RBWageningen,TheNetherlands
93DepartamentodeCiênciasdaVida,CentrodeEcologiaFuncional,UniversidadedeCoimbra,Coimbra,Portugal
94DepartamentodeBiologiaVegetal,InstutodeBiologia,UniversidadeEstadualdeCampinas,Campinas,Brazil
95DepartmentofBotany,SchoolofNaturalSciences,TrinityCollegeDublin,Dublin2,Ireland
96InstuteforEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityKoblenz-Landau,Landau,Germany
97DepartamentodeZoologia,InstutodeBiociências,UniversidadedeSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil
98DepartamentodeBiología,GrupodeinvesgaciónenBiología,EcologíayManejodeHormigas,SeccióndeEntomología,UniversidaddelValle,Cali,Colombia

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99DepartmentofBiology,FederalUniversityofSantaMaria,CCNE,SantaMaria,Brazil
100NicholasSchooloftheEnvironment,DukeUniversity,Durham,NC,USA
101DepartmentofEcologyandAnimalBiology,FacultyofSciences,UniversityofVigo,Vigo,Spain
102DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
103PrograminEcology,EvoluonandConservaonBiology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
104MuseudeZoologiadaUniversidadedeSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil
105DepartamentodeBiología(Botánica),FacultaddeCiencias,UniversidadAutonomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain
106FinnishMuseumofNaturalHistory,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland
107ParksandCountryside,BracknellForestCouncil,Bracknell,UK
108SoilBiodiversityGroup,LifeSciencesDepartment,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,UK
109MuseudeZoologiadaUniversidadedeSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil
110LaboratóriodeEcologiaAplicadaàConservação,UniversidadeEstadualdeSantaCruz,Ilhéus,Brazil
111InstutodeBiotecnologiayEcologiaAplicada(INBIOTECA),UniversidadVeracruzana,Xalapa,Mexico
112CentroAgronómicoTropicaldeInvesgaciónyEnseñanza(CATIE),TropicalAgriculturalResearchandHigherEducaonCenter,Turrialba,CostaRica
113DepartmentofQuantaveMethodsandInformaonSystems,FacultyofAgronomy,UniversityofBuenosAires,BuenosAires,Argenna
114AppliedEcologicalServices,Inc.,PriorLake,MN,USA
115NormandieUniv,EA1293ECODIV-Rouen,SFRSCALE,UFRSciencesetTechniques,MontSaintAignanCedex,France
116MC-Consult,Sorø,Denmark
117InstuteofBiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAberdeen,Aberdeen,UK
118DepartmentofBiology,CESAM,UniversidadedeAveiro,Aveiro,Portugal
119DiparmentodiBiologia,UniversitàdegliStudidiMilano,Milano,Italy
120SustainabilityResearchInstute,UniversityofEastLondon,London,UK
121CentreofExcellenceforEnvironmentalDecisions,SchoolofPlantBiology,UniversityofWesternAustralia,Nedlands,WA,Australia
122SchoolofVeterinaryandLifeSciences,MurdochUniversity,Murdoch,WA,Australia
123GrupoEcologíadeArtrópodosyManejodePlagas,ElColegiodelaFronteraSur,Tapachula,Mexico
124CSIROLandandWaterFlagship,Canberra,ACT,Australia
125DiparmentodiBiologia,UniversitàdiNapoliFedericoII,Napoli,Italy
126WildlifeConservaonResearchUnit,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,Recana-KaplanCentre,Tubney,UK
127ProgramadePós-GraduaçãoemEcologia,UniversidadeFederaldeSantaCatarina,Florianópolis,Brazil
128SustainabilityResearchInstute,SchoolofEarthandEnvironment,UniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UK
129BrishTrustforOrnithology,Srling,UK
130ThünenInstuteofBiodiversity,Braunschweig,Germany
131ScarabResearchGroup,DepartmentofZoology&Entomology,UniversityofPretoria,Hateld,SouthAfrica
132DurrellWildlifeConservaonTrust,Trinity,Jersey
133CenterforInternaonalForestryResearch,Bogor,Indonesia
134KwataNGO,Cayenne,FrenchGuiana
135CIRAD,UMRSystem,Montpellier,France
136ICRAF,RegionalOceforLanAmerica,Lima,Peru
137UPS,INP,LaboratoireÉcologieFonconnelleetEnvironnement,UniversitédeToulouse,Toulouse,France
138CNRS–UMR5245,Ecolab,Toulouse,France
139CNRS–UMR8172,ÉcologiedesForêtsdeGuyane,Kouroucedex,France
140CNRS–UMR7206(rered)CNRS/MNHN,Paris,France
141DepartmentofLandscapeEcology,InstuteofNaturalResourceConservaon,KielUniversity,Kiel,Germany
142DepartmentofBiology,NatureConservaon,UniversityMarburg,Marburg,Germany
143InstuteofIntegraveBiology,ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
144PostGraduatePrograminWildlifeBiologyandConservaon,NaonalCentreforBiologicalSciences,Bangalore,India
145WildlifeConservaonSociety(IndiaProgram),CentreforWildlifeStudies,Bangalore,India
146InstutodeInvesgacionesAgropecuarias–INIA–CRI–Kampenaike,PuntaArenas,Chile
147ProgramadeBiología,UniversidaddelAtlánco,Barranquilla,Colombia
148AppliedEntomology,ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
149UnitforEnvironmentalSciencesandManagement,North-WestUniversity,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica

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150DepartmentofEcosystemModelling,Büsgen-Instute,Georg-August-UniversityofGöngen,Göngen,Germany
151INRA,UMR1213Herbivores,Saint-GenèsChampanelle,France
152InstuteofZoology,ZoologicalSocietyofLondon,RegentsPark,London,UK
153DepartmentofEcologyandEnvironmentalScience,UmeåUniversity,Umeå,Sweden
154DepartmentofWildlife,FishandEnvironmentalStudies,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Umea,Sweden
155CentreforBiologicalSciences,UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,UK
156MTA-ELTE-MTMEcologyResearchGroup,HungarianAcademyofSciences,c/oBiologicalInstute,EötvösLórándUniversity,Budapest,Hungary
157HungarianNaturalHistoryMuseum,Budapest,Hungary
158InstuteforEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofKoblenz-Landau,Landau,Germany
159DepartmentofConservaonEcologyandEntomology,StellenboschUniversity,Maeland,SouthAfrica
160CentreforInvasionBiology,StellenboschUniversity,Maeland,SouthAfrica
161CE3C–CentreforEcology,EvoluonandEnvironmentalChanges,FaculdadedeCiências,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal
162AssociaçãoMontePico,MonteCafé,MéZóchi,SãoToméandPríncipe
163KewGardens,Wakehurst,Ardingly,HaywardsHeath,Sussex,UK
164WildAsia,UpperPenthouse,WismaRKT,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
165ConservaonEcology,FacultyofBiology,Philipps-UniversitätMarburg,Marburg,Germany
166InstuteofEntomology,BiologyCentreofAcademyofSciencesCzechRepublic,ČeskéBudějovice,CzechRepublic
167InstuteforTropicalBiologyandConservaon,UniversiMalaysiaSabah,KotaKinabalu,Malaysia
168DiparmentodiScienzeVeterinarie,UniversitàdiPisa,Pisa,Italy
169SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Alnarp,Sweden
170DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofQueensland,StLucia,Qld,Australia
171QueenslandHerbarium(DSITIA),Toowong,Qld,Australia
172SchoolofSustainability,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA
173DepartmentofBiology,TrentUniversity,Peterborough,ON,Canada
174Laboratoired’EcologieAlpine(LECA),UniversitéGrenobleAlpes,Grenoble,France
175InstuteofBiologyBucharestofRomanianAcademy,Bucharest,Romania
176UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco–UFPE,CidadeUniversitaria,Recife,Brazil
177TarlaBitkileriMerkezAraşrmaEnstüsü,Yenimahalle-Ankara,Turkey
178SchoolofForestResourcesandEnvironmentalScience,MichiganTechnologicalUniversity,Houghton,MI,USA
179DepartmentofAnimalEcologyandTropicalBiology,Biocenter,UniversityofWürzburg,Würzburg,Germany
180DepartmentofPlantSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA,USA
181DepartmentofSoilandCropSciences,ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins,CO,USA
182IRD-UMR208PALOCIRD/MNHN,Paris,France
183DepartmentofCommunityEcology,UFZ,HelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearch,Halle,Germany
184DepartmentofNaturalResourceSciences,ThompsonRiversUniversity,Kamloops,BC,Canada
185InstuteforBiodiversityandEcosystemDynamics(IBED),UniversityofAmsterdam,GEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
186PanEco/YayasanEkosistemLestari,SumatranOrangutanConservaonProgramme,Medan,Indonesia
187ProgramadePósGraduaçãoemEcologia,UniversidadedeBrasília,Brasília,DistritoFederal,Brazil
188IDEAConsultantsInc.,OkinawaBranchOce,Naha,Japan
189BiocentreGrindel,UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany
190DepartamentodeZoología,FacultaddeCienciasNaturalesyOceanográcas,UniversidaddeConcepción,Concepción,Chile
191DepartamentodePlanicaciónTerritorial,FacultaddeCienciasAmbientales,CentroEULA-Chile,UniversidaddeConcepción,Concepción,Chile
192HopkirkInstute,MasseyUniversity,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand
193SeedConsulngServices,Adelaide,SA,Australia
194EnvironmentalFuturesResearchInstute,GrithUniversity,Brisbane,Qld,Australia
195BarbaraHardyInstute,UniversityofSouthAustralia,MawsonLakes,SA,Australia
196JiangsuKeyLaboratoryforBioresourcesofSalineSoils,YanchengTeachersUniversity,Yancheng,China
197Départementdessciencesbiologiques,Centred’étudesdelaforêtUniversitéduQuébecàMontréalSuccursaleCentre-ville,Montréal,QC,Canada
198AgResearch,RuakuraResearchCentre,Hamilton,NewZealand
199EcologiaAplicada/AppliedEcology,UniversidadeSagradoCoração(USC),Bauru,Brazil
200DepartmentofEcologyandEvoluonaryBiology,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada

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201DIFAR,UniversityofGenova,Genova,Italy
202TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel
203WorldWildlifeFund,Inc.(WWF)Guianas,Paramaribo,Suriname
204RubensteinSchoolofNaturalResources,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA
205AstronEnvironmentalServices,EastPerth,WA,Australia
206DepartmentofEnvironmentandAgriculture,CurnUniversity,Perth,WA,Australia
207CentredeBiologiepourlaGesondesPopulaons(CBGP),INRA,IRD,CIRAD,SUPAGRO,Monerrier-sur-Lezcedex,France
208DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
209DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,MountHolyokeCollege,SouthHadley,MA,USA
210ChinaInternaonalEngineeringConsulngCorporaon,HaidianDistrict,Beijing,China
211CREAF,CerdanyoladelVallès,Catalonia,Spain
212DepartamentodeCienciasAmbientalesyRecursosNaturalesRenovables,FacultaddeCienciasAgronómicas,UniversidaddeChile,LaPintana,Chile
213GruposdeFauna,InstutoamazónicodeinvesgacionesciencasSinchi.,Bogotá,Colombia
214Biodiversity,EvoluonandEcologyofPlants(BEE),BiocentreKleinFlobekandBotanicalGarden,UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany
215SchoolofBiologicalScience,UniversityofPlymouth,Plymouth,UK
216FridayHarbor,WA,USA
217InternaonalUniversityofMalaya-Wales,JalanTunIsmail,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
218DepartmentofWildlifeManagement,SokoineUniversityofAgriculture,Morogoro,Tanzania
219TheXercesSocietyforInvertebrateConservaon,Portland,OR,USA
220Animal&EnvironmentResearchGroup,DepartmentofLifeSciences,AngliaRuskinUniversity,Cambridge,UK
221WalterSisuluUniversity,Mthatha,Transkei,SouthAfrica
222CentreforAfricanConservaonEcology,NelsonMandelaMetropolitanUniversity,PortElizabeth,SouthAfrica
223CollegeofNaturalSciences,BangorUniversity,Bangor,Gwynedd,UK
224NaturalResourcesCanada,CanadianForestService,LaurenanForestryCentre,Québec,QC,Canada
225DepartmentofArccandMarineBiology,UniversityofTromsø,Tromsø,Norway
226Panthera,NewYork,NY,USA
227UniversidadNacionalExperimentaldeGuayana,PuertoOrdaz,Venezuela
228RichardGilderGraduateSchool,AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,NewYork,NY,USA
229Agroscope,Zürich,Switzerland
230CorporaciónSendoNatural,Bogotá,Colombia
231EarthandAtmosphericSciencesDepartment,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
232StateMuseumofNaturalHistoryKarlsruhe(SMNK),Biosciences,Karlsruhe,Germany
233MuseumfürNaturkunde–LeibnizInstuteforEvoluonandBiodiversityScience,Berlin,Germany
234UniversityofTechnologySydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia
235UniversityofNewBrunswick,Fredericton,NB,Canada
236DepartmentofEcology,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,SZIEUniversity,Budapest,Hungary
237DepartmentofEcology,UniversityofDebrecen,Debrecen,Hungary
238DepartmentofEcology,EnvironmentandPlantSciences,StockholmUniversity,Stockholm,Sweden
239InstutodeInvesgacionesyRecursosBiológicosAlexandervonHumboldt,Bogotá,Colombia
240InstuteofNaturalandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofHyogo,Hyogo,Japan
241HiroshimaUniversityLeading-program,Higashihiroshima,Kagamiyama,Japan
242InstutodeInvesgacionesenEcosistemasySustentabilidad,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,Morelia,MéxicoC.P.,Mexico
243DepartmentofAnimalEcology,Justus-Liebig-University,Giessen,Germany
244EscueladeBiologia,UniversidaddeCostaRica,SanPedro,CostaRica
245BiodiversityandEnvironmentalSustainability,Rohini,India
246DepartmentofEnvironmentalStudies,ShivajiCollege(UniversityofDelhi),NewDelhi,India
247DepartmentofEcology,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden
248SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversiSainsMalaysia,Minden,Malaysia
249YukonDepartmentofEnvironment,Whitehorse,YT,Canada
250NatureConservaonFoundaon,Mysore,India
251CologneBiocenter,ZoologicalInstute,UniversityofCologne,Köln,Germany

