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Carrying on Kurt Lewin's Legacy in Many Current Domains Lewin Award 2015: Carrying on Kurt Lewin's Legacy
Abstract
It is a great honor for me to receive this honor in the name of my professional model and idol, Kurt Lewin. I want to begin by sharing some of his unique history, which may not be widely known. Then, I will outline some of my research programs that were influenced by Lewin's pioneering thinking, experiments, and social applications. Part of my generalist orientation also comes from appreciation of the breadth of his interests. I shall describe my research on: social influence, time perspective, evil, shyness, everyday heroism, and using films to share social psychology to the general public (as in the new Hollywood movie of The Stanford Prison Experiment). I will also touch upon some of the curious coincidences in our life stories.
... Educational psychologists, on the other hand, would cite his contribution as an innovative researcher who was among the first to use film material to showcase the concepts he was studying (van Elteren, 1992). They might also refer to Lewin's first Cornell study that described how mothers fed their children and how nurses fed orphans (Zimbardo, 2016). Psychologists with a clinical background might refer to his work on treating alcohol misuse (Lewin & Grabbe, 1945), solving marital conflicts (Lewin, 1948a), or his impact on group therapy by influencing the work of Wilfred Bion (Torres, 2013). ...
Although Kurt Lewin is a key figure in the history of organizational behavior, only a few scholars or practitioners can explain why he earned this status. In order to shine light on this dissonance, we elaborate on the reasons why Lewin's ideas are seldom discussed in today's curricula (e.g., Lewin's work is difficult to pin down due to his interdisciplinary interest as well as his convoluted writing style). To highlight the enduring applicability of Lewin's approaches, we link his ideas (e.g., psychological satiation) with more recent concepts, like burnout. To support the continuing relevance of Lewin's work, we outline how his ideas can inspire current epistemology by discussing his distinction between Aristotelian and Galilean thinking and his quest to find unexpected observations to generate new knowledge. Furthermore, as Lewin is regarded as the "practical theorist," revisiting his work will show how theoretical concepts can influence organizational practices. Specifically, we discuss how Lewin's ideas can improve design thinking, which is a modern team-based approach to generate innovations.
... The cognition, motives and attitude of farmers are affected by common features like bounded rationality, vulnerability to risk, and low income. According to Lewin's behavior model, the subject's behavior is influenced by two sets of factors: personal features, and external impacts [18,19]. ...
In social psychology these days it is commonplace to read or hear that liberal‐leftists and conservative‐rightists are every bit as “moral”; prejudiced and intolerant; susceptible to misinformation, “fake news,” and conspiratorial thinking; lax about upholding democratic standards; and prone to terrorism and political violence. Upon careful inspection, however, I conclude that every one of these claims is false or misleading. Liberal‐leftists in the United States and elsewhere are demonstrably more committed than conservative‐rightists to humanistic‐egalitarian values, deliberative reasoning, and adherence to democratic norms. In Western societies, acts of authoritarian aggression, hate crimes, and political violence are overwhelmingly more likely to come from the right than the left. As a witness to Nazi atrocities, Kurt Lewin deeply understood the role of historical, economic, and political forces in human lives and the interdependence between democracy and social science. He rejected moral relativism and what I call “both‐sideology” and offered a sophisticated critique of anti‐democratic tendencies. There are perfectly understandable reasons why people—especially academics and journalists—would be tempted to draw parallels between the left and right, and indeed there are many similarities as well as dissimilarities between liberal‐leftists and conservative‐rightists. However, the uncritical adoption of both‐sideology threatens liberal democracy itself and, with it, the only social science worth having. What we—as citizens and social scientists—need now is a renewal and revitalization of Lewin's critical‐emancipatory legacy before it is too late.
This collection of first-person accounts from legendary social psychologists tells the stories behind the science and offers unique insight into the development of the field from the 1950s to the present. One pillar, the grandson of a slave, was inspired by Kenneth Clark. Yet when he entered his PhD program in the 1960s, he was told that race was not a variable for study. Other pillars faced first-hand a type of sexism that was hardly subtle, when women were not permitted into the faculty dining room. Still others have lived through a tremendous diversification of social psychology, not only in the United States but in Europe and Asia, that characterizes the field today. Together these stories, always witty and sometimes emotional, form a mosaic of the field as a whole – its legends, their theories and research, their relationships with one another, and their sense of where social psychology is headed.
