A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What The Internet Teaches Us About the Internet
... Moreover, it opened up the conversation on sexuality, leading the way for a plethora of new research on sexuality in the general population (Chiang, 2008). Kinsey et al.'s (1948Kinsey et al.'s ( , 1953 results continue to find support in more recent literature as paraphilia and sexual fantasies are consistently found to be more common than expected (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). For example, Joyal et al. (2015) investigated sexual fantasies within the general population to understand which sexual fantasies can be noted as rare, unusual, common, or typical. ...
... One of the largest-scale studies investigating gender differences in relation to sexual behaviors and fantasies in the general population was "A Billion Wicked Thoughts" by Ogas and Gaddam (2011). The authors looked at online preferences between genders and revealed that whilst men are aroused visually and mostly from single cues, women need stimulation of the mind and numerous cues to feel aroused. ...
... One of the possible hypotheses could be the fact that the physical and psychological arousal for men are integrated, whereas for women physical and psychological arousal are separate, meaning that for women it takes more stimulation simultaneously from different cues to become aroused. Ogas and Gaddam (2011) also indicates that men are more likely to desire the sexual act whereas women are more likely to seek out being desired. As such, women require more emotional, psychological, and intellectual stimulation in order to become aroused, in comparison to men, highlighting the fundamental differences between men and women when it comes to sex, desire, and sexually stimulating materials (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). ...
... Moreover, it opened up the conversation on sexuality, leading the way for a plethora of new research on sexuality in the general population (Chiang, 2008). Kinsey et al.'s (1948Kinsey et al.'s ( , 1953 results continue to find support in more recent literature as paraphilia and sexual fantasies are consistently found to be more common than expected (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). For example, Joyal et al. (2015) investigated sexual fantasies within the general population to understand which sexual fantasies can be noted as rare, unusual, common, or typical. ...
... One of the largest-scale studies investigating gender differences in relation to sexual behaviors and fantasies in the general population was "A Billion Wicked Thoughts" by Ogas and Gaddam (2011). The authors looked at online preferences between genders and revealed that whilst men are aroused visually and mostly from single cues, women need stimulation of the mind and numerous cues to feel aroused. ...
... One of the possible hypotheses could be the fact that the physical and psychological arousal for men are integrated, whereas for women physical and psychological arousal are separate, meaning that for women it takes more stimulation simultaneously from different cues to become aroused. Ogas and Gaddam (2011) also indicates that men are more likely to desire the sexual act whereas women are more likely to seek out being desired. As such, women require more emotional, psychological, and intellectual stimulation in order to become aroused, in comparison to men, highlighting the fundamental differences between men and women when it comes to sex, desire, and sexually stimulating materials (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). ...
Paraphilia is a condition in which the sexual excitement rely on fantasizing and/or participating in unusual sexual behaviours although the line between “normal” and “abnormal” has been disputed. The project aimed to explore which sexual fantasies and behaviours are common and uncommon in the general population. Furthermore, the relationship between sexual fantasies, sexual behaviours and problematic pornography consumption was examined. Finally, the impact of gender was assessed. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 139 participants. Correlations were found between fantasies, behaviours and problematic pornography consumption. Furthermore, gender differences were found for both sexual fantasies and problematic pornography consumption. Finally, multiple regression revealed that age, gender [Men], fantasies and behaviours were significant predictor of problematic pornography consumption. Those findings are in-line with previous studies which highlighted that the threshold to consider a sexual practice as being abnormal needs to be reconsidered on the basis of self-reported fantasies and behaviours in the general population.
... Men, on the other hand, seem more likely to experience frustration due to situations where they feel enticed to anticipate sex. Another likely difference is that the male brain is designed to become jealous over physical infidelity, while the female brain is more inclined to react to emotional infidelity (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). ...
... The most common search words point to what may be considered normal sexual interests (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011;Salmon & Fisher, 2018;Tyson et al., 2015). Men search for young and willing females with sexual appeal. ...
... Interestingly, both genders willingly participate in activities that involve violence or coercion. The point is reflected in the use of search terms such as BDSM, bondage, dominance, spanking, slave, sadism, and masochism (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011)-here collectively referred to as rough sex. There is limited evidence for a related interest in tribal societies, with one exception. ...
Humans, and other mammals, require specific interactions between two adults in order to procreate. The importance of these encounters for the genes has turned sex into an exceedingly varied and complicated form of behavior. Human sexual behavior is largely guided and motivated by feelings, and has a considerable impact on both individual well-being and the fabric of society. It is therefore important to assess how this aspect of life functions in industrialized societies. The present analysis uses the perspective of evolutionary biology but is based on research in sexuality, anthropology, animal behavior, positive psychology, and gender differences. Given that society should aim for maximizing the well-being of its members, the present situation does not appear to be optimal. The social environment of modern societies is likely to cause an increase in the prevalence of sex-related suffering and a reduction in the harvest of positive feelings. A relevant question is whether the situation regarding sex should be referred to as a ‘disease of modernity.’
... Men seem more prone to be frustrated by situations where they suspect a person fooled them into anticipating sex. Furthermore, whereas the male brain is designed to become jealous over physical infidelity, the female brain is more inclined to react to emotional infidelity (Ogas and Gaddam 2011). ...
... There is a wide range of interests, most, if not all, are catered to on Internet (although legal issues cause some to be less readily available). The more common search words concern what may be considered normal sexual interests (Ogas and Gaddam 2011;Salmon and Fisher 2018;Tyson et al. 2015): Men search for young and willing females with sexual appeal. As pointed out above, a virgin look is preferred, but there is also a desire for older women, often aimed at those already with a partner. ...
... Trannies, or shemales, are men with penises, but female appearance and often breasts due to surgery or hormone treatment. Contrary to popular belief, trannies cater primarily to heterosexual (or bisexual) men, and is one of the more popular categories of porn on the Internet (Ogas and Gaddam 2011). In fact, many men take an interest in penises; 'big cock' rates among the most popular search terms, and the popularity cannot be explained solely by searches made by females or gay men (Salmon and Fisher 2018). ...
Sexual behavior is a core activity not only for our genes, but also for individual happiness. It is therefore important to assess how this aspect of life functions in industrialized nations. Adopting the idea that society should aim at maximizing happiness, the question is whether the present situation is optimal, or if we should strive toward cultural changes that may improve the impact of sex. Sex is associated with some of the strongest rewards the brain has to offer, and consequently should serve to improve quality of life. There are, however, numerous pitfalls in that sex easily elicits negative emotions. Certain aspects of sexuality may reflect what is referred to as a ‘disease of modernity’; that is, the present environment is causing an increase in the prevalence of sex-related misery. The text use both an evolutionary and a bioecological perspective to understand human behavior. Biological (nature) and ecological (environment or nurture) factors are considered in order to assess how to improve the impact of sex on quality of life.
