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Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 9, No. 3, 2016
- 181 - © 2016 DAR Publishers/The Universit
y
of Jordan. All Ri
g
hts Reserved.
* Emad Al-Dujaili
Received on 24/4/2016 and Accepted for Publication on
11/8/2016
Effect of Green Coffee Bean Extract Consumption on
Blood Pressure and Anthropometric Measures in Healthy Volunteers:
A Pilot Crossover Placebo Controlled Study
Emad AS Al-Dujaili 1*, Maha N Abuhajleh2 and Walid Al-Turk 2
1 Professor of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.
2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.
ABSTRACT
Background: Stress is known to contribute to obesity and hypertension and both are considered to be primary risk
factors for cardiovascular disease. Green coffee bean extract (GCBE) contains chlorogenic acid (CGA) which is
attributed with several health benefits including anti-obesity and anti-hypertensive effects.
Objectives: To investigate the short term effects of GCBE intake on blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI) and
anthropometric parameters in healthy volunteers.
Methodology: A single blinded cross-over placebo controlled study was performed on 16 healthy volunteers who
consumed either GCBE or caffeine as placebo. The volunteers took the interventions for a week with a one-week wash-
out period in between before switching intervention groups.
Results: After administration of GCBE (equivalent to 500mg of CGA/day) for seven days, participant’s diastolic and
systolic blood pressures were significantly reduced from 76.9± 9.1 at baseline to 72.6±5.9mmHg (p<0.001), and from
119.1±11.9 to 114.5±9.6 mmHg (p=0.001), respectively. Body mass index (BMI) and body weight were also
significantly reduced following GCBE intake. NO significant changes in these parameters were observed after the
placebo.
Conclusion: This study showed that 500mg CGA/day can significantly reduce blood pressure (BP), BMI and weight
of healthy individuals.
Keywords: Green coffee bean extract, Chlorogenic acid, BP, BMI, Obesity.
1. INTRODUCTION
The prefrontal cortex regulates human behaviour,
cognition and emotion. Exposure to acute or chronic
stress has been shown to impair these through the
activation of calcium and potassium channels, weakening
synaptic input and reducing neuronal firing1. Many
people experience some level on a daily basis of acute or
chronic stress, and it can impact on their well-being,
sometimes through weight gain and/or hypertension.
Coffee is one of the most frequently consumed non-
alcoholic beverages and those wanting to adopt a
healthier lifestyle may choose better options such as
green tea or coffee. Green tea and green coffee bean
extract have been shown to have several beneficial effects
in reducing BP and body weight2-6 and there is also the
potential for green coffee to produce similar favourable
properties. The two commonly known types of coffee,
black and green coffee, differ in their roasting process;
green coffee beans are usually unroasted whilst black
coffee beans are roasted, and the latter results in a
Effect of Green Coffee Bean… Emad AS Al-Dujaili
- 182 -
decrease in their antioxidant and chlorogenic acid (CGA,
a polyphenol found in coffee and other botanicals)
levels7-8. Several fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols
have been reported to reduce blood pressure and possess
many health benefits 9-12.
Green coffee bean extract (GCBE) contains CGA
which has anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive properties and
may also reduce glucocorticoids and vascular stiffness7-9.
Moreover, CGA is the main ingredient in green coffee
and GCBE which produces the desired effects. Other
beneficial effects of CGA include possible neuro-
protective properties such as in the prevention of
Alzheimer’s disease although there is limited evidence to
support this and further research is needed for this end 13-
16. Hypertension is a primary risk factor for coronary
heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the
risks of these diseases can be reduced with simple
lifestyle modifications such as a change in diet, an
exercise regime or through drug therapies17.
Alternatively, GCBE offers a natural diet based approach
for reducing BP rather than the use of a drug based
approach and may be considered to be more desirable.
Suzuki et al. (2002)17 first reported the antihypertensive
properties of GCBE on spontaneously hypertensive rats
that were given either single or long-term doses of
GCBE. A single dose of GCBE (180, 360 and 720mg/kg)
significantly decreased BP compared with the placebo,
and there was a statistically significant decrease in BP
that followed a dose dependant effect between each of the
doses compared to the control. The effects of CGA
observed in rats were later confirmed by Kozuma et al.
