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A STUDY OF THE HYPOLIPIDEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF WHOLE PLANT
EXTRACTS OF IPOMOEA AQUATICA FORK IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA
IN RABBITS
Original Article
AZIZ SAHID1, GOHAIN KALPANA2
1,2
Received: 12 Jul 2016 Revised and Accepted: 23 Aug 2016
Department of Pharmacology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam
Email: drshahidaziz86@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the study has been to investigate the possible hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of the whole plant extract of Ipomoea
aquatica in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits.
Methods: Ethanolic extract of I. aquatica whole plant (EEIAWP) was prepared by percolation method. The extract was evaluated for hypolipidemic
and antioxidant activities using 400 mg/kg body weight per day in a high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits. The results were analyzed using
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests and compared to the normal control, experimental
control and the standard drug (atorvastatin 2.1 mg/kg body weight per day) groups. The results were expressed as mean±standard error of mean
(SEM). Values with p<0.05 were considered significant.
Results: Oral administration of EEIAWP in the test group showed a significant reduction in the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride
(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a significant increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared to
the experimental control group. There were also significantly elevated catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and significantly lower
malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the test group compared to the experimental group. Similar results were also found in the standard drug group.
Conclusion: The results of our experiment demonstrated that EEIAWP possesses significant antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities and
hence could be a potential source of medication as an adjuvant to the existing therapy for treatment of dyslipidemia.
Keywords: Ipom oea aquatica, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant property
© 2016 The Authors. P ublished by Innovare Academic Scie nces Pvt Ltd. This is an o pen access articl e under the CC BY licens e (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4. 0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i10. 14059
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death in most
parts of the world. Epidemiological studies have established a direct
relationship with serum cholesterol, and coronary artery disease [1].
Hyperlipidemia is one of the main causes of atherosclerosis and
atherosclerosis-induced conditions, such as coronary heart disease
(CHD), ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular
disease [2]. Obesity [BMI≥30 kg/m2
I. aquatica (synonym: Ipomoea reptans Linn.) belongs to family
Convolvulaceae is a perennial herb found throughout India, Sri
Lanka, Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. Phytochemical studies
have shown the presence of many phytochemical constituents of
therapeutic importance such as polyphenols (myricetin, quercetin
etc), flavonoids, carotenoids (beta-carotene, violaxanthin,
neoxanthin A and B, flavoxanthin etc), terpenoids (phytol, palmitic
acid, alpha humulene etc) and several vitamins, minerals,
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and amino acids. There are many
traditional uses of Ipomoea aquatica Forks plant. It is used as a
carminative agent, can be used for the treatment of fever, bronchitis,
biliousness and liver complaints. It is also effectively used in
leucoderma, leprosy, worm infestation and against nose bleeding
and high blood pressure. It is supposed to possess an insulin-like
principle according to indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka [9]. As yet
there is very little study has been done on its hypolipidemic and
antioxidant activities, the present study has been undertaken for
detailed study of its above-mentioned properties scientifically.
] is one of the main determinants
of the preventable burden of diseases. It results from excess
consumption of calories/energy compared to expenditure thus
impacting health. Globally, children, in particular, are gaining weight,
which tracks into adulthood thus increasing the likelihood of adult
diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD),
hypertension and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), etc. later in
life [3]. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity
as a disease [4]. Hyperlipidemia or Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated
levels of any or all forms of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.
Dyslipidemias include hyperlipidemias (hypercholesterolemia) and
low levels of HDL [5]. It is well established that LDL and VLDL levels
are the major independent risk factors for cardiovascular events [6].
Free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated naturally
in the cell following stress or respiration and also produced by
radiation, bacterial and viral toxins, smoking, alcohol and
psychological or emotional stress. Antioxidants are the defense
mechanism that provides protection against oxidative damage caused
by ROS and includes compounds to remove or repair damaged
molecules [7]. Herb is an immeasurable wealth of nature both in
environmental and medicinal point of view. It plays an important role
in ameliorating the disease-resistant ability and combating against
various unfavorable metabolic activities within the living system [8].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Plants were collected from areas in and
around Dibrugarh, Assam. The plant was identified by Prof. L. R.
