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The End of the Croatian Army at Bleiburg, Austria in May 1945 According to English Military Documents
... Source: Sviben 1995, p. 153 Historian Grahek-Ravančić explains that according to British army records, "On the evening of 14 May, a Croatian Liaison Officer arrived at the headquarters of the 38th Irish Infantry Brigade and informed it that 'two groups of Croats, each of about 100,000 men under arms,' with 'about 500,000 civilians' were arriving in the area" (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 51). John Ivan Prcela, the renowned Bleiburg historian, was among them. ...
... (b) Their surrender has been refused and they are not to cross the old Austrian frontier. They have been so informed and warned we intend to use force of arms to enforce our decision (Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, pp. 25-26;Blažeković, 1988, pp. 405-406). ...
... Yet, "Scott notes in his diary ( Figure 2) that he was told by a higher authority that on no account could any British officer accept an offer to surrender, because the Croatians 'had fought against the Yugoslavs in support of Germany and they must become Yugoslav prisoners'" (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 52 (Tolstoy 1986, p. 111). Two days later, on 14 May, British command ordered that "all surrendered personnel of established Yugoslav nationality who were serving in German forces should be disarmed and handed over to Yugoslav forces and the tens of thousands pouring across the border should be disarmed and forced to return to Yugoslavia" (Tolstoy 1986, p. 112). ...
This paper examines the long-term challenges to democratic nation building that have resulted from the forced repatriation of hundreds of thousands of Croatian civilians and military personnel to Yugoslavia at the end of World War II. Data suggest that violations of the Geneva Conventions led to the death of many of these asylum seekers at the hands of Tito's Partisans in death marches and mass executions. Through analysis of historical documents, newly released evidence of mass graves, and interviews with survivors/witnesses, confessed perpetrators, military officials and scholars, we examine the atrocities in the context of international human rights law, with discussion of subsequent promulgation of protocols for the protection of refugees, asylum seekers, and prisoners of war from crimes against humanity and genocide.
... Source: Sviben 1995, p. 153 Historian Grahek-Ravančić explains that according to British army records, "On the evening of 14 May, a Croatian Liaison Officer arrived at the headquarters of the 38th Irish Infantry Brigade and informed it that 'two groups of Croats, each of about 100,000 men under arms,' with 'about 500,000 civilians' were arriving in the area" (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 51). John Ivan Prcela, the renowned Bleiburg historian, was among them. ...
... (b) Their surrender has been refused and they are not to cross the old Austrian frontier. They have been so informed and warned we intend to use force of arms to enforce our decision (Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, pp. 25-26;Blažeković, 1988, pp. 405-406). ...
... Yet, "Scott notes in his diary ( Figure 2) that he was told by a higher authority that on no account could any British officer accept an offer to surrender, because the Croatians 'had fought against the Yugoslavs in support of Germany and they must become Yugoslav prisoners'" (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 52 (Tolstoy 1986, p. 111). Two days later, on 14 May, British command ordered that "all surrendered personnel of established Yugoslav nationality who were serving in German forces should be disarmed and handed over to Yugoslav forces and the tens of thousands pouring across the border should be disarmed and forced to return to Yugoslavia" (Tolstoy 1986, p. 112). ...
This paper examines the long-term challenges to democratic nation building that have resulted from the forced repatriation of hundreds of thousands of Croatian civilians and military personnel to Yugoslavia at the end of World War II. Data suggest that violations of the Geneva Conventions led to the death of many of these asylum seekers at the hands of Tito's Partisans in death marches and mass executions. Through analysis of historical documents, newly released evidence of mass graves, and interviews with survivors/witnesses, confessed perpetrators, military officials and scholars, we examine the atrocities in the context of international human rights law, with discussion of subsequent promulgation of protocols for the protection of refugees, asylum seekers, and prisoners of war from crimes against humanity and genocide.
... Source: Sviben 1995, p. 153 Historian Grahek-Ravančić explains that according to British army records, "On the evening of 14 May, a Croatian Liaison Officer arrived at the headquarters of the 38th Irish Infantry Brigade and informed it that 'two groups of Croats, each of about 100,000 men under arms,' with 'about 500,000 civilians' were arriving in the area" (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 51). John Ivan Prcela, the renowned Bleiburg historian, was among them. ...
... (b) Their surrender has been refused and they are not to cross the old Austrian frontier. They have been so informed and warned we intend to use force of arms to enforce our decision (Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, pp. 25-26;Blažeković, 1988, pp. 405-406). ...
... Yet, "Scott notes in his diary ( Figure 2) that he was told by a higher authority that on no account could any British officer accept an offer to surrender, because the Croatians 'had fought against the Yugoslavs in support of Germany and they must become Yugoslav prisoners'" (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 52 (Tolstoy 1986, p. 111). Two days later, on 14 May, British command ordered that "all surrendered personnel of established Yugoslav nationality who were serving in German forces should be disarmed and handed over to Yugoslav forces and the tens of thousands pouring across the border should be disarmed and forced to return to Yugoslavia" (Tolstoy 1986, p. 112). ...