(2005)18 in humans with mild hypertension. They used
117 healthy volunteers who were given either a placebo
or GCBE (46, 93 or 185mg/day) for 28 days. Intake of
GCBE significantly decreased volunteer’s BP (p<0.05
with 93mg and p<0.01 with 185mg) compared to the
placebo group. Usually, high BP is associated with
reduced arterial compliance but CGA may reduce
both14,15. Few studies choose to use a high dose of CGA
which is an important area that should be considered.
The link between weight reduction and CGA has been
well documented and the mechanism for the weight loss
effects attributed to CGA19. It has been shown to reduce
and slow glucose absorption by inhibiting the action of
glucose transporters in the small intestine which will lead
to an improvement in glucose control and weight loss 20-
21. There is no definitive conclusion as to how CGA
reduces weight, but evidence exists to suggest that it
plays a role in weight reduction. It is likely that CGA
reduces weight by a number of mechanisms: Cho et al.
(2010)22 showed that CGA reduced activity of fatty acid
synthase (FAS), HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT and
increased fatty acid β-oxidation. They looked at mice on
a normal diet, a high fat diet or a diet containing 0.02g/kg
CGA over an eight week period. Those on the CGA diet
showed lower amounts of each of the components that are
used in fat production (FAS, HMG-CoA reductase and
ACAT) and also had an increased rate of fatty acid β-
oxidation compared with mice on the normal or high fat
diet. The aims of this study were to assess whether heart
rate, systolic and diastolic BP, and anthropometric
measurements including weight and BMI are affected by
GCBE short term use.
Materials and Method
Study Design
This was a single-blind, cross-over, placebo-
controlled small trial. All measurements were taken in
triplicate to improve reliability and the mean was
calculated. Volunteers were asked to follow their usual
diet and physical activity habits. Questionnaires and 2-
day diet diaries, for one weekday and one weekend day,
were done at baseline and after taking the GCBE, to
determine volunteer’s physical activity levels, salt and
caloric intake. An increase or decrease of salt or calories
may account for a change in weight, BP and
anthropometric measures. Questionnaires were used to
determine eligibility of the volunteers (see Table 1). An
ethical approval was granted by Edinburgh University
ethics committee, Edinburgh, UK and subjects were
largely students and staff members. Measurements of
heart rate, BP, height and weight were taken at baseline
and again on days 7 and 21 to detect if the placebo
Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 9, No. 3, 2016
- 183 -
(containing caffeine) or GCBE had caused any effects.
There was a 7-day wash-out period, between days 8-14,
to avoid a carry-over effect and to make sure that only
either the caffeine or the GCBE was having an effect 23.
On day 14, the groups switched the intervention protocol
they were taking to the other arm of the study. The same
equipment was used each time to avoid inaccuracies.
Figure 1 shows the outline of the cross-over study design.
Table 1. Health status Questionnaire used to determine eligibility of the volunteers
Name:_____________________ Surname:___________________
Gender: Male Female Age (year):_____________________
Weight (kg) = _______________ Height (metre) = ______________________
Could you please answer the following questions? (Tick as appropriate)
1. Have you ever had or do you currently have any of the following conditions?
Diabetes
Liver problems
Digestive/gastrointestinal diseases
Kidney disease
Stroke or heart problems
2. Do you have high blood pressure/hypertension? Yes No
3. Do you smoke? Yes No
If yes, could you specify how many cigarettes per day?
4. Do you take any vitamin, mineral or oil supplements? Yes No
If yes, could you specify type of supplement and amount taken?
5. Do you take any cholesterol-lowering drugs or blood pressure lowering drugs?
Yes No
6. Are you currently taken contraceptive medication? Yes No
7. Do you exercise regularly? Yes No
If yes, what exercise do you do and how often?
8. Do you drink coffee? Yes No
If yes, how often do you drink it?
