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Prevalence of trypanosomosis in trade cattle at slaughter in Kaduna, Nigeria
... Trypanosomosis is a complex infectious disease of animals caused by a range of extra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, responsible for production losses, morbidity and sometime mortality in infected herds (Abenga et al., 2002). The clinical signs of trypanosomosis depend on the species and strain of the infecting trypanosome, breed of the animal involved (Anene et al., 1991a,b;Matioli et al., 1998) and the prevalence of vectors (Leak et al., 1990;Onyiah, 1997;Merkuria and Gadissa, 2011). ...
... The results of microscopy screening in this study was 15.1%, which falls within the range of 5.3-18.57% reported in other studies (Kalu and Lawani, 1996;Abenga et al., 2002;Enwezor et al., 2009) in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa (Mamoudou et al., 2006;Merkuria and Gadissa, 2011). The use of PCR showed a much higher 63.7% prevalence of trypanosome infection in this study, a remarkably higher percentage than previously reported in Nigeria. ...
... Our parasitological findings agree with the low level of mixed infections detected by parasitological techniques by earlier workers in the country (Kalu, 1995;Abenga et al., 2002;Enwezor et al., 2009). However, PCR results revealed higher levels of mixed infections, consistent with elsewhere in Africa (Pinchbeck et al., 2008). ...
Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to survey pathogenic trypanosome infection in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. In 411 animals sampled, microscopy detected 15.1% positive infection of at least one of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma vivax, while PCR detected 63.7% positive infections of at least one of those species and Trypanosoma evansi. PCR detected 4.4%, 48.7%, 26.0% and 0.5% respectively of T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi infections. All of the T. congolense detected were savannah-type, except for two forest-type infections. Prevalence of mixed infections was 13.9%, being primarily co-infection by T. congolense and T. vivax while prevalence of mixed infections by T. evansi, T. vivax and T. congolense was 1.5%. Microscopy showed poor sensitivity but specificity greater than 94%. Infection rates were much higher in Southern than in Northern Nigeria. Infections were lowest in N'dama compared to Muturu, Sokoto Gudali and White Fulani breeds. Animals with T. vivax monoinfection and mixed infections showed significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV) values. Those infected with any Trypanosoma species with <200 parasites/μl showed higher PCV values than those infected with >200 parasites/μl. The new finding of savannah- and forest- type T. congolense in Nigeria and the relatively high abundance of mixed infections are of significant clinical relevance. This study also suggests that T. congolense is the most prevalent species in Nigeria.
... Trypanosomosis is a complex infectious disease of animals caused by a range of extra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, responsible for production losses, morbidity and sometime mortality in infected herds (Abenga et al., 2002). The clinical signs of trypanosomosis depend on the species and strain of the infecting trypanosome, breed of the animal involved (Anene et al., 1991a,b;Matioli et al., 1998) and the prevalence of vectors (Leak et al., 1990;Onyiah, 1997;Merkuria and Gadissa, 2011). ...
... The results of microscopy screening in this study was 15.1%, which falls within the range of 5.3-18.57% reported in other studies (Kalu and Lawani, 1996;Abenga et al., 2002;Enwezor et al., 2009) in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa (Mamoudou et al., 2006;Merkuria and Gadissa, 2011). The use of PCR showed a much higher 63.7% prevalence of trypanosome infection in this study, a remarkably higher percentage than previously reported in Nigeria. ...
... Our parasitological findings agree with the low level of mixed infections detected by parasitological techniques by earlier workers in the country (Kalu, 1995;Abenga et al., 2002;Enwezor et al., 2009). However, PCR results revealed higher levels of mixed infections, consistent with elsewhere in Africa (Pinchbeck et al., 2008). ...
Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to survey pathogenic trypanosome infection in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. In 411 animals sampled, microscopy detected 15.1% positive infection of at least one of Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense or T. vivax, while PCR detected 63.7% positive infections of at least one of those species and T. evansi. PCR detected 4.4%, 48.7%, 26.0% and 0.5% respectively of T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi infections. All of the T. congolense detected were savannah-type, except for 2 forest-type infections. Prevalence of mixed infections was 13.9%, being primarily co-infection by T. congolense and T. vivax while prevalence of mixed infections by T. evansi, T. vivax and T. congolense was 1.5%. Microscopy showed poor sensitivity but specificity greater than 94%. Infection rates were much higher in Southern than in Northern Nigeria. Infections were lowest in N’dama compared to Muturu, Sokoto Gudali and White Fulani breeds. Animals with T. vivax monoinfection and mixed infections showed significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV) values. Those infected with any Trypanosoma species with < 200 parasites/μl showed higher PCV values than those infected with >200 parasites/μl. The new finding of savannah- and forest- type T. congolense in Nigeria and the relatively high abundance of mixed infections are of significant clinical relevance. This study also suggests that T. congolense is the most prevalent species in Nigeria.
... African animal trypanosomiasis is the main parasitological constraints to livestock production in many sub-Saharan African countries infested with tsetse flies (Itard, 2003) [7] . African trypanosomiasis is responsible for 3 million livestock deaths and the death of about 55 000 people annually (Abenga et al., 2002) [1] . Tsetse flies are found exclusively on the African continent, between 5°N to 20°S latitudes. ...
... African animal trypanosomiasis is the main parasitological constraints to livestock production in many sub-Saharan African countries infested with tsetse flies (Itard, 2003) [7] . African trypanosomiasis is responsible for 3 million livestock deaths and the death of about 55 000 people annually (Abenga et al., 2002) [1] . Tsetse flies are found exclusively on the African continent, between 5°N to 20°S latitudes. ...