... Several studies showed that the contents of popular pornographic videos are highly diverse (Gorman et al., 2010;Hald & Štulhofer, 2016b), and that users, especially young adults, report a broad range of searches among all pornography contents (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2022;Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). Gorman et al. (2010) described that the content of 45 randomly selected online videos depicted a variety of themes (e.g., showed domination 33% of the time, exploitation 22%, reciprocity 20%, and autoeroticism 22%) and sexual behaviors (i.e., 90% involved genital stimulation, 79% fellatio, 68% vaginal penetration, 50% kissing, 38% female masturbation, 37% cunnilingus, 32% anal penetration, and 13% male masturbation). ...
... Multipartner sex was also frequently used across genders, which is consistent with past findings suggesting that sex involving more than two people is a highly prevalent sexual fantasy and among the most arousing pornography contents (Hald & Štulhofer, 2016a(Hald & Štulhofer, , 2016bJoyal et al., 2015). Taboo and forbidden sex was the most prevalent content among men, which is in line with data suggesting that these themes were also among the most frequently searched for on pornography Websites (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011;Pornhub, 2019). As for power, control and rough sex pornography, its popularity appears moderate in comparison to other types of contents. ...
Pornography offers a wide variety of sexual contents and has documented potential positive (e.g., higher sexual satisfaction) and negative associations (e.g., lower sexual function) with sexuality. The aims of this study were to describe the proportion of use of five different contents of pornography (i.e. group sex, passion and romance, gender-bending, taboo transgression and forbidden sex, power, control, and rough sex pornography), to examine gender-based differences in the frequency of use of these contents, and to examine the associations between the frequency of use of these contents and sexual satisfaction and function, considering potential differences among genders and individuals with and without a romantic or sexual partner, and controlling for frequency of masturbation. A sample of 827 young adults (503 women; Mage = 23.44) completed online self-report questionnaires. Results of path analysis indicated that, controlling for frequency of masturbation, the use of passion and romance pornography was associated with higher sexual satisfaction, whereas the use of power, control, and rough sex pornography was associated with lower sexual satisfaction. Cisgender men's use of power, control, and rough sex pornography was also associated with lower sexual function. These findings suggest different associations between pornography use and sexual satisfaction and function depending on the pornographic contents used.
... Some gender differences in content have also been established in research. Men tend to prefer images on the web, whereas woman prefer stories ( Ogas & Gaddam, 2012 ). Research has also indicated that men prefer graphic sex on the Internet, whereas women prefer romance and relationships ( Ogas & Gaddam, 2012 ). ...
... Men tend to prefer images on the web, whereas woman prefer stories ( Ogas & Gaddam, 2012 ). Research has also indicated that men prefer graphic sex on the Internet, whereas women prefer romance and relationships ( Ogas & Gaddam, 2012 ). Women tend to seek out SEM that is more female centred or that revolves around the pleasure of women ( Pornhub, 2017 ). ...
Older adult use of sexually explicit material (SEM) is under-researched. The current exploratory, cross-sectional study explored SEM use among adults 65 years and older. Eighty-eight participants from Canada and the United States completed a survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk to address questions on SEM use, access and barriers to use, and preferences in SEM. Results indicated that participants were accessing SEM 10.73 ( SD = 10.13) times per month and spending about 27.20 ( SD = 23.09) minutes per session. Users, on average, were more likely to be men. Results also indicated participants preferred mature, amateur, and MILF genres, and primarily accessed SEM online. Top barriers to SEM use were related to disapproval and shame, indicating that stigma around older adult sexuality may be present. Study findings expand upon knowledge in the field and help provide further understanding of older adults’ sexuality and SEM use.
... These increases have turned videos featuring very young performers into arguably the most popular genre of pornography. Ogas andGaddam (2011) andGrey (2015) have noted that the most popular category of sexual searches online-by a large marginwas "youth" or "teen." Globally, "teen" was ranked as the second most searched term (Pegg, 2016) and has been the top PornHub category (i.e. the category receiving the highest amount of traffic) since 2013 (PornHub, 2018). ...
... It is "a group of behaviours and lifestyle practices that include a variety of fetishes, role-playing, and other nonmainstream activities" (Stockwell, Walker, & Eshleman, 2010, p. 309). Importantly, BDSM pornography is clearly distinguishable from other genres such as "forced sex" (Wilkinson, 2011), given its portrayal of voluntary and clearly consensual exchanges of domination and submission between two consenting participants (Barker, 2013;Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). The process of BDSM mainstreaming correlates roughly with the release of E.L. James' (2012) trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey (Tomazos, O'Gorman, & MacLaren, 2017), which sold more than 100 million copies worldwide (Green, 2015). ...
... For example, some note that nearly 30,000 users watch pornography every second on the internet (CNBC 2009;Ropelato 2014) and that porn sites receive more visitors than Netflix, Amazon, and Twitter combined (Huffington Post 2013;Negash et al. 2016). More conservative estimates suggest that pornography-related internet searches account for about 13% of worldwide internet traffic (Ogas and Gaddam 2012). Although it is difficult to estimate with precision trends in pornography consumption, one can confidently conclude that pornography consumption is common, and its use has increased in recent years (e.g., Ogas and Gaddam 2012;Price et al. 2016;Wright 2013). ...
... More conservative estimates suggest that pornography-related internet searches account for about 13% of worldwide internet traffic (Ogas and Gaddam 2012). Although it is difficult to estimate with precision trends in pornography consumption, one can confidently conclude that pornography consumption is common, and its use has increased in recent years (e.g., Ogas and Gaddam 2012;Price et al. 2016;Wright 2013). ...
Pornography is no longer an activity confined to a small group of individuals or the privacy of one’s home. Rather, it has permeated modern culture, including the work environment. Given the pervasive nature of pornography, we study how viewing pornography affects unethical behavior at work. Using survey data from a sample that approximates a nationally representative sample in terms of demographics, we find a positive correlation between viewing pornography and intended unethical behavior. We then conduct an experiment to provide causal evidence. The experiment confirms the survey—consuming pornography causes individuals to be less ethical. We find that this relationship is mediated by increased moral disengagement from dehumanization of others due to viewing pornography. Combined, our results suggest that choosing to consume pornography causes individuals to behave less ethically. Because unethical employee behavior has been linked to numerous negative organization outcomes including fraud, collusion, and other self-serving behaviors, our results have implications for most societal organizations.