Personal and political action on climate change is traditionally thought to be motivated by people accepting its reality and importance. However, convincing the public that climate change is real faces powerful ideological obstacles 1–4 , and climate change is slipping in public importance in many countries 5,6. Here we investigate a diierent approach, identifying whether potential co-benefits of addressing climate change 7 could motivate pro-environmental behaviour around the world for both those convinced and unconvinced that climate change is real. We describe an integrated framework for assessing beliefs about co-benefits 8 , distinguishing social conditions (for example, economic development, reduced pollution or disease) and community character (for example, benevolence, competence). Data from all inhabited continents (24 countries; 6,196 participants) showed that two co-benefit types, Development (economic and scientific advancement) and Benevolence (a more moral and caring community), motivated public, private and financial actions to address climate change to a similar degree as believing climate change is important. Critically, relationships were similar for both convinced and unconvinced participants, showing that co-benefits can motivate action across ideological divides. These relationships were also independent of perceived climate change importance, and could not be explained by political ideology, age, or gender. Communicating co-benefits could motivate action on climate change where traditional approaches have stalled.
Article 515686S GOXXX10.1177/2158244013515686Sircova et al.Sircova et al. 9 , & 54 members of the International Time Perspective Research Project (presented in alphabetical order by country): Slimane Djarallah 10 , Mohamed Seghir Chorfi 11 , Umbelina do Rego Leite 12 , Hui Lin 13 , Houchao Lv 14 , Tomislav Bunjevac 15 , Tena Tomaš 15 , Jasmina Punek 15 , Anica Vrlec 15 , Jelena Matić 15 , Marko Bokulić 15 , Martina Klicperová-Baker 16 , Jaroslav Koštl 16 , Riin Seema 17 , Arno Baltin 17 , Themistoklis Apostolidis 18 , Daphne Pediaditakis 19 , Fay Griva 20 , Fotios Anagnostopoulos 20 , Nurit Carmi 21 , Marina Goroshit 21 , Martina Peri 22 , Yumi Shimojima 23 , Koichi Sato 24 , Keita Ochi 25 , Antanas Kairys 26 , Audrone Liniauskaite 27 , Víctor Corral-Verdugo 28 , Aneta Przepiorka 29 , Agata Blachnio 29 Abstract In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.
Time perspective (TP), a fundamental dimension in the construction of psychological time, emerges from cognitive processes partitioning human experience into past, present, and future temporal frames. The authors' research program proposes that TP is a pervasive and powerful yet largely unrecognized influence on much human behavior. Although TP variations are learned and modified by a variety of personal, social, and institutional influences, TP also functions as an individual-differences variable. Reported is a new measure assessing personal variations in TP profiles and specific TP "biases." The 5 factors of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory were established through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and demonstrate acceptable internal and test-retest reliability. Convergent, divergent, discriminant, and predictive validity are shown by correlational and experimental research supplemented by case studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Of the twenty-three Brazilian policemen interviewed in depth for this study, fourteen were direct perpetrators of torture and murder during the three decades that included the 1964–1985 military regime. These “violence workers” and the other group of “atrocity facilitators” who had not, or claimed they had not, participated directly in the violence, help answer questions that haunt today's world: Why and how are ordinary men transformed into state torturers and murderers? How do atrocity perpetrators explain and justify their violence? What is the impact of their murderous deeds—on them, on their victims, and on society? What memories of their atrocities do they admit and which become public history?
If one wishes to use the facts concerning development, personality, social relations, cognition, and motivation which are discussed in the various chapters of this book for the purpose of understanding, guiding, or predicting the behavior of the child, these data will have to be linked in such a way that they become applicable to a particular child at a particular time. This chapter discusses procedures and concepts which have been found to be instrumental for this purpose. Some of the relevant methodological questions are considered and certain problems of cognition, motivation, and development are treated as examples. The following topics are addressed: analysis, concepts, and theory in child psychology; the behavior in a given psychological field; and factors determining the field and its change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Canvassing for peace: A manual for volunteers
- R. P. Abelson
- P. G. Zimbardo
Time perspective theory: Research and applications. Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo
- M. Stolarski
- N. Fieulaine
- W. Van Beek
The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil
- P. G. Zimbardo
The time paradox: The new psychology that will change your life
- P. G Zimbardo
- J. N. Boyd
Man (Dis)connected: How technology has sabotaged what it means to be male
- P. G. Zimbardo
- N. D. Coulombe
Man interrupted: Why young men are struggling and what we can do about it
- P. Zimbardo
- N. D. Coulombe
The psychology of affiliation
- S. Schachter
Shyness: What it is, what to do about it
- P. G. Zimbardo
The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy
- P. G. Zimbardo
- R. M. Sword
- R. K. M. Sword
A light moment just before a dark era: Three psychologists try for levity at a pre‐war convention
- Facemire V.
The shy child: A parent's guide to preventing and overcoming shyness from infancy to adulthood
- P. G. Zimbardo
- S. L. Radl
Civilian morale: Second yearbook of the society for the psychological study of social issues
- K. Lewin
- Huggins
- Lewin
Influencing attitudes and changing behavior
- P. G. Zimbardo
- E. B. Ebbesen
- C. Maslach
50 members of the international time perspective research
- A Sircova
- Van De
- F Vijver
- E Osin
- T L Milfont
- N Fieulaine
- A Kislali
- P G Zimbardo