... Trypanosomiasis (Surra) is a chronic infection in the equine. The main species of trypanosomes that cause trypanosomiasis in animals are T. congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi (Abenga et al., 2002). They are transmitted biologically, but can also be transmitted through the mechanical means. ...
... Trypanosoma evansi, T. congolenese and T. vivax can be transferred mechanically or biologically (Abenga et al., 2002) so there might be the presence of different trypanosome species in the naturally infected animals. Trypanosoma congolense (Almeida et al., 1998) GOL 5'-GAGAACGGGCACTTTGCGATTTTC-3' GOL5'-GACAAACAAATCCCGCACAACCAT-3' 314 bp Trypanosoma evansi (Birhanu et al., 2015) RoTat-F:5'-GCGGGGTGTTTAAAGCAATA-3 RoTat-R:5'ATTAGTGCTGCGTGTGTTCG-3 205 bp To identify the prevalence of each Trypanosoma species in trypanosomiasis infected animals, three species-specific primers were used for T. vivax, T. congolense and T. evansi. ...
The study was designed to investigate the molecular identification and prevalence and of trypanosomiasis and its effects on hematological and biochemical parameters in donkeys. Blood samples were collected from 657 donkeys of three districts:Gujranwala, Gujrat, and Mandi Bahaudin in Punjab province of Pakistan. Prevalence of Trypanosoma was observed by microscopy of Giemsa’s stained blood smear; whereas, serum and hematological parameters were determined by serum biochemistry and hematologic analyzer, respectively. Multiplex PCR was used to differentiate the species of Trypanosoma in diseased animals. Out of 657 donkeys screened, 58 (8.83%) were detected positive for trypanosomiasis by microscopic examination. Gujranwala was found to have highest prevalence (11.58%) followed by Gujrat (8.23%) and Mandi Bahaudin
(5.39%), respectively. Hemoglobin, red blood cells count, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular volume were significantly (P<0.05) lower in infected animals; whereas, total leucocyte count and lymphocyte count were significantly (P<0.05) higher in infected animals. Total protein, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the infected animals. Macrocyte, microcyte, acanthocyte, dacrocyte and bizarre shaped red blood cells were observed in infected animals. Multiplex PCR showed that Trypanosoma evansi was the most prevalent species.
... Furthermore, it is estimated that 50 million cattle are at risk of becoming infected with trypanosomosis leading to more than 3 million livestock deaths yearly, losses in calving, reduction in livestock numbers, drop in meat and milk offtake and reduced work efficiency of draft animals and profitability of mixed farming (Budd, 1999; Hursey, 2000). We recently observed that trypanosomosis is a major cause of culling of animals form herps and has impact on the physical condition of cattle at slaughter and consequently, the market value (Abenga et al., 2002). In a recent resurgence in tsetse menace and trypanosomosis, about 83% mortality rate was observed in a Fulani herd near Saminaka, North Central Nigeria and seasonal migration of semi-nomadic herdsmen from the area (Abenga et al., 2004). ...
... Furthermore, it is estimated that 50 million cattle are at risk of becoming infected with trypanosomosis leading to more than 3 million livestock deaths yearly, losses in calving, reduction in livestock numbers, drop in meat and milk offtake and reduced work efficiency of draft animals and profitability of mixed farming (Budd, 1999; Hursey, 2000). We recently observed that trypanosomosis is a major cause of culling of animals form herps and has impact on the physical condition of cattle at slaughter and consequently, the market value (Abenga et al., 2002). In a recent resurgence in tsetse menace and 1564 Afr. ...
The current threat of African trypanosomosis on sustainable livestock production and food security coupled with failure of tse-tse fly control, chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis to control the present resurgence of the disease has increased the imperative need for increasing trypanotolerance in livestock. The innate ability of trypanosome infected animals to control anaemia and development of parasitaemia are some of the indicators of trypanotolerance. In the last few years, research had aimed at identifying the various factors involved in trypanotolerance. Even though haematopoietic and anti-trypanosome serum lytic factors have been associated with ability to control the development of anaemia and parasite respectively, trypanotolerance is a genetically defined complex mechanism involving factors which are not yet well known. Recent molecular based research using mice and cattle identified genomic regions controlling trypanotolerance in animals. Although these biotechnologies have not been able to identify the complete pool of genes involved in trypanotolerance, they have raised the hope of producing synthetic breeds of animals with higher trypanotolerance level, and enhancing the tolerance of susceptible breeds.
... The highest prevalence due to T. congolense in this study may suggest an increased presence of the biological vectors for T. congolense and reduced occurrence of other biting flies, which have been implicated in the mechanical transmission of T. vivax (39). It could be because of a better immune response to T. vivax by the infected animals (40). According to Stephen and Van den Bossche and Rowlands (21,41), T. congolense is mainly confirmed in the blood, while T. vivax and T. brucei also invade the tissues. ...
This study assesses the prevalence of bovine trypanosomes and the density of tsetse flies in the Yem Special District, Southern Ethiopia, highlighting the disease's significant impact on livestock health and agricultural productivity. Conducted between May 2022 and January 2023, the cross-sectional survey analyzed 960 blood samples for trypanosomes prevalence and tsetse fly density. Results revealed a 10.63% (9–12%) overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomes, with Trypanosoma congolense (5.83%) and Trypanosoma vivax (4.73%) as the predominant species, and 0.63% of mixed infection. Significant associations were found between trypanosomes and anemia, age, and sex, with higher prevalence rates observed in cattle with poor body condition scores and black-hair coats. The study identified three Glossina species, with Glossina morsitans submorsitans being the most prevalent. The findings underscore the need for integrated vector control strategies, community engagement in disease management, and further research using molecular techniques for deeper understanding and effective control measures. Collaboration among stakeholders is crucial for mitigating the disease's impact on livestock and human populations.