... Vannier et al. (2014) conducted a content analysis of free online teen and MILF pornography reporting that female actors in MILF videos were portrayed as more agentic, more likely to control the sexual activity, and to have a higher professional status when compared to female actors in the teen videos. Other researchers have suggested that the popularity of MILF videos is due to the sexual agency and confidence of more sexually experienced women being particularly appealing to their viewers (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). Shor's (2019) analysis of 172 videos from the PornHub website highlighted that what they recorded as degradation or domination was portrayed as consensual, in that women were consenting to male domination with both characters displaying pleasure in the activities. ...
When people raise concerns about pornography, they most often are focused on whether pornography increases violence toward women and/or whether it degrades women. While a substantial amount of cross-cultural data suggests that there is no direct link between adult consumption and violence, the question of whether pornography is inherently degrading to women lacks clear answers. As does the question of whether behaviors in pornography that are commonly labeled as degrading are perceived that way when they take place outside pornography. To answer this question about the inherent nature of degradation, we need a better definition and understanding of what particular behaviors people consider to be degrading and whether their perception of what is degrading is influenced by the circumstance or the people involved in a non-pornography setting. To examine this, 496 individuals (247 females, 249 males) were asked to indicate their perceptions of various sexual behaviors when engaged in by males and females toward male and female partners. Results suggest that while some particular sexual behaviors are broadly viewed as degrading (e.g., watersports), perceptions of degradation for other behaviors seem to be influenced by who is doing what to whom. In this sense, the perception of degradation exists in the eye of beholder and is often not defined by the particular sexual act. Future studies of degradation should take into account the context as well as the players involved.
... As such, the book expands on a small, existing body of research on trans pornography (Barriault 2016;Escoffier 2011;Spieldenner 2019;Tibbals 2014) of which Nicholas Matte's (2017) history on the development of the transfeminine porn market in the 1970s is worth highlighting for providing this thesis with vital archival and historical context. Besides these works, research on trans pornography has unfortunately been often more sensationalist than useful (Ogas and Gaddam 2011;Phillips 2006). ...
What does transgender pornography work involve? This ethnographic study of trans porn workers in Los Angeles and Las Vegas details their everyday work practices and the broader economic and technological changes that they have had to navigate. In doing so, it shows how trans porn workers have adopted a range of online influencer practices and technologies. Drawing on the profession of the influencer, this thesis argues that trans porn workers today are essentially online influencers, or ‘sex influencers.’
To contextualise contemporary trans porn work this thesis provides an extensive history of trans pornography. It then shows how the work of trans porn workers has dramatically changed in recent decades. Studio work no longer earns most porn workers a sufficient income. To make ends meet, workers today engage in a variety of different forms of sex work in what I term the ‘erotic gig economy.’ To thrive in this economy successful trans porn workers must embody a range of enterprising virtues as well as technical and administrative skills, which I characterise via the term ‘porntropreneurship.’ These virtues and skills reinforce privileges that run, among other factors, along the lines of class, race, and ability.
Much work in the erotic gig economy is mediated via online platforms. The emergence of online platforms has transformed the nature and geography of trans porn work. Importantly, it has also brought about new forms of online discrimination which unfairly target trans porn workers. This thesis provides three key examples of online platforms which illustrate the contemporary nature of trans porn work. It looks at webcamming, OnlyFans, and social media.
Finally, this thesis looks at branding. Branding is a self-promotion practice that involves various ongoing strategies of self-presentation with the goal of creating a public identity. Good branding speaks to consumer fantasies, and trans porn workers engage in various strategies of ‘authenticity’ to create an intimate relationship between themselves and their consumers. Despite what the term suggests, ‘authentic’ branding requires careful ongoing management and calculated intimate sharing. Importantly, it ties trans porn workers into a powerful industry beauty hierarchy which reproduces cisnormative, ableist, and racialized (i.e., white) beauty standards.
... Main characteristic features of the pornographic emotional experiences represent unrelational and unrealistic perceptions of a second person at a pornographic scene as a sexual object represented by various images, videos, chats, video calls, or live streaming videos, mainly presented via pornographic Web sites such as Pornhub, RedTube, YouPorn, Xvideos, and xHamster or social networks, for example, Telegram, Snapchat, Chaturbate, Friends With Benefit, and Video Call Sex (Chen et al., 2013;Lanier, 2019;Mattebo et al., 2014;Ogas and Gaddam, 2011;Yulius, 2020). For example, Snapchat became very popular social network for "sexting" as the most usual way of sharing sexually explicit materials (Goodwin et al., 2015;Handyside and Ringrose, 2017;Park et al., 2016). ...
According to recent studies, the growing consumption of Internet pornography mainly in male population becomes an increasing problem, which is closely linked to compulsive sexual behavior. Some findings also suggest that Internet pornography consumption might represent a defense mechanism against excessive stress, which enables to cope with stressful events, helps in mood regulation, and decreases depression and anxiety. Users of online pornography involved in these activities also reported that their self-exposition to pornographic material may create guilty feelings and internal conflict in themselves with respect to their own "involuntary" sexual behavior, which suggest that psychosocial stress and possibly traumatic experiences may play a significant role in Internet pornography addiction. Taken together, these findings show that stressful experiences, anxiety, and depression are strongly related to pornography consumption. In addition, conflicting emotional experiences as well as identity problems significantly increase vulnerability to addictive sexual behavior and pornography consumption.
... The use of pornography is increasing actively nowadays in most developed nations because of its easy online availability (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). Despite this intense consumption of internet pornography, this context is still controversial (Clarkson & Kopaczewski, 2013;Ley, Prause, & Finn, 2014). ...
This study investigated the relationship between porn consumption and Moral decadence. Moral decadence is defined as a failure and the decline of morality uphold in society. The concept of Moral decadence is often ignored in research in Pakistan and unexplored in the context of any content related to pornography. After a detailed critical review, it has been hypothesized that morality would be negatively correlated to pornography. The sample of the present research consisted of 100 participants (50 male, 50 female) from different areas of Karachi. Morality was measured with the Moral Foundations Questionnaire and pornography consumption was measured by the Problematic pornography consumption scale. Statistical analysis through Pearson Product Moment Correlation indicates there is a frail negative correlation between Morality and pornography consumption.
