Forty-six new species of Trypetheliaceae from the tropics

Abstract

The following 46 new species of Trypetheliaceae are described: Astrothelium aenascens Aptroot from Papua New Guinea, which is similar to A. aenoides but differs by the hamathecium which is not inspersed; A. alboverrucoides Aptroot from Indonesia with globose ascomata with constricted base, internally similar to A. megaspermum ; A. clypeatum Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam with black conical ascomata in which the pseudostroma is reminiscent of a clypeus, a rimose thallus, and 3-septate ascospores, 85–95×22–25 µm; A. colombiense Aptroot from Colombia with 1 muriform ascospore of 240–300×45–50 µm per ascus, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. condoricum Aptroot from Ecuador with a bright orange thallus and contrasting bright scarlet internal pigment, and muriform ascospores, 38–42×18–21 µm; A. corallinum Aptroot from Guyana, which is most similar to A. ochroleucoides but the thallus is without lichexanthone; A. dicoloratum Aptroot from Venezuela with an orange thallus and more yellowish pseudostromata with usually only 1 ascoma, and 9–11-septate ascospores; A. ecuadoriense Aptroot from Ecuador with ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 80–175×25–50 µm, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. flavomaculatum Aptroot from Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela which is similar to A. graphicum , but with ascospores 50–75×12–25 µm; A. flavomeristosporum Aptroot from the Philippines and Ecuador with mostly simple ascomata with an orange to yellow, inspersed hamathecium and muriform ascospores 140–200×25–30 µm; A. flavostiolatum Aptroot from Ecuador with bright yellow ostioles and a very irregular thallus, and muriform ascospores, 175–230×35–45 µm; A. guianense Aptroot from Guyana with a very irregular thallus, eccentric, fused ostioles and ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 70–80×20–25 µm; A. inspersogalbineum Aptroot & Weerakoon from Singapore which is similar to A. macrocarpum but with the hamathecium inspersed; A. komposchii Aptroot from Venezuela with chimney-like ostioles and a very irregular, almost squamulose thallus and muriform ascospores, 130–180×35–45 µm; A. laurerosphaerioides Aptroot from Guyana with aggregated ascomata with internally and partly (when abraded) also superficially orange anthraquinone pigment, ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 110–130×30–35 µm; A. lucidomedullatum Aptroot from Ecuador with lichexanthone in the medulla of the thallus, ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 80–115×25–35 µm; A. lucidostromum Aptroot from Guyana which is similar to A. eustomuralis but lichexanthone is present in the whole pseudostroma; A. lucidothallinum Aptroot from Guyana with the thallus containing lichexanthone, ascomata in pseudostromata without lichexanthone, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, ascospores muriform, 70–90×18–20 µm; A. mediocrassum Aptroot from Guyana which resembles A. octosporum but without lichexanthone in the thallus or pseudostromata, muriform ascospores, 70–80×22 – 25 µm, with median septum strongly thickened; A. megatropicum Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 100–120×33–35 µm, and hemispherical dark brown pseudostromata; A. megochroleucum Aptroot from El Salvador with 3-septate ascospores 60–70×16–18 µm and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. neoinspersum Aptroot from El Salvador which is similar to A. aenascens but with bright yellow pseudostromata; A. perspersum Aptroot & Ertz from Gabon which is similar to A. scoria but with ascospores 26–38×7–9 µm; A. philippinense Aptroot & Schumm from the Philippines without pseudostromata, ostiole apical, hamathecium inspersed, ascospores muriform, 125–170×30–35 µm, 4 per ascus; A. pseudannulare Aptroot & Etayo from Ecuador with the appearance of the A. puiggarii -group, but differing from all other species of it by the 3-septate ascospores 80–88×32–36 µm, which are 2–4 per ascus; A. pseudodissimulum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with K+ red crystals in the ascoma wall and 5-septate ascospores of 25–33×9–11 µm; A. pseudoferrugineum Aptroot from Indonesia, of the A. conicum -group with an orange thallus and pseudostroma pruina, differing from A. ferrugineum by the ascospores 28–31×9–11 µm and the more glossy thallus; A. pseudomegalophthalmum Aptroot from Colombia, similar to A. megaspermum but differing by the 7-septate ascospores 152–166×32–37 µm; A. rimosum Aptroot from Guyana and Colombia with 7–11-septate ascospores 110–150×30–37 µm and a rimose thallus with yellow medulla; A. sanguineoxanthum Aptroot from Brazil with the thallus containing lichexanthone and pseudostromata with numerous immersed round ascomata, the whole inside of which is full of red, K+ green pigment; A. septemseptatum Aptroot from Guyana and Venezuela with the thallus and pseudostromata UV+ yellow and 7–9-septate ascospores 50–55×12–17 µm; A. sexloculatum Aptroot from Guyana and Papua New Guinea with 5-septate ascospores 25–27×7–11 µm and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. sipmanii Aptroot from Guyana with simple ascomata with 5-septate ascospores 100–150×35–40 µm and an inspersed hamathecium; A. trypethelioides Aptroot from Venezuela with fused ostioles, an inspersed hamathecium and 7–9-septate ascospores 49–52×13–16 µm; A. ultralucens Aptroot from Venezuela with lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata, fused ostioles and 3-septate ascospores over 105–130×35–42 µm; A. vulcanum from Guyana, of the A. nitidiusculum -group with simple ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium and lichexanthone; A. zebrinum Aptroot from Guyana with fused ostioles and 7-septate ascospores 60–70 µm long, without lichexanthone, anthraquinones and inspersion; Polymeridium rhodopruinosum Aptroot from Puerto Rico with red pruina on the ascomata and 3-septate ascospores 17–19×3·5–5·0 µm; Pseudopyrenula americana Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 26–32×7–10 µm, without inspersion and without lichexanthone; P. guianensis Aptroot from French Guiana and Surinam with a hyaline hamathecium with inspersion, a thallus with lichexanthone and 3-septate ascospores 21–25×6–9 µm; P. hexamera Aptroot from Venezuela with 5-septate ascospores 16–21×6–7 µm, lumina clearly diamond-shaped; P. thallina Lücking & Aptroot from Costa Rica with a greenish corticate thallus and 3-septate ascospores, 21–25×6–9 µm; Trypethelium infraeluteriae Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam which is similar to T. subeluteriae but with lower pseudostromata and ascospores 7–9-septate, 37–42×9–11 µm; Viridothelium inspersum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with solitary, immersed ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium, and 12–14-septate ascospores, 60–75×12–17 µm; V. kinabaluense Aptroot from Sabah which is similar to V. indutum with emergent black ascomata, but with 17–25-septate ascospores 100–150×18–23 µm; and V. solomonense Aptroot from the Solomon Islands having ascomata with lateral, partly fused ostioles and black clypeus, and ascospores 15–19-septate, 75–98×17–20 µm. The new species are known from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Guyana, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sabah, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Surinam, Venezuela and/or Vietnam.

Full text

The Lichenologist 48(6): 609–638 (2016) © British Lichen Society, 2016
doi:10.1017/S002428291600013X
Forty-six new species of Trypetheliaceae from the tropics
André APTROOT, Damien ERTZ, Javier Angel ETAYO SALAZAR,
Cécile GUEIDAN, Joel Alejandro MERCADO DIAZ, Felix SCHUMM
and Gothamie WEERAKOON
ABSTRACT: The following 46 new species of Trypetheliaceae are described: Astrothelium aenascens
Aptroot from Papua New Guinea, which is similar to A. aenoides but differs by the hamathecium which
is not inspersed; A. alboverrucoides Aptroot from Indonesia with globose ascomata with constricted
base, internally similar to A. megaspermum;A. clypeatum Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam with black
conical ascomata in which the pseudostroma is reminiscent of a clypeus, a rimosethallus, and 3-septate
ascospores, 85–95 × 22–25 µm; A. colombiense Aptroot from Colombia with 1 muriform ascospore of
240–300 × 45–50 µm per ascus, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. condoricum Aptroot from Ecuador
with a bright orange thallus and contrasting bright scarlet internal pigment, and muriform ascospores,
38–42 × 18–21 µm; A. corallinum Aptroot from Guyana, which is most similar to A. ochroleucoides but
the thallus is without lichexanthone; A. dicoloratum Aptroot from Venezuela with an orange thallus and
more yellowish pseudostromata with usually only 1 ascoma, and 9–11-septate ascospores;
A. ecuadoriense Aptroot from Ecuador with ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 80–175 × 25–50 µm,
and an inspersed hamathecium; A. flavomaculatum Aptroot from Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela
which is similar to A. graphicum, but with ascospores 50–75 × 12–25 µm; A. flavomeristosporum Aptroot
from the Philippines and Ecuador with mostly simple ascomata with an orange to yellow, inspersed
hamathecium and muriform ascospores 140–200 × 25–30 µm; A. flavostiolatum Aptroot from Ecuador
with bright yellow ostioles and a very irregular thallus, and muriform ascospores, 175–230 × 35–45 µm;
A. guianense Aptroot from Guyana with a very irregular thallus, eccentric, fused ostioles and ascospores
4 per ascus, muriform, 70–80 × 20–25 µm; A. inspersogalbineum Aptroot & Weerakoon from Singapore
which is similar to A. macrocarpum but with the hamathecium inspersed; A. komposchii Aptroot from
Venezuela with chimney-like ostioles and a very irregular, almost squamulose thallus and muriform
ascospores, 130–180 × 35–45 µm; A. laurerosphaerioides Aptroot from Guyana with aggregated
ascomata with internally and partly (when abraded) also superficially orange anthraquinone pigment,
ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 110–130× 30–35 µm; A. lucidomedullatum Aptroot from Ecuador with
lichexanthone in the medulla of the thallus, ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 80–115× 25–35 µm;
A. lucidostromum Aptroot from Guyana which is similar to A. eustomuralis but lichexanthone is present in
the whole pseudostroma; A. lucidothallinum Aptroot from Guyana with the thallus containing
lichexanthone, ascomata in pseudostromata without lichexanthone, ostioles apical, hamathecium not
inspersed, ascospores muriform, 70–90 × 18–20 µm; A. mediocrassum Aptroot from Guyana which
resembles A. octosporum but without lichexanthone in the thallus or pseudostromata, muriform
ascospores, 70–80 × 22–25 µm, with median septum strongly thickened; A. megatropicum Aptroot from
Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 100–120× 33–35 µm, and hemispherical dark brown pseudostromata;
A. megochroleucum Aptroot from El Salvador with 3-septate ascospores 60–70 × 16–18 µmand
lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. neoinspersum Aptroot from El Salvador which is
similar to A. aenascens but with bright yellow pseudostromata; A. perspersum Aptroot & Ertz from Gabon
which is similar to A. scoria but with ascospores 26–38 × 7–9µm; A.philippinense Aptroot& Schumm from
the Philippines without pseudostromata, ostiole apical, hamathecium inspersed, ascospores muriform,
125–170 × 30–35 µm, 4 per ascus; A. pseudannulare Aptroot & Etayo from Ecuador with the appearance
A. Aptroot: ABL Herbarium, G.v.d. Veenstraat 107,
NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands. Email:
andreaptroot@gmail.com
D. Ertz: Botanical Garden Meise, Department of
Bryophytes-Thallophytes, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860
Meise, Belgium.