... African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense, and T. evansi is among the wasting and debilitating disease of man and animals (Barrett et al., 2003;Nwoha et al., 2013). The disease is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa countries, where it is cyclically transmitted by the tsetse fly of the Glossina species (Abenga et al., 2002;Giordani et al., 2016). AAT constitute a huge and devastating economic impact in Nigeria and most countries where the disease is endemic, causing impediments to sustainable livestock production, food security, morbidity and mortality of affected animals (Swallow, 2000). ...
The chemotherapeutic efficacy of diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (IMC) were compared in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Twenty Nigerian local breeds of dogs were used for the study. They were divided into four groups of five dogs each. Dogs in group I served as uninfected untreated control, group II was infected untreated, while groups III and IV were the infected treated with DA and IMC respectively. Administration of DA and IMC effectively cleared the parasites from the blood stream of the treated dogs. However, the infection subsequently relapsed at days 28 and 49 post treatment (pt) in DA and IMC treated groups, respectively. The red cell parameters (PCV, HB, and RBC) decreased significantly (P<0.05) following infection. They were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in IMC treated group than the DA treated group comparable with the control. The infected groups had elevated total white blood cell counts. However, the DA treated, and IMC treated groups did not show any significant (P> 0.05) difference when compared together with the control. The mean activities of SAP, AST, and ALT increased significantly (P<0.05) in the infected groups compared with the control. The mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased significantly (P<0.05) on days 21 and 28 post infection (pi) in the infected untreated group and IMC treated groups. The mean creatinine(CRT) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the infected groups on day 14 pi compared to the control. From day 35 pi the mean BUN and CRT levels returned to normal values. It was thus concluded from this study that IMC exhibited more chemotherapeutic therapeutic activity over DA, as evidenced from the result of relapsed infections post treatment and haematological changes. However, the serum biochemical parameters were significantly altered in both DA and IMC treated groups compared to the control.
... The pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of trypanosomiasis is always associated with; increase in parasitaemia, increases in body temperature, decrease in body weight and even death if there is no drug intervention [9]. Thus, any antitrypanosomal agent is expected to show the reverse pattern in any of the case [18]. In this study, little or no increase in parasitaemia, decrease from higher to normal body temperature and increase in body weight were all observed and recorded in Groups 1 -5 that were administered the Wonder kola methanol extract in different concentrations, while the reverse pattern were observed and recorded in Group 6 (negative control). ...
Several pharmacognostic properties of wonderful kola plant has necessitated the need for a high-throughput identification of bioactive compounds present in this plant which could serve as lead compounds in developing potent and novel trypanocidal agents. Trypanosomiasis is a protozoal disease known as sleeping sickness which is ranked among top priority tropical infections. The aim of the current study was to identify the bioactive compounds present in methanolic extract of wonderful kola and determine its antitrypaosomal activity. Photochemical screenings and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the plan extracts was carried out to determine the bioactive compounds. A total of 12 adult rats, 7 weeks old of both sexes were randomly divided into six groups (1, 2,3,4,5 and 6) of 2 animals each. All the Groups were intraperitoneally infected with 0.1 mL of blood containing 10 6 Trypanosomes/mL. Groups 1-4 received methanolic extract of wonderful kola intraperitoneally at daily doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/mL/kg body weight, while Group 5 received standard trypanosomal drug of 7.86 mg/kg (suramin dose) which served as the positive control and Group 6 was infected without any treatment (negative control). Different pathological parameters in terms of parasitemia, temperature, weight and percentage of survival were all evaluated. Some of the compounds identified include: saponins, tanins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, benzendodecanoic acid, methyl tetradecanoate, hexadecanoic acid, diisooctyl adipate, cycloheptatien. Among the animals treated with methanolic extract of wonderful kola, there was decrease in the level of parasitaemia, decrease from higher to normal body temperature, increases in body weight and survival rate. In conclusion, Wonder Kola contains important bioactive compounds which are relatively safe and could be regarded as potential Trypanocidal agents in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.
... The pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of Trypanosomiasis is always associated with; increase in parasitaemia, increases in body temperature, decrease in body weight and even death if there is no drug intervention [5]. Thus, any Antitrypanosomal agent is expected to show the reverse pattern of the case [16]. However, many researchers have been reporting similar pattern (Higher parasitaemia, increase in body temperature and decrease in body weight) when evaluating the Antitrypanosomal activity of a particular agent [3]. ...
Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis are complex Neglected Tropical Infections with unsertisfactory medical control. To date, their chemotherapy relies on suramim, pentamidine, melarsoprol and eflornithine. Each of these drugs is expensive, laborious to administer, lacksefficacy against some trypanosomes species and lead to some significant side effects. This study aimed to evaluate theAntitrypanosomal activity of Tetracycline in animal model. A total of 12 adult rats, 7 weeks old of both sexes wererandomly divided into six groups (1, 2,3,4,5 and 6) of 2 animals each. All the Groups (1-6) were intraperitoneally infectedwith 0.1 ml of blood containing the parasites. Groups 1-4 received the tetracycline intraperitoneally at daily doses of 0.01,0.1, 1.0 and 10mg/ml/kg body weight respectively, while Group 5 received standard Trypanosomal drug of 7.86mg/kg(suramin dose) which served as the Positive control and Group 6 was infected without any treatment (Negative control).Physiological, Physical and Behavioral Changes as well as Hematological parameters were all evaluated. There wasdecreased in the level of parasitaemia, decrease from higher to normal body temperature, increases in body weight andsurvival rate, as well as low pallor of the mucus membrane, loss of condition, pyrexia, lacrimation and aggression withhigh food consumption in all the tetracycline treated groups. More so, a significant decrease in mean PCV, Hgb, RBC,MCV, MCH and MCHC in all the treated groups often comparing with suramin treated group P-value <0.05. It wasconcluded that, Tetracycline can be considered as potent Antitrypanosomal drugs with a potency level up to 10mg/kg .