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252DepartmentofEnvironmental&NaturalResourcesManagement,UniversityofPatras,Agrinio,Greece
253CentreforTropicalEnvironmentalandSustainabilityScience(TESS)&CollegeofMarineandEnvironmentalSciences,JamesCookUniversity,Cairns,Qld,Australia
254SchoolofScienceandTechnology,PacicAdvenstUniversity,PortMoresby,PapuaNewGuinea
255UnitforEnvironmentalSciencesandManagement,North-WestUniversity,Potchefstroom,SouthAfrica
256DepartmentofSystemacandEvoluonaryBotany,UniversityofZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
257DepartmentofEcologyandEvoluonaryBiologyandDepartmentofGeographyandPlanning,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
258TheWilderness&WildlifeConservaonTrust,Colombo,SriLanka
259SchoolofBiologicalSciences,PlymouthUniversity,Plymouth,UK
260InstuteofEcologyandEvoluon,UniversityofBern,Bern,Switzerland
261SeconEnvironnement,DéveloppementdurableetTerritoire,DivisionEnvironnementetTerritoire,BundesamtfürStask,Neuchâtel,Switzerland
262SchoolofForestSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Joensuu,Finland
263InstuteofEcology,FB2,UniversityofBremen,Bremen,Germany
264UniversitéPeleforoGonCoulibaly,Korhogo,IvoryCoast
265Staond’EcologiedeLamto,N’Douci,IvoryCoast
266TheorecalEvoluonaryEcologyGroup,DepartmentofAnimalEcologyandTropicalBiology,Biocenter,UniversityofWürzburg,Würzburg,Germany
267WildlifeConservaonSociety-India,NaonalCentreforBiologicalSciences,Bangalore,India
268NatureScienceIniave,Dehradun,India
269DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Policy,andManagement,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
270SchoolofBioSciences,UniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne,Vic.,Australia
271SchoolofAgricultural,ForestandFoodSciencesHAFL,BernUniversityofAppliedSciences,Zollikofen,Switzerland
272SwissFederalInstuteforForest,SnowandLandscapeResearchWSL,Birmensdorf,Switzerland
273InstutoNacionaldeTecnologíaAgropecuaria,EEABariloche,Bariloche,Argenna
274DepartmentofBiology,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,USA
275NaonalAviary,AlleghenyCommonsWest,Pisburgh,PA,USA
276CentreforTropicalEnvironmentalandSustainabilitySciences,CollegeofMarineandEnvironmentalScience,JamesCookUniversity,Cairns,Qld,Australia
277UniversitéPierre-et-Marie-Curie,Paris,France
278InstuteofEcologyandEnvironmentalSciences,Paris,France
279INRA,UR406AbeillesetEnvironnement,Avignon,France
280DepartmentofBiology,SanFranciscoStateUniversity,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
281Laboratoiredediagnoscenphytoprotecon,Ministèredel’agriculture,despêcheriesetdel’alimentaonduQuébec,VilledeQuébec,QC,Canada
282ResearchUnitTerrestrialEcology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
283LaboratoriodeRecursosAgroforestales,CentroAustraldeInvesgacionesCiencas(CADIC),ConsejoNacionaldeInvesgacionesCiencasyTécnicas
(CONICET),Ushuaia,Argenna
284SchoolofBiosciences,UniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,Vic.,Australia
285PurchaseCollege(StateUniversityofNewYork),Purchase,NY,USA
286InstuteofAppliedEcology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,China
287SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand
288TheJamesHuonInstute,Aberdeen,UK
289CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing,China
290CarsteCiênciaeMeioAmbiente,Floresta,BeloHorizonte,Brazil
291TEHOLaboratory,InsuteofBiology,UniversityofAnoquia,Medellín,Colombia
292InternaonalCenterforAgriculturalResearchintheDryAreas(ICARDA),AmmanOce,Amman,Jordan
293AnimalandRangelandSciencesDepartment,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR,USA
294DepartmentofAgroecology,FlakkebjergResearchCentre,AarhusUniversity,Slagelse,Denmark
295DepartmentofAgroforestryTechnologyandScienceandGenecs,SchoolofAdvancedAgriculturalEngineering,CasllaLaManchaUniversity,Albacete,Spain
296UnidadAcadémicadeTurismo,CoordinacióndeInvesgaciónyPosgrado,UniversidadAutónomadeNayarit,Tepic,Mexico
297CentrodeInvesgacionesTropicales,UniversidadVeracruzana,Xalapa,Mexico
298GraduateSchoolofAgriculturalScience,KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan
299DepartmentofEcology,UniversityofDebrecen,Debrecen,Hungary
300CenterforConservaonInnovaon,SanJoseTagaytayCity,Philippines
301BiologyDepartment,DeLaSalleUniversity,Manila,Philippines

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302TheNewZealandInstuteforPlant&FoodResearchLimited,Auckland,NewZealand
303NaonalMuseumsofKenya,Nairobi,Kenya
304CenterforMacroecology,EvoluonandClimate,NaturalHistoryMuseumofDenmark,UniversityofCopenhagen,CopenhagenØ,Denmark
305ReddeBiologíayConservacióndeVertebrados,InstutodeEcologíaA.C.,Xalapa,Mexico
306DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway
307DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,Madison,WI,USA
308SchoolofBiology,UniversityofLeeds,Leeds,WestYorkshire,UK
309MarshallAgroecologyLtd,Barton,Winscombe,UK
310UniversidadNacionaldeColombia,CiudadUniversitaria,Bogotá,Colombia
311BasqueCentreforClimateChange–BC3,Bilbao,Spain
312SchoolofBiologicalSciences,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Qld,Australia
313AssociateofArtsProgram,UniversityofDelaware–Wilmington,Wilmington,DE,USA
314DepartmentofEntomologyandWildlifeEcology,UniversityofDelaware,Newark,DE,USA
315DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA,USA
316CentreforMinedLandRehabilitaon,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Qld,Australia
317DepartamentodeBiogeograayCambioGlobal,MuseoNacionaldeCienciasNaturales(CSIC),Madrid,Spain
318EcologyandEvoluonaryBiology,UniversityofConneccut,Storrs,CT,USA
319MuseodeHistoriaNatural“VeraAllemanHaeghebaert”,UniversidadRicardoPalma,Lima33,Peru
320CentroIberoamericanodelaBiodiversidad(CIBIO),UniversidaddeAlicante,Alicante,Spain
321DepartmentofEcology,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,GrimsöWildlifeResearchStaon,Riddarhyan,Sweden
322RainforestAlliance,NewYork,NY,USA
323DepartmentofNaturalResources,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
324DepartmentofNaturalResources&EnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
325UniversidadIndustrialdeSantander,Bucaramanga,Colombia
326SchoolofPlantBiology,UniversityofWesternAustralia,Crawley,WA,Australia
327Lab.Ecotono,INIBIOMA(UniversidadNacionaldelComahue-CONICET),Bariloche,Argenna
328BotanyDepartment,NaonalMuseumsofKenya,Nairobi,Kenya
329DepartmentofWildlifeManagement,UniversityofEldoret,Eldoret,Kenya
330DepartmentofBiologyandEcology,FacultyofSciences,UniversityofNoviSad,NoviSad,Serbia
331SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversiSainsMalaysia,Penang,Malaysia
332ElColegiodelaFronteraSur,EcologíaEvoluvayConservación,SanCristóbaldelasCasas,Mexico
333NatureKenya,Nairobi,Kenya
334WWF,Washington,DC,USA
335IndependentResearchScholar,NewDelhi,India
336AvianDiversityandBioacouscLab,DepartmentofZoology,GurukulaKangriUniversity,Haridwar,India
337GraduateSchoolofBioagriculturalSciences,NagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Japan
338KeyLaboratoryofTropicalForestEcology,XishuangbannaTropicalBotanicalGarden,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Menglun,China
339EnvironmentalFuturesResearchInstute,andGrithSchoolofEnvironment,GrithUniversity,Nathan,Brisbane,Qld,Australia
340CollegeofBioresourceScience,NihonUniversity,Fujisawa,Japan
341ForestryandForestProductsResearchInstute,Tsukuba,Japan
342LaboratoriodeInvesgacionesenAbejas(DepartamentodeBiología),UniversidadNacionaldeColombia,Bogotá,Colombia
343LaboratoriodeInformaciónGeográca,ElColegiodelaFronteraSur(ECOSUR),SanCristóbaldelasCasas,Mexico
344CMRPZ–I.E.PlazaBonita,SanAndrésdeSotavento(Córdoba),Colombia
345BirdLifeInternaonal–AfricaPartnershipSecretariat,Nairobi,Kenya
346OrnithologySecon,NaonalMuseumsofKenya,Nairobi,Kenya
347DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofBrishColumbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada
348InstutdeSystémaque,Évoluon,Biodiversité,ISYEB–UMR7205–CNRS,MNHN,UPMC,EPHE,Muséumnaonald’Histoirenaturelle,SorbonneUniversités,
Paris,France
349DepartmentofBiology/Biodiversity,LundUniversity,Lund,Sweden
350DepartmentofBiosciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland
351DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland

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352SchoolofBiology,TheUniversityofNongham,UniversityPark,Nongham,UK
353LaboratoriodeZoologíayEcologíaAcuáca–LAZOEA,UniversidaddeLosAndes,Bogotá,Colombia
354SchoolofForestry,UniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand
355BIO-Diverse,Bonn,Germany
356DepartmentofWildlife,FishandConservaonBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,Davis,CA,USA
357IUCN-CentreforMediterraneanCooperaon,Campanillas,Málaga,Spain
358OxfordUniversityCentrefortheEnvironment,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
359NaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,CSIR,Stellenbosch,SouthAfrica
360PlantConservaonUnit,BiologicalSciences,UniversityofCapeTown,Rondebosch,SouthAfrica
361InternaonalProgrammeOce(IPO),ViceChancellor’sOce,KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KNUST),Kumasi,Ghana
362Naturschutz–PlanungundBeratung,Wiesendangen,Switzerland
363DepartmentofWildlifeandRangeManagement,KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kumasi,Ghana
364ForestryResearchInstuteofGhana,Kumasi,Ghana
365DepartmentofAnimal&EnvironmentalBiology,UniversityofBenin,BeninCity,Nigeria
366DepartmentofGenecs,EvoluonandEnvironment,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
367TheRoyalSocietyfortheProteconofBirds(RSPB),Sandy,Bedfordshire,UK
368LaboratoriodeEcologíadelPaisaje,FacultaddeCienciasForestales,UniversidaddeConcepción,Concepción,Chile
369IndianInstuteofScience,Bangalore,India
370LaboratorioEcotono,CONICET–INIBIOMA,UniversidadNacionaldelComahue,Bariloche,Argenna
371LaboratoriodeInvesgacionesenAbejas,LABUN,UniversidadNacionaldeColombia,BogotáD.C.,Colombia
372LancasterEnvironmentCentre,LancasterUniversity,Lancaster,UK
373UniversidadeFederaldoPará(UFPA),NúcleodeAltosEstudosAmazonicos(NAEA),Belém,Brazil
374GermanCentreforIntegraveBiodiversityResearch(iDiv),Halle-Jena-Leipzig,Leipzig,Germany
375DepartmentofPlantBiologyandEcology,FacultyofScienceandTechnology,UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Leioa,Spain
376IKERBASQUE.BasqueFoundaonforScience,Bilbao,Spain
377InstutodeDiversidadyEcologíaAnimal(IDEA,CONICET-UNC)andCentrodeZoologíaAplicada,FCEFyN,UniversidadNacionaldeCórdoba,Córdoba,
Argenna
378IRD,UMRAMAP,TAA51/PS2,Montpelliercedex05,France
379FrenchInstuteofPondicherry,UMIFRE21CNRS-MAEE,Puducherry,India
380SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofEastAnglia,Norwich,UK
381NaonalInstuteofAgriculturalTechnology(INTA),RíoGallegos,Argenna
382NaonalUniversityofSouthernPatagonia(UNPA),RíoGallegos,Argenna
383NaonalCommissionofScienstResearchandTechnology(CONICET),BuenosAires,Argenna
384LaboratoryofBiogeography&Ecology,DepartmentofGeography,UniversityoftheAegean,Mylene,Greece
385DepartmentofAnimalEcologyandTropicalBiology,Biocenter,UniversityofWürzburg,Würzburg,Germany
386UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK
387ConservaonScienceGroup,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK
388SystemacsandEvoluonLaboratory,DepartmentofBiology,WesternKentuckyUniversity,BowlingGreen,KY,USA
389DepartmentofNaturalResourceEcologyandManagement,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA,USA
390FacultaddeRecursosNaturales,EscueladeCienciasAmbientales,LaboratoriodePlanicaciónTerritorial,UniversidadCatólicadeTemuco,Temuco,Chile
391BiologíayConservacióndeVertebrados,InstutodeEcologíaA.C.,ElHaya,Xalapa,Mexico
392UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,CerdanyoladelVallès,Spain
393LaboratoriodeEntomologíaEcológica,DepartamentodeBiología,FacultaddeCiencias,UniversidaddeLaSerena,LaSerena,Chile
394AlberneRiProgram,WildlifeConservaonSociety,Kampala,Uganda
395IFEVA/CátedradeProducciónVegetal,DepartamentodeProducciónVegetal,FacultaddeAgronomía,UniversidaddeBuenosAires/CONICET.,BuenosAires,
Argenna
396DirectoradelProgramaConservacióndeBiodiversidadenBosquesSubtropicales,CátedradeDesarrolloSustentableyBiodiversidad,FacultaddeCiencias
Agrarias,UniversidadNacionaldeJujuy,CIT-JujuyCONICET,FundaciònCEBio,SanSalvadordeJujuy,Argenna
397DepartamentdeCiènciesAmbientals,UniversitatdeGirona,Girona,Spain
398Entomology,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
399Botany,SchoolofNaturalSciences,TrinityCollegeDublin,Dublin2,Ireland