J. A. Etayo Salazar: Navarro Villoslada 16, 3ºdcha.,
31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
C. Gueidan: Department of Life Sciences,
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London
SW7 5BD, UK. Current address: CSIRO, National
Facilities and Collections, National Research
Collections Australia, Australian National
Herbarium, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia.
J. A. Mercado Diaz and G. Weerakoon: The Field
Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago,
Illinois 60605-2496, USA.
F. Schumm: Mozartstr. 9, D-73117 Wangen,
Germany.
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of the A. puiggarii-group, but differing from all other species of it by the 3-septate ascospores
80–88 × 32–36 µm, which are 2–4 per ascus; A. pseudodissimulum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with
K+ red crystals in the ascoma wall and 5-septate ascospores of 25–33 × 9–11 µm; A. pseudoferrugineum
Aptroot from Indonesia, of the A. conicum-group with an orange thallus and pseudostroma pruina,
differing from A. ferrugineum by the ascospores 28–31 × 9–11 µm and the more glossy thallus;
A. pseudomegalophthalmum Aptroot from Colombia, similar to A. megaspermum but differing by the
7-septate ascospores 152–166 × 32–37 µm; A. rimosum Aptroot from Guyana and Colombia
with 7–11-septate ascospores 110–150 × 30–37 µm and a rimose thallus with yellow medulla;
A. sanguineoxanthum Aptroot from Brazil with the thallus containing lichexanthone and
pseudostromata with numerous immersed round ascomata, the whole inside of which is full of red,
K+ green pigment; A. septemseptatum Aptroot from Guyana and Venezuela with the thallus and
pseudostromata UV+ yellow and 7–9-septate ascospores 50–55 × 12–17 µm; A. sexloculatum Aptroot
from Guyana and Papua New Guinea with 5-septate ascospores 25–27 × 7–11 µm and lichexanthone in
the thallus and pseudostromata; A. sipmanii Aptroot from Guyana with simple ascomata with
5-septate ascospores 100–150 × 35–40 µm and an inspersed hamathecium; A. trypethelioides Aptroot
from Venezuela with fused ostioles, an inspersed hamathecium and 7–9-septate ascospores
49–52 × 13–16 µm; A. ultralucens Aptroot from Venezuela with lichexanthone in the thallus and
pseudostromata, fused ostioles and 3-septate ascospores over 105–130 × 35–42 µm; A. vulcanum
from Guyana, of the A. nitidiusculum-group with simple ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium and
lichexanthone; A. zebrinum Aptroot from Guyana with fused ostioles and 7-septate ascospores
60–70 µm long, without lichexanthone, anthraquinones and inspersion; Polymeridium
rhodopruinosum Aptroot from Puerto Rico with red pruina on the ascomata and 3-septate ascospores
17–19 × 3·5–5·0µm; Pseudopyrenula americana Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores
26–32 × 7–10 µm, without inspersion and without lichexanthone; P. guianensis Aptroot from French
Guiana and Surinam with a hyaline hamathecium with inspersion, a thallus with lichexanthone and
3-septate ascospores 21–25 × 6–9µm; P. hexamera Aptroot from Venezuela with 5-septate ascospores
16–21 × 6–7µm, lumina clearly diamond-shaped; P. thallina Lücking & Aptroot from Costa Rica with a
greenish corticate thallus and 3-septate ascospores, 21–25 × 6–9µm; Trypethelium infraeluteriae Aptroot
& Gueidan from Vietnam which is similar to T. subeluteriae but with lower pseudostromata and
ascospores 7–9-septate, 37–42 × 9–11 µm; Viridothelium inspersum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea
with solitary, immersed ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium, and 12–14-septate ascospores,
60–75 × 12–17 µm; V. kinabaluense Aptroot from Sabah which is similar to V. indutum with emergent
black ascomata, but with 17–25-septate ascospores 100–150 × 18–23 µm; and V. solomonense Aptroot
from the Solomon Islands having ascomata with lateral, partly fused ostioles and black clypeus, and
ascospores 15–19-septate, 75–98 × 17–20 µm. The new species are known from Brazil, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Guyana, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, Sabah, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Surinam, Venezuela and/or Vietnam.
Key words: Astrothelium, Gabon, lichens, Malesia, Neotropics, Polymeridium,Pseudopyrenula,
Trypethelium,Viridothelium
Accepted for publication 6January 2016
Introduction
The family Trypetheliaceae is an almost
exclusively tropical corticolous lichen family.
The first members were encountered at the
end of the 18th century on pieces of medic-
inal bark (mainly Cinchona for quinine) that
were collected in South American forests
(Zenker 1829). The conspicuous, often
brightly coloured ascomata with complex
structures intrigued the lichenologists of the
time. Soon afterwards, more species became
known from places such as Australia, Brazil
and Borneo, which were described in many
separate papers, for example by Krempelhuber,
Montagne and Müller Argoviensis.
Relatively few species were known for a
long time, and little more than the type
specimen was known from most described
species. In 1986, Harris started publishing on
the family, defining it in a restricted sense,
and taking up a generic division that has been
in use since then, although it was clear that it
was largely untenable because, for example, a
single specimen could partly belong to one
genus and partly to another. Aptroot &
Cáceres (2014), in a revision of the genus
Polymeridium, showed that many species
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in this family still await description or
recognition.
This paper describes new species of
Trypetheliaceae from various parts of the
world, largely collected by the authors and/or
by Harrie Sipman. They originate from many
different countries, but many are from
Ecuador, Guyana and/or Venezuela. The
generic concept applied here follows the
phylogenetic studies by Nelsen et al. (2014)
and Lücking et al. (2016). All species are
keyed out in Aptroot & Lücking (2016).
Material and Methods
Identification and descriptive work was mostly carried
out in Soest using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope
and an Olympus BX50 compound microscope with
interference contrast, connected to a Nikon Coolpix
digital camera. Sections were mounted in tap water, in
which all measurements were also taken.
The chemistry of all specimens was investigated under
UV light, and often a test with 10% KOH was made,
generally on sections. The chemistry of many specimens,
including types of all newly described species, was
investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using
solvent A (Orange et al. 2001).
The Species
Astrothelium aenascens Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815206
Astrothelium similar to A. aenoides Aptroot, but differing
by the non-inspersed hamathecium.
Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Varirata
National Park, 1981, H. Streimann & N. Naoni 15083
(CANB—holotype; ABL—isotype).
(Fig. 1A)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤5cm
diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, olive-green to olive-
grey, not surrounded by a prothallus, not
inducing gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·8–1·2 mm diam.,
immersed in groups of 2–5 in pseudo-
stromata with a surface different from the
thallus, which are distinctly raised above the
thallus, irregular to often linear in outline,
sides sloping, whitish mottled with orangish
colour, inside with a cream layer containing
bark tissue. Wall dark brown all around,
≤c. 70 µmthick.Ostioles apical, not fused, flat
to concave, brown. Hamathecium inspersed
with oil globules. Asci with 8 ascospores.
Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform, 20–25 ×
6–9µm, ends rounded, lumina diamond-
shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus surface UV−, thallus
medulla K−; pseudostroma surface UV+
pink to orange, medulla of pseudostromata
K+ blood red. TLC: an anthraquinone,
probably parietin.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Papua
New Guinea.
Discussion. This species is similar to
A. aenoides, which differs by the inspersed
hamathecium. Both are named after the
somewhat reminiscent species A. aeneum
(Eschw.) Aptroot & Lücking, which
mainly differs by the orange pigment on the
thallus.
Astrothelium alboverrucoides Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815207
Astrothelium with globose ascomata with constricted
base; internally similar to A. megaspermum (Mont.)
Aptroot & Lücking.
Type: Indonesia, Sumatra, Aceh, 35 km NNW of
Kutacane, alt. 800 m, 1988, R. Hensen (ABL—holotype).
(Fig. 1B)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny,
continuous, greyish green, covering areas
≤4 cm diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, surrounded by a
black prothallus line c. 0·4mm wide, not
inducing gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·8–1·4 mm diam.,
mostly single, occasionally 2 aggregated, in
almost globose pseudostromata of thallus
colour or more greyish, with often constricted
base. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 120 µmthick.
Ostioles apical, not fused, pointed, ochraceous
to brown. Hamathecium inspersed with oil glo-
bules. Asci with 4 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
muriform, ellipsoid, 140–190 × 20–30 µm, with
2016 New species of Trypetheliaceae—Aptroot et al. 611
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a distinctly thickened median septum, ends
rounded, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata K−,
UV−. TLC: no secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution.Onsmoothbarkof
trees in rainforest. Known only from Indonesia.
Discussion. This species is characterized by
the globose ascomata with constricted base;
internally it is similar to A. megaspermum, the
AB
C D
EF
FIG. 1. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium aenascens;B,A. alboverrucoides;
C, A. clypeatum;D,A. colombiense;E,A. condoricum;F,A. corallinum. Scales: A–F=1 mm. In colour online.
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ascospores of which are, however, usually
wider than 30 µm.
Astrothelium clypeatum Aptroot &
Gueidan sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815208
Astrothelium with black conical ascomata, pseudo-
stromata reminiscent of a clypeus, with a rimose thallus
and 3-septate ascospores, 85–95 × 22–25 µm.
Type: Vietnam, Dong Nai Prov., Cát Tiên
National Park, along the road towards the Forest
Ecolodge, 12 February 2012, C. Gueidan 3005 (BM—
holotype).
(Fig. 1C)
Thallus olive-green, somewhat minutely
rimose-bullate and interspersed with bran-
ched lines of black prothallus.