... These observations suggest anaemia, 26,27 which is a well-recognized and inevitable consequence of an infection with pathogenic trypanosomes, including Trypanosoma congolense. 28,29 Anaemia in trypanosomiasis usually sets in during the first wave of parasitaemia. 23,30 The low PCV observed may be as a result of acute haemolysis due to growing infection. ...
... The severity of disease depends on the pathogenicity and virulence of the infecting trypanosome, livestock immune response, presence and distribution of infected transmitting vectors and environmental effect variables (Leak 1998). Glossina covers approximately 80% landmass (Anene et al. 1991;, while biting flies (tabanids and stomoxyines) are ubiquitous in Nigeria ; hence, AAT continues to be endemic with an ever-increasing loss in the livestock industry (Abenga et al. 2002). Earlier report from the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomosis Research (NITR) estimated economic losses due to bovine trypanosomosis in six states to be US$ 23.06 million (equivalent of 837.2 million) annually (Onyiah 1997). ...
Introduction
Theoretical and modelling approaches were undertaken on Nigerian livestock industry to estimate financial losses due to African animal trypanosomosis.
Methods
Surveys were conducted between March 2018 and February 2019 to include focus group interactions, in-depth household engagements concerning livestock practices in relation to AAT. Financial losses estimation on livestock were targeted to provide ways to regain cost and maximize household livelihoods. Mathematical equation was developed to project the effects of intervention strategies. Important variables such as mean AAT prevalence, incidence rate, birth rate, morbidity and mortality were estimated and inserted in the model.
Results
Mean total income per capita was US 518. 9 million were estimated from direct losses, while US 577.7 million. This is equivalent to 207.98 billion Nigerian naira and represents 6.93% of annual livestock GDP in the country. This could increase to 85% in the next 50 years if there are no proper control interventions. Control efforts could reduce the losses to US$ 16.7 million at the rate of 0.2% during the same period.
Discussions
AAT has severe socioeconomic impact on producer’s livelihood and urgent improved control intervention strategies should be instituted to reduce the losses attributed to the disease.
... Even in 5 the endemic zones of tsetse fly, misdiagnosis sequel to the use of labourintensive, less reliable microscopic and serological-based assay were found to contend with efficient AAT diagnosis (Adams et al., 2010;Abdi et al., 2017). One of the reasons implicated regarding the devastating assault of AAT is that trypanosomes evade the immune system of the host because it possesses a variable surface antigen (VSG) which prevents them from lysing by complement alternative pathway (Barry & Carrington, 2004;Vincendeau Bouteille, 2006), hence AAT continues to thrive (Abenga et al., 2002). ...
Molecular-based assay is reported to efficiently detect higher levels of subacute infection of the African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). Based on our previous research data, this study reports the detection of subacute Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax) infection, sequel to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay diagnosis in four extant Nigerian sheep breeds namely, Balami, Yankassa, Uda and West African Dwarf (WAD) sampled from four geographical locations in Nigeria, the detected T.vivax infection was associated with thermo-tolerance traits of our animals. The study approach involved the use of the PCR-based assay to amplify a DNA fragment size of 400 bp within the genome of the pathogenic parasite in 161 sheep of both sexes. Our findings showed that T. vivax pathogen caused significant assault (P<0.05) on infected Nigerian native sheep compared with non-infected counterparts as depicted by the elevated thermo-tolerance traits. The WAD breed was found to have improved thermo-tolerance performance especially in body temperature when exposed to the assault of T. vivax infection compared with the Uda, Balami and Yankassa sheep breeds (P<0.05). The sheep breed showed very significant effect (P<0.01) on thermo-tolerance traits. Balami sheep was the most thermal-vulnerable breed while WAD was least affected by the assault of thermal stress. Pathogenic T. vivax is culpable in the alteration of body thermo-tolerance of local sheep populations in Nigeria with the attendant health implications. Current research noted that WAD breed performed better under stressful assaults of T. vivax infection.
... The species commonly affecting livestock are T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei causing sleeping sickness in animals (Steverding, 2008). Trypanosomosis in livestock causes drastic weight loss, decrease in milk yield, decrease in carcass quality and inability to work due to poor feed conversion efficiency (Itard, 1989;Abenga et al., 2002). ...
... Tsetse flies cover an approximately 80% of the landmass in Nigeria [7], hence AAT continues to thrive, and losses incurred have not reduced [8]. The prevalence of trypanosome infections in the tsetse flies is often neglected probably due to the intensive labour required for its evaluation [9,10]. ...
Background
African animal trypanosomiasis is an economically significant disease that affects the livestock industry in Nigeria. It is caused by several parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. National estimates of the disease prevalence in livestock and tsetse flies are lacking, therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to understand the trend of the disease prevalence over the years. Methods
Publications were screened in Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE and PubMed databases. Using four-stage (identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion) process in the PRIMSA checklist, only studies that met the inclusion criteria for AAT and tsetse infections were analysed. Point estimates prevalence and subgroup analyses based on diagnostic techniques in livestock were evaluated at 95% confidence interval (CI). ResultsA total of 74 eligible studies published between 1960 and 2017 were selected for meta-analysis. This covers the six geopolitical zones, involving a total of 53,924 animals. The overall prevalence of AAT was 16.1% (95% CI: 12.3–20.3%). Based on diagnostic techniques, the prevalence of AAT in cattle was highest in PCR followed by serology and microscopy while the highest prevalence in pigs was observed with serology. Out of 12,552 tsetse flies examined from 14 eligible studies, an overall prevalence of 17.3% (95% CI: 4.5–36.0%) and subgroup prevalence of 49.7% (95% CI: 30.7–68.8%), 11.5% (95% CI: 6.1–18.5) and 4.5% (95% CI: 1.8–8.8%) in G. morsitans, G. tachinoides and G. palpalis, respectively, were observed using the random effects-model. Conclusions
The prevalence of trypanosomes in both vectors and animal hosts was high in Nigeria. Therefore, further research on risk factors, seasonal and transhumance effects, vectoral capacity and competence are warranted for an effective control of AAT in Nigeria.