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400CenterforEnvironmentalSciencesandEngineering&DepartmentofEcologyandEvoluonaryBiology,UniversityofConneccut,Storrs,CT,USA
401MARETEC,InstutoSuperiorTécnico,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal
402CREA-ABP,Consiglioperlaricercainagricolturael’analisidell’economiaagraria,Centrodiricercaperl’agrobiologiaelapedologia,Firenze,Italy
403EcosystemManagement,SchoolofEnvironmentandRuralScience,UniversityofNewEngland,Armidale,NSW,Australia
404EscueladeBiología,UniversidadIndustrialdeSantander,Bucaramanga,Colombia
405NaonalCenterforEcologicalAnalysisandSynthesis,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,SantaBarbara,CA,USA
406DepartmentofBioscience,AarhusUniversity,AarhusC,Denmark
407TheRoyalSocietyfortheProteconofBirds(RSPB),EdinburghPark,Edinburgh,UK
408CenterforConservaonandSustainableDevelopment,MissouriBotanicalGarden,SaintLouis,MO,USA
409DepartamentodeBiologia,UniversidadeFederaldeSergipe,SãoCristóvão/Se,Brazil
410LifeSciencesDepartment,UniversityofAlcala,AlcaládeHenares,Spain
411EntomologyColleon,SystemacsandBiogeographyLaboratory,SchoolofBiology,IndustrialUniversityofSantander,Bucaramanga,Colombia
412PercyFitzPatrickInstuteofAfricanOrnithology,DST/NRFCentreofExcellence,UniversityofCapeTown,Rondebosch,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
413SchoolofAnimal,PlantandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityoftheWitwatersrand,Wits,SouthAfrica
414CentrodeCiênciasBiológicasedaSaúde,UniversidadeFederaldeMatoGrossodoSul,CampoGrande,Brazil
415DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines,ON,Canada
416Edinburgh,UK
417LuquilloLTER,InstuteforTropicalEcosystemStudies,CollegeofNaturalSciences,UniversityofPuertoRicoatRioPiedras,SanJuan,PR,USA
418EscuelaNacionaldeEstudiosSuperiores,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,Morelia,Mexico
419ScienceandConservaonDivision,DepartmentofParksandWildlife,Manjimup,WA,Australia
420PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET,DepartamentodeBiodiversidadyBiologíaExperimental,FacultaddeCienciasExactasyNaturales,UniversidaddeBuenos
Aires,CiudadUniversitaria,(CP1428EHA)CiudadAutónomadeBuenosAires,Argenna
421ECTOekotoxikologieGmbH,FlörsheimamMain,Germany
422LOEWEBiodiversityandClimateResearchCentreBiK-F,Frankfurt/Main,Germany
423FacultaddeCienciasAmbientales,UniversidaddeCienciasAplicadasyAmbientalesU.D.C.A,Bogotá,Colombia
424CatedrasCONACYT,CIIDIR,UnidadOaxaca,IPN,SantaCruzXoxocotlán,Mexico
425UniversidaddeCienciasAplicadasyAmbientalesU.D.C.A.,Bogotá,Colombia
426SchoolofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA
427DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofVirginia,Charloesville,VA,USA
428BlandyExperimentalFarm,Boyce,VA,USA
429Départementdessciencesbiologiques(SB),UniversitéduQuébecàMontréal(UQÀM),Montréal,QC,Canada
430FacultaddeCiencias,UniversidaddeChile,Sanago,Chile
431SchoolofGeography,EarthandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UK
432InstuteofSilvicultureandForestProtecon,UniversityofWestHungary,Sopron,Hungary
433ReddeEcologíaFuncional,InstutodeEcologíaA.C.CarreteraanguaaCoatepec,ElHaya,Xalapa,Mexico
434BiologyCentreCAS,InstuteofEntomology,CeskeBudejovice,CzechRepublic
435FacultyofScience,UniversityofSouthBohemia,CeskeBudejovice,CzechRepublic
436Bishop’sUniversity,Sherbrooke,QC,Canada
437CSIRO,DuonPark,Qld,Australia
438NaturalisBiodiversityCenter,CRLeiden,TheNetherlands
439InstuteforTropicalBiologyandConservaon,UniversiMalaysiaSabah,JalanUMS,KotaKinabalu,Malaysia
440BiocentreKleinFlobek&BotanicalGarden,UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany
441CenterforDevelopmentResearch(ZEF),UniversityofBonn,Bonn,Germany
442ChairforLandscapeManagement,UniversityofFreiburg,Freiburg,Germany
443AgResearchLimited,LincolnResearchCentre,Christchurch,NewZealand
444InstuteforEcology,EvoluonandDiversity,GoetheUniversityFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany
445BiologyandBiomedicalSciencesDivision,UniversityofBrighton,Brighton,UK
446CharlesDarwinUniversity,Brinkin,NT,Australia
447LawrenceUniversity,Appleton,WI,USA
448SchoolofNaturalResourcesandExtension,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,Fairbanks,AK,USA
449CenterforEcology,DevelopmentandResearch,Dehradun,India

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450SchoolofLifeSciences,UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Durban,SouthAfrica
451DepartmentofEcologyandNaturalResourceManagement(INA),NorwegianUniversityofLifeSciences(NMBU),Ås,Norway
452MuseumofNaturalScienceandDepartmentofBiologicalSciences,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA,USA
453BatonRouge,LA,USA
454DepartmentofLifeSciences,Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev,Be’erSheva,Israel
455TheYeruchamCenterofOrnithologyandEcology,Yerucham,Israel
456InstutodeCiênciasBiológicas,UniversidadeFederaldoPará,Belém,Brazil
457OrganicResearchCentre,ElmFarm,Newbury,UK
458UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,SouthSanFrancisco,CA,USA
459UniversidadNacionaldeColombia,SedeMedellin,Medellin,Colombia
460DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,NaonalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore,Singapore
461EcologíadeComunidadesÃridasySemiaridas(EComAS),DepartamentodeRecursos,FacultaddeCienciasExactasyNaturales,UNLPam.,Santarosa,LaPampa,
Uruguay
462GobiernoAutónomoDepartamentalSantaCruz,SantaCruzdelaSierra,Bolivia
463UniversitéduQuébecàRimouski,CentreforNorthernResearch,CentreforForestStudies,Rimouski,QC,Canada
464SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,UniversityofVictoria,Victoria,BC,Canada
465MuseudeCiènciesNaturalsdeGranollers,Granollers,Barcelona,Spain
466SchoolofRenewableNaturalResources,LouisianaStateUniversityAgriculturalCenter,BatonRouge,LA,USA
467BiologicalDynamicsofForestFragmentsProject,InstutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazônia,Manaus,Brazil
468DepartmentofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalManagement,UniversityofHawaii,Manoa,Honolulu,HI,USA
469KeyLaboratoryofZoologicalSystemacsandEvoluon,InstuteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,ChaoyangDistrict,Beijing,China
470StateKeyLaboratoryofUrbanandRegionalEcology,ResearchCenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,HaidianDistrict,Beijing,
China
471InstuteofZoology,UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeSciences,Vienna,Austria
472DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandPolicy,DrakeUniversity,DesMoines,IA,USA
473DepartmentofBiology,HongKongBapstUniversity,KowloonTong,HongKongSAR,China
474ZoologicalDivision,ResearchCenterForBiology,TheIndonesianInstuteofSciences,Cibinong,Bogor,Indonesia
475SeconforEcoinformacs&Biodiversity,DepartmentofBioscience,AarhusUniversity,AarhusC,Denmark
476DepartmentofZoology,InstuteofEcologyandEarthSciences,UniversityofTartu,Tartu,Estonia
477SchoolofEcosystemandForestScience,FacultyofScience,TheUniversityofMelbourne,Richmond,Vic.,Australia
478DepartmentofBiology,SaintLouisUniversity,St.Louis,MO,USA
479MTA-DEBiodiversityandEcosystemServicesResearchGroup,Debrecen,Hungary
480InsectEcologyGroup,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK
481CentreforIntegraveEcology,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand
482InstutoNeotropical:PesquisaeConservação,Curiba,Brazil
483DepartmentofEcologyandTerritory,SchoolofEnvironmentalandRuralStudies,PonciaUniversidadJaveriana,Bogota,Colombia
484NaturhistorischesMuseumBasel,LeiterBiowissenschaen,Basel,Switzerland
485NERCCentreforEcology&Hydrology,BushEstate,Penicuik,Edinburgh,UK
486InstutodeBiologia,UniversidadeFederaldeUberlândia(UFU),Uberlândia,Brazil
487InstuteofBiodiversityandEcosystemResearch,BulgarianAcademyofScience,Soa,Bulgaria
488DivisionForest,Nature,andLandscape,DepartmentofEarth&EnvironmentalSciences,KULeuven,Leuven,Belgium
489MuseuNacionaldeHistóriaNaturaledaCiência,Borboletário–Depart.Zoologia,Lisboa,Portugal
490DepartamentodeCienciasQuímico-Biológicas,UniversidaddelasAméricasPuebla,Cholula,Mexico
491DepartamentodeGesónAgraria,UniversidaddeSanagodeChile,Sanago,Chile
492DenHaag,TheNetherlands
493RoyalMuseumforCentralAfrica–JointExperimentalMolecularUnit,Tervuren,Belgium
494VietnamNaonalMuseumofNature,VietnamAcademyofScienceandTechnology,CauGiay,Hanoi,Vietnam
495BotanyDepartment,UniversityofOtago,Dunedin,NewZealand
496SchoolforResourceandEnvironmentalStudies,FacultyofManagement,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,NS,Canada
497KeyLaboratoryofProteconandDevelopmentUlizaonofTropicalCropGermplasmResource,MinistryofEducaon,CollegeofHorcultureandLandscape
Agriculture,HainanUniversity,Haikou,China

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HUDSON et al.
498CollegeofLifeSciences,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,China
499DepartmentofBiology,JohnCarrollUniversity,UniversityHeights,OH,USA
500TheEnvironmentInstuteandSchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,TheUniversityofAdelaide,Adelaide,SA,Australia
501EnvironmentalFuturesResearchInstute,GrithUniversity,Brisbane,Qld,Australia
502DepartmentofEnvironmentalandNaturalResources,PresbyterianUniversityCollege,AkropongAkuapem,Ghana
503SchoolofNaturalSciencesandPsychology,LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity,Liverpool,UK
504CenterforEnvironmentalSciences&Engineering,UniversityofConneccut,Storrs,CT,USA
505DepartmentofEcology&EvoluonaryBiology,UniversityofConneccut,Storrs,CT,USA
506InstuteforBiodiversityandEcosystemDynamics(IBED),UniversityofAmsterdam,GEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
507NERCCentreforEcology&Hydrology,CrowmarshGiord,Wallingford,UK
508InstuteofBiodiversityScience,SchoolofLifeSciences,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China
509InternaonalInstuteofTropicalForestry,USDAForestService,SabanaFieldResearchStaon,Luquillo,PR,USA
510TsukubaUniversity,Ibaraki,Japan
511SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEastAnglia,NorwichResearchPark,Norwich,UK
512StateKeyLaboratoryofGenecResourcesandEvoluon,KunmingInstuteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Kunming,China
513A.N.SevertsovInstuteofEcologyandEvoluon,Moscow,Russia
514IntegratedEnvironmentalConsultantsNamibia(IECN),Windhoek,Namibia
515GuangdongEntomologicalInstute/SouthChinaInstuteofEndangeredAnimals,Guangzhou,China
516ComputaonalEcologyandEnvironmentalScience,MicrosoResearch,Cambridge,UK
Correspondence
LawrenceN.Hudson,DepartmentofLife
Sciences,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,
UK.
Email:l.hudson@nhm.ac.uk
Funding informaon
U.K.NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil,
Grant/AwardNumber:NE/J011193/2and
NE/L002515/1;UnitedNaonsEnvironment
ProgramWorldConservaonMonitoring
Centre;BiotechnologyandBiologicalSciences
ResearchCouncil,Grant/AwardNumber:BB/
F017324/1;HansRausingPhDScholarship;
COLCIENCIAS(DepartamentoAdministravo
deCiencia,TecnologíaeInnovaciónde
Colombia)
Abstract
ThePREDICTS project—Projecng Responses of Ecological Diversity InChanging
Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a
large, reasonably representave database of comparable samples of biodiversity
frommulplesitesthatdierinthenatureorintensityofhumanimpactsrelangto
landuse.Wehaveusedthisevidencebasetodevelopglobalandregionalstascal
models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and
makefreelyavailablethis2016releaseofthedatabase,containingmorethan3.2
million records sampled at over 26,000 locaons and represenng over 47,000
species.Weoutlinehowthedatabasecanhelpinansweringarangeofquesonsin
ecologyand conservaon biology. Toourknowledge,thisisthelargestandmost
geographicallyandtaxonomicallyrepresentavedatabaseofspaalcomparisonsof
biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and
internaonal eorts wishing to model and understand the global status of
biodiversity.
KEYWORDS
datasharing,globalbiodiversitymodeling,globalchange,habitatdestrucon,landuse
1 | INTRODUCTION
Many indicators are available for tracking the state of biodiversity
throughme,forexample,inordertoassess progresstowardgoals
suchasthe Convenonon Biological Diversity’s2010 target or the
newerAichiBiodiversityTargets(Pereiraetal., 2013;Tiensoretal.,
2014).Mostoftheavailableindicatorsaretaxonomicallyorecolog-
ically narrowin scope, and many are based on the global status of
species(e.g.,Butchartetal.,2010;Tiensoretal.,2014),because of
thenalityofexncon.However,usingamorerepresentavesetof
taxaandconsideringlocalbiodiversityoersseveraladvantages.First,
averageresponsesofspeciestohumanimpactstypicallyvaryamong
higher taxa and ecological guilds (Lawton etal., 1998; McKinney,
1997;Newboldetal.,2014;WWFInternaonal,2014),meaningthat
indicatorsneedtobebroadlybasedandasrepresentaveaspossible,
iftheyaretobeused asproxiesforbiodiversityasawhole. Second,
thetaxa forwhichmostdataon trends areavailable(typically,char-
ismacgroupssuch as birds orbueries)arenotalways the most