Keywords: Moral decadence; morality; porn consumption; correlational study; Pearson Product Moment
... We happen to disagree. Such data is anonymous, freely available and of great scientific interest, in much the same way that Google data is, and this has been analysed in depth by researchers, including its sexual dimensions (e.g.,Ogas & Gaddam, 2012). Moreover, those that filled in the surveys knew that they were placing their (anonymous) information online, such that anyone could analyse it. ...
We utilised data from the OkCupid dating site to study preferences for body parts in attraction judgements. We found that most people (71%) have a stated preference for faces, with non-Europeans finding other parts more important: lower parts ("butt/legs"; 8%), chest ("chest/breasts"; 3%), and Other (18%). We regressed these preferences on likely causal variables. We found that slower life history speed, female sex, and higher intelligence predict preference for faces and negatively for buttocks/legs/chest, replicating previous research. We further found that most non-European ethnicities have a stronger preference for buttocks and legs, in particular Africans, Hispanics, and Amerindians (Native Americans). We explored how these patterns may help to explain cultural differences in mating display for different body parts and how they may be explicable in evolutionary terms.
... Selfefficacy is the overriding aim. The construct leverages external inputs to regulate the internal landscape [28]. ...
The experience of reality is comprised of data from both the external and the internal environments. The inputs are mediated, structured, and reframed via constructs which activate introjects to produce automatic thoughts. These thoughts affect behaviours intended to modify the environment to conform to a self-state, buttress, and validate it. Constructs also select memories in order to prevent dissonance and anxiety between recall and self-state. They dissociate memories, alter their emotional content and correlate via attribution and reframing, and impose selectivity. The construct organizes the output from the introjects according to an algorithm (“identity”) which provides, for each specific environment, selection criteria of self-states and corresponding introjects.
... In addition to Pornhub, there are more than 4.2 million pornographic websites (Ropelato, 2006;Salmon et al., 2020), and a considerable amount (10%-50%) of global Internet traffic is associated with pornography (Donadelli & Lalanne, 2020;McNair, 2002;Potenza, 2018). Furthermore, about 13-25% of search engine requests are related to pornography (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011;Salmon et al., 2020). ...
Pornography has become increasingly prevalent worldwide with the development of the Internet, and considerable research on the effects of pornography use has emerged. Based on existing research and the Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence (PPMI) model, we examined problematic pornography use (PPU) as a mediator and moral disapproval of pornography use as a moderator in the links between pornography use frequency and mental health problems in a Chinese sample (N = 833). Our results support the completely mediated effect of PPU (ab = 0.16) and the moderated effect of moral disapproval of pornography use on the association between pornography use frequency and PPU. Pornography use frequency was strongly associated with PPU when participants experienced high moral incongruence (MI), and the indirect effect of PPU was weaker (ab = 0.13) at the lower level of moderator (-1 SD), and stronger (ab = 0.23) at the higher level of moderator (+1 SD). However, the direct effect of MI on mental health problems was not supported. This study advances our understanding of the internal mechanism between pornography use and mental health and extends the PPMI model to the Chinese cultural context (characterized as low religiosity and sexually conservative). The findings confirm the cross-cultural consistency of the PPMI model in China and highlight another important source of MI besides religiosity: cultural characteristics.
... These so-called scripts are the societal norms and narratives that provide guidelines for sexual behaviors (Mahay et al., 2001;Sakaluk et al., 2014). People do not necessarily enact the scripts provided by their culture exactly, "making adaptations to suit their own needs" (Laumann et al., 1994, p. 6), or creating socially transgressive scripts to enhance desire (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). In a 2004 study, Miller and Byers showed how men and women's sexual performance scripts deviate from their ideal scripts, heavily influenced by gender stereotypes. ...
The Graphic Sex Project is a public art installation where participants make graphs of a good sexual experience using colored cubes. The goal of the project is to give people a way to reflect on and communicate their sexual desires and values, as well as showcase and normalize the wide variety of human sexual behaviors through a display of participant-made graphs. Here we describe the Graphic Sex Project and the results of a preliminary quantitative analysis. Our findings support the potential application of the Graphic Sex Project toward research into sexual desires and preferences, as well as a tool for therapeutic settings.
... This could ease the job of identifying the prevalence of BDSM interest across the world and identify differences between countries. This kind of approach has been used by Ogas and Gaddam (2012), who analyzed sexual terms used in web searches by almost 100 million users, but research presented in their book was not peer-reviewed and it was released outside of academia. It remains to be seen if this kind of approach will be utilized by researchers in the future. ...
According to previous research, interest in BDSM (Bondage-Discipline, Dominance-Submission and Sadomasochism) activities is high in several European countries and various BDSM practices are not uncommon. There is a limited amount of research on the personalities of BDSM practitioners, but in previous research practitioners have been found to have better overall well-being and to be more educated than the general population. The current study explored the prevalence of BDSM interest and practice in a Finnish sample (n = 8,137, age range 18–60, M = 30.14, SD = 8.08) and investigated the association between BDSM interest and personality measured with the six-factor personality measure HEXACO. A total of 38% of the sample was interested in BDSM sex and non-heterosexual individuals displayed almost twice as much interest and at most 83% more participation in BDSM than heterosexual individuals. Younger participants (18–28 years old) displayed almost three times as much interest than older participants. There were some associations between BDSM interest and personality factors, but the effect sizes of these associations were modest. The study shows that BDSM interest is quite common among the Finnish population.
... The findings of this study also echo those of the literature on the growing mainstreaming of BDSM practices, particularly in pornography (Langdridge & Barker, 2013;Saunders, 2018). The BDSM genre in pornography is clearly distinguishable from other genres such as "forced sex" (Wilkinson, 2011), as it portrays voluntary and consensual exchanges of dominance and submission between consenting participants (Barker, 2013;Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). The cultural process of BDSM mainstreaming and normalization correlates roughly with the release of E.L. James' 2012 trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey (Tomazos et al., 2017), which sold more than 100 million copies worldwide (Green, 2015) and was particularly successful among female audiences. ...
Despite the recent proliferation of research on aggression in pornography, we still know relatively little about the preferences and perceptions of viewers themselves. In particular, very little research has examined how women who watch pornography feel when encountering aggression toward women. To explore this question, we conducted interviews with 122 regular pornography viewers (61 women, 60 men, and 1 gender-diverse). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data show that the majority of both men and women reported that they did not enjoy aggressive content. However, in contrast to common conceptions among most scholars and pundits, it was women, not men, who were more likely to report being aroused by aggression, mainly consensual aggression toward women, which was perceived as pleasurable. Women were also more likely to report actively seeking for aggression and wanting to see more aggression in mainstream pornography. These findings challenge long-held radical feminist views regarding the preferences of both women and men and offer new insights on the relationship between gender and sexual fantasies.