... The history of AAT and its socio-economic influence in Africa date back to many centuries ago and the disease still remains a big challenge to African farmers (Abenga et al., 2002). Recently, climate change has complicated the control of the tsetse fly vector and trypanosome, with report of the presence of both the vector and parasite in places previously designated as tsetse fly and trypanosome-free (Majekodunmi et al., 2013). ...
One hundred each, of Muturu and Bunaji cattle were screened, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for trypanosomes in Makurdi and Gboko Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Erythrocyte surface sialic acid (ESSA) and free serum sialic acid (FSSA) concentrations were determined and compared in both breeds with the aim of providing baseline data for research and diagnostic purposes. Five per cent (5%) and 23% of the Muturu and Bunaji cattle, respectively, were positive for trypanosomes. The result at p = 0.005 was significantly different, with p value of 0.0002 and odd ratio of 0.1762. The Trypanosoma species circulating in Benue State, as detected in the two breeds of cattle, were Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei and T. evansi. This study, therefore, reports for the first time a natural infection of cattle with T. evansi and the use of a novel PCR in the diagnosis of trypanosome infections in cattle in Benue State, Nigeria. The determination of the ESSA and FSSA concentrations in Muturu cattle in Nigeria is also reported for the first time. The Muturu cattle have a significantly higher ESSA than the Bunaji cattle, this may be responsible for their relative trypanotolerance.
... African animal trypanosomosis constitutes a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in several parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria [1,2] despite decades of attempts to control the disease and its vectors [3]. All species of Trypanosoma, with the exception of some strains of T. vivax which produce a hyper acute and acute infection, are characterized by high parasitemia, fever, severe anaemia and haemorrhages on the mucosal and serosal surfaces [4]. ...
A case of trypanosomosis was reported in a 3-year old male Rottweiler breed of dog in Abeokuta Metropolis, Nigeria. The dog was presented with clinical signs of epistaxis, bilateral corneal opacity, anorexia, vomiting brownish materials and recumbency. Haematological examination revealed high lymphocytes count,
decreased red blood cells, Pack Cell Volume, haemoglobin concentration, MCH, MCHC and platelet count. Diagnosis was made using wet mount and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the DNA using a primer set targeting the internal transcribe spacer 1 (ITS1) of rDNA, revealed single infection with
Trypanosoma congolense. The dog was treated with a single dose of diminazene aceturate at the dose rate of
3.5 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly along with the supportive therapy. The dog recovered 9 days post
therapy.
Keywords: Abeokuta, canine trypanosomosis, dog.
... Trypanosomosis is a chronic debilitating haemoparasitic disease of man and domestic animals characterised by parasitaemia, pyrexia, anaemia, loss of condition, reduced productivity and death in some cases [1,2]. The disease accounts for over 3 million livestock and 55,000 human deaths, respectively, annually [3,4]. It has negative impact on food production and economic growth in many parts of the world, particularly, sub-Saharan Africa, with estimated direct annual losses to producers and consumers exceeding US$1 million [5,6]. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Lawsonia inermis Linn used traditionally against trypanosomosis. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats of both sex were individually infected intraperitoneally (IP) with 10⁶Trypanosoma congolense per ml of blood. Following establishment of infection, the rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 rats each. Rats in groups I, II, and III were treated with 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, while rats in groups IV and V were treated with 3.5 mg/kg and 2 ml/kg of diminazene aceturate (DM) once and physiological buffered saline, respectively. All treatments except DM were given orally for 7 days IP. The antitrypanosomal effect of the plant was assessed by observing the level of parasitaemia daily, packed cell volume (PCV) weekly, erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration on day 21. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels of parasitaemia at 250 mg/kg. PCV was higher (P > 0.05) in extract treated groups but significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group II at week 2 when compared to group V. Rats in group II had significantly lower values of EOF and MDA when compared with groups IV and V. Thus, the leaf of L. inermis has in addition to an antitrypanosomal effect against T. congolense in rats, an attenuating effect on the trypanosomosis pathology probably mediated via protection of the erythrocyte membrane against trypanosome-induced oxidative damage to the erythrocytes.
... The overall trypanosome infection rate of 13.1% obtained from cattle in this investigation was by far and about three times higher than the approximated 4% national prevalence rate of animal trypanosomosis in Nigeria [14] and the prevalence rates of 1.8% [21] and 3.8% [22] previously obtained in dry season survey of some Local Government Areas of Benue state and abattoir surveys [23,24] respectively. ...