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HUDSON et al.
importantforthe connued funconing ofecosystems and delivery
of ecosystem services (Norris, 2012).Third, although many of the
ulmatedriversbehindbiodiversitylossareglobal,the mostimport-
antpressuremechanismsusuallyact much morelocally(Brook,Ellis,
Perring, Mackay, & Blomqvist, 2013). Fourth, most ecosystem ser-
vicesandtheirunderpinningprocessesaremediatedbylocal rather
than global biodiversity (Cardinale etal., 2012; Grime, 1998): It is
localratherthan global funconal diversity,forexample,thatdeter-
mineshowecosystemsfuncon in agivensetofcondions(Steen
etal.,2015). Finally, presence/absenceand especially abundance of
speciesat a site respondmorerapidlyto disturbancethanextentof
geographic distribuon or global/naonal exncon risk (Balmford,
Green,&Jenkins,2003;Collen etal., 2009; Hull,Darroch,& Erwin,
2015),solocalchangesarelikelytobe detectedbeforelargeglobal
changesorexncon.
Forthesereasons,thereisaneedto modeltheresponseoflocal
biodiversity to human pressuresand, thus, to esmate biodiversity
changesatlocalscales,butacrossawidespaaldomain(ideallyglob-
ally)andforawiderangeoftaxa.Wethereforeneedcomparablehigh-
qualitydataonlocalbiodiversityatdierentlevelsofhumanpressure,
frommanydierenttaxaandregions.Atpresent,spaalcomparisons
ofhowbiodiversityrespondstovariaoninpressuresprovidetheonly
feasiblewayto collatealarge,globally representaveevidencebase
andtomodel responses to human impacts.Althoughlargetemporal
datasetsare available(e.g.,Butchartetal.,2004;Collenetal., 2009;
Dornelasetal.,2014;Vellendetal.,2013),theymaynotbesuciently
representaveofanthropogenicpressuresforthe trendstheyshow
tobetakenatfacevalue(Gonzalezetal.,2016).Furthermore,inthe
absence of contemporaneous site-specic informaon about pres-
sures,it isnotstraighorwardto use these datatomodelhowbio-
diversityrespondsto pressuresortoprojectchangesintothefuture
(butseeVisconetal.,2015).Spaallyextensiveelddataofsuitable
qualityand resoluonareme-consuming andexpensivetocollect.
Themostconvenientandreadilyavailablesourceofsuitablebiodiver-
sitydataisthepublishedliterature:Thousandsofpublishedpapersare
basedon datasetsthatwouldbeofvalueto globalmodelingeorts.
However,ithasbeenrareforsuchpaperstopublishdatainfull,even
as supporng informaon, meaning that many potenally valuable
datasetsare “darkdata”(Hampton etal., 2013), eecvelyat risk of
beinglosttoscienceiftheyhavenotbeenlostalready.
Since 2012, the PREDICTS project has been collang data on
localbiodiversityatdierentlevelsofhumanpressurefrompublished
papers, where necessary contacng those papers’ corresponding
authors to request the underlying biodiversitydata, species’ iden-
es,and precise samplinglocaons.Wehaveenhancedthecollated
databyscoringsite characteriscs relangtohuman pressuressuch
as the predominant land use and how intensively the land is used
byhumans.Wealso used the geographical coordinates of thesites
to match them to a number ofpublished spaally explicit datasets.
Thedatabasehasalreadybeenusedtoconductglobal(e.g.,Newbold
etal.,2015;Newbold,Hudson,Arnell,etal.,2016),regional(DePalma
etal.,2016)and naonal (Echeverría-Londoñoetal., 2016) analyses
oftheresponsesoflocal biodiversitytoland use and relatedhuman
pressures.The databasewas rst described by Hudson etal. (2014)
whopublishedaninterimversion(March2014)ofthesite-levelmeta-
dataalongwith adetaileddescriponofhowthedatabasehasbeen
collatedandvalidated.Sincethatme, thedatabasehas nearlydou-
bledin size. Here,wedescribethestatusofthe database and make
availablethefullspecies-leveldatathemselves(notjustthesitemeta-
data previouslyreleased) to facilitate other research, especiallyinto
humanimpacts on ecologicalassemblages.Wealso include sugges-
onsforhowthedatabasecanbeused.
2 | METHODS
Wesoughtdatasetsdescribingtheabundanceoroccurrenceofspe-
cies,orthediversityofecologicalassemblagesofspeciesatmulple
sitesindierentlandusesoratdierentlevelsofotherhumanpres-
sures(e.g.,dieringlevelsofland-useintensity).Datawere primarily
collatedthroughsubprojectsonparcularregions,landuses,ortaxa.
Wealsomadegeneral requestsfordataatconferencesandthrough
publishedarcles(Hudson,Newbold,etal.,2013;Hudsonetal.,2014;
Newbold etal., 2012). Through the course of the project, searches
wereincreasingly targeted toward under-orunrepresentedregions,
biomes,ortaxa,inordertomigatebiasedcoverageintheliterature.
To be included in the database, data were required to meet the
followingcriteria:(1)thedatasetwaspartofapublishedwork,orthe
samplingmethodswerepublished; (2) thesame sampling procedure
wascarriedoutateachsitewithineachstudy(samplingeortwasper-
miedtovarysolongasitwasrecordedforeachsite);and(3)wecould
acquirethegeographicalcoordinatesofeachsampledsite.Wherethe
authoroftheoriginalpublicaonwasunabletosupplythegeographi-
calcoordinates,sitesweregeoreferencedfrommapsinthepublicaon
(Hudsonetal.,2014).Sites’land use—primaryvegetaon,secondary
vegetaon(dividedaccordingtostageofrecoveryintomature,inter-
mediate and young; or indeterminate where informaon on stage
wasunavailable),plantaonforest,cropland,pastureandurban—and,
withineachland-useclass,intensity—minimal,lightandintense—were
classiedfromthedescripongiveninthesourcepublicaonorinfor-
maonsubsequentlyprovidedbydatacontributors(seeHudsonetal.,
2014forfulldetails).Theseland-usecategorieswerechosentobeas
compable as possible with those used in the harmonized land-use
scenariosfor1500–2100(Huretal.,2011)inordertofacilitatespa-
alandtemporalprojeconsofmodeledland-useeectsonbiodiver-
sity(e.g.,Newbold etal., 2015).Forsome sites,land use and/oruse
intensitycouldnotbeestablished,soweregivenmissingvalues.
Thedatawerearrangedinahierarchicalstructure.Thedatafrom
anindividualpublishedwork,typicallyapublishedpaper,constuted
a“DataSource.”Wheredierentsamplingmethodswereusedwithin
aDataSource,forexample,becausedierenttaxonomicgroupswere
collected,andthedataweremadeavailableseparately,thedatawere
dividedintoseparate “Studies.”Datafrom a given DataSourcewere
alsosplitintomulpleStudiesiftheycoveredlargegeographicareas
(e.g.,severalcountries),to reducetheeectofbiogeographic dier-
enceswithin Studies. Each Study contained a set of sampled “Sites”

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HUDSON et al.
and“Taxa”;ateachSiteasetof“Measurements”(typicallytheabun-
danceoroccurrenceofasetoftaxa)weretaken.Theprovideddata-
baseextractscontain,foreachSite,therawmeasurementvalues,the
samplingeortsand,whererelevant,theeort-correctedabundance
values(correctedacrossSiteswithinaStudybydividingtheabundance
measurementbysamplingeort,assumingthatsampledabundances
increaselinearlywithsamplingeort,aerrstrescalingeortvalues
within each Study to a maximumvalue of one). The measurements
werenot correctedfor dierent detectability (Haywardetal.,2015;
MacKenzieetal.,2002).
Itisimportanttonotethatthedatainthedatabaseareoennot
exactly the same as those used in the source papers. Numbers of
sitesmaydierbecause datasets providedmayhavebeenparalor
includedextrasites,orbecausewehaveaggregatedordisaggregated
datadierently.Likewise,numbersoftaxamaydierbecauseofcura-
onorbecausemoredatawereprovidedthanhadbeenusedinthe
sourcepaper.Becauseourfocuswastomakethesedataasusefulas
possibleforPREDICTSanalyses,ratherthantoactasarepositoryfor
datasetsfrompreviouspublicaons,itwilloennotbepossibletouse
thesedatatoreplicatetheanalysespresentedinthesourcepapers.
Wewerelimitedbythe rate atwhichwe couldprocessnewdata
becauseso manydatasetswerecontributed.Thisledtothedevelop-
mentofabacklog,whichwehadtoclearbytheendoftherstphaseof
fundingforPREDICTS.Duringthisstageoftheproject,inordertopro-
cessallthedatasetsinhandwithinthemeavailable,wefocusedour
eortsontheeldsshowntobemostimportantinourmodelstothat
point(DePalmaetal.,2015;Newboldetal.,2014, 2015).Asaresult,
DataSourcesprocessedsinceearly2015oenlackdataforsomeelds,
includingcoordinateprecision and maximum linearextent; details of
thepotenallyaectedeldsarelistedinSupporngInformaon.
Team members were trained in how to score datasets received,
usingwriendenionsanddescriponsofeldsandterms,aswellas
praccedatasets.Alldataunderwentbasicvalidaoncheckstoensure
valuesenteredineach eld were appropriate (Hudson etal., 2014).
Geographicalcoordinateswerevisuallyinspectedonamapaerentry
into the database, and our sowareautomacally detected coordi-
natesfalling outside ofthe expected country (e.g., because latude
andlongitudevalueswereaccidentallyswapped).Forthecalculaon
ofbiodiversitymetricssuchasspeciesrichness,weacceptedtheiden-
caonsofspecies providedbytheauthorsofthe sourcepublica-
ons;theseweredeterminedatthemeoftheoriginalresearch,and
sowillnotreectsubsequenttaxonomicchangesorre-idencaons.
We also matched taxonomicnames to the Catalogue of Life 2013
checklist(COL;Roskovetal., 2013),allowingustovalidatemanyof
the names, assess taxonomic coverageand relate measurements to
species-level datasets such asthosedescribing ecological traits. We
makeavailableboththeoriginalspeciesclassicaonsandthosefrom
COL(eldnames aregivenin SupporngInformaon).Wereviewed
andcorrectedanumberofpotenalerrorcases,suchasnameswith-
outamatchingCOLrecord,andnamesforwhichthehighertaxonomic
FIGURE1 Samplinglocations.Mapcolorsindicatebiomes,takenfromtheTerrestrialEcoregionsoftheWorlddataset(TheNature
Conservancy,2009),showninageographic(WGS84)projection.Circleradiiareproportionaltolog10ofthenumberofsamplesatthatSite.All
circleshavethesamedegreeofpartialtransparency.SitesaddedtothedatabasesinceHudsonetal.(2014)areshowninpink