Ascomata conical in section, black, thin-
walled, single, fully immersed in pseudo-
stromata. Pseudostromata 0·8–1·3 mm diam.,
superficial, carbonized, conical with flat-
tened top, resembling a clypeus, without
pigment, but a zone with bark colour and
tissue is present between the ascoma and the
clypeus. Wall carbonized, ≤220 µmatthe
sides, carbonized all around. Ostioles
apical, rusty brown, surrounded by an
ochraceous ring. Hamathecium inspersed
with hyaline oil droplets, filaments pro-
fusely anastomosing. Ascospores 8 per ascus,
3-septate, 85–95 × 22–25 µm, lumina
diamond-shaped.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On bark of trees
along a road. Known only from Vietnam.
Discussion. This species is anomalous
owing to the black conical ascomata in which
the pseudostroma is a clypeus. It is described
here in the genus Astrothelium because of the
well-developed, corticate, rimose thallus,
but it could also turn out to belong to
Pseudopyrenula.
Astrothelium colombiense Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815209
Astrothelium with 1 muriform ascospore of 240–300 ×
45–50 µm per ascus, and an inspersed hamathecium.
Type: Colombia, Nariño, Tumaco, Estacion Forestal
La Espriella, alt. 35 m, 4–6 June 1986, H. J. M. Sipman
& F. Velosa 33018 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 1D)
Thallus corticate, smooth to somewhat
rugose, shiny, covering areas ≤10 cm diam.,
c. 0·2 mm thick, pale ochraceous green, not
surrounded by a prothallus, not inducing gall
formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·6–0·9 mm diam.,
solitary, completely immersed in the bark,
below decorticated flat areas that are flush
with the thallus but can be seen as ochrac-
eous white pseudostromata. Wall carbonized
all around, ≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles apical,
simple, flat to convex, black, often sur-
rounded by an ochraceous ring, presenting
the only part of the ascoma that is visble from
above. Hamathecium inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 1 ascospore. Ascospores
hyaline, muriform, 240–300 × 45–50 µm,
ellipsoid, without distinctly thickened med-
ian septum.
Pycnidia not observed with certainty,
although some of the many black dots
around the ostioles may represent young
pycnidia.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Colombia.
Discussion. This is one of the very few
Astrothelium species with only 1 ascospore in
the ascus, and the only one with ascospores
usually over 250 µm and with an inspersed
hamathecium.
Additional material examined. Colombia: same data as
the type, 33022 (B, topotype).
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Astrothelium condoricum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815210
Astrothelium with a bright orange thallus and contrasting
bright scarlet internal pigment, and muriform ascos-
pores, 38–42 × 18–21 µm.
Type: Ecuador, Morona-Santiago Prov., Cordillera
del Condor, 12 km E of Los Encuentros, alt. 1200 m,
26 July 1982, A. Aptroot 10452 (ABL—holotype).
(Fig. 1E)
Thallus dull, completely covered with
bright orange pigment, not surrounded by a
prothallus, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata globose, immersed in low
pseudostroma warts, in groups of 3–11.
Pseudostromata orange-pigmented on the
surface, internally with a thick layer of bright
scarlet pigment. Ostioles apical, mostly
orange. Hamathecium not inspersed, IKI−.
Ascospores 8 per ascus, hyaline, muriform,
38–42 × 18–21 µm, ellipsoid, without
distinctly thickened median septum.
Chemistry. Orange pigment K+ purple,
UV+ red; bright scarlet internal pigment K+
purple (almost black). TLC: two
anthraquinones.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in mountain forest. Known only from
Ecuador.
Discussion. Unmistakable by the bright
orange thallus and the contrasting bright
scarlet internal pigment.
Additional material examined. Ecuador: same data as
the type, 10451 (ABL, topotype).
Astrothelium corallinum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815211
Astrothelium which is most similar to A. ochroleucoides
Aptroot & M. Cáceres, but without lichexanthone in the
thallus.
Type: Guyana, Upper Mazaruni Distr., Paruima
Mission, Rain Mountain SE of the village, alt. 500 m,
30 April 1997, H. J. M. Sipman 39574 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 1F)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny,
continuous, covering areas ≤8 cm diam.,
c. 0·1 mm thick, olive-green, surrounded by a
black prothallus line c. 0·3mm wide, not
inducing gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·4–0·6 mm diam.,
immersed in groups of c. 2–40 in pseudo-
stromata. Pseudostromata with a surface differ-
ent from the thallus, c. 0·5–1·0mm raised
above the thallus, oval to irregular or reticulate
in outline, ≤c. 3 mm wide, brownish black,
usually partly with whitish cover, partly
brownish, partly whitish inside. Wall dark
brown all around, ≤c. 40 µmthick.Ostioles
apical, not fused, flat to convex, brown.
Hamathecium not inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
muriform, fusiform, 60–150 × 15–30 µm, ends
rounded, not surrounded by a gelatinous
layer, central septum not strongly thickened.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus surface UV−, thallus
medulla K−; whitish parts of pseudostroma
surface UV+ yellow, K−, pseudostroma
medulla K−. TLC: lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Guyana.
Discussion. This species is most similar to
A. ochroleucoides, which differs by the UV+
yellow thallus. These two species grow toge-
ther in close contact in Guyana.
Additional material seen. Guyana: East Demarara
Distr.: Timehri, Dakara Creek, Thompson’s farm, 1985,
Sipman & Aptroot 18040 & 18052 (B). Potaro-Siparuni
Region: surroundings of Paramakatoi village, alt. 800 m,
1996, Sipman 41275 p.p. (B).
Astrothelium dicoloratum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815212
Astrothelium with an orange thallus and more yellowish
pseudostromata with usually only 1 ascoma, and
9–11-septate ascospores.
Type: Venezuela, Amazonas, Alto Orinoco, c.15km
SW of La Esmeralda, W bank of Surumoni, on Goupia
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glabra, alt. 110 m, 15 February 1997, J. Hafellner &
H. Komposch 209-6-50 (GZU—holotype).
(Fig. 2A)
Thallus dull, completely covered with bright
orange pigment, not surrounded by a prothal-
lus, not inducing gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·6–0·9 mm diam.,
solitary or occasionally 2–5 fused, completely
immersed to emergent from the bark, in
yellow-orange to ochraceous pseudo-
stromata. Wall carbonized all around,
≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles apical, simple, flat to
convex, black, often surrounded by an
ochraceous ring, again surrounded by a black
ring in the case of emergent ascomata.
Hamathecium inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 1 ascospore. Ascospores hyaline,
9–11-septate, 50–75 × 11–15 µm, ellipsoid,
without distinctly thickened median septum.
Pycnidia not observed with certainty,
although some of the many black dots around
the ostioles may represent young pycnidia.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV+ red, K+ purple. TLC: an anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Venezuela.
Discussion. Characterized by the orange
thallus and more yellowish pseudostromata
with usually only 1 ascoma, and the 9–11-
septate ascospores; it is the only species with
9–11-septate ascospores that has an orange
thallus.
Additional material examined. Venezuela: same local-
ity as the type, 1997, J. Hafellner & H. Komposch 318-5-
48, 178-5-44, 178-5-23; 1996, J. Hafellner 37440;
1 km N of Estácion A. de Humboldt, 15 iii 1996,
K. Jetzsch (all GZU).
Astrothelium ecuadoriense Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815213
Astrothelium with ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform,
80–175 × 25–50 µm, and an inspersed hamathecium.
Type: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Estacion Cienti-
fico San Francisco, 40 km S of Loja, 16 May 2004,
H. J. M. Sipman 52318 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 2B)
Thallus corticate, very smooth, shiny,
covering areas ≤10 cm diam., c. 0·3mm
thick, pale ochraceous green, not surrounded
by a prothallus, not inducing gall formation
of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·6–1·2mm diam.,
solitary, completely immersed to emergent
from the bark and then the black wall partly
exposed, without pseudostromata. Wall carbo-
nized all around, ≤c. 100 µmthick.Ostioles
mostly eccentric, simple, concave, brown,
surrounded by an ochraceous ring, presenting
the only part of the ascoma that is visble from
above. Hamathecium inspersed with oil glo-
bules. Asci with 2 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
muriform, 80–175 × 25–50 µm, ellipsoid, with-
out distinctly thickened median septum.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−. No sub-
stances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in mountain forest. Known only from
Ecuador.
Discussion. This is one of the few
Astrothelium species with only 2 ascospores in
the ascus, and the only one with large ascos-
pores and an inspersed hamathecium, except
for A. pyrenuliforme Flakus & Aptroot, which
has pseudocyphellae.
Astrotheliuma flavomaculatum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815214
Astrothelium similar to A. graphicum Aptroot &
S. M. A. Martins, but with ascospores 50–75 × 12–25 µm.
Type: Ecuador, Morona-Santiago Prov., Cordillera
del Condor, 12 km E of Los Encuentros, alt. 1200 m,
26 July 1982, A. Aptroot 10441 (ABL—holotype).
(Fig. 2C)
Thallus corticate, smooth to somewhat
bullate, somewhat shiny, continuous, covering
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areas ≤4cmdiam.,c. 0·1 mm thick, green with
thin orange pruina, not surrounded by pro-
thallus, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·3–0·4 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 20–80, immersed in or
even below pseudostromata with a surface
different from the thallus, which are not or
not much higher than the thallus, irregular
in outline, anastomosing to meandering
in a reticulate pattern, ≤c. 5 mm diam. (but
total network covering c. 50% of the whole
A B
C D
E F
FIG. 2. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium dicoloratum;B,A. ecuadoriense;
C, A. flavomaculatum;D,A. flavomeristosporum;E,A. flavostiolatum;F,A. guianense. Scales: A–F=1 mm.
In colour online.
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thallus), ochraceous with thin orange pruina,
inside ochraceous, not containing bark tis-
sue, but ascomata often immersed in the
bark. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 80 µm thick.
Ostioles apical, not fused, flat, ochraceous to
brown. Hamathecium not inspersed with
oil globules. Asci with 8 ascospores.
Ascospores hyaline, muriform, ellipsoid,
50–75 × 12–25 µm, without distinctly thick-
ened median septum, ends rather pointed,
not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−; orange pigment K+ purple, UV+ red.
TLC: an anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known from Guyana,
Venezuela, and Ecuador.
Discussion. This species is similar to
A. graphicum, which generally has smaller
ascospores, reaching ≤66 µm.
Additional specimens seen. Guyana: Upper Takutu
Distr.: Kuyuwini Landing, 1992, H. J. M. Sipman
58044 (B); Marudi Mts., NorMan Mines camp, alt.
300 m, 1982, F. Stoffers et al. 251 (B).—Venezuela:
Bolivar: Cerro Guaiquinima, along Rio Carapo, alt.