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine trypanosome infection rates in cattle brought to Makurdi central abattoir during a devastating flooding of 2012. Study Design: Cattle of mixed sexes and breeds were randomly sampled three times a week. Place and Duration of Study: The investigation which covered the months of September and October was carried out at the Wurrukum central abattoir, South Bank, Makurdi, administrative headquarters of Benue state, North Central Nigeria. Methodology: Blood samples collected into plastic sample bottles containing EDTA anticoagulant were used for parasitological diagnosis using concentration methods and haematological investigation. Results: Trypanosome infection rate in cattle was 13.1% which was adjudged three times higher than the average national trypanosome prevalence rate and the result of previous larger surveys obtained from within this area. The dominant infecting trypanosome specie was Trypanosoma vivax (42.4%), followed by T. brucei (28.6%). Infected cattle had lower PCV(28.2±1.6%) compared to Original Research Article Abenga; ARRB, 8(5): 1-6, 2015; Article no.ARRB.15757 2 those of apparently negative animals (38.1±4.7%). Conclusion: Previous data had associated wet or rainy seasons with increased tsetse fly density and trypanosomosis outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. It was therefore concluded that extended wet season associated with flooding might have created a conducive environment for breeding of tsetse and other haematophagous flies thereby increasing fly-animal contacts and trypanosome infection rates in the cattle.
... Africa trypanosomiasis is responsible for 3 million livestock and 55,000 people death annually in agriculture and mixed farming [3,6]. Africa looses over 3 million cattle and other domestic livestock through deaths caused by trypanosomosis every year [1]. ...
A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was carried out in Chena district, Kefa zone, southwest Ethiopia from September 2010 to January 2011. Blood samples were collected from 391 randomly selected local (zebu) breed cattle in three representative peasant associations (PAs). The buffy coat and Giemsa stained thin blood films examination techniques were used for parasite detection and identification. The packed cell volume (PCV) estimation was also conducted. From a total of 391 cattle, 6.9% (n = 27) of the animals were found positive for trypanosome infection. The trypanosome species observed across the study animals were T. congolense (4.89%), T. vivax (1.54%), and T. b. brucei (0.51%) as single infections. The infection rate of T. congolense and T. b. brucei varied significantly (P 0.05) in infection rate was found between male (7.79%) and female (5.62%) animals. The prevalence was 2.24% and 8.29% in young and adult cattle, respectively with significant difference (P < 0.05) between them. The prevalence rate in good, medium and poor body conditioned animals were 7.28%, 0.78% and 13.39%, respectively with a statistical significant difference (P < 0.05) among them. The mean PCV of the infected animals (17.56%) appeared significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the non-infected (25.4%). Even if, the present study indicated a low prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study areas, its impact on production and potential transmission to others should not be neglected.
... African animal trypanosomes are the main parasitological constraints to livestock production in many sub-Saharan African countries infested with tsetse flies [5] . African trypanosomiasis is responsible for 3 million livestock death and the death of about 55 000 people annually [6,7] . Annual loses have been estimated to amount to over 500 million US dollars in meat, milk, lost in traction power, control programme and in annual administration of about 35 million doses of trypanocidal drugs in Africa [8] . ...
Objective
To study the in vitro antitrypanosomal activity, antioxidant property and phytochemical constituents of aqueous extracts of nine Nigerian medicinal plants.
Methods
In vitro antitrypanosomal activity test was carried out on aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Acacia albida (A. albida), Artemisia absinthium, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Gongronema latifolium, Holarrhena floribunda, Leptadenia hastata, Pericopsis laxiflora (P. laxiflora) and dried stem barks of A. albida and P. laxiflora. The phytochemical constituents and composition of the extracts and the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts were subsequently measured using the α,α-diphenyl-β-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) activity assay and H2O2 radical scavenging activity assay.
Results
From the study, it was discovered that the stem bark extracts of A. albida and P. laxiflora were most active against both Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma congolense. There was complete cessation of motility in both trypanosomes within 5 min at 40 mg/mL of the stem bark extract of A. albida and complete cessation of motility within 25 min and 40 min at 40 mg/mL with P. laxiflora stem bark extract for Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. Quantitative analysis of the phytochemical constituents of the aqueous extracts of the plant parts such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and phenols revealed that the stem barks of A. albida, P. laxiflora and leaves of Leptadenia hastata contained relatively high amount of all the phytochemicals quantified. The stem bark extracts of A. albida, P. laxiflora and leaves of Gongronema latifolium possess more scavenging capacity when compared to other extracts in relation to vitamin C, the reference antioxidant.
Conclusions
This study provides scientific evidence for the use of A. albida, and P. laxiflora for the treatment of trypanosomosis and diseases associated with oxidative stress.
... African animal trypanosomosis constitutes a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in several parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria (SWALLOW, 2000; ABENGA et al., 2002; MASIGA et al., 2002), despite decades of attempts to control the disease and its vectors (MOLYNEUX, 2001). Canine trypanosomosis is a devastating disease leading to anaemia, infertility, abortions and death if not treated (LOSOS and IKEDE, 1972). ...
Investigation into the effect of infection with Trypanosoma congolense on the haematology of growing Nigerian local dogs was undertaken using 6 puppies infected with 1 x 10 6 of the parasites. Infection resulted in mild anaemia characterized by a slight drop in the Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Red Blood Cells (RBC) counts which did not occur until the last half of the 8-week observation period. The anaemia was macrocytic normochromic. The mild decrease in the overall erythrocyte values of T. congolense-infected young dogs was attributable to trypanotolerance in the local breed of dog. However, the infected group did not attain full erythrocyte values as in the control group, suggesting that similar changes occurring in infected young animals contribute to retarded growth associated with trypanosome infections.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2018 in four purposively selected villages of Bedele district, Oromia Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors of trypanosome infections in cattle. A total of 384 blood samples were collected from systematically selected cattle and examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear examination methods. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 8.3%. Trypanosoma congolense (68.8%) and T. vivax (31.2%) were the prevailing trypanosome species identified in the area. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis between body condition scores of cattle. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was slightly higher in female (9%) as opposed to male (7.3%) cattle, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between age categories of cattle. The mean PCV value of trypanosome infected cattle (21.4 ± 3.6) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of non-infected (25.6 ± 4.6). The current study indicated that, despite vector control measures implemented for several years, bovine trypanosomosis persists and continues to be a core problem to cattle health and production in the Bedele district. Therefore, more attention should be given to control the disease and its vectors based on temporal and spatial distribution. Also, the use of molecular techniques should be encouraged in view of their greater sensitivity when compared to the buffy coat method.