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HUDSON et al.
rankofthematchingCOLrecordwasunexpected(e.g.,aCOLrecord
foratrueywithinaStudythatexaminedbirds).Manymorevalidaon
checkswereapplied;acompletedescriponisinHudsonetal.(2014).
3 | RESULTS
3.1 | Geographical coverage
ThisreleaseofthePREDICTSdatabasecontains3,250,404records,
from26,114sampledSites(Figure1),collatedfrom480DataSources
and666Studies.Thedatarepresentalloftheworld’s14terrestrial
biomes, in approximate proporon to their contribuon to global
total primary producvity (Figure2). The sampled Sites span 94
of the world’s countries (including all 17 megadiverse countries;
Miermeier, Gil, & Miermeier, 1997), 281 of the 814 terrestrial
ecoregions(TheNatureConservancy2009)and32ofConservaon
Internaonal’s 35 biodiversity hotspots (Myers, Miermeier,
Miermeier,daFonseca,&Kent,2000;circlesonFigure3).Although
thedatabasefocusesonlanduse,italsoincludesdatafromregions
thathavesofarseenrelavelylileland-usechange,suchassome
FIGURE2 Coverageofbiomes.ThepercentageofStudies(aandb),Sites(candd),andsamples(eandf)againstpercentagesofterrestrial
NPP(NetPrimaryProductivity,computedasinHudsonetal.,2014;a,c,ande)andterrestrialarea(b,d,andf).Biomecodesandcolorsareasin
Figure1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
–1.0
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HUDSON et al.
highbiodiversitywildernessareas(Miermeieretal.,2003;squares
onFigure3).
3.2 | Taxonomic coverage
Records in the PREDICTS database represent 47,044 species (see
Hudsonetal.,2014forhowspeciesnumbersareesmatedintheface
ofimprecise taxonnames),which isover2%of thenumberthought
tohave been formally described (Chapman, 2009)—29,737 animals,
15,545plants, 1,759 fungi,andthreeprosts.Thetaxonomic distri-
buonoftaxainthedatabaseisinroughproporontothenumbers
ofdescribedspeciesinmajortaxonomicgroupsofanimalsandplants
(Figure4),and the data representmorethan1%asmany species as
have been described in the following groups: Amphibia, Arachnida,
Archaeognatha, Ascomycota, Aves, Basidiomycota, Bryophyta,
Chilopoda,Coleoptera,Collembola,Dermaptera,Diptera,Embioptera,
Ferns and allies, Glomeromycota, Gymnosperms, Hemiptera,
Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Magnoliophyta, Mammalia,
Mantodea, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Onychophora,
Orthoptera,Replia,SymphylaandZoraptera(Figure4).Vertebrates—
and especially birds—are overrepresented owing to biases in the
published literature (Figure4), but less so than in many other data
compilaons (e.g., over half of the records currently in the Global
Biodiversity Informaon Facility [GBIF] are of birds; www.gbif.org,
accessedinApril2016).MostStudiesinthePREDICTSdatabasesam-
pledat least mulple families, if not mulple orders, classes, phyla,
orevenkingdoms(Figure5). However,someStudies sampledonlya
singlefamily,genus,orevenspecies(Figure5).
3.3 | Temporal coverage
Wefocusedprimarilyondatasampledsince2000becausemostglobal
layersdescribinghumanpressurearecollectedaerthisyearand,in
parcular,tofacilitateuseofcontemporaneousModerate-resoluon
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remotely sensed data (Jusce
etal.,1998;Tucketal.,2014)inmodeling.However,inllingcertain
taxonomicandgeographicgaps,wealsocollatedsomedatathatwere
sampledbefore2000(Figure6). Dataaresparse aer2012because
ofthenaturalmelagsbetweendatacolleconintheeld,publica-
onandthenassimilaonintothePREDICTSdatabase(Figure6).
3.4 | Data access and structure
This 2016 release of the database—the complete dataset and also
site-level summaries—is available on the data portal of the Natural
History Museum, London (doi: 10.5519/0066354) as comma-
separatedvariable(CSV)lesandasRDSles,thelaerforusewith
the R stascal modeling language (R Core Team 2015; RDS les
weregeneratedusingR3.3.1).Acompletedescriponofthecolumns
in the extracts, along with a visualizaon of the database schema,
isgivenin Supporng Informaon. This papermakesall the data in
thisversionofthedatabasefreelyavailabletoanyonewishingtouse
FIGURE3 NumbersofSitesagainsttheareasofbiodiversityhotspotsandofhighbiodiversitywildernessareas(HBWAs).Hotspotsare
shownbycirclesandHBWAsbysquares;symbolsarecoloredbythepredominantbiogeographicrealminwhichtheyfall.Hotspotsare1
CaliforniaFloristicProvince,2MadreanPine-OakWoodlands,3AtlanticForest,4CaribbeanIslands,5Cerrado,6ChileanWinterRainfall
andValdivianForests,7Mesoamerica,8TropicalAndes,9Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena,10Irano-Anatolian,11Japan,12MediterraneanBasin,
13MountainsofCentralAsia,14MountainsofSouthwestChina,15CapeFloristicRegion,16CoastalForestsofEasternAfrica,17Eastern
Afromontane,18GuineanForestsofWestAfrica,19MadagascarandtheIndianOceanIslands,20Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany,21Succulent
Karoo,22Himalaya,23Indo-Burma,24Philippines,25Sundaland,26WesternGhatsandSriLanka,27EastMelanesianIslands,28Forests
ofEastAustralia,29NewZealand,30SouthwestAustralia,31Wallacea,32Polynesia-MicronesiaandHBWAsare33Amazonia,34Congo
Forests,35NewGuinea,36NorthAmericanDeserts.UnrepresentedarethehotspotsCaucasus,HornofAfrica,NewCaledoniaandtheHBWA
Miombo-MopaneWoodlandsandSavannas
5.0 5.5 6.06.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
log10(area) (km
2
)
log10(N Sites)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36 Nearctic
Neotropic
Palearctic
Afrotropic
Indo−Malay
Australasia
Oceania

20
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HUDSON et al.
themfor any purpose. The terms ofthelicenserequirethatanyone
publishingresearch based on these data should cite this paper and/
orthe originalsourcesofthedata used, asappropriate.Thedataset
at doi: 10.5519/0066354 contains bibliographic informaon for all
DataSourcesinbothCSVandBibTeXformats.
4 | DISCUSSION
ThePREDICTSdatabaseisdesignedtobeabletoaddressarangeof
quesonsabouthowlanduseandrelatedpressureshaveinuenced
theoccurrenceandabundanceofspeciesandthediversityofecologi-
calassemblages.Thehighlystructured natureofthedata,withcom-
parablesurveys havingbeencarriedout ateachSitewithina Study,
waschosen to facilitatesuchmodeling.Table1idenesa range of
long-standing general quesons for which the PREDICTS data may
beuseful,referencingearlypapersaddressingquesonsofeachtype.
Italsooutlinesthestepsrequiredtotackle eachkindof queson,in
conjunconwithotherinformaonabouttheSitesandspecieswhere
necessary,andreferstopapersthathaveperformedso.
Changesinatudesto—andtheincreasingeaseof—datasharing
havecontributedtorapidgrowthin opencompilaonsofstructured
biodiversitydataandrelatedpressuredatatargetedtowardparcular
kindsofresearchqueson.Examples ofdatatypesfeaturedin such
compilaonsinclude populaon me series(e.g.,Inchaus & Halley,
2001),assemblagemeseries(e.g.,Dornelasetal.,2014),assemblage
inventories (e.g.,Thibault, Supp, Gin, White, & Ernest, 2011), and
speciestraits(e.g.,Madinetal.,2016).Otherprojectshavecollatedor
arecollanglargecompilaonsofstructuredbiodiversitydata,suchas
BIOFRAG(Pfeiferetal.,2014;habitatfragmentaon),BIOTIME(The
BioTIME ResearchGroup,2016; detailedme-seriesdata, sllbeing
compiled)andGLOBIO3(Alkemadeetal.,2009; prisne versus dis-
turbedhabitats,notpubliclyavailable).
The largest open compilaon of biodiversity data is the Global
Biodiversity Informaon Facility (GBIF; www.gbif.org),which aggre-
gatesmostlyunstructuredspeciesoccurrencedata.Theunstructured
natureofmostGBIFdatalimits therangeofquesonstowhichthey
caneasilybeput,althoughtheyareincreasinglyusedinmodelingspe-
cies distribuons (e.g., Pineda & Lobo, 2008) and habitat suitability
(e.g.,Ficetola,Rondinini,Bonardi,Baisero,&Padoa-Schioppa,2015).As
ofApril2016,GBIFholdsover560milliongeoreferencedoccurrence
recordsofaround1.5million species, althoughcoverageistaxonom-
icallyuneven(e.g.,mostrecordsareofbirds)andpatchyevenamong
thebest-recordedgroups(Meyer,Kre,Guralnick,&Jetz,2015).
Databases of species traits connue to be collatedand pub-
lished, and many of them are relevant to taxa in the PREDICTS
FIGURE4 Taxonomiccoverage.Thenumbersofspeciesinourdatabaseagainstthenumbersofdescribedspecieswithineachof59higher
taxa,asestimatedbyChapman(2009),onlogarithmicaxes.Vertebratesareshowninred,arthropodsinpink,otheranimalsingray,plantsin
green,andfungiinblue.Thedashed,solid,anddottedlinesindicate10,1,and0.1%representation,respectively.Groupswithjustasingle
speciesrepresented(DipluraandZoraptera)arenotshown
2.53.0 3.54.0 4.55.0 5.5
1
2
3
4
log
10(
estimated number of described species
)
log10(number of species represented in database)
Phthiraptera Fungoid protists
Siphonaptera Embioptera
Mecoptera
Symphyla Platyhelminthes
Archaeognatha
Trichoptera
Dermaptera
Blattodea
Neuroptera
Annelida
Chilopoda Crustacea
Odonata
Collembola Orthoptera
Mammalia
Ascomycota
Bryophyta
Hemiptera
Arachnida
Aves
Coleoptera
Thysanura Phasmida
Onychophora
Ephemeroptera
Protura
Psocoptera
Glomeromycota
Thysanoptera
Diplopoda
Nematoda
Ferns and allies Mollusca
Mantodea
Reptilia
Basidiomycota
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Pauropoda
Gymnosperms
Isoptera
Amphibia
Magnoliophyta
Representation
0.1%
1.0%
10.0%

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HUDSON et al.
FIGURE5 NumberofStudiesbylowestcommontaxonomicgroup.BarsshowthenumberofStudieswithineachlowestcommontaxon(so,
oneStudyexaminedthespeciesSwietenia macrophylla,threeStudiesexaminedthespeciesBombus pascuorum,tenStudiesexaminedmultiple
specieswithinthegenusBombus,andsoon).ColorsareasinFigure4.Numbersontherightaretheprimaryreferencesfromwhichdatawere
taken:1Bassetetal.(2008),2Buscardoetal.(2008),3ChristensenandHeilmann-Clausen(2009),4Domínguez,Bahamonde,andMuñoz-
Escobar(2012),5López-Quintero,Straatsma,Franco-Molano,andBoekhout(2012),6Nöskeetal.(2008),7Norton,Espie,Murray,andMurray
(2006),8Peri,Lencinas,MartínezPastur,Wardell-Johnson,andLasagno(2013),9RobinsonandWilliams(2011),10Barrattetal.(2005),11
Bonham,Mesibov,andBashford(2002),12Boutin,Martin,andBaril(2009),13Carpenteretal.(2012),14GaigherandSamways(2010),15Ge
etal.(2012),16Hayward(2009),17Leighton-Goodall,Brown,Hammond,andEggleton(2012),18Muchaneetal.(2012),19Ngaietal.(2008),
20Richardson,Richardson,andSoto-Adames(2005),21Schon,Mackay,Minor,Yeates,andHedley(2008),22Schon,Mackay,Yeates,and
Minor(2010),23Schon,Mackay,andMinor(2011),24Smith(2006),25Smith,Potts,Woodcock,andEggleton(2008),26Smith,Potts,and
Eggleton(2008),27Toddetal.(2011),28Vasconcelosetal.(2009),29Walker,Wilson,Norbury,Monks,andTanentzap(2014),30Baeten,
Velghe,etal.(2010),31Bakayoko,Martin,Chatelain,Traore,andGautier(2011),32CenterforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR)(2013a),
33CenterforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR)(2013b),34Dumontetal.(2009),35Firincioglu,Seefeldt,Sahin,andVural(2009),36
Haarmeyer,Schmiedel,Dengler,andBosing(2010),37Joubert,Esler,andPrivett(2009),38Norfolk,Eichhorn,andGilbert(2013),39Page,
Qureshi,Rawat,andKushalappa(2010),40Proença,Pereira,Guilherme,andVicente(2010),41Sheiletal.(2002),42Wang,Lencinas,Ross
Friedman,Wang,andQiu(2011),43AlignierandDeconchat(2013),44Baeten,Hermy,VanDaele,andVerheyen(2010),45Barlow,Gardner,
etal.(2007),46Barricoetal.(2012),47Bauretal.(2006),48Berryetal.(2010),49Boutin,Baril,andMartin(2008),50Bouyeretal.(2007),51
Brearley(2011),52Brunetetal.(2011),53Calviño-Cancela,Rubido-Bará,andvanEtten(2012),54Castro,Lehsten,Lavorel,andFreitas(2010),
55deLima,Dallimer,Atkinson,andBarlow(2013),56Devineau,Fournier,andNignan(2009),57Fensham,Dwyer,Eyre,Fairfax,andWang
(2012),58FernandezandSimonetti(2013),59Fredriksson,Danielsen,andSwenson(2007),60Gendreau-Berthiaume,Kneeshaw,andHarvey
(2012),61Golodets,Kigel,andSternberg(2010),62Grass,Berens,Peter,andFarwig(2013),63Gutierrezetal.(2009),64HeldenandLeather
(2004),65Hernández,Delgado,Meier,andDuran(2012),66Hietz(2005),67HigueraandWolf(2010),68HylanderandNemomissa(2009),69
Ishida,Hattori,andTakeda(2005),70Kati,Zografou,Tzirkalli,Chitos,andWillemse(2012),71Katovai,Burley,andMayfield(2012),72Kessler
etal.(2005),73Kessleretal.(2009),74KolbandDiekmann(2004),75Krauss,Klein,Steffan-Dewenter,andTscharntke(2004),76Kraussetal.
(2010),77KumarandShahabuddin(2005),78LetcherandChazdon(2009),79Louhaichi,Salkini,andPetersen(2009),80Lucas-Borjaetal.
(2011),81Måren(2011),82Måren,Bhattarai,andChaudhary(2013),83Marin-Spiotta,Ostertag,andSilver(2007),84Mayfield,Ackerly,and
Daily(2006),85McNamara,Erskine,Lamb,Chantalangsy,andBoyle(2012),86Milderetal.(2010),87O’Connor(2005),88ParitsisandAizen
(2008),89Phalan,Onial,Balmford,andGreen(2011),90Pincheira-Ulbrich,Rau,andSmith-Ramirez(2012),91Poggio,Chaneton,andGhersa
(2013),92PowerandStout(2011),93Power,Kelly,andStout(2012),94Rameshetal.(2010),95Romero-Duque,Jaramillo,andPerez-Jimenez
(2007),96Schmitt,Senbeta,Denich,Preisinger,andBoehmer(2010),97Shannonetal.(2008),98Siebert(2011),99Vassilev,Pedashenko,
Nikolov,Apostolova,andDengler(2011),100Williams,Sheahan,andGormally(2009),101Yamauraetal.(2012),102Alcala,Alcala,andDolino
(2004),103BicknellandPeres(2010),104CentroAgronómicoTropicaldeInvestigaciónyEnseñanza(CATIE)(2010);Deheuvels,Avelino,
Somarriba,andMalézieux(2012),Deheuvelsetal.(2014);Rousseau,Deheuvels,RodriguezArias,andSomarriba(2012),105Craigetal.(2009),
Number of Studies
020406080
Swieteniamacroph ylla
Pteropustonganus
Pantherapardus
Oryctolaguscuniculus
Odocoileusvi rginianus
Maeruasubcordata
Lophophorusimpejanus
Dipteryxoleifera
Colletesfloralis
Clethrionomysgapperi
Bombusterrestri s
Pongopygmaeus
Bombuspascuorum
Liolaemus
Aenictus
Dorylus
Cephalophus
Anogeissus
Bombus
Vespertilionidae
Strabomantidae
Staphylinidae
Soricidae
Sciomyzidae
Phyllostomidae
Phasianidae
Muridae
Lumbricidae
Geometridae
Drosophilidae
Curculionidae
Culicidae
Colubridae
Poaceae
Nymphalidae
Arecaceae
Carabidae
Scarabaeidae
Apidae
Formicidae
Strigiformes
Rodentia
Primates
Opiliones
Diprotodontia
Isopoda
Passeriformes
Orthoptera
Diptera
Collembola
Squamata
Isoptera
Hemiptera
Sarcoptiformes
Araneae
Chiroptera
Anura
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Reptilia
Clitellata
Agaricomycetes
Magnoliopsida
Glomeromycetes
Amphibia
Lecanoromycetes
Arachnida
Gastropoda
Mammalia
Insecta
Aves
Ascomycota
Nematoda
Bryophyta
Arthropoda
Chordata
Tracheophyta
Plantae
Animalia
Multiple kingdoms
Kingdom (43)
Phylum (145)
Class (158)
Order (180)
Family (95)
Genus (18)
Species (18)
480
479
237
478
477
476
446
475
474
120
473
470−472
468−469
467
466
464−465
462−463
461
452−460
451
450
449
448
100
447
446
445
13
444
443
442
441
440
438−439
73,136,435−437
432−434
293,425−431
412−424
45,404−411
28,124,384−403
383
382
381
380
379
377−378
375−376
34,45,70,374
45,372−373
356,370−371
209,244,366−369
362−365
64,359−361
23,356−358
305,347−355
45,337−346
323−336
13,73,88,305−322
47,70,76,86,177,285−304
73,101,125,267−284
266
265
264
79,263
261−262
188,260
259
255−258
47,247−254
58,209,228−246
50,62,92,125,212−227
29,40,55,73,86,88−89,101,113,115,120,124,149−211
147−148
22,144−146
68,139−143
13,125−138
102−124
5,8,12,29,32−33,41,43−101
13,30−42
10−29
1−9
(Continues)