Never or 1-3 times a week
1-2 cups a day
2-4 cups a day
> than 4 cups a day
9. Do you drink alcohol? Yes No
If yes, how much and how often?
Study Population
A total of 16 healthy volunteers (7 males, 9 females)
were recruited and were placed into two groups. This
number of was chosen because of the Ethics committee
requirements for pilot studies. The number was thought
to be sufficient for a pilot study. Volunteers were given
randomly a participant number and those who had an
even number were allocated to begin the GCBE first,
whilst those who had an odd number began the placebo
first. Volunteers signed a consent form after reading an
information sheet about the study. Those who were
caffeine sensitive and had a history of cardiovascular
disease, kidney disease, diabetes or were smokers and
pregnant females were excluded from the study. Also,
Effect of Green Coffee Bean… Emad AS Al-Dujaili
- 184 -
only those who had a BMI of 18-35 kg/m2 were included
in the study and were asked to reduce caffeine containing
drinks such as coffee, tea and fizzy drinks during the
study, but none of these contain CGA. All data collected
was stored electronically with a password and kept
anonymous.
Figure 1: Shows the outline of the cross-over study design
Baseline Measurements
Volunteers had their baseline measurements taken for
BP (3 readings of systolic and diastolic BP were taken
each time) using an A&D digital sphygmomanometer
This is a very reliable device and applied by thousands of
studies with errors of <0.1% mmHg), as well as height
(m) using a Seca height measure and weight (kg) using a
Salter weight measurement scale. The digital assessment
of BP is regarded a very reliable and have been used by
most research studies. BMI was then calculated as
weight/(height)2. Volunteers were asked to remove their
shoes and jackets for measurements. All measurements
were taken on day 0, day 7 and day 21 to determine if the
placebo or GCBE intake had caused any effect.
Green Coffee Bean Extract Intake
Volunteers were asked to take two 500mg GCBE
(Nature’s way premium extract, Nature Best, Tunbridge
Baseline measurements taken
Group 1 (8 volunteers)
begin placebo for 7 days
and measurements
taken
Group 2 (8 volunteers)
begin GCBE for 7 days
and measurements
taken
7 day wash-out
p
eriod
Day 0
Day 1-7
Day 8-14
Group 1 (8
volunteers) begin
GCBE and
measurements taken
Group 2 (8 volunteers)
begin placebo and
measurements taken
Day 14-21
16 healthy volunteers
Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 9, No. 3, 2016
- 185 -
Wells, England) tablets per day, each containing 250mg
of CGA and 12.5 mg of caffeine (total caffeine per
day=25mg); one in the morning and one in the evening.
The dose of 500mg of CGA was chosen because it was
found to reduce BP and weight in previous other
studies19.
Placebo Intake
When taking the placebo, volunteers were asked to
take half a 50mg tablet of caffeine (Bayer pro-plus) per
day. This was very closely matched the amount of
caffeine in the 2 GCBE tablets taken during the
intervention (25mg). As caffeine can cause weight loss,
so the amount of caffeine in both the placebo and GCBE
tablet should be similar as much as possible. Volunteers
were further asked to take both interventions at the same
time of the day.
Statistical Analysis
Variables were tested for normality on SPSS (version
21.0.0.2). All data were parametric and a student’s two-
tail paired t-test was done in SPSS between volunteers
measurements at baseline and both the GCBE and
placebo. The test was done for weight, BMI, systolic and
diastolic BP. Descriptive statistics were done in Excel
2010. Diet diaries were analysed using Windiet (2005)
and a paired t-test was also calculated for mean caloric
and sodium intake between baseline and whilst taking the
GCBE. All the data were presented as mean±SD. Any p
value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant.
Results and Discussion
Volunteer’s Characteristics
All healthy volunteers (7 males and 9 females), aged
between 19 and 32 year with a mean±SD of 24.6±3.3year
were recruited and all completed the study. All were
recruited for the study with exclusion criteria given above
(Study population). No adverse effects to either the
caffeine or GCBE were reported. Mean baseline, post
caffeine and post GCBE values are shown in Table 1. The
main limitations of this study: the small sample size and
thus the results may not reflect the true population and
compliance was checked only verbally and there was no
true way to know if the volunteers have taken all the
tablets they were supposed to. A seven day period was
allocated for each intervention with a week wash-out
period in between. It would have been more desirable to
use a longer intervention period and a longer wash-out
period 24.