... While women are also consumers of internet pornography, including on occasion at a compulsive level, the literature indicates that a far greater proportion of men engage in such use (Rissel et al., 2017). One suggested explanation for this difference stems from Ogas and Gaddam (2012) meta-data study of online searches. They suggested that, on the whole, online searches for erotic material differ between men and women where desire in men is prompted by visual material, and desire in women is reportedly more emotionally focused or psychologically focused. ...
Internet pornography use is an extremely widespread human engagement. A minority of viewers finds it compelling and experience distress and/or functional impairment due to their use. There is a tension in how internet pornography is considered culturally; privately, it is approached and engaged with, publicly it is distanced from and rejected. Empirical research into this phenomenon has tended to shy away from exploring the underlying elements inherent in engaging with pornography online, perhaps mirroring this cultural tension. This study used a psychoanalytically oriented multi-interview method and analysis, with five men, to explore the intrapsychic dynamics underpinning their compulsive use of internet pornography. Three themes emerged from this data: ‘searching for something’, ‘holding it all in and then just explode’, and ‘two separate personas’. Emergent themes were linked to psychoanalytic concepts including Laplanche’s concept of the enigmatic signifier and the Kleinian concepts of the paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions. Clinical implications for working with compulsive users of internet pornography and pathways for future research are discussed.
... Another common misconception is the idea that a good deal of data online pertains to porn and/or that most of the use of online resources pertains to pornography consumption. This too seems to be counterfactual, as research shows that the searches and volume of data dedicated to pornography and other related sexual content is relatively small (Fae 2015, Ogas & Gaddam 2012 in comparison with the total volume of data and online searches. ...
... An even better analysis would be more fine-grained search patterns scaled down to counties (not currently available in Google Trends because of low volume) and greater information about searchers themselves. For example, some analyses have been conducted using proprietary Microsoft or AOL data that enabled researchers to see everything an anonymous person searched for in a given time frame (e.g., Ogas and Gaddam 2012). Knowing that the people who searched for "penis enlargement" also tended to search for "Bible study software" would validate our argument here. ...
Numerous studies document the connection between American evangelicalism and male insecurity stemming from essentialist, phallocentric conceptions of masculinity. Yet data have often been confined to individuals’ responses in surveys or qualitative interviews. This limits our understanding because individuals may lie about the most personal sources of insecurity (even to themselves) and such data are difficult to aggregate to broader subcultural influences. Building on a moral communities’ framework, in this research note we analyze Google Trends data and focus on the prevalence of explicit searches for “male enhancement” terms and phrases, simultaneously indicating (1) the internalization of a subculture that prioritizes essentialist, phallocentric standards of masculinity and (2) a privately felt failure to meet those standards. Even after accounting for a host of state‐level confounds, the preponderance of evangelicals in a state consistently predicts more Google searches for terms and phrases like “male enhancement,” “ExtenZe,” “penis pump,” “penis enlargement,” and others. We theorize that the largely patriarchal―and increasingly embattled and radicalized―evangelical subculture explicitly or implicitly promotes equating masculinity with physical strength and size, leaving men influenced by that subculture (whether evangelical or not) to seek solutions for their privately felt failure to measure up.
... An urban myth goes as far as to say that the entire Internet is about porn. Reliable sources are rather more conservative and estimate that about 4% of all webpages and about 10-15% of all searches are for pornography (Ogas & Gaddam, 2012). 23 The symptoms of online addiction are similar to alcohol or other drugs: loss of control, development of a tolerance and mental absorption (Bauernhofer, Papousek, Fink, Unterrainer, & Weiss, 2016). ...
Digitalization is the transformative event of our lifetimes. It is all-encompassing, omnipresent and irresistible. Its benefits are as undeniable as they are manifold. But although its shining light is bright, it also throws a long shadow. This thesis takes a closer look at digital dangers and at how people cope with them through an extensive literature review and a quantitative case study. A survey was deployed in Switzerland during the winter of 2018-2019 and delivered nationally representative cross-sectional data. Its analysis focuses on perception, coping methods and differences between population groups for perceiving and coping with digital dangers. The results show that the severity of digital dangers is generally considered to be between moderately and highly dangerous. Among these, digital social dangers, such as online addiction, opinion manipulation and distorted beauty ideals, display a greater variance than security dangers, such as privacy of personal data and malicious software. Nearly all the participants of the survey restrain their own digital consumption to some degree, but about one in five doesn't use any protective measures or consciously disconnect at all. The multiple regression analyses reveal that several distinguishing traits are at play. All coping methods observed are positively related to perception, which means that the more severe digital dangers are perceived to be the more likely it is that coping actions are utilized. Men are more likely to use protective measures than women. Women exercise more self-restraint and disconnect more often. Age is a very important factor for disconnection. People are increasingly abstinent from digital services the older they become. In contrast, age does not correlate with either self-restraint nor protective measures. People with higher education tend to apply more self-restraint and protective measures than people without higher education. Regional differences can be observed between language areas for self-restraint and protective measures, whereas the degree of urbanization seems to have no significant impact. People tend to perceive digital dangers as more severe, discipline their digital consumption more and use more protective measures when they have had bad experiences. However, experience does not seem to be of importance for disconnection behaviour. Two lifestyle axes were also tested as distinguishing traits. They proved to be particularly indicative, wherein both axes display substantial relationships with the use of self-restraint and protective measures. First, more self-restraint tends to occur in lifestyles with a traditional mindset and high socio-economic capital. Second, more protective measures tend to occur in lifestyles with a modern mindset and high socio-economic capital. Third, a very clear trend is visible towards disconnecting from digital services and entertainment among participants with a traditional mindset. Last, life satisfaction was highly positively related with self-restraint and disconnection, showing that happy people check their consumption and set hard boundaries more often than their lesser happy peers.
Overall, this study can be read as one stage on the scientific journey to make sense of digitalization and as a first step towards developing a healthy digital mentality for anyone willing to try some of the concrete actions described here.
... As mentioned previously, evolutionary neuropsychologists Ogas and Gaddam (2011) (who Seltzer cites heavily in the above blog posts) have also made a link between the feminine mind/body disconnect and women's unconscious desire to sexually submit to male domination: ...
