Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria Rosc

Abstract

Antimicrobial drugs may either kill microorganisms outright or simply prevent their growth. There are various ways in which these agents exhibit their antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus causes suppurative (pyogenic or pus forming) conditions, mastitis of women and cows, boils. Streptococcus pyogenes is pathogenic to human and found in sore throat, follicular tonsillitis & septicaemia. Escherichia coli is generally non-pathogenic and is incriminated as pathogen, because in certain instance some strains have been found to produce septicaemia, inflammation of liver and gall bladder.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is related with hospital infections and post burn infections. They also cause infections of middle ear, eyes and urinary tracts.Aspergillusspp. is known to cause aspergillosis infecting external ear, lungs, eyeand brain. Candida causes candidiasis, infecting respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts& skin. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, etc., which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. It is essential to investigate newer drugs with lesser resistance.Curcuma zedoariaRosc.isused for ailments such as arthritis, colic, cough, asthma, diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, skin disease etc.As the drug claims to have so many medicinal and cosmetic properties, its pharmacological evaluation becomes necessary. For the present study antibacterial, antifungal activities of ethanolic extract were performed using standard methods. Antimicrobial activities were performed using disc diffusion method. The results showed potential antibacterial, antifungal activity.

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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizomes of Curcuma
zedoaria Rosc.
Chachad D. P.1, Talpade M. B.2, Jagdale S. P.3
1Department of Botany, Jai Hind College, Churchgate, Mumbai –400 020,India
2Department of Xoology, S.V.K.M’s Mithibai College, Vile-Parle (w), Mumbai –400 056, India
3Principal, Dapoli Urban Senior Science College, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
Abstract: Antimicrobial drugs may either kill micro-organisms outright or simply prevent their growth. There are various ways in
which these agents exhibit their antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus causes suppurative (pyogenic or pus forming) conditions,
mastitis of women and cows, boils. Streptococcus pyogenes is pathogenic to human and found in sore throat, follicular tonsillitis
&septicaemia. Escherichia coliis generally non-pathogenic and is incriminated as pathogen, because in certain instance some strains
have been found to produce septicaemia, inflammation of liver and gall bladder.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is related with hospital
infections and post burn infections. They also cause infections of middle ear, eyes and urinary tracts.Aspergillusspp. is known to cause
aspergillosis infecting external ear, lungs, eyeand brain. Candida causes candidiasis,infecting respiratory, gastrointestinal and
urogenital tracts& skin. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids,
glycosides, etc., which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. It is essential to investigate newer drugs with lesser
resistance.Curcuma zedoariaRosc.isused for ailments such as arthritis, colic, cough, asthma, diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, skin
disease etc.As the drug claims to have so many medicinal and cosmetic properties, its pharmacological evaluation becomes necessary.
For the present study antibacterial, antifungal activities of ethanolic extract were performed using standard methods. Antimicrobial
activities were performed using disc diffusion method. The results showed potential antibacterial, antifungal activity.
Keywords: Curcuma zedoaria, Kachore, Antifungal activity, Antibacterial activity
1. Introduction
Antimicrobial drugs interfere chemically with the synthesis
of function of vital components of micro-organisms. The
differences provide us with selective toxicity of
chemotherapeutic agents against microbes. Antibiotics are
one of our most important weapons in fighting microbial
infections and have greatly benefited the health-related
quality of human life since their introduction. However, over
the past few decades, these health benefits are under threat
as many commonly used antibiotics have become less and
less effective against certain illnesses, not only because
many of them produce toxic reactions, but also due to
emergence of drug-resistant microbes1.Drugs derived from
natural sources play a significant role in the prevention and
treatment of human diseases. In developing country like
India, traditional medicine is one of the primary healthcare
systems. Herbs are widely exploited in the traditional
medicine and their curative potentials are well
documented.About 61% of new drugs developed between
1981 and 2002 were based on natural products and they have
been very successful, especially in the areas of infectious
disease and cancer2.Recent trends, however, show that the
discovery rate of active novel chemical entities is declining.
Natural products of higher plants may give a new source of
antimicrobial agents with possibly novel mechanisms of
action. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary
metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, etc., which have been found in vitro
to have antimicrobial properties1,2.
Herbal medicines have been known to man for centuries.
Therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous plants for several
disorders has been described by practitioners of traditional
medicine. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are
being increasingly reported from different parts of the world.
The World Health Organization estimates that plant extracts
or their active constituents are used as folk medicine in
traditional therapies of 80% of the world's population. The
harmful microorganisms can be controlled with drugs and
these results in the emergence of multiple drug-resistant
bacteria and it has created alarming clinical situations in the
treatment of infections. The pharmacological industries have
produced a number of new antibiotics; resistance to these
drugs by microorganisms has increased. In general, bacteria
have the genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance to
synthetic drugs which are utilized as therapeutic agents.
Curcuma zedoariaRosc. (Scitaminae –Zingiberaceae)
commonly called Kachoreof commerce, is a traditionally
used medicine which is described in ancient Ayurvedic
literatures for ailments such as arthritis, colic, cough,
asthma, diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, skin disease etc3.
It also is very common ingredient of body deodorants
(ubtans), hair oils, face washes etc4,5. As the drug claims to
have so many medicinal and cosmetic properties, its
pharmacological evaluation becomes necessary6,7.In the
present work, an indigenous medicine Kachore of commerce
i.e. Curcuma zedoariaRosc.is tested against various disease
causing microbes to prove its antibiotic efficiency.
2. Material and Methods
Authentic sample of Curcuma zedoaria was collected from
Andaman Islands and was authenticated for its botanical
identity from BSI (Port Blair). For further evaluation the
rhizomes were dried and powdered. One gram of powdered
Paper ID: ART20162324
DOI: 10.21275/ART20162324
938