Table 2. Characteristics of volunteers at baseline, after placebo and after GCBE intake
Parameter Mean value
(± SD) at baseline Mean value
(± SD) after Placebo Mean value (± SD)
after GCBE
Age (Years) 24.6 ± 3.3
Weight (kg) 72.16 ± 16.53 72.1 ± 16.45 71.64 ± 16.35***
BMI (kg/m2) 24.41 ± 4.38 24.33 ± 4.39 24.09 ± 4.26*
SBP (mmHg) 119.1 ± 11.9 118.3 ± 10.5 114.5 ± 9.6**
DBP (mmHg) 76.9 ± 9.1 76.5 ± 8.4 72.6 ± 5.9***
Heart rate (BPM) 80.5 ±13.4 79.5 ± 9.2 79.4± 9.4
Energy intake (kcal/day) 1355±429 1367±532 1386±745
Sodium intake (g/day) 2.12±1.2 2.14±0.95 2.08±0.7
Basal versus GCBE (two-tail paired t-tests): *: p=0.025, **: p=0.001, ***: p<0.001. Placebo versus GCBE: For the
difference in weight: p=0.005; for DPB: p=0.002 and for SBP: p=0.05. Basal versus placebo p values were all not
significant (range from p=0.112 to p=0.578).
Effect of Green Coffee Bean… Emad AS Al-Dujaili
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Anthropometrical Measurements
At baseline, the participants mean weight and BMI
were respectively 72.16±16.53 kg and 24.41±4.38 kg/m2.
Mean weight and BMI decreased to 71.64±16.35 kg
(p<0.001) and 24.09±4.26 (p=0.025) respectively after
taking the GCBE. A very slight mean decrease was
observed for weight and BMI following the caffeine
placebo but were not significant; p =0.373 for weight and
p=0.095 for BMI. Our findings were similar to other
studies. In a six month randomized placebo controlled
trial, Boozer et al. (2002)25 showed that GCBE intake had
significantly reduced body weight after taking an herbal
ephedra and caffeine/day (n=167, P<0.001). Our study
used more females than males and consequently the
menstrual cycle may impact on weight changes. Other
studies have included a greater percentage of males to
obtain a more accurate representation of the effects of
CGA on weight loss 26.
GCBE have the potential to reduce weight which
could benefit health. One mechanism stands out more in
the literature for the effect of CGA plus caffeine on body
weight was that due to the increase in resting energy
expenditure and thermogenesis 21,23, 25. Most authors
agree that CGA in GCBE slows absorption of glucose in
the small intestine. If glucose absorption is reduced, the
glucose blood level will be reduced improving glucose
control and reducing weight. Interestingly, Gavrieli et al
(2013)27 have reported that a moderate coffee intake can
effectively reduce energy intake in the following meal
and during the whole day.
Effect of GCBE on Physiological Markers
Supplementing volunteers with GCBE had
significantly reduced mean DBP. It decreased from
baseline of 76.9± 9.1 to post GCBE of 72.6±5.9mmHg
(p<0.001), and also SBP significantly decreased from a
mean of 119.1±11.9 at baseline to 114.5±9.6 mmHg after
taking GCBE (p=0.001). See Table 2 and figure 2. No
significant decrease or changes were found in other
physiological markers after the intake of GCBE (heart
rate, energy intake or sodium intake). There were no
significant differences between any baseline
measurements and post placebo (caffeine) values (p
values were all not significant and ranged from p=0.112
to p=0.578). The antihypertensive effects of GCBE seen
in this study were similar to those found by Yamaguchi et
al. (2008)28. In their randomized, double-blind study, they
showed that BP significantly decreased after 4 weeks of
CGA intake in 203 volunteers (p<0.001). The present
study has substantiated the work of Yamaguchi and
collegues (2008)28, showing that GCBE, a natural
nutraceutical reduces both systolic and diastolic BP. In
addition, Mubarak et al. (2012)29 has also concluded that
GCBE reduced BP. However, Ochiai et al. (2004)30 have
reported inconsistent results as far as the antihypertensive
actions of GCBE. After a four month study they found no
significant differences in the BP when volunteers took
140mg/day CGA. The drawback of their study was the
small sample group (n=10), that might have produced a
statistical error. Doses of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% of CGA in
the diet, were used for the long-term intervention and
there was a statistically significant decrease in BP
between each of the doses compared to the control diet,
p<0.01 for 0.25% and p<0.001 for doses of 0.5% and 1%.