... Hitherto, evolutionary-psychological theories of sexual orientations fail to convincingly explain sexual victimization of prepubescent children and the origins of pedophilic interest are yet unknown (Quinsey, 2003). Inspired by the fact that men's mate selection strategies are highly dependent on visible cues (e.g., Ogas & Gaddam, 2012) and Seto's (2008) idea that pedophilic interest results from a malfunction of males' sexual preference for youthfulness, we hypothesize that sexual target identification in heterosexual males is a function of the interplay of several modules that are sensitive to differential visual target features (Imhoff et al., 2017). Accordingly, if it was an evolutionary successful strategy to detect female's ability to become pregnant, modules that direct sexual attraction to visible indicators of reproductive maturity and fertility should have been adaptive to men's reproductive fitness. ...
Although sexual interest is a fundamental part of every sexually reproducing species, it still remains to a large extent an enigma. To this day, a general theory of sexual interest is lacking, specifically, in terms of a causal theory on how sexual interests are developed. This lack of a theoretical framework to explain sexual interest as an everyday phenomenon is exacerbated in the forensic domain where deviant sexual interests are established as prime precipitating and maintaining factors for sexual (re)offending. In this chapter we will argue, that theories of sexual deviance suffer from a crucial problem due to an inherent confound of deviant sexual interest and offending behavior. This hinders focusing on the sexual etiology of sexual offending. So far the history of theories of sexual deviance is largely a history of known general crime correlates and to a much lesser degree based on a detailed understanding of the underlying sexual inclinations. We suggest that the field will profit from a better understanding of how sexual orientations and motivations are related to sexual behaviors. To this end, we will outline our theoretical approach for heterosexual males’ chronophilic interest and report preliminary data from an empirically testable evolutionary psychologically-informed theory. Implications for future research necessary to further solidify the evidence base for this framework are discussed.
... Empirical studies have repeatedly explored (and generally affirmed) that men tend to report greater desire for physical sexual activity compared to women (see reviews and meta-analyses in Baumeister, Catanese, & Vohs [2001], Hakim [2015], Mayer & McHugh [2016], Meana [2010], Peplau [2003], Peterson & Hyde [2010, 2011, Regan & Atkins [2006]). While there is evidence that such differences may be shrinking, suggesting much of the observed difference is due to socialization and culture (Peterson & Hyde, 2010, 2011, and other studies have found these differences persist across time and culture (Hakim, 2015) leading some to argue that gender differences in sexual interest and desire are to some degree innate (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004, 2012Buss, 2003;Ogas & Gaddam, 2011;Regnerus, 2017). Whether due to socialization, biology, or (most likely) some combination of both, the perception that men predictably desire sex more than women-so much so that they are willing to exchange various things like resources, protection, fidelity, and commitment in general to get it-has led some scholars to apply an exchange model to understand men's and women's romantic relationships, viewing sex as a form of "erotic capital" that women can exploit (Hakim, 2010(Hakim, , 2011; see also Baumeister & Vohs, 2004;Byers & Want, 2004;Huang et al., 2011). ...
Coinciding with declining rates of marriage and coupled sex in the U.S., some scholars have proposed that the growing availability of “low-cost sexual gratification” or “cheap sex”—sexual activities such as hookups, pornography use, and masturbation that demand little effort or investment—will lead men to find marital commitment less appealing. Using data from two nationally representative surveys of American adults (2012 New Family Structures Study, N = 349; 2014 Relationships in America Survey, N = 1402), the current study tested the thesis that unmarried men’s pornography use, masturbation habits, or frequency of recent hookup sex would be associated with a lower likelihood of them finding marriage desirable. This thesis was unsupported. In both surveys, masturbation and hookup sex were not associated with unmarried men wishing to be married, while pornography use was robustly and linearly associated with a higher likelihood of wanting to be married. This association was apparent at both the bivariate level and after taking into account sexual satisfaction, relationship status, beliefs about marriage, and a host of other potential confounds. Findings suggest that, rather than making marriage less desirable, some forms of “low-cost sexual gratification” such as pornography use to predict a comparatively higher desire for marriage. The implications of these findings are considered in light of sex-exchange theories of marital commitment and the large body of previous research connecting pornography use to more liberal, non-monogamous sexual attitudes.
... Not so. It is well-known that killers generally attract romantic interest while in prison (Ogas & Gaddam, 2012). Furthermore, follow-up work has revealed a population which shows specific romantic aspirations towards such spree killers from a female fanbase. ...
Mass killings not motivated by clear political influences are a low risk, but high impact feature of modern life. Males have been running amok—attacking innocent strangers en-masse--since records began. Similar offence characteristics, which make sense from a life history theory perspective, are also present in other cases of mass killings in Western cultures. Status predicts reproductive success in males, and their responses to failures to acquire, or threats of loss of it can take pathological forms.
An archival search of mass murderers was conducted to identify offender and offence characteristics. Latent class analysis revealed a mass murderer typology and a bimodal age distribution consistent with critical periods of either status acquisition or status loss in males. These results highlighted the benefit of re-evaluating a previously examined area of multiple homicide from an alternative perspective and the contribution evolutionary psychology can make to understanding the motivation of mass murderers.
Key Words
Spree Killing; Evolution; Amok; Rampage Killing
... For example, fantasies of humiliation, and the obtainment of sexual pleasure through the suffering of others are found among men in the general population (10-50% and 2-5%, respectively) (Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953). Flagellation or BDSM clubs are not a modern invention (Robertson, 2014), and were reported as far back as the 19th century (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). A significant number of sexual sadism criteria are also found among nonsadistic sexual offenders. ...
... For example, fantasies of humiliation, and the obtainment of sexual pleasure through the suffering of others are found among men in the general population (10-50% and 2-5%, respectively) (Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953). Flagellation or BDSM clubs are not a modern invention (Robertson, 2014), and were reported as far back as the 19th century (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). A significant number of sexual sadism criteria are also found among nonsadistic sexual offenders. ...
Sexual sadism has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since the mid‐20th century. The DSM‐5 committee distinguished between sadistic behaviors on consenting partners and nonconsenting persons. The lack of consensus on the diagnostic criteria for sexual sadism is in part responsible for the poor inter‐rater agreement and reliability reported for this disorder. Marshall and Hucker found that five dimensions are generally considered central to sexual sadism: control, power, and domination; humiliation; torture; sadistic sexual interest; and sexual mutilation. The DSM‐5 paraphilias subworkgroup proposed a possible criterion set for paraphilic coercive disorder which was differentiated from sexual sadism. Some studies have investigated the role that testosterone level plays in sexual assault, and have reported a link between high levels of testosterone on the one hand, and impersonal sexuality and the presence of violent and antisocial behaviors, on the other.