22
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HUDSON et al.
106Craigetal.(2012),107Craig,Grigg,Hobbs,andHardy(2014),108Craig,Stokes,StJ.Hardy,andHobbs(2015),109deThoisyetal.(2010),
110Endoetal.(2010),111Garden,McAlpine,andPossingham(2010),112Kurz,Nowakowski,Tingley,Donnelly,andWilcove(2014),113Kutt
andWoinarski(2007),114Kutt,Vanderduys,andO’Reagain(2012),115Lehoucketal.(2009),116Macip-RíosandMuñoz-Alonso(2008),117
McCarthy,McCarthy,Fuller,andMcCarthy(2010),118Parry,Barlow,andPeres(2009),119PeresandNascimento(2006),120St-Laurent,
Ferron,Hins,andGagnon(2007),121Sung,Karraker,andHau(2012),122Urbina-Cardona,Olivares-Perez,andReynoso(2006),123Woinarski
andAsh(2002),124Woinarskietal.(2009),125Billeteretal.(2008);LeFéonetal.(2010),126Borgesetal.(2006),127Cabra-García,
Bermúdez-Rivas,Osorio,andChacón(2012),128Hanley(2011),129Lachatetal.(2006),130Cardosoetal.(2009);Meijer,Whittaker,and
Borges(2011),131Nakamura,Proctor,andCatterall(2003),132Norfolk,Abdel-Dayem,andGilbert(2012),133Poveda,Martinez,Kersch-
Becker,Bonilla,andTscharntke(2012),134Rousseau,Fonte,Tellez,vanderHoek,andLavelle(2013),135TurnerandFoster(2009),136
Uehara-Pradoetal.(2009),137Waite(2012);Waite,Closs,VanHeezik,Berry,andDickinson(2012),138Woodcocketal.(2007),139Albertos,
Lara,Garilleti,andMazimpaka(2005),140Draper,Lara,Albertos,Garilleti,andMazimpaka(2006),141Giordanoetal.(2004),142Hylanderand
Weibull(2012),143Medinaetal.(2010),144HuandCao(2008),145Wu,Fu,Chen,andChen(2002),146Zhang,Li,andLiang(2010),147
Giordanietal.(2010),148Giordani(2012),149Aben,Dorenbosch,Herzog,Smolders,andVanDerVelde(2008),150Arbeláez-Cortés,
Rodríguez-Correa,andRestrepo-Chica(2011),151Aumann(2001),152Azharetal.(2013),153Azmanetal.(2011),154AzpirozandBlake
(2009),155Báldi,Batáry,andErdos(2005),156Barlow,Mestre,Gardner,andPeres(2007),157Bóçon(2010),158Borges(2007),159Brandt
etal.(2013),160Cerezo,Conde,andPoggio(2011),161ChapmanandReich(2007),162Cockle,Leonard,andBodrati(2005),163Dallimer,
Parnell,Bicknell,andMelo(2012),164Dawsonetal.(2011),165DuresandCumming(2010),166Edenius,Mikusinski,andBergh(2011),167
Farwig,Sajita,andBoehning-Gaese(2008),168Flaspohleretal.(2010),169Gomes,Oostra,Nijman,Cleef,andKappelle(2008);Oostra,Gomes,
andNijman(2008),170Hassanetal.(2013),171ImsandHenden(2012),172Lantschner,Rusch,andPeyrou(2008),173LaskyandKeitt
(2010),174Latta,Tinoco,Astudillo,andGraham(2011),175Mallarietal.(2011),176Doulton,Marsh,Newman,Bird,andBell(2007),177
Marsh,Lewis,Said,andEwers(2010),178Miranda,Politi,andRivera(2010),179Moreno-Mateosetal.(2011),180Munyekenye,Mwangi,and
Gichuki(2008),181Naidoo(2004),182NaithaniandBhatt(2012),183Naoe,Sakai,andMasaki(2012),184Ndang’ang’a,Njoroge,andGithiru
(2013),185Neuschulz,Botzat,andFarwig(2011),186O’DeaandWhittaker(2007),187OwiunjiandPlumptre(1998),188Pearman(2002),
189Politi,HunterJr.andRivera(2012),190PonsandWendenburg(2005),191Ranganathan,Chan,andDaily(2007),192Ranganathan,
Daniels,Chandran,Ehrlich,andDaily(2008),193Reid,Harris,andZahawi(2012),194Rey-Benayas,Galvan,andCarrascal(2010),195Reynolds
andSymes(2013),196Rosselli(2011),197Sam,Koane,Jeppy,andNovotny(2014),198Santana,Porto,Gordinho,Reino,andBeja(2012),199
ShahabuddinandKumar(2006,2007),200Sheldon,Styring,andHosner(2010),201Sodhietal.(2010),202Soh,Sodhi,andLim(2006),203
Sosa,Benz,Galea,andPoggioHerrero(2010),204Stouffer,Johnson,Bierregaard,Richard,andLovejoy(2011),205Suarez-Rubioand
Thomlinson(2009),206VergaraandSimonetti(2004),207Verhulst,Báldi,andKleijn(2004),208Waite,Closs,vanHeezik,andDickinson
(2013),209Wang,Bao,Yu,Xu,andDing(2010),210Wunderle,Henriques,andWillig(2006),211Li,Zou,Zhang,andSheldon(2013),212
Batesetal.(2011),213Blake,Westbury,Woodcock,Sutton,andPotts(2011),214Blanche,Ludwig,andCunningham(2006),215Clearyetal.
(2004),216Farwigetal.(2009),217FranzénandNilsson(2008),218Kohler,Verhulst,vanKlink,andKleijn(2008),219Litchwark(2013),220
Meyer,Gaebele,andSteffan-Dewenter(2007),221Jauker,Krauss,Jauker,andSteffan-Dewenter(2013);Meyer,Jauker,andSteffan-Dewenter
(2009),222Mudri-Stojnic,Andric,Jozan,andVujic(2012),223Quintero,Morales,andAizen(2010),224Rader,Bartomeus,Tylianakis,and
Laliberte(2014),225Schüepp,Herrmann,Herzog,andSchmidt-Entling(2011),226Summerville(2011),227VergaraandBadano(2009),228
Bernard,Fjeldsa,andMohamed(2009),229Cáceres,Nápoli,Casella,andHannibal(2010),230Cassano,Barlow,andPardini(2014),231
Danquah,Oppong,andNutsuakor(2012),232Garmendia,Arroyo-Rodriguez,Estrada,Naranjo,andStoner(2013),233Gheler-Costa,Vettorazzi,
Pardini,andVerdade(2012),234GranjonandDuplantier(2011),235Henschel(2008),236HoffmannandZeller(2005),237Kittle,Watson,
ChanakaKumara,andNimalkaSanjeewani(2012),238Lantschner,Rusch,andHayes(2012),239Martin,Gheler-Costa,Lopes,Rosalino,and
Verdade(2012),240McSheaetal.(2009),241MenaandMedellín(2010),242Nakagawa,Miguchi,andNakashizuka(2006),243O’Farrell,
Donaldson,Hoffman,andMader(2008),244Scottetal.(2006),245Sridhar,Raman,andMudappa(2008),246Wells,Kalko,Lakim,andPfeiffer
(2007),247Hylander,Nilsson,andGothner(2004),248Kappes,Katzschner,andNowak(2012),249OkeandChokor(2009),250Oke(2013),
251Schilthuizen,Liew,BinElahan,andLackman-Ancrenaz(2005),252Ström,Hylander,andDynesius(2009),253Torre,Bros,andSantos
(2014),254Wronskietal.(2014),255FreireandMotta(2011),256Lo-Man-Hung,Gardner,Ribeiro-Júnior,Barlow,andBonaldo(2008),257
Shochat,Stefanov,Whitehouse,andFaeth(2004),258Zaitsev,Chauvat,Pug,andWolters(2002),259Walker,Crittenden,Young,andPrystina
(2006),260MalonzaandVeith(2012),261Alguacil,Torrecillas,Hernandez,andRoldan(2012),262Brito,Goss,deCarvalho,Chatagnier,and
vanTuinen(2012),263BaralandKatzensteiner(2009),264Robles,Carmaran,andLopez(2011),265Römbke,Schmidt,andHöfer(2009),266
Luja,Herrando-Perez,Gonzalez-Solis,andLuiselli(2008),267Cameronetal.(2011),268Cunningham,Schellhorn,Marcora,andBatley(2013),
269Fowler(2014),270Gouldetal.(2013),271Lentini,Martin,Gibbons,Fischer,andCunningham(2012),272Maloneetal.(2010),273
Marshall,West,andKleijn(2006),274Oertli,Muller,andDorn(2005),275Osgathorpe,Park,andGoulson(2012),276Quarantaetal.(2004),
277Richardsetal.(2011),278Samnegård,Persson,andSmith(2011),279Schüepp,Rittiner,andEntling(2012),280Shuler,Roulston,and
Farris(2005),281Smith-PardoandGonzalez(2007),282Tonietto,Fant,Ascher,Ellis,andLarkin(2011),283Tylianakis,Klein,andTscharntke
(2005),284Verboven,Brys,andHermy(2012),285Barlow,Overal,Araujo,Gardner,andPeres(2007),286Berg,Ahrné,Öckinger,Svensson,
andSöderström(2011),287Bobo,Waltert,Fermon,Njokagbor,andMuhlenberg(2006),288ClearyandMooers(2006),289D’Aniello,
Stanislao,Bonelli,andBalletto(2011),290deSassi,Lewis,andTylianakis(2012),291Dolia,Devy,Aravind,andKumar(2008),292Hawesetal.
(2009),293Ishitani,Kotze,andNiemela(2003),294Krauss,Steffan-Dewenter,andTscharntke(2003),295Littlewood(2008),296Pe’er,
Maanen,Turbe,Matsinos,andKark(2011),297Safian,Csontos,andWinkler(2011),298SummervilleandCrist(2002),299Summerville,
Conoan,andSteichen(2006),300Sutrisno(2010),301Uehara-Prado,Brown,Spalding,andLucciFreitas(2007),302Verdascaetal.(2012),303
Vu(2005),304Vu(2009),305Banks,Sandvik,andKeesecker(2007),306Barrattetal.(2012),307BlancheandCunningham(2005),308Buse,
Levanony,Timm,Dayan,andAssmann(2008),309ElekandLovei(2007),310Ewers,Thorpe,andDidham(2007),311Gaublomme,Hendrickx,
Dhuyvetter,andDesender(2008),312Gray,Slade,Mann,andLewis(2014),313Jonsell(2012),314Légaré,Hébert,andRuel(2011),315Mico,
FIGURE5 (Continued)
(Continues)