In Nigeria, conventional methods for trypanosome diagnosis are based on microscopy and parasitological methods such as microhematocrit centrifuge and buffy coat technique. These techniques require large samples of trypanosomes and labor-intensive. Also, the visual examination cannot detect immature and mixed infections by detecting parasites below the sub-genus level. Polymerase chain reaction is recently used in the molecular diagnosis of trypanosomes and other infectious diseases due to its high sensitivity and specificity. A total of 219 blood samples were collected from camel in Katsina Central Abattoir and analyzed using conventional methods. The DNA of positive samples were extracted and confirmed using an internally transcribed space region (ITS-1 nested PCR). PCR products were visualized using an agarose gel electrophoresis. Among all samples tested, only three positive samples were detected to the genus level with an overall prevalence rate of 1.37%. Subsequently, the PCR further revealed that three positive samples consisted T. b. brucei, and T. vivax. Only one female camel is positive to T. vivax (611 base pair) and two males camels positive to T. b. brucei (1224 base pair). The current study concludes that PCR based method is effective in diagnosing trypanosomes to the species level. The technique will be more useful in diagnosing trypanosomes especially in the humid zone of Nigeria where vectors of these parasites are highly abundant.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and impact of Trypanosomiasis on a herd of migrating/pastoral cattle. A herd of 50 white Fulani cattle migrating from a suburban area of Abuja to Afaka in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria, were examined and screened for Trypanosomiasis on request. The animals showed clinical symptoms of lacrimation, emaciation, depression, lethargy and enlarged superficial lymphnodes which were reportedly not present before the trek. 40 of the animals were screened by parasitological means (hematocrit, buffy coat methods and thin and thick blood smears). 15 out of the 40 animals sampled were positive for trypanosomes (37.5% prevalence). Trypanosoma congolense was the only Trypanosoma species identified. Trypanosomiasis was observed in the herd examined and laboratory examination corroborated the observed clinical signs. The results, as well as the role of migration and transhumance pastoralism in disease occurrence are discussed.
Keywords: Trypanosomiasis, trypanosomes, cattle, Fulani, migration, Nigeria
The aim of this study is to improve the efficacy of diminazene aceturate via complex formation with sodium oleate. The complex was subjected to various in vitro and in vivo tests to assess its properties, toxicity and efficacy against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in comparison to pure drug. Results revealed that the complex was four times more lipophilic than the pure drug and the LD50 is > 5000 mg/kg. FTIR results showed that the functional groups in the pure drug were retained in the complex and that the complexation was via hydrogen bonding between the amino group of the pure drug and the oleic moiety of sodium oleate. There was no significant increase in the serum levels of hepatic enzymes or reduction in haematological indices upon administration of the complex or pure drugto mice as compared to their states before treatment. The complex was many times more active than the pure drug onin vitro cultures of T. bruceibrucei and it was still active in vivo. Thus, complexation of the drug could be a good way of improving its efficacy.
Keywords: diminazene aceturate-sodium oleate complex, properties, toxicity, effectiveness in trypanosomiasis
Surveillance for tsetse and cattle trypanosomiasis distribution aimed at instituting control measures was undertaken in parts of Kauru Local Government Area in Kaduna State, Nigeria between late February to early March, 2007 and October, 2008 following claims of severe trypanosomiasis which had disrupted farming activities, devastated communal cattle industry and flight of 32 cattle herders with over 70 herds. A total of 964 cattle selected at random in nine sampling sites were each bled from the jugular vein and blood collected. Dark ground buffy coat and Giemsa stained thin film were methods used in diagnosis of trypanosomes. Anemia was quantified by packed cell volume assessment using the hematocrit method. Traps were set for tsetse catch. The knowledge, attitude, perception and treatment seeking behaviors (KAPTSB) and economic losses were assessed using questionnaire administered on 36 cattle herders, focus group discussions held with selected cattle herders and in-depth interview with the Head, Agriculture Department. Overall, 210 cattle were found positive with an infection rate of 22percent. The infection rates in the dry and wet seasons were 23.6 and 20.1percent, respectively, indicating increased trypanosome prevalence in the dry season. We detected 203 Trypanosoma vivax and 7 T. congolense infections and these differed significantly (P< 0.05) across the sampling sites. Out of 964 cattle, 395 (41%) were found anemic with significant variation across the sampling sites (P < 0.05). The traps captured few Glossina palpalis palpalis and G. tachinoides with lots of Tabanidae. The tsetse flies did not harbor trypanosomes. From the qualitative data, it became apparent that the cattle herders, though very much aware of trypanosomiasis problem, were faced with the challenge of inappropriate health care seeking behavior due to ignorance about where to seek for the service as a result of unavailability of veterinary clinics in the study districts. The 61percent of the respondents procured veterinary drugs from the open markets and resorted to quacks, while the rest said they relied on traditional remedies. The Local Government on its part lacked reliable information for planning, management and decision making against the disease. This research provided data on the magnitude of trypanosomiasis and linkage between community and Government. The Government treated cattle in all the districts and brought down the incidence of trypanosomiasis. It recommended the strategies for sustainable control to enhance livestock productivity, which is critical to poverty reduction and creation of wealth.