800 m, 1990, H. J. M. Sipman 26961 (B).
Astrothelium flavomeristosporum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815215
Astrothelium with mostly simple ascomata with an orange
to yellow, inspersed hamathecium and muriform ascos-
pores of 140–200 × 25–30 µm.
Type: Philippines, Luzon, Sorsogon, Irosin, June
1916, E. Elmer 15788b (B—holotype).
(Fig. 2D)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, greyish green, covering
areas ≤9 cm diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, sur-
rounded by a black prothallus line c. 0·1mm
wide, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·8–1·2 mm diam.,
mostly single, occasionally 2 aggregated,
in hemispherical brown pseudostromata
without thallus cover. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 120 µm thick. Ostioles apical, concave,
ochraceous to brown. Hamathecium yellow to
orange (at least partly), inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 4–8 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, muriform, ellipsoid, 140–200 ×
25–30 µm, with distinctly thickened median
septum, ends rounded, not surrounded by a
gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
K−,UV−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known from Ecuador and
the Philippines.
Discussion. Unmistakable among Astrothelium
species with simple ascomata and muriform
ascospores because of the orange to yellow,
inspersed hamathecium.
Additional material seen.Ecuador: Prov. Zamora-
Chinchipe: Cordillera Numbala, reserva Biologica San
Francisco, 2003, H. J. M. Sipman & E. Mandl
51363 (B).
Astrothelium flavostiolatum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815216
Astrothelium with bright yellow ostioles, a very irregular
thallus and muriform ascospores, 175–230 × 35–45 µm.
Type: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Cordillera
Numbala, reserva Biologica San Francisco, alt. 2020 m,
24 June 2004, H. J. M. Sipman 52934 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 2E)
Thallus corticate, discontinuous, consisting
of hemispherical warts or irregularly sinuose to
moniliform rows of globose to slightly flat-
tened bullate areas that fuse together to form a
continuous thallus, with a hyaline cortex,
covering areas ≤10 cm diam., olive-green, not
surrounded by a prothallus, not inducing gall
formation of the bark.
Ascomata almost globose, 0·8–1·3mm
diam., single, immersed in the bark below
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raised parts of the thallus. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 90 µm thick. Ostioles apical to rarely
eccentric, not fused, erumpent, bright
yellow, chimney-like. Hamathecium inspersed
with oil globules. Asci with 8 ascospores.
Ascospores hyaline, muriform, fusiform,
175–230 × 35–45 µm, bent, ends rounded,
without markedly thickened median septum,
without gelatinous sheath.
Chemistry. Thallus surface UV−, thallus
medulla K−; ostiole K+ red. TLC: a yellow
anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Ecuador.
Discussion. This species is characterized
within Astrothelium by its muriform
ascospores, bright yellow ostioles and a very
irregular thallus.
Astrothelium guianense Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815217
Astrothelium with a very irregular thallus, eccentric, fused
ostioles and ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform,
70–80 × 20–25 µm.
Type: Guyana, Upper Mazaruni distr., Pakaraima
Mountains, 2 km NW of Kamarang, 4 February 1985,
H. J. M. Sipman & A. Aptroot 18261 (B—holotype;
ABL—isotype).
(Fig. 2F)
Thallus corticate, discontinuous, consist-
ing of irregularly sinuose to moniliform rows
of globose to slightly flattened bullate areas
that fuse together to form a continuous
thallus, with a thick hyaline cortex, covering
areas ≤at least 6 cm diam., olive-green, pro-
thallus not observed, inducing irregular gall
formation of the bark which splits and
deforms below the thallus.
Ascomata almost globose, 0·8–1·3mm
diam., single, immersed in the bark below
raised parts of the thallus. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 100 µm thick. Ostioles eccentric,
often fused, inconspicuous. Hamathecium
not inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
4 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, muriform,
fusiform, 70–80 × 20–25 µm, ends pointed,
outer wall thick, without markedly thickened
median septum, without gelatinous sheath.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark
of trees in rainforest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. This species is characterized by
a very irregular thallus and small muriform
ascospores 70–80 × 20–25 µm. It is the only
Astrothelium species with 4 muriform ascos-
pores per ascus, eccentric fused ostioles and
without hamathecium inspersion.
Astrothelium inspersogalbineum
Aptroot & Weerakoon sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815218
Astrothelium similar to A. macrocarpum (Fée) Aptroot &
Lücking, but hamathecium inspersed.
Type: Singapore, 20 April 2012, G. Weerakoon 118
(ABL—holotype).
(Fig. 3A)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤3cm
diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, pale greenish grey,
with a black prothallus line c.0·2 mm wide,
not inducing galls of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·4–0·7 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 4–10, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with
orange surface different from the thallus,
which are distinctly raised above the thallus,
mostly roundish in outline and ≤2mm
wide. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 40 µm thick.
Ostioles eccentric, fused, flat, black,
surrounded by a whitish zone. Hamathecium
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with 8
ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate,
22–25 × 9–11 µm, fusiform, ends pointed,
lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded
by a gelatinous layer.
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Chemistry. Thallus UV+ yellow, K−,with
lichexanthone; pseudostromata K+ purple, UV+
red. TLC: a yellow to orange anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Singapore.
Discussion. This is the only member of the
the core group of the genus, the Astrothelium
conicum-group, with an inspersed hamathe-
cium. Other species of the group are very
numerous and often abundant, and they are
never inspersed. The new species is similar to
A B
C D
E F
FIG. 3. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium inspersogalbineum;B,A. komposchii;
C, A. laurerosphaerioides;D,A. lucidomedullatum;E,A. lucidostromum;F,A. lucidothallinum. Scales: A–F=1 mm.
In colour online.
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A. macrocarpum, which was for a long time
known as A. galbineum Krempelh.
Astrothelium komposchii Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815219
Astrothelium with chimney-like ostioles, a very irregular,
almost squamulose thallus and muriform ascospores,
130–180 × 35–45 µm.
Type: Venezuela, Amazonas, Alto Orinoco, c.15km
SW of La Esmeralda, W bank of Surumoni, on Goupia
glabra, alt. 110 m, 1997, J. Hafellner & H. Komposch
539-2-20 (GZU—holotype).
(Fig. 3B)
Thallus green, discontinuous, consisting
of irregularly sinuose to moniliform rows
of flattened, almost squamulose thallus
lobes which mostly consist of a hyaline
cortex ≤150 µm, not surrounded by a
prothallus, not inducing gall formation of
the bark.
Ascomata almost globose, 0·8–1·3mm
diam., single, immersed in the bark below
raised parts of the thallus. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 90 µm thick. Ostioles apical to rarely
eccentric, not fused, erumpent, chimney-
like, glossy olive-brown outside, black inside.
Hamathecium inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
muriform, fusiform, 130–180 × 35–45 µm,
bent, ends rounded, with a markedly thick-
ened median septum, without gelatinous
sheath.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Venezuela.
Discussion. This species is characterized by
chimney-like ostioles, very irregular almost
squamulose thallus, and 8 muriform ascos-
pores per ascus.
Additional material seen. Venezuela: same data as
type material, all 1997, 539-2-20, 313-3-16, 539-4-12,
991-5-15, 313-4-14, 170-5-30, 170-6-6, 170-6-19,
313-5-64, 539-6-11, 539-5-50 (all GZU).
Astrothelium laurerosphaerioides
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815220
Astrothelium with aggregated ascomata with internally
and partly (when abraded) also superficially orange
anthraquinone, ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform,
110–130 × 30–35 µm.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., Rupununi
Savannah, Kusad Mountain, alt. 450 m, 29 September
1992, H. J. M. Sipman 57835 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 3C)
Thallus corticate, smooth, shiny, covering
areas ≤15 cm diam., c. 0·1 mm thick, pale
ochraceous green, not surrounded by a pro-
thallus, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·6–0·9 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 3–7, completely immersed
to erumpent from the bark (and then
often partly exposing the black wall), below
decorticated flat, internally and partly
(when abraded) also superficially orange
pseudostromata that are slightly raised above
the thallus. Wall carbonized all around,
≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles apical, simple, flat to
concave, black. Hamathecium not inspersed
with oil globules. Asci with 2 ascospores.
Ascospores hyaline, muriform, 110–130 × 30–
35 µm, ellipsoid, without distinctly thickened
median septum.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−; medulla and
sometimes surface of pseudostromata K+
purple. TLC: an anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. This is the only Astrothelium
with an orange anthraquinone in the pseudo-
stroma medulla and ascospores which are
2 per ascus and muriform.
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Astrothelium lucidomedullatum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815221
Astrothelium with lichexanthone in the medulla of the
thallus, ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 80–115 ×
25–35 µm.
Type: Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Cordillera
Numbala, reserva Biologica San Francisco, alt.
2025 m, 16 June 2004, H. J. M. Sipman 52318a
(B—holotype).
(Fig. 3D)
Thallus corticate, very smooth, shiny, cov-
ering areas ≤5 cm diam., c. 0·3 mm thick,
pale ochraceous green, not surrounded by a
prothallus, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·6–1·2 mm diam.,
solitary, completely immersed in the bark,
without pseudostromata. Wall pale to
partly dark brown, ≤c. 70 µm thick. Ostioles
eccentric, simple, concave, pale brown, sur-
rounded by an ochraceous ring, presenting
the only part of the ascoma that is visible from
above. Hamathecium inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 4 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, muriform, 80–115 × 25–35 µm,
ellipsoid, without a distinctly thickened
median septum.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−, thallus
medulla UV+ yellow, visible through the
hyaline cortex. TLC: lichexanthone in the
medulla (not in the cortex as usual).
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Ecuador.
Discussion. The presence of lichexanthone
in the medulla rather than in the cortex
is probably unique in the family. It is
rare in other lichen families too, otherwise
known only from Megalotremis infernalis
(Mont.) Aptroot and a few macrolichens.
Additional material seen. Ecuador: same locality as the
type, 2004, H. J. M. Sipman 52318b (B); 2004, Sipman
52452 (B).
Astrothelium lucidostromum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815222
Astrothelium similar to A. eustomuralis Aptroot &
M. Cáceres, but with lichexanthone present in the whole
pseudostroma.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., c. 45 km S of
Aishalton, 3 km S of Kuyuwini Landing, alt. 230 m,
29 October 1992, H. J. M. Sipman 57013 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 3E)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤7cm
diam., under 0·1 mm thick, pale yellowish
grey, not surrounded by prothallus, not
inducing gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·6–1·0 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–5, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a
whitish surface different from the thallus,
which are distinctly raised above the thallus
and mostly linear to irregular in outline and
≤4mm long and 1mm wide, not forming a
network. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 80 µmthick.