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23
HUDSON et al.
database. Recent examples include mammalian generaon me
(Pacici etal., 2013), a variety of mammalian traits (Jones etal.,
2009), foraging aributes of birds and mammals (Wilman etal.,
2014),eldmetabolicratesofbirdsandmammals(Hudson,Isaac,&
Reuman,2013)andfunconaltraitsofvascularplants(Kageetal.,
2011).Addional databases providemore abstract concepts such
asspecies’ threat status (InternaonalUnion for Conservaon of
Nature,2016)andesmatesofthedegreesofproteconrequired
(ConvenononInternaonalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWild
FaunaandFlora,2016).Relangsuch data with measurements in
the PREDICTS database makes possible invesgaon into how
traitsmediatespecies’responsestochangesinlanduseandland-
useintensity.Examplesofpublishedanalyseshaveexaminedhab-
itatspecializaon and geographicalrangesize of birds and mam-
mals (Newbold etal., 2014), funconal traits of vascular plants
(Bernhardt-Römermannetal.,2011)andarangeofmorphometric,
Garcia-Lopez,Brustel,Padilla,andGalante(2013),316Noreika(2009),317Numa,Verdu,Rueda,andGalante(2012),318Nyeko(2009),319
Otavo,Parrado-Rosselli,andNoriega(2013),320Rodrigues,Uchoa,andIde(2013),321Sugiura,Tsuru,Yamaura,andMakihara(2009),322
Verdúetal.(2007),323Adum,Eichhorn,Oduro,Ofori-Boateng,andRodel(2013),324deSouza,deSouza,andMorato(2008),325Eigenbrod,
Hecnar,andFahrig(2008),326Faruk,Belabut,Ahmad,Knell,andGarner(2013),327Furlani,Ficetola,Colombo,Ugurlucan,andDeBernardi
(2009),328Gutierrez-Lamus(2004),329HiljeandAide(2012),330Isaacs-CubidesandUrbina-Cardona(2011),331Ofori-Boatengetal.
(2013),332PethiyagodaandManamendra-Arachchi(2012),333PillsburyandMiller(2008),334PinedaandHalffter(2004),335Vallan(2002),
336Watling,Gerow,andDonnelly(2009),337Castro-Luna,Sosa,andCastillo-Campos(2007),338Clarke,Rostant,andRacey(2005),339
Fukuda,Tisen,Momose,andSakai(2009),340MacSwiney,Vilchis,Clarke,andRacey(2007),341Presley,Willig,Wunderle,Joseph,and
Saldanha(2008),342Sedlocketal.(2008),343Shafie,Sah,Latip,Azman,andKhairuddin(2011),344Struebig,Kingston,Zubaid,Mohd-Adnan,
andRossiter(2008),345Threlfall,Law,andBanks(2012),346Willigetal.(2007),347Alcayaga,Pizarro-Araya,Alfaro,andCepeda-Pizarro
(2013),348BuddleandShorthouse(2008),349Clark,Gerard,andMellsop(2004),350Kapoor(2008),351Lo-Man-Hungetal.(2011),352
Magura,Horvath,andTothmeresz(2010),353Malumbres-Olarteetal.(2014),354ParadisandWork(2011),355Raub,Hoefer,Scheuermann,
andBrandl(2014),356AlbertaBiodiversityMonitoringInstitute(ABMI)(2013),357Arroyo,Iturrondobeitia,Rad,andGonzalez-Carcedo(2005),
358Zaitsev,Wolters,Waldhardt,andDauber(2006),359Kőrösi,Batáry,Orosz,Rédei,andBáldi(2012),360Littlewood,Pakeman,andPozsgai
(2012),361Moir,Brennan,Koch,Majer,andFletcher(2005),362Carrijo,Brandao,deOliveira,Costa,andSantos(2009),363Oliveira,Carrijo,
andBrandão(2013),364ReisandCancello(2007),365Zeidler,Hanrahan,andScholes(2002),366D’CruzeandKumar(2011),367Fabricius,
Burger,andHockey(2003),368PelegrinandBucher(2012),369Urbina-Cardona,Londoño-Murcia,andGarcía-Ávila(2008),370Chauvat,
Wolters,andDauber(2007),371Fiera(2008),372Savage,Wheeler,Moores,andTaillefer(2011),373Virgilio,Backeljau,Emeleme,Juakali,and
DeMeyer(2011),374Andersen,Ludwig,Lowe,andRentz(2001),375OttoandRoloff(2012),376Zimmerman,Bell,Woodcock,Palmer,and
Paloniemi(2011),377Hornung,Tothmeresz,Magura,andVilisics(2007),378Magrini,Freitas,andUehara-Prado(2011),379Lauranceand
Laurance(1996),380Bragagnolo,Nogueira,Pinto-da-Rocha,andPardini(2007),381Herrera,Wright,Lauterbur,Ratovonjanahary,andTaylor
(2011),382JungandPowell(2011),383Bartolommei,Mortelliti,Pezzo,andPuglisi(2013),384AndersenandHoffmann(2011),385
Armbrecht,Perfecto,andSilverman(2006),386Bihn,Verhaagh,Braendle,andBrandl(2008),387Buczkowski(2010),388Buczkowskiand
Richmond(2012),389Delabieetal.(2009),390Dominguez-HaydarandArmbrecht(2010),391Fayleetal.(2010),392Floren,Freking,Biehl,
andLinsenmair(2001),393FrizzoandVasconcelos(2013),394Gove,Majer,andRico-Gray(2005),395Gunawardene,Majer,andEdirisinghe
(2010),396Hashim,Akmal,Jusoh,andNasir(2010),397Kone,Konate,Yeo,Kouassi,andLinsenmair(2010),398MaetoandSato(2004),399
Roth,Perfecto,andRathcke(1994),400Schmidt,Fraser,Carlyle,andBassett(2012),401Uehara-Prado(2005),402Vasconcelos(1999),403
Vasconcelos,Vilhena,andCaliri(2000),404Fierro,Cruz-Lopez,Sanchez,Villanueva-Gutierrez,andVandame(2012),405Hanley(2005),406
JulierandRoulston(2009),407Liow,Sodhi,andElmqvist(2001),408Nielsenetal.(2011),409Parra-HandNates-Parra(2007),410
Rasmussen(2009),411Winfree,Griswold,andKremen(2007),412daSilva(2011),413DavisandPhilips(2005),414Filgueiras,Iannuzzi,and
Leal(2011),415Gardner,Hernandez,Barlow,andPeres(2008),416Horgan(2009),417Jacobs,Scholtz,Escobar,andDavis(2010),418
NavarreteandHalffter(2008),419Navarro,Roman,Gomez,andPerez(2011),420Noriega,Realpe,andFagua(2007),421Noriega,Palacio,
Monroy-G,andValencia(2012),422Rös,Escobar,andHalffter(2012),423Silva,Costa,Moura,andFarias(2010),424Slade,Mann,andLewis
(2011),425Gu,Zhen-Rong,andDun-Xiao(2004),426Koivula,Hyyrylainen,andSoininen(2004),427Liu,Axmacher,Wang,Li,andYu(2012),
428NoreikaandKotze(2012),429Rey-VelascoandMiranda-Esquivel(2012),430Vanbergen,Woodcock,Watt,andNiemela(2005),431
WellerandGanzhorn(2004),432Aguilar-BarqueroandJiménez-Hernández(2009),433Carvalho,Ferreira,Lima,anddeCarvalho(2010),434
Svenning(1998),435Benedicketal.(2006),436Fermon,Waltert,Vane-Wright,andMuhlenberg(2005),437RibeiroandFreitas(2012),438
Breedt,Dreber,andKellner(2013),439Scott,Setterfield,Douglas,andAndersen(2010),440Cagle(2008),441Johnson,Gómez,andPinedo-
Vasquez(2008),442Su,Zhang,andQiu(2011),443Gottschalk,DeToni,Valente,andHofmann(2007),444Axmacheretal.(2009),445García,
OrtizZapata,Aguayo,andD’Elia(2013),446JolliandPandit(2011),447Saldaña-Vázquez,Sosa,Hernández-Montero,andLópez-Barrera
(2010),448Nicolas,Barriere,Tapiero,andColyn(2009),449Sakchoowong,Nomura,Ogata,andChanpaisaeng(2008),450García-R,
Cárdenas-H,andCastro-H(2007),451Yoshikura,Yasui,andKamijo(2011),452Connop,Hill,Steer,andShaw(2011),453Darvill,Knight,and
Goulson(2004),454Diekötter,Walther-Hellwig,Conradi,Suter,andFrankl(2006),455Goulson,Lye,andDarvill(2008),456Goulsonetal.
(2010),457Hanleyetal.(2011),458HatfieldandLeBuhn(2007),459McFrederickandLeBuhn(2006),460Redpath,Osgathorpe,Park,and
Goulson(2010),461Schumann,Wittig,Thiombiano,Becker,andHahn(2011),462Nakashima,Inoue,andAkomo-Okoue(2013),463Wiafeand
Amfo-Otu(2012),464Peters,Fischer,Schaab,andKraemer(2009),465Peters,Lung,Schaab,andWaegele(2011),466Matsumoto,Itioka,
Yamane,andMomose(2009),467RubioandSimonetti(2011),468Herrmann,Westphal,Moritz,andSteffan-Dewenter(2007),469Knight
etal.(2009),470Ancrenaz,Goossens,Gimenez,Sawang,andLackman-Ancrenaz(2004),471Felton,Engstrom,Felton,andKnott(2003),472
Knop,Ward,andWich(2004),473Ewers,Bartlam,andDidham(2013),474Davis,Murray,Fitzpatrick,Brown,andPaxton(2010),475Hanson,
Brunsfeld,Finegan,andWaits(2008),476StrauchandEby(2012),477Ramos-Robles,Gallina,andMandujano(2013),478FerreiraandAlves
(2005,2009),479Luskin(2010),480Groganetal.(2008)
FIGURE5 (Continued)

24
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HUDSON et al.
physiological,andfunconaltraitsofbees(DePalmaetal.,2015);
seeTable1,Q.3.
Althoughourtargengofdatafromunderrepresentedbiomesand
taxa(Hudsonetal.,2014)reducestheeectsofgeographicandtaxo-
nomicbiasesinavailabledata,thePREDICTSdatabasenonethelesshas
manylimitaons,ofwhichfourareparcularlyimportanttonote.First,
ourindividual datasets seldomtake a whole-ecosystemperspecve,
being instead taxonomically orecologically restricted; consequently,
our data shed lile light on howtrophic webs or other interacons
areaectedbyhumanpressures.Second,evenwithinthegroupssam-
pled,ourdatadonotprovidecompleteinventoriesofthespeciesthat
wouldbefoundwithcomprehensivesampling;thus,failuretorecord
a species from a Site does not providestrong evidence of absence.
Third,Lanbinomialswerenotavailableforasizeablefraconofthe
speciesinourDataSources,limingtheprospectsforlinkingtheobser-
vaonsofoccurrenceandabundancetootherinformaonabout the
species(e.g.,funconaltraits; Kage etal., 2011). Last,becauseour
databasewasdesignedtotesthypothesesaboutlocal-scalevariaon
inbiodiversity,it isnotparcularlyinformaveaboutlarge-scale bio-
diversitypaernssuchasthelatudinalgradientinspeciesrichnessor
howpressureswithacoarsespaalgrain(e.g.,atmospheric nitrogen
deposion;Simkinetal.,2016)inuenceSite-leveldiversity.
Whenusing the PREDICTSdatabase,orindeed anydatabase,to
modelbiodiversityresponses,itisimportanttobeawareofpotenal
mismatchesinscalebetweenSite-leveldataandpressuredatasuchas
MODISremotelysenseddata(Jusceetal.,1998)andtheharmonized
land-use scenarios (Hur etal., 2011) and also between Site-level
responsevariablesandthescalesofinterest.ThePREDICTSdatabase
contains some structural featuresthat help with these issues. First,
weassigned the Site-levelland use andland-useintensityclassica-
onsbasedontheauthors’descriponsofthehabitatssotheseclas-
sicaonsdonotsuerfromtheproblemofscalemismatch.Second,
Sitesare represented as preciselyas possible: Sites oenrepresent
individualquadrats,traps,orotherpoints within a broader sampling
regime(suchas a transect), andwerecorded(aslatude and longi-
tude)thecoordinatesofeachSiteratherthan aggregangtheminto
coarsersummariesacrossthebroadersamplingregime.Third,where
the relevant informaonwas available, we also recorded the maxi-
mumextentofsamplingasalinearvalueinmeters(for22,199Sites,
see Hudson etal. (2014) for details). Users of the database there-
forehaveexibilityindeciding howmeasurementsinthePREDICTS
databasearerelatedto availablepressuredata.Possiblesoluons to
scalemismatchesbetweenbiodiversitydataandpressuredatawould
be(1) to exclude from analyses any Sites where the extentofsam-
plingis substanally greaterthanthe grain size ofthepressuredata
or(2)toconductsomesortofspaalaveragingofthe pressuredata.
Novelmethods havebeen published both fordownscalingpressure
data (e.g., Hoskins etal., 2016) and for upscaling local biodiversity
FIGURE6 Spatiotemporalsamplingcoverage.Sitesamplingdatesareshownbybiome.EachSiteisrepresentedbyacircleandline.Circle
radiiareproportionaltolog10ofthenumberofsamplesatthatSite.CirclecentersareatthemidpointsofSitesamplingdates;linesindicatethe
startandenddatesofsampling.Y-valueshavebeenjitteredattheStudylevel.Circlesandlineshavethesamedegreeofpartialtransparency.
BiomecolorsandlettersareasinFigure1
Year
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Biome
P
N
M
L
K
J
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
Mangroves
Tropical and Subtropical
Moist Broadleaf Forests
Tropical and Subtropical
Dry Broadleaf Forests
Flooded Grasslands, and Savannas
Tropical & Subtropical
Coniferous Forests
Tropical and Subtropical
Grasslands,
Savannas, and Shrublands
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands
Mediterranean Forests,
Woodlands, and Scrub
Temperate Grasslands,
Savannas, and Shrublands
Montane Grasslands, and Shrublands
Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests
Temperate Conifer Forests
Boreal Forests/Ta iga
Tundra 50 sites
1,582 samples
1,093 sites
107,082 samples
678 sites
44,205 samples
7,949 sites
885,357 samples
1,029 sites
299,545 samples
1,736 sites
244,793 samples
1,952 sites
180,163 samples
314 sites
18,861 samples
2,699 sites
248,114 samples
419 sites
39,879 samples
12 sites
144 samples
632 sites
35,957 samples
7,517 sites
1,142,127 samples
34 sites
2,577 samples