Therefore, CGA may play some role in down-regulating
FAS, HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT whilst up-
regulating fatty acid β-oxidation on short term basis and
could be on long term use17.
Hypertension can cause several serious consequences;
kidney disease, diabetes, stroke, heart disease and many
others. Each 2 mmHg rise in systolic BP corresponds to a
7% increased risk of mortality from heart disease and a
10% increased risk of stroke31. Taking GCBE has been
shown to reduce BP and possibly its associated risks. It is
recommended that more extensive human trials on the
benefits of GCBE for hypertensive people should be
conducted. Consumption of Green Coffee and GCBE rich
in CGA has been reported to reduce BP and BMI by
Influencing 11β-HSD1 Enzyme Activity through the
reduction of the stress hormone level, cortisol 7, 32.
However, some studies have shown that increased intake
of coffee and caffeine increased blood pressure within the
healthy physiological levels, in a gender specific manner
33-35. Other researchers found no significant effects of
Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 9, No. 3, 2016
- 187 -
coffee consumption on BP36-37.
The volunteers diet diaries showed that there was no
significant difference in the salt intake of participants
between baseline and whilst taking the GCBE. Any
significant reduction in salt intake may have accounted
for a reduction in BP and thus the reduction in the
volunteers BP was most likely a consequence of the
GCBE intake. Throughout the day BP will vary,
however, participants were unable to have their
measurements taken at the same time of the day due to
inconvenience. Therefore, circadian changes in BP may
mean the results might be questionable, and to improve
the study, the volunteers BP should be taken at the same
time of day or a 24 hour BP monitor could be employed.
Figure 2: A graph shows the mean systolic BPand diastolic BP at baseline and
after taking the placebo or GCBE. Both systolic and diastolic BP were significantly
reduced following GCBE intake (p=0.001: compared to basal values)
Physical Activity and Diet
Diet diaries were used to determine if average
baseline sodium and caloric intake was significantly
different from the average values whilst taking the
GCBE. A physical activity questionnaire was used to
determine if there was a change in physical activity at
baseline and whilst taking the GCBE. Analysis of diet
diaries showed that there was no significant difference in
the sodium and caloric intake between baseline and
GCBE values. There was also no significant difference in
physical activity between baseline and whilst taking the
GCBE. It follows that the decrease in weight was not due
to a change in diet or physical activity but due to the
intake of GCBE rich in CGA. Questionnaires and diet
diaries were used to determine volunteer’s physical
activity levels and caloric intake, and this technique is
considered to be the norm in such studies. No significant
changes in these measures were found between baseline
and post GCBE, therefore the decrease in body weight
may be attributed to the GCBE intake.
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Systolic
BP
Diastolic
BP
Systolic
BP
Diastolic
BP
Systolic
BP
Diastolic
BP
Bloodpressure(mean±sdmmHg)
Effect of Green Coffee Bean… Emad AS Al-Dujaili
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Conclusions and Future Research
This study has shown that for normotensive
individuals, short term dietary supplementation with
GCBE can significantly decrease systolic and diastolic
BP. Also a mean decrease was observed for body weight
and BMI. Only a seven day intervention was used and a
more significant change may have arisen if the study
duration was extended over a longer period. Further
research using a larger sample size and longer
intervention period, for GCBE intake is warranted to
clarify the effects in overweight and obese subjects, and
whether salivary stress hormones will be reduced during
GCBE intake. We also suggest that future studies should
look at the effects of GCBE intake in mildly hypertensive
and hypertensive patients. Future trials should also use a
longer study than the one adopted in the present study. In
addition, it may be beneficial to carry out research on
those who have a BMI of >30kg/m2 as a possible weight
loss method, as most studies tend to use patients who
have normal BMI.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the participants who took
part in this study. This study was funded by the
Undergraduate University fund.