Ostioles eccentric, fused, strongly convex, pale
brownish, surrounded by a whitish pruinose
ring. Hamathecium not inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, submuriform, fusiform, 35–40 ×
13–15 µm, ends rounded, without thickened
median septum, not surrounded by a
gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−; pseudo-
stromata UV+ yellow. TLC: lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. Similar to A. eustomuralis,but
lichexanthone is present in the whole pseudo-
stroma, not only on the ostiole.
Astrothelium lucidothallinum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815223
Astrothelium with the thallus containing lichexanthone;
ascomata in pseudostromata without lichexanthone,
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ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, ascospores
muriform, 70–90 × 18–20 µm.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., c. 30 km S of
Aishalton, N border of Parabara savannah, alt. 300 m,
7 October 1992, H. J. M. Sipman 58038 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 3F)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤9cm
diam., ≤0·1 mm thick, pale yellowish grey,
surrounded by a black prothallus line
c. 0·1 mm wide, inducing gall formation of
the host bark in the form of bark galls
underneath the thallus.
Ascomata almost globose, c. 0·8–1·2mm
diam., immersed in pseudostromata, but also
in the bark, mostly in groups of 2–8, usually
clustered in lines. Pseudostromata whitish,
slightly raised and linear. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 150 µmthick.Ostioles apical, ochraceous,
surrounded by a whitish ring and around this
often a thin black ring with exposed ascoma
walls. Hamathecium not inspersed. Ascospores
8 per ascus, hyaline, IKI−, densely muriform,
70–90 × 18–20 µm, fusiform, without thick-
ened median septum.
Chemistry. Thallus UV+ yellow; pseudo-
stromata in contrast UV−.TLC:lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. Characterized by the thallus
containing lichexanthone, contrasting with
the pseudostromata which are without
lichexanthone; ascospores muriform, 70–
90 × 18–20 µm.
Astrothelium mediocrassum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815224
Astrothelium resembling A. octosporum (Vain.) Aptroot &
Lücking, but without lichexanthone in the thallus
or pseudostromata, ascospores muriform, 70–80 ×
22–25 µm, and median septum strongly thickened.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., c.45kmSof
Aishalton, 3 km S of Kuyuwini Landing, alt. 230 m,
29 October 1992, H. J. M. Sipman 56971 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 4A)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤12 cm
diam., ≤0·3 mm thick, pale green, not
surrounded by prothallus, not inducing gall
formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·6–1·0 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–5, immersed in pseudo-
stromata with a smooth cream surface dif-
ferent from the thallus, which are distinctly
raised c. 1 mm above the thallus and almost
constricted at the base. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles eccentric, fused,
strongly convex, brown. Hamathecium
not inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, muriform,
fusiform, 70–80 × 22–25 µm, median septum
strongly thickened, ends pointed, not
surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. This species resembles
A. octosporum, but has no lichexanthone in the
thallus or pseudostromata. It has the smallest
ascospores of the Astrothelium species, with
8 muriform ascospores per ascus, eccentric
and fused ostioles, and a hamathecium without
inspersion and without secondary substances.
Astrothelium megatropicum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815225
Astrothelium with 3-septate ascospores 100–120 × 33–
35 µm, and hemispherical dark brown pseudostromata.
Type: Guyana, Potaro-Siparuni Region, surroundings
of Paramakatoi village, alt. 800 m, 23 February 1996,
H. J. M. Sipman 41281 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 4B)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, pale ochraceous green,
covering areas ≤7 cm diam., c. 0·2 mm thick,
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surrounded by a black prothallus line
c. 0·1 mm wide, not inducing gall formation
of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·6–1·0 mm diam.,
mostly single, occasionally 2 aggregated, in
hemispherical dark brown pseudostromata
without thallus cover. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 100 µm thick. Ostioles apical, concave,
ochraceous, white pruinose. Hamathecium
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with 4–8
ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate,
ellipsoid, 100–120 × 33–35 µm, lumina
diamond-shaped, ends rounded, not sur-
rounded by a gelatinous layer.
A B
C D
E F
FIG. 4. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium mediocrassum;B,A. megatropicum;
C, A. megochroleucum;D,A. neoinspersum;E,A. perspersum;F,A. philippinense. Scales: A–F=1 mm. In colour online.
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Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata UV−,
K−. TLC: no secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. This species has by far the
longest 3-septate ascospores in the family. The
dark brown pseudostromata contrast strongly
with the ochraceous thallus and this gives the
impression of a species without pseudos-
tromata, such as Nigrovothelium tropicum
(Ach.) Lücking et al., hence the name.
Astrothelium megochroleucum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815226
Astrothelium with 3-septate ascospores 60–70 × 16–18 µm
and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata.
Type: El Salvador, Depto. Ahuachapán, Parque
Nacional El Imposible, sector L Campana, Cafetal Las
Piedrones, on Leucaena trichandra in coffee plantation,
alt. 1300 m, 10 November 1998, H. J. M. Sipman,
S. Sandoval & J. Welz 44823 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 4C)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤4cm
diam., under 0·1 mm thick, ochraceous
with whitish pruina, surrounded by a black
prothallus line c. 0·1 mm wide, inducing gall
formation of the host bark, which splits open
and forms a callus under the thallus.
Ascomata globose, 0·6–0·9 mm diam.,
immersed in groups of c. 2–10 in pseudo-
stromata. Pseudostromata with a surface
hardly different from the thallus, c. 0·5–
1·0 mm raised above the thallus, mostly oval
in outline, ≤c. 3 mm diam., with whitish
cover, partly brownish inside. Wall black,
≤80 µm thick. Ostioles apical, not fused,
convex, ochraceous to grey. Hamathecium
not inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate,
fusiform, 60–70 × 16–18 µm, not surrounded
by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV+ yellow, K−. TLC: lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in coffee plantation. Known only from
El Salvador.
Discussion. This species has the appearance
of Astrothelium ochroleucoides Aptroot &
M. Cáceres, from which it differs, for example,
by the long 3-septate ascospores. It has the
longest ascospores among Astrothelium species
with 3-septate ascospores and lichexanthone
in the thallus and pseudostromata.
Astrothelium neoinspersum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815227
Astrothelium similar to A. aenascens Aptroot, but with
bright yellow pseudostromata.
Type: El Salvador, Santa Ana, Metapan, Parque
Nacional Montecristo, 1993, H. J. M. Sipman,
F. Berendsohn & L. Ladino 37365 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 4D)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤5cm
diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, olive-green, not sur-
rounded by a prothallus, not inducing gall
formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·4–0·7 mm diam.,
immersed in groups of 2–10 in pseudo-
stromata with a surface different from the
thallus, and which are distinctly raised above
the thallus, irregular to often linear in outline,
sides sloping, bright yellow, inside with a
cream layer containing bark tissue. Wall dark
brown all around, ≤c. 70 µm thick. Ostioles
apical, not fused, flat to convex, black.
Hamathecium inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
3-septate, fusiform, 18–23 × 7–8µm, ends
rounded, lumina diamond-shaped, sur-
rounded by a 3 µm thick gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−, pseudostromata
UV+ red, K+ purple. TLC: an anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from El
Salvador.
Discussion. Similar to A. aenascens,butwith
bright yellow pseudostromata. Also similar to
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A. inspersaeneum E. L. Lima et al., which has at
least some orange pigmentation on the thallus.
Astrothelium perspersum Aptroot
& Ertz sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815228
Astrothelium similar to A. scoria (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking,
but with ascospores of 26–38 × 7–9µm.
Type: Gabon, Nzé, au nord-est de Makokou, entre
Massaha et Batouala, 12 April 2006, D. Ertz 9716
(BR—holotype).
(Fig. 4E)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤4cm
diam., ≤0·1 mm thick, pale greenish grey,
surrounded by a black prothallus line
c. 0·1 mm wide, not inducing gall formation
of the host bark.
Ascomata almost globose, c. 0·5–0·7mm
diam., immersed in pseudostromata, but also
in the bark, mostly in groups of 2–8, usually
clustered in lines. Pseudostromata whitish,
slightly raised and linear. Wall carbonized,
≤c. 90 µmthick.Ostioles apical, whitish, sur-
rounded by a thin black ring with exposed
ascoma walls. Hamathecium inspersed with
oil globules. Ascospores 8 per ascus, hyaline,
3-septate, 26–38 × 7–9µm, lumina diamond-
shaped.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata UV−,
K−. TLC: no secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Gabon.
Discussion. Similar to A. scoria, but with
larger ascospores. This is one of the few
Trypetheliaceae species described (and known
only) from Africa.
Astrothelium philippinense Aptroot
& Schumm sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815229
Astrothelium without pseudostromata, ostiole apical,
hamathecium inspersed, ascospores muriform,
125–170 × 30–35 µm, 4 per ascus.
Type: Philippines, Negros, Negros Oriental, Mt. Talinis,
1100–1600 m, 19 August 2000, F. Schumm & S. Schwarz
7532 (B—holotype; hb. Schumm, ABL—isotypes).
(Fig. 4F)
Thallus corticate, smooth, shiny, covering
areas ≤7 cm diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, pale
ochraceous green, surrounded by a brown to
black prothallus line c. 0·4 mm wide, indu-
cing gall formation of the host bark in the
form of numerous c. 1–2 mm wide
hemisperical warts.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·6–0·9 mm diam.,
solitary, completely immersed in the bark,
below the thallus cortex which, however, can
be raised in warts by the bark galls, not in
pseudostromata. Wall carbonized all around,
≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles apical, simple, flat,
black, presenting the only part of the ascoma
that is visble from above. Hamathecium
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
4ascospores.Ascospores hyaline, muriform,
125–170 × 30–35 µm, ellipsoid, with a dis-
tinctly thickened median septum.
Pycnidia not observed with certainty,
although some of the many black dots around
the ostioles may represent young pycnidia.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−. TLC: no secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from the
Philippines.
Discussion. Characterized by the combination
of the following characters: muriform ascos-
pores, 4 per ascus, without pseudostromata,
ostiole apical, hamathecium inspersed.
Additional specimen seen. Philippines: Mindanao:
Prov. Cotabato, Mt. Apo, 1250 m, 1999, F. Schumm &
S. Schwarz 5993 (hb. Schumm).
Astrothelium pseudannulare Aptroot
& Etayo sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815230
Astrothelium with the appearance of the A. puiggarii
(Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking-group, but
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differing from all other species of it by the 3-septate
ascospores 80–88 × 32–36 µm, which are 2–4 per
ascus.