|
25
HUDSON et al.
TABLE1 QuesonsthatcouldbeansweredusingthePREDICTSdatabase
Queson Early example references Approach
Example using
PREDICTS
database
Quesons about taxa
Q1. Whatfactorsinuencethe
occurrenceand/or
abundanceofaparcular
focalspecies?
Ausn,Nicholls,and
Margules(1990)
Filtertoremovespeciesnotofinterest.Merge
PREDICTSdatawithdataonanyaddional
site-levelcharacteriscsofinterest.One
possibleanalycalapproachistomodeleects
ofsitecharacteriscsonpresence-absenceand
log(abundancewhenpresent)separately,the
rstwithbinomialerrorsandthesecondwith
Gaussianerrors,whileaccounngfor
among-Studydierences(e.g.,usingmixed-
eectsmodels).
–
Q2. Dochangesinland-use
facilitatesuccessofinvasive
species?
DukesandMooney(1999),
TheoharidesandDukes
(2007)
Obtainlistsofinvasivespeciesfortheregionsof
interestandmodelpresence-absenceand/or
abundanceofinvasivesasabove.
–
Q3. Whichecologicalaributesof
speciesmakethemmoreor
lesssensivetohuman
pressures?
McKinney(1997),Davies,
Margules,andLawrence
(2000),Cardilloetal.(2005)
MergePREDICTSdatawithspecies-leveldata
ontraitsofinterest.Modelhowsiteand
speciescharacteriscsaectpresence-absence
andlog(abundancewhenpresent)separately
asabove,accounngforStudy-leveland
taxon-leveldierences(e.g.,usingmixed-
eectsmodels).
Newboldetal.
(2014),DePalma
etal.(2015)
Q4. Whichtaxahavespeciesthat
aremoresensivetohuman
pressures,andwhichhave
lesssensivespecies?
Lawtonetal.(1998),Mace
andBalmford(2000),
Gibsonetal.(2011)
Addtaxonomicgroupintomodelsaboveasa
xedeectinteracngwithotherxedeects.
–
Q5. Arephylogenecallydisnct
speciesparcularly
sensive?
GastonandBlackburn
(1997),Purvis,Agapow,
Gileman,andMace(2000)
Analyzephylogenecdisncvenessorunique
evoluonaryhistoryinthesamewayas
ecologicalaributes.
–
Q6. Whataretherelaonships
betweengeographicrange
sizeoroccupancyand
abundance?
Brown(1984) MergePREDICTSdatawithspecies-leveldata
onrangesizesoroccupancy.Filtertotheland
usesofinterest(e.g.,primaryvegetaonifthe
focusisonnaturalsystems),andexamine
within-Studyrelaonshipbetweenabundance
andrelaverangesizeoroccupancy.
–
Q7. Dosuitabilityesmatesfrom
environmentalnichemodels
predictabundance?
VanDerWal,Shoo,Johnson,
andWilliams(2009)
Useotherdataonoccurrencesofspeciestot
nichemodelsforallspeciesinwithinselected
Studiesandtherebyesmatesuitabilityofeach
Site.Variousmodelingoponsarethen
possibledependingontheprecisequeson:for
example,tlanduseinteracngwithsuitability
whenmodelingabundanceinordertotest
whetheranycorrelaondependsonlanduse.
–
Quesons about sites
Q8. Whichlandusesandother
Site-levelpressureshavethe
strongestnetimpacton
levelsoflocalbiodiversity?
Lawtonetal.(1998),Gibson
etal.(2011)
Aggregatebiodiversitydatawithinasiteto
esmaterelevantdiversitymetric(e.g.,
within-samplespeciesrichness,totalabun-
dance,rarefacon-basedrichness,species
evenness).MergeSite-levelbiodiversitydata
withanyaddionaldataonSite-level
characteriscsofinterest(e.g.,fromremotely
senseddata)ifrequired.ModelSite-level
diversityasafunconofSitecharacteriscs
whileaccounngforamong-Studydierences
(e.g.,usingmixed-eectsmodels).
g1b,cin
Newboldetal.
(2015)
(Connues)

26
|
HUDSON et al.
TABLE1 (Connued)
Queson Early example references Approach
Example using
PREDICTS
database
Q9. Howdolanduseandother
pressuresreducecomposi-
onalintactness?
ScholesandBiggs(2005) Becausenetchangesareaectedbygainsof
non-navespeciesaswellaslossesofthose
originallypresent,modelingcomposional
intactnessgivesamoresensiveindicaonof
humanimpacts.ModelSite-levelabundanceas
afunconofpressuresasabove,andhow
composionalsimilaritytoassemblagesin
primaryvegetaondiersamonglanduses.
Combinethesemodelstoesmatethe
BiodiversityIntactnessIndex(Scholes&Biggs,
2005)—theaverageabundanceofadiverseset
ofspecies,relavetotheirabundanceinan
unimpactedassemblage.
Newbold,
Hudson,Arnell,
etal.(2016)
Q10. Dolanduseandrelated
pressuresinuence
communitytraitvalues?
Garnieretal.(2007) Combinedataonspecies’occurrencesor
abundancewithtraitdatatoobtainaverageor
community-weightedmeantraitvalues,which
canthenbemodeledliketheSite-level
responsevariablesabove.
g1dinNewbold
etal.(2015)
Q11. Doesthebiocresponsetoa
givenpressurevary
regionally?
Gibsonetal.(2011) Addregionasaxedeectandtestfor
interaconwithotherxedeects.
–
Q12. WhichcharacteriscsofSites
(e.g.,duraonofhuman
impactandrateofclimate
change)meanthatgiven
land-usechangeshave
parcularlysevereeects
onbiodiversity?
Balmford(1996),
Travis(2003)
MergeSite-leveldiversitydatawithSite-level
dataoncharacteriscstobetestedandassess
theinteraconofthesevariableswithlanduse.
Grayetal.(2016)
Q13. Howaccurateareglobal
land-usedata?
Giri,Zhu,andReed(2005) UseSite-levelland-usedatatocalculatethe
receiveroperangcharacterisccurve(i.e.,
sensivityversusfalse-posiverate),usingthe
areaunderthecurvetoquanfyagreement.An
extensionofthiscouldbetousethePREDICTS
Site-levellandusedataasinputintolanduse/
landcoverclassicaonprocedures,for
example,bytheremotesensingcommunity,or
atleastusePREDICTSdatatocross-checkand
validatelanduseandlandcovermapswith
independentPREDICTSdata.
Hoskinsetal.
(2016)
Quesons above the site level
Q14. Isbetadiversitylowerin
human-dominatedthan
morenaturallanduses?
Tylianakisetal.(2005) Esmatedesiredmeasuresofsimilarityamong
Siteswithinstudies.Modelhowbiocsimilarity
amongSitesdependsonsimilarityofother
aributes(includingcharacteriscsfrom
remotesensingorDynamicGlobalEcosystem
Modelsifrequired),accounngforamong-
Studydierences(e.g.,usingmixed-eects
models).
Newbold,
Hudson,Hill,
etal.(2016)
Q15. Areland-sparingor
land-sharingstrategies
opmalforlocal
biodiversity?
Green,Cornell,Scharlemann,
andBalmford(2005)
AnalyzespeciesbySitesandbyStudyandrelate
backtoQ.1.Theoverarchingquesonabout
sparingversussharingcanbeaddressedby
lookingattheindividualresponsesofspeciesto
land-useintensity,asmeasuredbyyield
suggestedbyGreenetal.(2005);thisrequires
dataonagriculturalyieldsatrelevantSitesin
thePREDICTSdatabase.
–
(Connues)

|
27
HUDSON et al.
measurementstoesmatechangesin gamma diversityoverbroader
areas(e.g.,Azaeleetal., 2015);bothapproachesoerpotenalsolu-
onstomismatchesinscale.
ThePREDICTSdatabase connues to increasein sizeand cur-
rently containsa further 22 Studies with embargo dates that pre-
venttheirinclusionin this release.Weintendto publish occasional
updatestomakethese datafreelyavailable.Wehavealsoreceived
anumberoffurther oersofdatasetsthatwe hopetoincorporate
into the database and include in future releases. There are three
priority categories of data thatwe are sll seeking acvely: bees
from outside Western Europe; soil invertebrates and fungi; and
geographicislands.Thecurrentdatabasefocusesenrelyonspaal
“control–impact”comparisons.Afollow-onprojectthathasrecently
begunfocusesinsteadontemporalcomparisons,collangdatafrom
“before–aer”and (especially)“before–aer–control–impact”stud-
iesoftheeectsofland-usechangeonterrestrialassemblages.We
arethereforeseekingdatasets,linkedtopeer-reviewedpublicaons,
of comparable species-level surveys conducted at each sampling
locaon,with temporal changes in land use and/orland-useinten-
sity.Ifcorrespondingauthorsofsuchpaperswishtooertheirdata,
pleasecomplete ouronlineform,availableatwww.predicts.org.uk/
pages/contribute.html.AswithPREDICTS,thenewprojectwillseek
tomakeitsdatafreelyavailable.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREDICTShasbeensupportedbyU.K.NaturalEnvironmentResearch
Council grants (NE/J011193/2 and NE/L002515/1), the United
Naons Environment Program World Conservaon Monitoring
Centre,BiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncilgrant
(BB/F017324/1),aHansRausingPhDScholarshipandCOLCIENCIAS
(Departamento Administravo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
deColombia). Wethankthemanyresearchers whogenerouslycon-
tributed their data to the PREDICTS project; including The Nature
Conservaon Foundaon, Ros Blanche, Zhi Ping Cao, Krisna
Cockle,EmilyDavis,MoisésBarbosa de Souza, Carsten F Dormann,
Christo Fabricius, Colin Ferguson, Heleen Fermon, Toby Gardner,
Eva Gaublomme, Marco S Goschalk, Peter Hietz, Juan Carlos
Iturrondobeia,DanielLKelly,LeeHsiangLiow,TakashiMatsumoto,
WilliamMcShea, Elder F Morato, Andreas Müller,PhilipNyeko,Tim
O’Connor, Clint Oo, Simon Paradis, Marino Rodrigues, Watana
Sakchoowong,HariSridhar,SusanWalker,RachaelWinfree,Timothy
TWork,TorstenWronski,GregoryZimmermanandalltheeldassis-
tants, parataxonomists and taxonomists who collected and iden-
edtheanimals, plants and fungi inthedatabase. We thank all the
manyfunding agenciesandotherorganizaons that havesupported
theoriginalresearchthatproducedthesedata;theseincludeNatural
SciencesandEngineering Research Council of CanadaandTembec,
the University of Miami Beyond the Book Research Scholarship,
the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship and the Naonal Science
Foundaon Research Experience for Undergraduates Supplemental
Award. We thank Technical Soluons and Informacs sta at the
NaturalHistory Museum, London,especially Srinivas Patlola, Simon
Rycro,BenScoandChrisSleep.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Nonedeclared.
Queson Early example references Approach
Example using
PREDICTS
database
Other quesons
Q16. Howaccuratearecurrent
extentofoccurrence/range
maps,forexample,those
producedbyInternaonal
UnionforConservaonof
Nature(2016)?
–Cross-checkexisngextentsofoccurrenceand
rangeswithPREDICTSdata.
–
Q17. Howrepresentaveare
speciescatalogues?
–Queryclade-level(e.g.,ThePlantList,WorldList
ofMammalianSpecies,Platnick’sSpider
Catalogue)andaggregated(e.g.,Encyclopedia
ofLifeandCatalogueofLife)listswiththeLan
binomialsandtrinomialsthatwereprovidedto
PREDICTSbythedatacollectors.Subquesons
include
• Howdoescoveragevaryamongtaxonomic
groups?
• Howdoescoveragedependonregion?
• Aretheresubstanaldierencesamongthe
aggregatedservices?
• Howwellaresynonymsandhomonyms
representedandresolved?
–
TABLE1 (Connued)

28
|
HUDSON et al.
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How to cite this arcle:Hudson,L.N.,Newbold,T.,Contu,S.,
HillS.L.L.,Lysenko,I.,DePalmaA.,…Purvis,A.(2016),The
databaseofthePREDICTS(ProjecngResponsesofEcological
DiversityInChangingTerrestrialSystems)project.Ecologyand
Evoluon,00:1–44.doi:10.1002/ece3.2579