Abbreviations:
ACAT= Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
Body mass index =BMI
Blood pressure = BP
BPM = beats per minute
Cardiovascular disease = CVD
Chlorogenic acid = CGA
Diastolic blood pressure = DBP
FAS= Fatty acid synthase
Green coffee bean extract = GCBE
HMG- CoA reductase= Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase
Nitric oxide = NO
Systolic blood pressure = SBP
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ءﺎﺣﺻﻷا نﻳﻋوطﺗﻣﻠﻟ مﺳﺟﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻳﻗو مدﻟا طﻐﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ رﺿﺧﻷا نﺑﻟا بوﺑﺣ صﻠﺧﺗﺳﻣ رﻳﺛﺄﺗ
ﻠﻳﺟدﻟا دﺎﻣﻋﻲ
1
،روﻧ ﺎﻬﻣ نﻳدﻟاﺟﺣ وﺑأ ،ﺔﻠ رﺗﻟا دﻳﻟوك
2
1،2
،ﺔﻟدﻳﺻﻟا ﺔﻳﻠﻛ ﻣﺍﺟ ﺔﻌاﺷﻟرق ﻷاوﺳ،ط ﺍﻣﻋن ،اﻷرند.
صـﺧﻠﻣ
ﺔﻳﻔﻠﺧ ﺔﺳاردﻟا: قﻠﻘﻟا مﻫﺎﺳﻳدﺎﻬﺟﻹاو ﺔﻳﻟﺎﻣﺗﺣا ةدﺎﻳز ﻲﻓﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹا و مدﻟا طﻐﺿ عﺎﻔﺗراو ﺔطرﻔﻣﻟا ﺔﻧﻣﺳﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻣﻫﻼﻛ رﺑﺗﻌﻳ
نﻳﻳارﺷﻟاو بﻠﻘﻟا ضارﻣﻷ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا ةروطﺧ ﻟا . رﺿﺧﻷا نﺑﻟا بوﺑﺣ صﻠﺧﺗﺳﻣ يو ﺗ ﺣ ﺗ ثﻳﺣ)GCBE ( ضﻣﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ
كﻧﻳﺟوروﻠﻛﻟا)CGA (ﻝﺛﻣ ةدﻳدﻋ ﺔﻳﺣﺻ دﺋاوﻓ ﻊﻣ طﺑﺗرﻳ يذﻟا مدﻟا طﻐﺿ ضﻔﺧو ﺔﻧﻣﺳﻟا ﺔﺣﻓﺎﻛﻣ.
فادﻫﻷا:
ﺔﺳارد ﻰﻟإ ثﺣﺑﻟا فدﻬﻳرﻳﺛﺄﺗ نﺑﻟا بوﺑﺣ ﻝوﺎﻧﺗﻟ ىدﻣﻟا رﻳﺻﻘﻟارﺿﺧﻷا مدﻟا طﻐﺿ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﻰﻠﻋ)BP( ﺔﻠﺗﻛ رﺷؤﻣ ،
مﺳﺟﻟاBMI)(ءﺎﺣﺻﻷا نﻳﻋوطﺗﻣﻠﻟ مﺳﺟﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻳﻗو ،.