Saikia of Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University. A
specimen of the plant bearing voucher number DU L. Sc 436 was
preserved in the herbarium of Dibrugarh University. The plant
extract was prepared by using percolation method.
Animals
Healthy New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of either
sex weighing 1.5-2.5 kg were taken and approval was taken from
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam
(Reg. No.: 1576/GO/a/11/CPCSEA dated 17/02/2012) vide
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 8, Issue 10, 2016
Sahid et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 8, Issue 10, 265-269
266
approval number IAEC/DU/74.
They were kept under standard housing conditions in standard
cages and maintained under normal room temperature on the
standard animal diet consisting of bengal gram, wheat, maize, and
carrot in sufficient quantity and water was provided ad libitum
during the entire period of the experiment.
Diet used in the study
1) Normal die t: a Standard animal diet consisting of a bengal
gram, wheat, maize, and carrot in sufficient quantity and water ad
libitum.
2) High Fat Diet: Mixture of coconut oil (from Marico Industries Ltd.,
Mumbai) and vanaspati ghee (from Ruchi Industries, Mumbai) in a
ratio of 2: 3 (v/v) at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight per day [10].
Drugs and reagents
1) Atorvastatin was obtained from Lupin LTD., Kartholi, Jammu.
2) The kits for estimation of HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and
triglyceride were obtained from Crest Biosystems, Goa, India.
3) Potassium phosphate buffer, hydrogen peroxide solution and
tricarboxylic acid were obtained from Sigma Private Limited,
Bangalore, India.
4) Thiobarbituric acid was obtained from HiMedia Laboratories
Private Limited, Mumbai, India.
Phytochemical screening
EEIAWP was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis for
alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, diterpenes, triterpenes and
phenols as per the standard methods [11].
Acute oral toxicity test
Acute oral toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of Ipomoea aquatica
whole plant (EEIAWP) was carried out as per OECD guidelines 425
[12]. The limit test at 2000 mg/kg body weight was performed.
Method of preparation of atorvastatin suspension
The stock solution was prepared by mixing 2.1 mg of atorvastatin
powder in 5 ml of normal saline to get a suspension of 0.42 mg
atorvastatin in 1 ml of that suspension. The daily dose of atorvastatin
(2.1 mg/kg/day) for rabbit was calculated by extrapolation from the
human dose (80 mg/day) as described by Ghosh MN [13].
Method of preparation of EEIAWP suspension
The stock solution was prepared by mixing 400 mg of EEIAWP
extract powder in 4 ml of distilled water to get a suspension of 100
mg EEIAWP in 1 ml of that suspension.
Experimental design
Twenty rabbits were taken and divided into four groups of 5 animals
in each and treated as following:
Group-A: Normal Control-received normal diet.
Group-B: Experimental Control-received high-fat diet at a dose of
10 ml/kg body weight per day mixed with a normal diet.
Group-C: Test drug-received high-fat diet mixed with normal diet
plus ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Ipomoea aquatica Fork.
(EEIAWP) at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day orally.
Group-D: Standard Drug-received high-fat diet mixed with normal
diet plus Atorvastatin at a dose of 2.1 mg/kg/day per orally [13].
The animals were treated for a period of 12 w. Weight of each animal
was taken at the beginning of the experiment and at the end of 12 w.
Collection of blood
Under all aseptic conditions, blood samples were collected from the
animals. 5 ml blood was taken from each animal via marginal ear
vein [14] and collected in separate plain vials where they were kept
for some time. Serum from the blood after clotting was separated
out and collected in a clean centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 5 min
at 3000 rpm. The serum thus obtained was used for biochemical
estimation.
Biochemical analysis
Lipid profile was done by using the colorimetric method.
• Total cholesterol was measured by CHOD/PAP method [15].
• Triglyceride was measured by GPO/PAP method [16].
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL-Cholesterol) was measured by
PEG precipitation method [17].
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-Cholesterol) was calculated by
using Friedewald’s formula [18].
• Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is the logarithmically
transformed ratio of molar concentrations of triglyceride to HDL
cholesterol or log (TG/HDL-C) [19].
Oxidative markers
• Catalase was measured in blood by Beers and Sizer method by
continuous spectrophotometric rate determination [20].
• Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured by Kakkar et al.
method by continuous spectrophotometric rate determination [21].
• Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by TBA method by using
filter photo colorimeter [22].
Statistical analysis
The results of serum lipid profile and oxidative parameters were
statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
followed by Bonferroni‘s multiple comparison tests. The changes in
body weights of different groups were analyzed using one–way
ANOVA followed by Bonferroni‘s multiple comparison tests, and
initial and final body weights were analyzed using paired t-test. The
statistical analysis was done using computerized GraphPad Prism
software version 5.00. Values were expressed as mean±standard
error of means (SEM). Values with p<0.05 were considered
significant.
RESULTS
Phytochemical analysis of EEIAWP showed the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, tennins, phytosterols and phenols.
Acute toxicity study
No mortality was recorded among the rats at the maximum dose of
2000 mg/kg body weight (all 5 animals survived at 2000 mg/kg).
Hence, the LD50 can be said to be above 2000 mg/kg. Two-tenth (400
mg) of this maximum dose tested was selected for the experiments
arbitrarily.
Effects of EEIAWP on serum lipid profile in rabbits fed with high
fat diet
After 12 w of treatment with the test drug EEIAWP, the Group C
animals (test drug group) showed significant reduction in total
serum cholesterol (72.22±2.663), serum triglycerides (106.8±2.853)
and serum LDL (26.08±1.474) levels and significant increase in the
serum HDL (27.49±1.469) when compared to the Group B
(experimental control group). The AIP was also significantly reduced
in the test drug group (0.2291±0.025) compared to the experimental
control group. Table 1 shows serum lipid profile in different groups
of the experimental design.
Effects of EEIAWP on serum oxidative markers in rabbits fed
with high fat diet
There were a significant increase in the serum catalase
(292.6±2.325) and serum SOD activities (4.478±0.045), and there
was also a significant reduction in serum MDA levels (4.998±0.218)
in the EEIAWP treated animals when compared to the experimental
control group.
Sahid et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 8, Issue 10, 265-269
267
Table 1: Serum lipid profile in different groups
Group
Lipid profile (mg/dl)
Test result (in Ratio)
Serum total
cholesterol (mg/dl)
Serum Triglycerides
(mg/dl)
Serum High Density
Lipoproteins (mg/dl)
Serum Low Density
Lipoproteins
(mg/dl)
AIP
Normal Control
43.29±1.851
60.58±3.294
25.53±0.776
13.55±0.891
0.0514±0.013
Experimental
Control
108.9±3.530
176.7±5.711
a
12.48±0.995
a
58.14±4.228
a
0.7942±0.0468
a
a
Test Drug
72.22±2.663
106.8±2.853
b
27.49±1.469
b
26.08±1.474
b
0.2291±0.025
b
Standard Drug
b
67.93±1.596
106.8±4.501
b
30.71±0.984
b
22.43±1.647
b
0.1786±0.0261
b
b
Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=5). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test is done. a=p<0.05, when compared to
the normal control group. b
=p<0.05, when compared to the experimental control group.
Table 2: Serum oxidative markers in different groups
Groups
Catalase (µmol/min/ml)
SOD (u/mg protein)
Malondialdehyde (nmol/ml)
Normal Control
245.8±3.680
4.180±0.049
4.900±0.125
Experimental Control
184.1±2.910
2.080±0.037
a
7.266±0.112
a
Test Drug
a
292.6±2.325
4.478±0.045
b
4.998±0.218
b
Standard Drug
b
236.0±3.029
4.084±0.073
b
4.682±0.176
b
b
Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=5). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests was done. ap<0.05, when compared
to the normal control group. b
Effects on body weight in treated rabbits
The body weights of the normal control, experimental control, test
drug group and standard drug group were initially 1694±51.07,
1662±52.81, 1592±30.47 and 1617±19.28 g respectively and after
12 w, they were 1720±11.18, 1939±28.53, 1711±20.22 and
1721±22.91 g respectively. The differences in their baseline body
weights were found to be non-significant (p>0.05)
p<0.05, when compared to the experimental control group
The final body weight after 12 w of treatment showed a significant
increase in experimental control (16.67%) and test drug group
(7.47%) (p<0.0), but the increase in normal (1.55%) and standard
drug groups (2.99%) were statistically not significant (p>0.05). It
was observed that there was a significant difference in weights of
the rabbits in normal and experimental control groups after 12 w of
the experiment. There was also a significant difference when the test
and the standard drug groups were compared to the experimental
control group (p<0,05). Table 3 shows the effect of EEIAWP on body
weights of rabbits.