The aim of this study was to collect information on trypanosomiasis as government and international donors funding for area wide survey has decreased. It is also to determine the prevalence of Trypanosomosis in slaughtered animals at different periods at the beginning (May), peak(August) and after (November) the rainy season. A total of 634 samples were collected and parasitologic ally examined using standard Trypanosome detection technique (STD) and concentration methods (HCT and BCM) for parasite detection. Physical examination of animals was carried out at slaughter. The overall infection rate was 2.2% while infection rate in males (2.7%) appeared higher than females (1.5%). The trypanosome species observed were T. congolense (50%), T. brucei (21.4%), T. vivax (14.2%) as single infections and T. congolense/T. brucei (7.1%,) and T. congolense/T. vivax (7.1%) as a mixed infections. The infection rates at the beginning (3.8%) appeared higher than the infection rates after (2.5%) and the peak (0.4%) of the rainy season. The packed cell volume of the infected (23.1±1.9) appeared significantly (p<0.05) lower than the packed cell volume of control (36.5±1.1). Also, it was noted that 142 (22%) of sampled animals were grossly emaciated and 57% of the animals found positive were emaciated and weak. This survey does not reflect the true prevalence but rather it provides significant information on the upsurge of tryp anosomosis.
A survey for the prevalence of trypanosomes species and the anemic status of trade cattle presented for slaughtering at Sokoto main abattoir, Northwest Nigeria was conducted between January and June, 2008. Blood samples were collected at ante-mortem via jugular vein and examined by Standard Trypanosome Detection Methods (STDM). Anaemic status was determined by Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and FAMACHA® Anaemic Guide technique while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect the presence of Trypanosoma brucei group. Out of 500 samples analyzed by STDM, 9 (1.8%) were positive out of which 6 (66.7%) had Trypanosoma viuax. The PCR technique detected 22 (4.4%) positive cases of Trypanosoma brucei group while 45 (9.0%) cattle were anaemic using the PCV and FAMACHA® techniques, respectively and White Fulani breed had the highest infection rate with 5 (55.6%) cases. These findings are significant as the study area has earlier been declared as tsetse free zone, transhumant activities as practice largely by the cattle herders maybe responsible for these detections. Presence of other mechanical vectors may lead to rapid spread of the infection which may have adverse effects on productivity of the animals with resultant economic losses. The detection of the T. brucei group in the examined trade cattle may also portend danger to public health as some ruminants and pigs have been incriminated as reservoir hosts of the Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) agents in some parts of Africa. Statewide surveillance is therefore, needed to establish the true prevalence of the infection in all domesticated animals in the study area.
In this study, the effects of collecting blood samples pre and post slaughter, as well EDTA and heparin preserved on the detection of haemo-parasite of cattle were investigated. A six ml of blood each (3ml placed in commercially prepared EDTA and Heparin sample bottles) were collected pre and post slaughter from 25 randomly selected cattle at Zango abattoir, Zaria. Suggesting, four samples from each animal, totaling 100 samples. The samples were immediately subjected to Wet mount (WM), Haemotocrit centrifugation test (HCT) and Thin smear (TS) tests. The results revealed that, of the 100 samples examined, 19 (19%) were positive for the presence of Microfilaria spp while 6(6%) yielded Trypanosome spp. Of the 19 samples detected having Microfilaria spp; TS test was sensitive to all the 19(100%), HCT sensitive to 3(15.8%) and WM test was sensitive to only 1(5.3%). Of the 6 samples detected having Trypanosome spp, WM test was sensitive to 5 (83.3%), while HCT and TS tests were each sensitive to same 3(50%) samples. Of all the 25 samples positive to haemo-parasites (19 Microfilaria & 6 Trypanosome spp), 14(56%) were seen in blood samples collected pre slaughter, while 11(44%) samples post slaughter (p>0.05). Similarly, of the 25 positive samples, 16(64%) were in samples preserved in EDTA, while 9(36%) were those preserved in Heparin treated sample bottles (p>0.05). Despite there was no statistical significant difference (p>0.05), we advocate collection of samples before slaughter. Similarly, EDTA should be preferred in sample preservation than heparinized bottles (p>0.05) for haemo-parasite. The implications of these findings were discussed.
Key words: Effect of pre- & post-slaughter, Haemo-parasite, EDTA and Heparin, Abattoir, Cattle
Blood samples were collected from 46 domestic ruminants comprising of 23 trypanosomiasis infected and 23 uninfected control groups to study some biochemical and haematological effects of trypanosomiasis under natural condition. The effect of trypanosome infection in ruminant animals showed that infected animals had significantly lower (P<0.05) packed cell volume, erythrocyte count and higher (P<0.01) mean cell volumes than uninfected animals. Leucocytosis, reticulocytosis and thrombocytopenia were also observed. The infection also produced a decrease in albumin (P<0.001), significant increase in total protein and bilirubin levels. These changes were not seen in the animals that were not infected. The outcome of the work shows that herds are severely affected by the disease, and therefore supports the prospect of routine check as an epidemiologic tool in trypanosomiasis based on its abnormal effects in blood.
The prevalence of trypanosomiasis was studied in cattle, being a major source of animal protein in Nigeria, thus, a very likely means of spread of Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to diagnose bovine trypanosomiasis in 264 samples collected from adult cattle of mixed breeds, age and sex, in Anambra and Imo states, Nigeria.
Out of 264 samples analysed, 21 (7.96%) were seropositive for Trypanosoma congolense while 20 (7.58%) were seropositive for T. vivax and 8 (3.03%) were seropositive for T. brucei infections in both the states.
The predominant species was found to be T. congolense. Mixed infection of three species, T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei was found to dominate other mixed infections in both the states. ELISA detected the infection of the three species of trypanosomes in the same group of animals. The usefulness of antigen capture ELISA in the diagnosis of human or animal trypanosomiasis was established, and the possibility of the spread of HAT caused by T. brucei gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense through cattle was expressed.
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