Type: Ecuador, Loja, Cajanuma, Parque Nacional
Podocarpus, nudo de Sabanilla, 3000 m, 4 August 1999,
J. Etayo & Z. Palice 20154 (hb. Etayo—holotype; ABL—
isotype).
(Fig. 5A)
Thallus consisting of raised, corticate
patches, smooth, shiny, covering areas of
c.1·0–3·5 mm diam., c. 0·2 mm thick, olive-
green, breaking through the host bark.
A B
C D
E F
FIG. 5. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium pseudannulare;B,A. pseudodissimulum;
C, A. pseudoferrugineum;D,A. pseudomegalophthalmum;E,A. rimosum;F,A. sanguineoxanthum. Scales:
A–F=1 mm. In colour online.
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Ascomata globose, 0·7–1·3 mm diam.,
single or more often in lines of 2–5, not in
pseudostromata. Wall black all around,
≤c. 60 µm thick. Ostioles apical to often
somewhat eccentric, not fused, convex to
pointed, brown, surrounded by a black ring
c.0·1 mm wide. Hamathecium not inspersed
with oil globules. Asci with 2–4 ascospores.
Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform,
62–80 × 20–25 µm, ends rounded, lumina
diamond-shaped, surrounded by an ≤12 µm
thick gelatinous layer.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus and medulla UV−,K−.
TLC: no secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in mountain forest. Known only from
Ecuador.
Discussion. This is a species with the
appearance of the A. puiggarii-group, charac-
terized for example by the solitary
ascomata with partly eccentric ostioles that
are immersed in isolated superficial thallus
patches. It would otherwise key out as
A. annulare (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking
because of the large 3-septate ascospores.
Astrothelium pseudodissimulum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815231
Astrothelium with K+ red crystals in the ascoma wall and
5-septate ascospores of 25–33 × 9–11 µm.
Type: Papua New Guinea, Madang Prov., Brahman
Mission, alt. 100 m, 29 October 1995, H. J. M. Sipman
38789 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 5B)
Thallus corticate, rather smooth, con-
tinuous, covering areas ≤15 cm diam.,
c. 0·2 mm thick, pale yellowish green, not
surrounded by a prothallus, partly bullate,
apparently inducing irregular gall formation
of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·4–0·7 mm diam.,
immersed in the thallus, single or in loose
groups of 2–9, not in clear pseudostromata.
Wall black all around, ≤c. 80 µm thick, with
K+ red crystals. Ostioles apical, not fused,
concave, brown. Hamathecium densely
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, 5-septate,
fusiform, 25–33 × 9–11 µm, ends rounded,
lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by
a gelatinous layer.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus and medulla UV−,
K−; ascomata wall K+ red. TLC: an
anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Papua
New Guinea.
Discussion. This is probably a species of the
A. annulare (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking-
group, characterized for example by the K+
red crystals in the ascoma wall. It keys out
near A. dissimulum (Makhija & Patw.)
Aptroot & Lücking because of the 5-septate
ascospores.
Astrothelium pseudoferrugineum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815232
Astrothelium of the A. conicum Eschw.-group with an
orange thallus and pseudostroma pruina, differing from
A. ferrugineum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking by the
28–31 × 9–11 µm ascospores and the glossier thallus.
Type: Indonesia, Java, Djombang, October 1937,
P. Groenhart 5739 (L—holotype; ABL—isotype).
(Fig. 5C)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny
to glossy, continuous, covering areas ≤3cm
diam., c. 0·1 mm thick, bright orange, not
surrounded by a prothallus.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·2–0·3 mm wide, 0·3–
0·5 mm high, immersed in pseudostromata.
Pseudostromata conical, raised above the
thallus, with orange pruina. Wall black all
around, ≤c. 90 µm thick. Ostioles eccentric,
2–5 fused, convex to pointed, black.
Hamathecium not inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
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3-septate, fusiform, 28–31 × 9–11 µm, ends
somewhat pointed, lumina diamond-shaped,
not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−; pseudo-
stromata UV+ red, K+ purple. TLC: an
orange anthraquinone, possibly parietin.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in disturbed rainforest. Known only
from Indonesia.
Discussion. This is a species of the A. conicum-
group, characterized for example by the conical
pseudostromata with anthraquinone. It differs
from all species except A. ferrugineum (Müll.
Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking by the orange thallus,
and from this species by the larger ascospores
and glossier thallus.
Astrothelium pseudomegalophthalmum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815233
Astrothelium similar to A. megaspermum (Mont.) Aptroot
& Lücking, but differing by the 7-septate ascospores of
152–166 × 32–37 µm.
Type: Colombia, Amazonas, Araracuara, opposite
Isla Morrocoy, alt. 300 m, 3 November 1988, H. J. M.
Sipman & J. van Duivenvoorden 28501 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 5D)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny,
continuous, covering areas ≤7 cm diam.,
c. 0·1 mm thick, pale olive-green, surrounded
by a thin brown prothallus, not inducing irre-
gular gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·7–1·1 mm diam.,
superficial, completely covered by thallus,
not in pseudostromata; warts hemispherical,
c.0·9–1·4 mm diam. and 0·6–1·1 mm high.
Wall black all around, ≤c. 70 µm thick.
Ostioles apical, not fused, concave, black,
surrounded by a brown ring c.0·2 mm wide.
Hamathecium densely inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, 7-septate, fusiform, 152–166 ×
32–37 µm, ends rounded, lumina diamond-
shaped, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus and medulla UV−,K−.
TLC: no secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Colombia.
Discussion. This species has the appearance
of A. megaspermum, characterized for exam-
ple by the superficial single ascomata in
hemispherical warts, but it differs by the only
transversely septate ascospores. It keyed out
near A. megalophthalmum (Müll. Arg.)
Aptroot & Lücking because of the large
7-septate ascospores.
Astrothelium rimosum Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815234
Astrothelium with 7–11-septate ascospores, 110–150×
30–37 µm, and a rimose thallus with yellow medulla.
Type: Guyana, Potaro-Siparuni Region, Kaieteur
Falls National Park, around airstrip, sclerophyllous
forest, alt. 400 m, 13–20 February 1996, H. J. M.
Sipman 40391 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 5E)
Thallus olive-green to yellowish green,
strongly rimose, partly with almost globose
lobules, with a thick hyaline cortex, medulla
pale citrine yellow, not surrounded by a pro-
thallus, not inducing gall formation of the bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·7–1·1 mm diam.,
superficial, solitary or a few fused sideways,
brown, often with constricted base, at the sides
partly covered by thallus, not in pseudo-
stromata. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 90 µmthick.
Ostioles apical to eccentric, black, convex.
Hamathecium inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
7–11-septate, 110–150 × 30–37 µm, lumina
diamond-shaped.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−, K+ red, espe-
cially the medulla; with anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known from Colombia
and Guyana.
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Discussion. Characterized by the 7–11-
septate ascospores of 110–150 × 30–37 µm
and the rimose thallus with yellow medulla. It
is similar to A. luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot &
Lücking, which also has a yellow medulla and
7–11-septate ascospores, but which has
much shorter ascospores of, at most, 88 µm.
Additional material seen.Colombia: Depto. Valle del
Cauca: Buenaventura, alt. 230 m, M. van Rooden,
B. J. H. ter Welle & B. Topper 571 (B).
Astrothelium sanguineoxanthum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815235
Astrothelium with the thallus containing lichexanthone
and pseudostromata with numerous immersed round
ascomata, the whole inside of which is full of red,
K+ green pigment.
Type: Brazil, Matto Grosso, Santa Anna da Chapada,
21 March 1894, G. O. A. Malme 2484C (S—holotype).
(Fig. 5F)
Thallus green to greyish, smooth.
Pseudostromata whitish, rather flat, roun-
ded to irregular in shape or elongated, with
rather steep sides, generally with numerous
immersed round ascomata with complete
black wall, ≤5 mm long and 2 mm wide,
the whole inside full of red, K+ green
pigment. Ostioles apical, black, flush.
Hamathecium not inspersed, filaments pro-
fusely anastomosing. Ascospores 8 per ascus,
muriform, 59–86 × 15–20 µm, IKI+ violet,
without strongly thickened median septum.
Chemistry. Thallus UV+ yellow, K−,
pseudostroma exterior UV+ yellow, inside
pink, reacting K+ green; with lichexanthone
and isohypocrellin.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Brazil.
Discussion. The only Astrothelium with the
thallus containing lichexanthone and pseudo-
stromata with numerous immersed round
ascomata, the whole inside of which is full of
the red, K+ green pigment isohypocrellin.
Additional specimen seen. Brazil: same locality, 1894,
G. O. A. Malme 2530D p.p. (S).
Astrothelium septemseptatum
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815236
Astrothelium with the thallus and pseudostromata UV+
yellow and 7–9-septate ascospores of 50–55 × 12–17 µm.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., c. 45 km S of
Aishalton, 3 km S of Kuyuwini Landing, alt. 230 m,
29 October 1992, H. J. M. Sipman 56970 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 6A)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤9cm
diam., under 0·1 mm thick, pale yellowish
grey, surrounded by a ≤0·5 mm wide black
prothallus, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·6–1·0 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–5, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a
whitish surface different from the thallus,
which are distinctly raised above the thallus
and mostly linear to irregular in outline,
and ≤4 mm long and 1 mm wide. Wall
carbonized, ≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles eccen-
tric, fused, strongly convex, pale brownish,
surrounded by a whitish pruinose ring.
Hamathecium not inspersed with oil globules.
Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline,
fusiform, 7–9-septate, 50–55 × 12–17 µm,
ends rounded, not surrounded by a
gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus (mostly) and pseudos-
tromata (everywhere) UV+ yellow, K−.
TLC: lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah and rainforest. Known
from Guyana and Venezuela.
Discussion. The only Astrothelium with a
UV+ yellow thallus and pseudostromata, and
7–9-septate ascospores.
Additional specimens seen.Venezuela: Amazonas: Alto
Orinoco, Surumoni, 1998, J. Hafellner & H. Komposch
3264, 3290 & 3342 (GZU).
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Astrothelium sexloculatum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815237
Astrothelium with 5-septate ascospores of 25–27 ×7–11 µm
and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., Rupununi
Savannah, Dadadanawa ranch, near headquarters,
alt. 120 m, 20 September–16 November 1992, H. J. M.