... The amount of and access to sexually explicit material, such as pornography, is unprecedented. Pornography has become a multibillion-dollar industry, comprising an estimated 10% to 15% of all web searches (Ogas & Gaddam, 2012). The increased ease of access and availability of pornography via computer and mobile devices is not trivial; exposure to sexuality-related content and pornography via the Internet shapes attitudes about sexual behavior (Wright, 2013;2018;Wright et al., 2016). ...
As a fundamental aspect of the human experience, sexuality is experienced at every stage in the life span. Sexual values, behaviors, and health are important components of individual and family well‐being. Educating about such a fundamental aspect of life is both obvious and crucial. In this article, we consider the potential of sexuality education in the field and profession of family life education (FLE). We critique sexuality education in the United States and the marginal place of human sexuality in the FLE field. We then offer recommendations for incorporating life span, socioecological, family systems, and intersectionality perspectives into sexuality education, and recommendations for FLE and sexuality education research and practice. We argue that educating about sexuality in the context of FLE—and activating the profession of FLE for sexuality education—will strategically advance sexuality education, sexual health, and the field of FLE.
... Knowledge, then, can be an actor. Only 21% of women aged 18-30 view pornography a few times a week and this decreases with age, depowering them as individuals (CovenantEyes, 2015;Ruvolo, 2011;Ogas & Gaddam, 2011;Anthony, 2012). ...
We fail to teach students to think critically about the Web in schools within the United Kingdom (UK). This is a problem. It is also the focus of this thesis. As a teacher, I feel this problem is an unacceptable status quo. One that ensures we fail to empower young people as knowledgeable citizens of society and the Web itself. So, I offer here an original contribution to knowledge in order to change this, through a research investigation that aims to move us in the right direction. It is a contribution because it begins to solve the problem of a lack of critical education about the Web in schools through reporting the findings of a participatory study. This study sheds light on how we might develop principles for Web education in two schools within the UK; my thesis offers a foundational framework for pedagogy about the Web that can be used in schools. It analyses the views of teachers and students, actors with much experience in this landscape, about issues surrounding teaching and learning the Web, at a time when such views have not been adequately considered. Their insight was necessary to better understand the status quo.
Hence, this thesis arose from a desire to explore the problem described above, particularly from the view of those most directly involved: teachers and students. I aimed to discover what was currently taught about the Web within UK secondary schools, any strengths and weaknesses, and how we might approach it in the future. I set out to learn what actors felt about teaching the Web and learning about the Web. To do so, I asked how it might be done differently and, through this investigation, what original reflections could be forged. I aimed to make these capable of informing future educational development. Hence, I formulated four research questions:
1. How is the Web currently taught in schools?
2. What is the insight of teachers and students?
3. What might an alternative intervention look like?
4. What is the critical reflection and lessons we can learn from that?
To answer these questions, I adopted a design research method. I produced a co-constructed, mixed-method study that interviewed a sample of 49 students, aged 11-18, and 20 teachers, of varying positions and ages, located in two different schools. These interviews informed my thinking, as well as topic choice, for a teaching intervention design. I deployed this as a six lesson teaching intervention with a total of 20 students. These students were split evenly into two classes, one located in each school. To reflect upon my intervention, I then gained feedback from 10 teachers and those same 20 students. Both groups appraised my concept through a post-study questionnaire. Web Science, the interdisciplinary banner I fly my intervention to teach about the Web under, has never charted this course before. With this in mind, my investigation frames an unorthodox manifesto for future researchers to build on.
... million Internet inquiries made from July, 2009 to July, 2010, 13% of which are requests for erotic content (Ogas & Gaddam, 2012). ...
Objectives The present study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Types of pornography scale (TPS) for the Iranian population. Methods This is a descriptive psychometrics study. Participants were 318 males and 182 females (mean age: 23.55±5.07 years) who were selected using a convenience sampling method. They responded to the Persian versions of the TPS and the problematic pornography use scale (PPUS). Data were analyzed in SPSS v.23 and LISREL v.8.8 application using Lawshe’s method, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson correlation test, Cronbach’s α, and Omega. Results The questionnaire had good content validity. The original 3-factor model of the tool was not confirmed by the CFA. However, the EFA results led to a revised model with 7 factors. Cronbach’s α and Omega values for the whole scale were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. The results showed the positive correlation of TPS with the subscales of PPUS, which confirmed the convergent validity. Conclusion The Persian version of the TPS has acceptable reliability and validity to measure the use of different types of pornography in the Iranian population and can be used in studies related to pornography in Iran.
Moral education is an enduring concern for societies committed to the value of justice and the wellbeing of children. What kind of moral guidance do young people need to navigate the social world today? Which theories, perspectives, values, and ideals are best suited for the task? This volume offers educators insight into both the challenges and promises of moral education from a variety of ethical perspectives. It introduces and analyses several important developments in ethics and moral psychology and discusses how some key moral problems can be addressed in contemporary classrooms. In doing so, Moral Education in the 21st Century helps readers develop a deeper understanding of the complexities of helping young people grow into moral agents and ethical people. As such, researchers, students, and professionals in the fields of moral education, moral psychology, moral philosophy, ethics, educational theory, and philosophy of education will benefit from this volume.
Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen, millä tavoin pornonkäyttö on vaikuttanut pornoa käyttävien ja sitä käyttäneiden suomalaisten kristittyjen kokemukseen heidän hengellisestä elämästään ja parisuhteestaan. Vaikka moni kristitty kuluttaa pornoa, sen käyttö on uskonnollisesti tabu. Artikkelin tulokset perustuvat nettikyselyn avulla maaliskuussa 2018 kerättyyn aineistoon (N=505). Tulokset osoittavat, että pornonkäytöllä on merkittäviä vaikutuksia kristittyjen hengelliseen elämään ja parisuhteeseen. Eniten pornonkäyttö on synnyttänyt häpeää, syyllisyyttä ja kokemusta kelpaamattomuudesta, jotka etäännyttävät ihmistä Jumalasta ja seurakunnasta. Lisäksi pornonkäyttö on etäännyttänyt kristittyjä omasta puolisosta, sekä aiheuttanut parisuhteeseen surua ja loukkaantumisen tunteita psyykkisesti ja seksuaalisesti. Tämä seksuaalisuuden näkökulma ei suomalaisessa tutkimuksessa ole aiemmin noussut esille. Toisaalta aineistosta nousi esiin myös neutraaleja ja armoon sidottuja vaikutuksia. Despite many Christians consume pornography, it is still a religious taboo. In this article, Iexamine how porn use has affected the spiritual lives and relationships of Finnish Christians. The results are based on data obtained through an online survey (N=505) published in March 2018. The results show that pornography consumption significantly impacts Christians’ spiritual lives and their romantic relationships. In relationships, pornography use was seen as having a significant mental and sexual impact. The sexual aspect has not previously been raised in Finnish research. Spiritually, porn use causes shame, guilt and experiences of unworthiness. All this lead to isolation and distance from God, the church and one’s spouse. Neutral and grace-bound effects also emerged from the data.