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
drug was extracted in 25 ml of ethanol. The concentration
used for checking the antimicrobial activity was 40 mg/ml.
Preparation of plates (For anti-fungal activity): Potato
dextrose agar (PDA) was sterilized by autoclaving at
15(lbs) for 20 min and 20 ml of PDA was added to each
sterilized petridish (dia. 10 cm). 2 ml of 24 hr culture of
different fungal strains were spread on to the respective
plates at 40 –45C with the help of a spreader and was
allowed to set.
Discs of Whatman filter paper no. 1 (dia. 6 mm) were used.
The sterile paper discs were thoroughly soaked in alcoholic
extracts and were placed on seeded petridish and incubated
at 28C for 72 hours. In each plate one disc soaked in
absolute alcohol was kept as control. The antifungal activity
was measured in terms of inhibitory zones appearing around
the filter paper disc.8-14
Preparation of plates (For anti-bacterial activity): The
nutrient agar medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 15
(lbs) for 20 min and 20 ml of this medium was added to each
sterilized petridish (diameter 10 cm). 2 ml of 24 hr broth
culture of following pathogenic bacteria were spread on to
the respective plates at 40 –45C with the help of a spreader
and was allowed to set.
Sterile Whatman filter paper no. 1 discs (diameter 6 mm)
were thoroughly soaked in the alcoholic extract and four
discs were placed aseptically on each seeded agar plates. In
each plate one disc soaked in absolute alcohol was kept as
control. The petridishes were then incubated at 37C for 24
hours.15-19
3. Results
Antimicrobial activity of plants can be detected by observing
the growth response of various micro-organisms to those
plant extracts, which are placed in contact with
them.Ethanolic extract of Curcuma zedoaria (40mg/ml) was
tested against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The
results obtained are tabulated in Table 1 & Table 2
Antibacterial and antifungal activity was shown by essential
oil of Curcuma zedoaria on various organisms14, 15.
Ethanolic extracts showed excellent activity against S.
aureus and Trichophytonmentagrophytes.Ethanolic extracts
did not show any activity against Salmonella
paratyphii&Klebsiellapneumonia.
4. Discussion
Curcuma zedoariaRosc. is a commonly available plant in
the dava- bazaar as Kachore is a potential anti-microbial
agent as it shows significant activity against common
bacterial and fungal pathogens.These properties are of great
economic value from the cosmetological point of view. The
present study justified the claimed uses of rhizomes in the
traditional system of medicine to treat various infectious
disease caused by the microbes. However, further studies are
needed to better evaluate the potential effectiveness of the
crude extracts as the antimicrobial agents. The present
results will form the basis for selection of plant species for
further investigation in the potential discovery of new
natural bioactive compounds. Further studies which aimed at
the isolation and structure elucidation of antibacterial active
constituents from the plant have been initiated.
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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
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Table 1: Antifungal activity of Curcuma zedoaria
No.
Name of the organism
Zone of inhibition (in mm)*
1
Aspergillusniger
11
2
Aspergillusflavus
14
3
Aspergillustamari
8
4
Aspergilluspseudoii
15
5
Aspergillusfumigatus
12
6
Trichodermasps.
5
7
penicilliumsps.
6
8
Trichophytonmentagrophytes
16
9
Trichophytonajoli
14
10
Candida albicans
12
*Zone of inhibition = Diameter of inhibition –
diameter of disc
Table 2: Antibacterial activity of Curcuma zedoaria
No.
Name of the organism
Zone of inhibition (in mm)*
1
Eshcherichia coli
9
2
Staphylococcus aureus
16
3
Staphylococcus albus
7
4
Streptococcus pyogenes
10
5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5
6
Salmonella paratyphii A
nil
7
Salmonella paratyphii B
nil
8
Klebsiellapneumonia
nil
*Zone of inhibition = Diameter of inhibition –
diameter of disc
Paper ID: ART20162324
DOI: 10.21275/ART20162324
940