Sipman 57381 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 6B)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤9cm
diam., under 0·1 mm thick, pale yellowish
A B
C D
E F
FIG. 6. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium septemseptatum;B,A. sexloculatum;
C, A. sipmanii;D,A. trypethelioides;E,A. ultralucens;F,A. vulcanum. Scales: A–F=1 mm. In colour online.
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grey, surrounded by a ≤1 mm wide black
prothallus, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·6–1·0 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–5, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a
whitish surface different from the thallus,
which are distinctly raised above the thallus
and mostly linear to irregular in outline,
≤4 mm long and 1 mm wide, often forming
a network. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 80 µm
thick. Ostioles eccentric, fused, strongly
convex, pale brownish, surrounded by a
whitish pruinose ring. Hamathecium not
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform,
(3–)5-septate, 25–27 × 7–11 µm, ends
rounded, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV+ yellow (pseudostromata stronger than
thallus), K−. TLC: lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known from
Guyana and Papua New Guinea.
Discussion. Astrothelium diplocarpoides Müll.
Arg. is the only other species with 5-septate
ascospores and lichexanthone in the thallus
and pseudostromata; however, it has much
larger ascospores of at least 80 µm.
Additional material seen.Guyana: Upper Takutu Distr.:
Rupununi Savannah, Kusad Mountain, alt. 450 m,
1992, H. J. M. Sipman 57820 (B).—Papua New
Guinea: Central Prov.: Varirata National Park, 1995,
H. J. M. Sipman 38638 (B).
Astrothelium sipmanii Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815238
Astrothelium with simple ascomata with 5-septate ascospores
100–150 × 35–40 µm and an inspersed hamathecium.
Type: Guyana, Upper Takutu Distr., c.35kmSof
Aishalton. 4 km N of Kuyuwini Landing, along track to
Karaudanawa, alt. 250 m, 31 October 1992, H. J. M.
Sipman 57080 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 6C)
Thallus corticate, smooth to somewhat
bullate, shiny, covering areas ≤4 cm diam.,
c. 0·2 mm thick, pale ochraceous green, sur-
rounded by a ≤1 mm wide black prothallus,
inducing dispersed hemispherical galls of the
host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, 0·7–1·2 mm diam.,
solitary or 2–4 together, emergent from
decorticated flat areas that are almost flush
with the thallus but that can be seen as
ochraceous white pseudostromata, emergent
parts brown. Wall carbonized all around,
≤c. 80 µm thick. Ostioles apical, simple, con-
cave, black. Hamathecium inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, 5-septate, 100–150 × 35–40 µm,
ellipsoid.
Pycnidia not observed with certainty,
although some of the many black dots around
the ostioles may represent young pycnidia.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. Characterized by the simple
ascomata with 5-septate ascospores of more
than 100 µm and the inspersed hamathe-
cium. Astrothelium curvisporum Aptroot &
M. Cáceres shares these characters but has
distinctly curved ascospores; A. pustulatum
(Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking has generally more
septa and longer ascospores of at least 180 µm.
Astrothelium trypethelioides Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815239
Astrothelium with fused ostioles, an inspersed hamathe-
cium and 7–9-septate ascospores of 49–52 × 13–16 µm.
Type: Venezuela, Bolivar, Cerro Guaiquinima, along
Rio Carapo, alt. 800 m, 11 February 1990, H. J. M.
Sipman 26976 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 6D)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤at least
9 cm diam., under 0·1 mm thick, pale
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yellowish grey, prothallus not observed, not
inducing gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·4–0·6 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–9, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with
pale brownish surfaces different from the
thallus, which are distinctly raised above the
thallus and mostly ellipsoid in outline,
≤2 mm long and 1 mm wide. Wall brown,
≤c. 60 µm thick. Ostioles eccentric, fused,
convex, black. Hamathecium inspersed
with oil globules. Asci with 8 ascospores.
Ascospores hyaline, fusiform, 7–9-septate,
49–52 × 13–16 µm, ends pointed, not
surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
K−,UV−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Venezuela.
Discussion. This species is characterized by
the combination of fused ostioles, an
inspersed hamathecium and 7–9-septate
ascospores.
Astrothelium ultralucens Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815240
Astrothelium with the thallus and pseudostromata
containing lichexanthone, fused ostioles and 3-septate
ascospores over 105–130 × 35–42 µm.
Type: Venezuela, Bolivar, Cerro Guaiquinima, along
Rio Carapo, alt. 800 m, 12 February 1990, H. J. M.
Sipman 27057 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 6E)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤at least
7 cm diam., under 0·1 mm thick, pale green-
ish grey, without prothallus, not inducing gall
formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·7–1·2 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–7, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a
whitish surface different from the thallus,
which are distinctly raised above the thallus
and mostly ellipsoid to irregular in outline,
≤4 mm long and 3 mm wide. Wall
carbonized, ≤c. 180 µmthick.Ostioles eccen-
tric, fused, flat, ochraceous. Hamathecium not
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform,
3-septate, 105–130 × 35–42 µm, ends rounded,
surrounded by a gelatinous layer c.3µmthick.
Chemistry. Thallus UV+ yellow (but much
duller than the pseudostromata and therefore
easily overlooked), K−; pseudostromata
UV+ yellow, K−. TLC: lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Venezuela.
Discussion. This species is characterized by
the combination of fused ostioles, lichex-
anthone in the thallus and pseudostromata,
and 3-septate ascospores of over 100 µm.
Astrothelium vulcanum Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815241
Astrothelium of the A. nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Aptroot &
Lücking-group, with simple ascomata, an inspersed
hamathecium and containing lichexanthone.
Type: Guyana, Rupununi District, Kuyuwini Land-
ing, alt. 200 m, 5 February 1991, M. J. Jansen-Jacobs,
B. J. ter Welle, D. Gopaul & V. James 2400 (L—holotype;
ABL—isotype).
(Fig. 6F)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny,
continuous, covering areas ≤25 cm diam.,
c. 0·1 mm thick, pale ochraceous, surrounded
by a thin black prothallus line, not inducing
gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·3–0·6 mm diam., sin-
gle, immersed in the thallus and partly in the
bark, tops slightly protruding. Wall black
or dark brown all around, ≤c. 50 µm
thick. Ostioles apical, not fused, concave,
whitish, surrounded by a cream-coloured
ring c.0·1 mm wide. Hamathecium densely
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, 3-septate,
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fusiform, 20–25 × 6·5–7·5µm, ends rounded,
lumina diamond-shaped, not surrounded by
a gelatinous layer.
Pycnidia not observed.
Chemistry. Thallus UV+ yellow, K−. TLC:
lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in savannah forest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. This is a species of the
A. nitidiusculum-group, which is split up
again. It differs from A. nitidiusculum s. str. by
the inspersed hamathecium and the presence
of lichexanthone.
Astrothelium zebrinum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815242
Astrothelium with fused ostioles and 7-septate ascospores
60–70 µm long, without lichexanthone, anthraquinones
or inspersion.
Type: Guyana, Potaro-Siparuni Region, Kaieteur Falls
National Park, around airstrip, sclerophyllous forest,
20 February 1996, H. J. M. Sipman 40580 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 7A)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat shiny,
continuous, covering areas ≤9 cm diam.,
under 0·1 mm thick, pale yellowish grey, not
surrounded by prothallus, not inducing gall
formation of the host bark.
Ascomata pyriform, c. 0·6–1·2 mm diam.,
mostly aggregated 2–5, mostly immersed in
the bark tissue below pseudostromata with a
whitish surface different from the thallus,
which are slightly raised above the thallus and
mostly linear to irregular in outline, and
≤1 cm long and 4 mm wide, not forming
a network. Wall carbonized, ≤c. 80 µm
thick. Ostioles eccentric, fused, strongly
convex, pale brownish, surrounded by a thick
whitish pruinose ring. Hamathecium not
inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform,
7-septate, 60–70 ×14–28 µm, ends pointed,
not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Guyana.
Discussion. Characterized by the combina-
tion of fused ostioles, absence of inspersion
and secondary substances, and 7-septate
ascospores 60–70 µm long.
Polymeridium rhodopruinosum
Aptroot & Mercado Diaz sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815243
Polymeridium with red pruina on the ascomata and
3-septate ascospores 17–19 × 3·5–5·0µm.
Type: Puerto Rico, Maricao, Bosque estatal de Maricao,
Vereda Los Viveros, alt. c. 850 m, on tree bark in disturbed
primary sclerophyllous forest, 18 February 2014, A. Aptroot
72208 (UPR—holotype; ABL, F—isotypes).
(Fig. 7B)
Thallus ecorticate, white.
Ascomata 0·1–0·3 mm diam., solitary,
erumpent, black, glossy, partly with dark red
pruina. Ostioles apical, white. Hamathecium
not inspersed with oil droplets. Ascospores
8 per ascus, IKI −, 3-septate, 17–19 × 3·5–
5·0µm, not ornamented, wall not thickened,
surrounded by a 1 µm thick gelatinous sheath.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−, ascoma pruina
UV+ dark blood red (almost black). TLC: an
anthraquinone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in disturbed primary sclerophyllous
forest. Known only from Puerto Rico.
Discussion. This is the only Polymeridium
with red pruina and the only species in the
family with a white thallus and black
ascomata with red pruina.
Pseudopyrenula americana Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815244
Pseudopyrenula with 3-septate ascospores of 26–32 ×
7–10 µm, without inspersion and without lichexanthone.
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Type: Guyana, Upper Mazaruni Distr., N slope of
Mount Roraima, alt. c. 700 m, in c. 25 m tall virgin
mossy forest, 25 m high in canopy, 12–19 February
1985, H. J. M. Sipman & A. Aptroot 18699
(B—holotype).
Thallus ecorticate, whitish.
Ascomata solitary or occasionally a few
fused sideways, hemispherical, black, 0·3–
0·5 mm diam. Ostioles apical, whitish to
A B
C D
E F
FIG. 7. Habitus of new species of Trypetheliaceae (holotypes). A, Astrothelium zebrinum;B,Polymeridium
rhodopruinosum;C,Trypethelium infraeluteriae;D,Viridothelium inspersum;E,V. kinabaluense;F,V. solomonense.Scales:
A, C–F=1mm; B =0·2 mm. In colour online.
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black. Hamathecium not inspersed, hyaline.
Ascospores 8 per ascus, IKI −, 3-septate,
26–32 × 7–10 µm, not ornamented, lumina
diamond-shaped.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−. TLC: no sec-
ondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark
of trees in rainforest. Known only from
Guyana.
Discussion. This is a mostly negatively charac-
terized species of the Pseudopyrenula diluta
(Fée) Müll. Arg.-group (the medium size-
spored 3-septate Pseudopyrenula species),
without inspersion and without lichexanthone.