Table 3: Effects on body weights in treated rabbits
Groups
Mean body weight (g)
On 1
st
After 12
day
th
Change
week
% of increase
% of decrease
Normal Control
1694±51.07
1720±11.18
26
1.55
--
Experimental Control
1662±52.81
1939±28.53
277
a
16.67
--
Test Drug
1592±30.47
1711±20.22
119
b
7.47
--
Standard Drug
1617±19.28
1721±22.91
104
b
2.99
--
Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=5). Paired t-test was done. ap<0.05, when compared to the normal control group. b
p<0.05, when compared to
the experimental control group
DISCUSSION
There was significant increase in the total serum cholesterol, LDL
cholesterol, triglyceride and marked reduction in the HDL
cholesterol levels in the rabbits fed on with high-fat diet for 12 w. M.
T. Sampath kumar et al., 2011[23] in their study found similar
results for TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels in hyperlipidemic rats
treated with vehicle alone without the T. pallida fruits ethanolic
extracts. Asgary S et al. [24] also found similar results for TC, TG, and
LDL-C in their hypercholesterolemic diet group. However, HDL-C
was also significantly higher as compared to the normal diet group
in their study. Similarly, oxidative markers such as catalase and SOD
activities were significantly reduced and MDA levels were
significantly raised in the experimental control group after 12 w of
treatment with high-fat diet.
Animals treated with EEIAWP showed a significant reduction in the
total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL and significantly raised HDL
levels after the experiment. Serum catalase and SOD activities were
also increased significantly and MDA level was reduced markedly in
the animals treated with the test drug.
Polyphenols are phytochemicals present in vegetables and fruits
which constitute a large group of natural antioxidants. Polyphenols
possess many pharmacological properties. They trap and scavenge
free radicals, regulate nitric oxide, decrease leukocyte
immobilization, induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and
angiogenesis, and exhibit phytoestrogen activity. These effects may
contribute to their potentially protective role in cancer and CVDs
[25]. Zern et al. (2005) in their study in on the effects of grape
polyphenols in pre-and postmenopausal women found that
naringenin, a grapefruit flavonoid, decreased ApoB secretion,
thereby reducing the concentration of TG secretion. Lyophilized
grape powder (LGP) that was used in the study also decreased
hepatic acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase activity, an important
enzyme involved in the packaging of VLDL [26]. There is a strong
association between the risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), high
levels of LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C[27, 28]. Isolated elevation in
triglycerides increases the risk of CAD but its effect is counteracted
by the levels of HDL-C. The AIP, which is a mathematical relationship
between TG and HDL-C has been successfully used as an additional
index when assessing cardiovascular risk factors [19]. It has been
suggested that AIP values of-0.3 to 0.1 are associated with low, 0.1 to
0.24 with medium and above 0.24 with a high risk of CVD [29]. In
our study we found the AIP of the experimental control group is very
high (~0.8). But in the EEIAWP and atorvastatin-treated groups, the
AIP was reduced significantly compared to the experimental control
Sahid et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 8, Issue 10, 265-269
268
group (~0.23 and ~0.18 respectively) though still came under the
medium risk category. Oxidative modification of low-density
lipoproteins (LDL) by free radicals is an early event in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which is an important sequel of
hyperlipidemia. Oxidized LDL promotes the atherosclerotic process
through lipid accumulation, focal necrosis, connective tissue
proliferation and other sub-parenchymal events. Minimally oxidized
LDL may be a local mediator promoting thrombosis in
atherosclerotic lesions. A number of mechanisms are likely to
contribute to the inhibition of LDL oxidation by flavonoids.