ثﺣﺑﻟا ﺔﻳﺟﻬﻧﻣ: نﻳذﻟا ءﺎﺣﺻﻷا نﻣ ﺎﻋوطﺗﻣ رﺷﻋ ﺔﺗﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺑطﻣ ﺔﻳﻔﺧﻣ ﺔﺳارد ﻝﻣﻋ نﺑﻟا صﻠﺧﺗﺳﻣ او ﻟ و ﺎ ﻧ ﺗرﺿﺧﻷا وأ
نﻳﻳﻓﺎﻛﻟا بوﺑﺣ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣﻠﻟ . عو ﺑ ﺳ أ ةدﻣﻟ تﺎﻧﻳﻌﻟا ذﺧا نﻋ فﻗوﺗ ﻊﻣ عوﺑﺳأ ةدﻣﻟ تﺎﻧﻳﻌﻟا نﻳﻋوطﺗﻣﻟا ءﺎطﻋإ مﺗwash-out) ( مﺛ
نﻳﺑ ثﺣﺑﻟا تﺎﻧﻳﻋ ﻝدﺎﺑﺗ ٲ نﻳﻋوطﺗﻣﻟ.
ﺞﺋﺎﺗﻧﻟا: ﻰﻠﻋ يو ﺗ ﺣ ﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا نﺑﻟا صﻠﺧﺗﺳﻣ نﻣ تﺎﻧﻳﻌﻟا ذﺧا دﻌﺑ500 كﻧﻳﺟوروﻠﻛﻟا ضﻣﺣ نﻣ مﻐﻠﻣ)CGA ( ،مﺎﻳأ ﺔﻌﺑﺳ ةدﻣﻟ
نﻣ نﻳﻛرﺎﺷﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﺿﺎﺑﻘﻧﻻاو ﻲطﺎﺳﺑﻧﻻا مدﻟا طﻐﺿ ضﺎﻔﺧﻧا ظﺣوﻟ76.9
±9.1 ﻰﻟإ سﺎﺳﻷا ﻲﻓ72.6 ± 5.9 ﻲﻘﺑﺋز رﻳﺗﻳﻣﻳﻠﻠﻣ
)0.001(P< نﻣو ،119±11.9 ﻰﻟإ114±9.6 ﻲﻘﺑﺋز رﻳﺗﻳﻣﻳﻠﻠﻣ)0.001(P< ﻲﻟاوﺗﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ . مﺳﺟﻟا ﺔﻠﺗﻛ رﺷؤﻣBMI) ( نزوو
نﺑﻟا بوﺑﺣ صﻠﺧﺗﺳﻣ ذﺧأ دﻌﺑ ظوﺣﻠﻣ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ او ﺿ ﻔ ﺧ ﻧ ا مﺳﺟﻟا . دﻌﺑ تﺎﺳﺎﻳﻘﻟا ﻩذﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳوﻣﻠﻣ تارﻳﻐﺗ يأ ظﺣﻠﻳ مﻟ ثﻳﺣو
طﻘﻓ نﻳﻳﻓﺎﻛﻟا تﺎﻧﻳﻋ ءﺎطﻋإ.
جﺎﺗﻧﺗﺳﻻا: نا ﺔﺳرادﻟا ﻩذﻫ تر ﻬ ظ أ ﻝوﺎﻧﺗ500 كﻧﻳﺟوروﻠﻛﻟا ضﻣﺣ نﻣ مﻐﻠﻣ)CGA (ﻘﻳ ﺎﻳﻣوﻳ ﻝﻠ ﻰﻟإ عﺎﻔﺗرا نﻣ ظوﺣﻠﻣ دﺣ
ءﺎﺣﺻﻷا نﻳﻋوطﺗﻣﻠﻟ مﺳﺟﻟا نزوو ،مﺳﺟﻟا ﺔﻠﺗﻛ رﺷؤﻣ ،مدﻟا طﻐﺿ.
تﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟا ﺔﻟادﻟا :ﺔﻧادﺑﻟا ،ءﺎﺣﺻﻷا نﻳﻋوطﺗﻣﻠﻟ مﺳﺟﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻳﻗ ،مﺳﺟﻟا ﺔﻠﺗﻛ رﺷؤﻣ ،رﺿﺧﻷا نﺑﻟا بوﺑﺣ.
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ثﺣﺑﻟا مﻼﺗﺳا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ 24/4/2016 ﻪﻟوﺑﻗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗو رﺷﻧﻠﻟ11/8/2016.