Additional specimen seen. Guyana: Upper Mazaruni
Distr.: Mount Latipu, c. 8 km N of Kamarang, alt.
c. 1000 m, in scrub on summit plateau, 1985, H. J. M.
Sipman & A. Aptroot 19117 (B).
Pseudopyrenula guianensis Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815245
Pseudopyrenula with a hyaline hamathecium with
inspersion, a thallus with lichexanthone and 3-septate
ascospores 21–25 × 6–9µm.
Type: French Guiana, Saül, 1986, D. Montfoort &
R. Ek 385 (B—holotype; L—isotype).
Thallus ecorticate, whitish.
Ascomata solitary, hemispherical, black,
0·3–0·5mmdiam.Ostioles apical. Hamathecium
hyaline, inspersed with oil droplets. Ascospores
3-septate, 21–25 × 6–9µm, not ornamented,
lumina diamond-shaped.
Chemistry. Thallus UV+ yellow. TLC:
lichexanthone.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known from Surinam and
French Guiana.
Discussion. This is a species of the
Pseudopyrenula subgregaria Müll. Arg.-group
(the smaller-spored 3-septate Pseudopyrenula
species) characterized by a hyaline
hamathecium with inspersion and a thallus
with lichexanthone.
Additional specimen seen. Surinam: Brokopondo area,
R. Zielman 1307 (ABL, L).
Pseudopyrenula hexamera Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815246
Pseudopyrenula with 5-septate ascospores 16–21 ×
6–7µm, lumina clearly diamond-shaped.
Type: Venezuela, Est. Amazonas, Alto Orinoco,
15 km W of Esmeralda, W bank of Surumoni, on Qualea
sp., alt. 110 m, 10 February 1997, J. Hafellner &
H. Komposch 178-5-48 (GZU—holotype).
Thallus ecorticate, whitish.
Ascomata solitary or occasionally a few side-
ways, hemispherical, black, c.0·2mm diam.
Ostioles apical, black. Hamathecium not
inspersed, hyaline. Ascospores 5-septate, 16–21 ×
6–7µm, not ornamented, with a 1 µmthick
gelatinous sheath, lumina diamond-shaped.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−. TLC: no sec-
ondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Venezuela.
Discussion. This is the only Pseudopyrenula
with 5-septate ascospores. It resembles
Polymeridium quinqueseptatum (Nyl.) R. C.
Harris except for the thickened ascospore
walls leaving diamond-shaped lumina. The
specimen was already named in the herbar-
ium and in an accompanying unpublished
manuscript which was kindly made available
to me by Harald Komposch.
Pseudopyrenula thallina Lücking &
Aptroot sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815247
Pseudopyrenula with a greenish corticate thallus and
3-septate ascospores, 21–25 × 6–9µm.
Type: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Hacienda Granadilla,
500–600 m, 10 February 1930, C. W. Dodge &
E. Thomas 6787 (FH-DODGE—holotype).
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Thallus yellow-green, corticate, somewhat
shiny, without pseudocyphellae, without
prothallus.
Ascomata solitary. Ostioles apical.
Hamathecium hyaline, inspersed with oil
droplets. Ascospores 3-septate, 21–25 × 6–9µm.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−.TLC:no
secondary substances detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from
Costa Rica.
Discussion. This is the only Pseudopyrenula
with a distinct thallus. It is similar to
P. subnudata Müll. Arg. These specimens
have already been commented upon in Apt-
root et al. (2008: 86), but not formally
described before.
Additional specimen seen. Costa Rica: San José, Guaya-
billos, C. W. Dodge & E. Thomas 5319 (FH-DODGE).
Trypethelium infraeluteriae Aptroot
& Gueidan sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815248
Trypethelium similar to T. subeluteriae Makhija & Patw.,
but with lower pseudostromata and ascospores 7–9-
septate, 37–42 × 9–11 µm.
Type: Vietnam, Western Highlands, Dong Nai
Province, Cát Tiên National Park, 10 km south-west of
the accommodation area, in a tree plantation near a gate
leading to the minority village, 16 February 2012,
C. Gueidan 3052 (BM—holotype; ABL, VNMN—
isotypes).
(Fig. 7C)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤at least
5 cm diam., c. 0·1 mm thick, olive-greenish
grey, prothallus not observed, not inducing
gall formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·3–0·5 mm diam.,
immersed in groups of 6–15 in pseudo-
stromata with surfaces different from the
thallus, which are slightly raised above the
thallus, irregular to often linear in outline,
≤8 mm long and 2 mm wide, occasionally
forming a net, orange. Wall dark brown all
around, ≤c. 50 µm thick. Ostioles apical, not
fused, flat to concave, grey. Hamathecium
not inspersed with oil globules. Asci with
8 ascospores. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform,
7–9-septate, 37–42 × 9–11 µm, ends pointed,
lumina ellipsoid, not surrounded by a
gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−; pseudo-
stroma exterior K+ red, inside K+ red. TLC:
parietin, emodin and two derivatives.
Ecology and distribution. On bark of trees in
plantations or along the road. Known only
from Vietnam.
Molecular data. The ITS barcode is
provided for the holotype CG3052 (GenBank
no. KU179797) as well as the additional
material: CG3042 (KU179795), CG3043
(KU179796) and CG3054 (KU179798).
Discussion. This species resembles
T. subeluteriae in organization and colour, but
differs by the generally lower pseudostromata
and the smaller ascospores with fewer septa.
Other specimens examined.Vietnam: Western
Highlands: Dong Nai Province, Cát Tiên National Park,
6 km south-west of the accommodation area, near a
ranger house, 2012, C. Gueidan 3042, 3043 (BM,
VNMN); 10 km south-west of the accommodation area,
near the minority village, 2012, C. Gueidan 3054
(BM, VNMN).
Viridothelium inspersum Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815249
Viridothelium with solitary, immersed ascomata and an
inspersed hamathecium, ascospores 12–14-septate,
60–75 × 12–17 µm.
Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., along
Hiritano Highway, 50 km NW of Port Moresby,
5 km NW of Brown River, alt. 25 m, February 1987,
A. Aptroot 17317 (ABL—holotype).
(Fig. 7D)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤at least
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7 cm diam., c. 0·1 mm thick, olive-green,
prothallus not observed, not inducing gall
formation of the host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·5–0·8 mm diam., sin-
gle, deeply immersed in the bark below the
thallus, without discernible pseudostromata.
Wall brown, not always all around,
≤c. 50 µmthick.Ostioles apical, convex,
brownish grey. Hamathecium inspersed with
oil globules. Asci with 8 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, fusiform, 12–14-septate, 60–75 ×
12–17 µm, ends pointed, lumina ellipsoid, not
surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in rainforest. Known only from Papua
New Guinea.
Discussion. This is the only Viridothelium
with solitary, immersed ascomata and an
inspersed hamathecium.
Viridothelium kinabaluense Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815250
Viridothelium similar to V. indutum (Stirt.) Aptroot &
Lücking with emergent black ascomata, but with 17–25-
septate ascospores of 100–150 × 18–23 µm.
Type: Sabah, Mount Kinabalu, along summit trail,
alt. 2800 m, 12 May 1998, H. J. M. Sipman & B. Tan
31226 (B—holotype).
(Fig. 7E)
Thallus corticate, smooth, somewhat
shiny, continuous, covering areas ≤at least
7 cm diam., c. 0·1 mm thick, olive-brown,
surrounded by a 0·3 mm wide black prothal-
lus line, not inducing gall formation of the
host bark.
Ascomata globose, 0·6–1·0 mm diam., sin-
gle, emergent from the bark and from the
thallus, often largely exposed, black, without
discernible pseudostromata. Wall black,
≤c. 100 µm thick. Ostioles apical, concave,
brown. Hamathecium not inspersed with oil
globules. Asci with 4 ascospores. Ascospores
hyaline, fusiform, 17–25-septate, occasion-
ally with a longitudinal septum, 100–150 ×
18–23 µm, ends pointed, lumina ellipsoid,
not surrounded by a gelatinous layer.
Chemistry. Thallus and pseudostromata
UV−,K−. TLC: no secondary substances
detected.
Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in mountain forest. Known only
from Sabah.
Discussion. This species is similar to
V. indutum, but that species has smaller
ascospores 90–105 × 12–16 µm.
Additional specimens seen. Sabah: same as type,
H. J. M. Sipman & B. Tan 31255 (B); Mount Kinabalu,
along summit trail, alt. 2800 m, 1989, H. J. M. Sipman
& B. Tan 31292 (B).
Viridothelium solomonense Aptroot
sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 815251
Viridothelium with ascomata with lateral, partly fused
ostioles and black clypeus, ascospores 15–19-septate,
75–98 × 17–20 µm.
Type: Solomon Islands, Santa Isabel Island, Tanabuli
Island, near Tatamba, 1965, D. J. Hill 11040 (BM—
holotype; ABL—isotype).
(Fig. 7F)
Thallus yellowish brown, smooth, thin,
absent (probably abraded by the harsh sea
winds) over large stretches.
Ascomata mostly simple, a few aggregated
with fused ostioles, emergent from the bark
and the thallus, becoming fully exposed.
Pseudostromata in the normal sense absent, but
a carbonized clypeus is present. Wall black,
≤80 µmthick.Ostioles lateral. Hamathecium
not inspersed with oil droplets. Ascospores
hyaline, fusiform, 15–19-septate, 75–98 ×
17–20 µm, ends pointed, with ellipsoid lumina.
Chemistry. Thallus UV−,K−.TLC:no
secondary substances detected.
2016 New species of Trypetheliaceae—Aptroot et al. 637
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Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of
trees in coastal rainforest. Known only from
the Solomon Islands.
Discussion. Unique in the family owing to
the partly fused ascomata with lateral ostioles
and black clypeus. This species looks like,
and has an ascoma structure similar to, a
Pyrenula sp. with lateral ostioles. The hama-
thecium filaments are, however, thin and
anastomosing, and the ascospores remain
hyaline.
The collectors of the various specimens are thanked for
providing access to the material. Harrie Sipman is espe-
cially thanked for putting his valuable collections at our
disposal and allowing us to describe the novelties. The
Natural History Museum in London is thanked for
research and travel funds to C. Gueidan and the Vietnam
National Museum of Nature in Hanoi for organizing the
fieldwork. We are grateful to The Stichting Hugo de
Vries-fonds for travel support to A. Aptroot. Leo Spier is
thanked for performing thin-layer chromatography.
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