Flavonoids may directly scavenge some radical species by acting as
chain-breaking antioxidants. In addition, they may recycle other
chain-breaking antioxidants such as α-tocopherol by donating a
hydrogen atom to the tocopheryl radical. Flavonoids also directly
inhibit catalytic activities of cell-surface enzymes such as NADH
oxidase, cyclooxygenase and cytochrome C oxidase in the systems
that are involved in the initiation or propagation of peroxidative
products/processes [30, 31]. In different studies, several workers
have reported a decrease in the lipogenic enzymes activity in
cholesterol-fed animals treated with flavonoids. A significant
increase of lipoprotein lipase and lecithin acyltransferase (LCAT) on
feeding Ficus bengalensis flavonoids and quercetin to such groups
was seen by Daniel et al. [32]. Work done by Nichols et al. [33]
showed that citrus flavonoids regulated the transcription of the low-
density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene in HepG2 cells leading to
their hypo-cholesterolemic effects.
Phytosterols are naturally occurring plant sterols that are
structurally similar to cholesterol. They possess hypolipidemic effect
by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption thereby enhancing
fecal cholesterol excretion and reducing serum LDL-cholesterol
concentrations. Racette et al. studied the effects of moderate (459
mg/dl) and high (2059 mg/dl) dosage of phytosterols in human
volunteers aged 18-80 y and found that both the moderate and high
phytosterol intakes had a large effect on cholesterol excretion [34].
With the aid of the above literature, we can hypothesize that the
antihyperlipidemic activity of I. aquatica could be attributed, to the
hypolipidemic activities of various polyphenols and flavonoids,
phytosterols and plant proteins present in the plant extract.
MDA is a product of lipid peroxidation caused due to the reaction of
free radicals (hydroxyl radical) with polyunsaturated fatty acid
moieties of the cell membrane phospholipids and causes damage to
cell [35]. The antioxidant enzymes, mainly superoxide dismutase
and catalase are the first line defensive enzymes against free
radicals. It is well known that flavonoids and polyphenols are
natural antioxidants which also significantly increase superoxide
dismutase and catalase activities [36]. Antioxidant actions also
appear to mediate through H+ donating property and ability to
chelate redox-active metal ions. Jeong et al. demonstrated marked
inhibition of oxidation of LDL incubated in 5µM-Cu2+
The final body weight of rabbits in all the study groups was increased
than their initial body weight. The increase was significant only in the
experimental control and the drug test groups while there was no
significant increase in the normal control and the standard drug
groups. When compared to the experimental control group the body
weight of the test drug group was significantly less after 12 w.
alone or in
combination with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in
the presence of various flavonoids, by inhibiting the formation of per
oxidative products [31]. In a different study by Vázquez-Castilla et
al. [37] suggested that flavonoids could be the main compounds
involved in preventing lipid peroxidation and decreasing MDA
levels.
Tannins are reported to be involved in growth regulations. Tannins
could potentially inhibit the activity of lipases thereby lowering the body
fat content [38]. The weight lowering potential of I. aquatica could at
least partially be attributed to the presence of tannins found in the plant.
CONCLUSION
Hyperlipidemia and growing incidence of CVDs is a matter of great
concern at present and prevention remains the mainstay of its
management. I. aquatica showed a significant reduction in the serum
lipid levels and antioxidative properties which may be attributed to
the presence of different medically important phytochemicals such
as flavonoids, phytosterols, etc. Thus, it can be concluded that
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. the plant which are easily available in India
and in several parts of the world hold enormous potential for the
development of a new drug for the prevention and treatment of
dyslipidemia. However, there is a need for further elaborate studies
on bigger experimental animals and human beings. That may
provide more definitive data regarding its therapeutic potential and
exact mode of action.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by funds from Department of Biotechnology
for their financial assistance for the research work under thesis grant for
MD/MS students from the North-Eastern Region.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Declared none
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