Moral education is an enduring concern for societies committed to the value of justice and the wellbeing of children. What kind of moral guidance do young people need to navigate the social world today? Which theories, perspectives, values, and ideals are best suited for the task? This volume offers educators insight into both the challenges and promises of moral education from a variety of ethical perspectives. It introduces and analyses several important developments in ethics and moral psychology and discusses how some key moral problems can be addressed in contemporary classrooms. In doing so, Moral Education in the 21st Century helps readers develop a deeper understanding of the complexities of helping young people grow into moral agents and ethical people. As such, researchers, students, and professionals in the fields of moral education, moral psychology, moral philosophy, ethics, educational theory, and philosophy of education will benefit from this volume.
In the last decade of the twentieth century, a new digital era supplanted modernity. Just as the printing press transformed civilization over the course of centuries, personal computing and the Internet did so as well, only far faster. . This chapter details the manifold ways in which human life has been fundamentally altered since 1990. It describes how our technology, communications, financial system, culture, conduct, identities, marriages, families, sexuality, community life, media sources, authority structures, privacy, brains, empathy, and sense of self have all been reconfigured. The digital era has not just given humanity new devices; it has impacted the way we live, work, and interact, thereby remaking virtually every facet of our functioning. Many have struggled to adjust in this “age of acceleration” as profound changes occur with unprecedented speed.
It has been more than 32 years since Communicatio published “The Functions of Pornography in Society: A Survey of Some Alternative Intellectual Views”, a 1989 article by Stefan Sonderling that explored various ideological viewpoints and social roles of pornography. Despite the article’s suggestive title, it presents no actual survey data of porn functions by consumers. South Africa has repeatedly appeared amongst the top 20 porn consumer countries in the world, yet no academic publication has explored the quantitative dimension of South African porn use. Statistical data provided by websites such as Pornhub remains site-specific, insular, and devoid of experiential accounts by users. This article presents mixed-methods research data collected in 2017 as part of my doctoral study at the University of the Witwatersrand. The national study utilised a large anonymous survey (Phase 1) and a smaller number of in-depth interviews (Phase 2). This led to the collection of 676 completed survey responses and the recruitment of 25 interview respondents. The data shows that porn consumption pleasure possesses spatio-temporal specificities and that location and time are integral to enjoying porn. Porn is able to be a masturbation aid, a stress remedy, a sleep sedative, and an energy stimulant, arguably because it emulates the corporeal effects of sex. Lastly, this study reveals that the majority of porn consumers, including those in relationships, prefer to watch porn alone, away from the purview of their romantic partners.
¿La aparición de internet ha cambiado el feminismo hasta el punto de que podamos hablar de una cuarta ola? Sin duda, internet ha posibilitado la globalización de la protesta. Ahora es posible organizarse en redes sociales para denunciar hechos que suceden bajo la indiferencia de los medios de comunicación. Pero también hemos de señalar que internet ha aumentado muchos problemas que ya existían y ha creado problemáticas nuevas, que se han incorporado a la agenda feminista. Observamos que ha profundizado la explotación sexual, la cosificación y la tiranía de la belleza femenina, ha instaurado unos patrones relacionales fluidos en los que las mujeres representan el papel intercambiable y desechable. Internet ha introducido una nueva dimensión de la violencia contra las mujeres, al facilitar nuevos mecanismos de control que estrechan la esfera de la intimidad y facilitan el acoso. La violencia por razón de sexo en el ámbito digital puede ser ejercida por la pareja de la víctima, por un conocido, por el entorno familiar, por un grupo de personas conocidas en el trabajo o la escuela, o por personas desconocidas agazapadas tras un usuario anónimo de internet.
El presente libro explora el feminismo como fuerza motriz en la sociedad digital en la que actualmente vivimos. Se trata de una obra que se trata de dilucidar cuestiones relevantes en el mundo actual: ¿cómo impacta la tecnología digital sobre los derechos de las mujeres?, ¿permite la construcción de un mundo más libre para las mujeres u origina nuevas formas de violencia machista? El libro recorre temas de interés como los algoritmos, el teletrabajo, la brecha sexista en internet, el impacto cultural de la pornografía, la cosificación sexual en redes sociales y la violencia machista a través de las tecnologías digitales.
This chapter will look at how the Internet is impacting on couples with regard to attachment; on the process by which couples find each other and form relationships, on the longer-term development and maintenance of an exclusive relationship, and on the ways that adult relationships might end.
This article draws from the life and work of George Bellows (1882–1925), a noted American painter at the turn of the twentieth century, in relation to his art instructor, Robert Henri (1865–1929), to envision pastoral relationships that foster spontaneous self-expression and the embrace of intrapsychic complexity in contemporary American boys and young men. It examines cultural trends and male psychosexual struggles that bolster undue self-screening at the expense of archaic, semiconscious desires to see and to be seen, to know and to be known. By identifying with artwork, artist, and art instructor, ministers or mentors aspire to evoke and enrich several facets of their own and their protégé’s self-experience, designated here the unedited self, the unmanifested self, and the unencumbered self.
Understanding what motivates people to join violent ideological groups and engage in acts of cruelty against others is of great social and societal importance. In this paper, I posit that one necessary element is ‘ideological obsession’—an ideological commitment fuelled by unmet psychological needs and regulated by inhibitory and ego-defensive mechanisms. Drawing from evidence collected across cultures and ideologies, I describe four processes through which ideological obsession puts individuals on a path towards violence. First, ideological obsession deactivates moral self-regulatory processes, allowing unethical behaviours to be carried out without self-recrimination. Second, ideologically obsessed individuals are easily threatened by information that criticises their ideology, which in turn leads to hatred and violent retaliation. Third, ideological obsession changes people's social interactions by making them gravitate towards like-minded individuals who support ideological violence. As these social networks become more interconnected, they amplify one's adherence to violent extremism. Finally, ideologically obsessed individuals are prone to psychological reactance, making them immune to communication strategies intended to dissuade them from using violence. In fact, messages espousing non-violence can have the opposite effect by reinforcing their violence-supporting ideology. I conclude by presenting evidence-based strategies to prevent radicalisation leading to violence for individuals in pre-criminal spaces.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.