... Yet, the story and analysis about the negotiations are still based solely on what the negotiators of the three armies (British, Partisan, and NDH) left us in their memoirs. Each of them proposes his own view of the events, and they differ in all the key segments, sharing only some elements of the negotiation process (Jareb andOmrčanin, 1977-1978;Crljen, 1966;Basta, 1980). ...
... Yet, the story and analysis about the negotiations are still based solely on what the negotiators of the three armies (British, Partisan, and NDH) left us in their memoirs. Each of them proposes his own view of the events, and they differ in all the key segments, sharing only some elements of the negotiation process (Jareb andOmrčanin, 1977-1978;Crljen, 1966;Basta, 1980). ...
This paper presents a review of recent research results and the published literature related to the topic of Bleiburg and Death Marches. The main accent is set on the data and knowledge about the (still) controversial events from the end of the Second World War and its aftermath in comparison with some currently (not) accepted knowledge. © 2018 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Sciences. All rights reserved.
... In 1945, just a few days after the end of World War II, Tito and his communist Partisans in Yugoslavia initiated an extermination campaign against men, women, and children they viewed as enemies of the regime. The mass slaughter began with the forced repatriation of approximately 700,000 Croatian and Slovenia civilians and soldiers who fled to Austria seeking asylum immediately at the close of the war to escape the victorious communists (Grahek-Ravančić 2006, p. 32;Jareb andOmrčanin 1977-1978, p. 51). The refugees were deceived into believing they were being sent to the American safe zone in Italy. ...
Operation Storm was the single-most decisive battle of the Croatian War for Independence (1991-1995). Launched by the Republic of Croatia in August 1995, it was the largest European land battle since the Second World War. Outnumbered, outgunned, but not outmaneuvered, this tiny new democracy prevailed in a David versus Goliath encounter, a moral as well as military victory. Storm ended a massive humanitarian disaster and genocide. It led to the liberation of one third of Croatian territory, and made possible the Dayton Agreement that brought peace to the region. Based on interviews conducted with the American Ambassador to Croatia during the war years, military and political principals in the battle, noted scholars, security and intelligence agency officials, humanitarian leaders and journalists, this social scientific qualitative study examines the political and historical origins of the war and its aftermath. The article documents the events leading up to the war and surrounding this extraordinary military operation, providing strategic and political insights into the need for cooperation between democratic allies.
The documentary sources of the British armed forces show that on May 15, 1945, the day of the surrender of the refugee column from the NDH on the Bleiburg field, British planes did in fact fly over that area with the task of “demonstration of force”, in order to exert pressure and accelerate the surrender of the retreating army and civilians, who managed to cross the Austrian border. With the help of hitherto unexplored and unpublished photos taken from an American reconnaissance plane, the layout and position that the fugitives occupied, as well as the positions of the British units that blocked their way to the west were precisely determined. Based on these findings, it is possible to correct the misinterpretations of the numbers of retreating forces who surrendered at Bleiburg, that are present in historiography and public discourse in general; and this is an important contribution to the understanding of the events on the Bleiburg field that day.
POVODOM EUROPSKOG DANA SJEĆANJA NA ŽRTVE SVIH TOTALITARNIH I AUTORITARNIH REŽIMA, 23. kolovoza U nekoliko sljedećih nastavaka u Hrvatskom slovu donosimo znanstveni rad, autora Dorothy S. McClellan i Nikole Kneza, o prisilnim repatrijacijama stotina tisuća hrvatskih civila i vojnika u Jugoslaviju, na kraju Drugoga svjetskog rata, događaja poznatih kao Bleiburška tragedija i križni put/ putevi. Rad je djelomično korišten i za scenarij igranog filma Nikole Kneza: Bleiburg: Titova dozvola za genocid / Bleiburg: Tito's Licens for Genocide. Rad je objavljen u Međunarodnom časopisu za društvene znanosti / International Journal of Social Sciences. Međunarodni časopis za društvene znanosti / International Journal of Social Sciences PRISILNE REPATRIJACIJE U JUGOSLAVIJU POSLIJE DRUGOGA SVJETSKOG RATA: NASLIJEĐE GENOCIDA U DEMOKRATSKOM STVARANJU NACIJE AUTORI: DOROTHY S. MCCLELLAN, NIKOLA KNEZ Sažetak: Rad istražuje dugoročne posljedice na demokratski razvoj nacije prouzročen prisilnom repatrijacijom stotina tisuća hrvatskih civila i vojnoga osoblja u Jugoslaviju na kraju Drugoga svjetskog rata. Podatci upućuju na kršenje Ženevske konvencije, što je dovelo do smrti brojnih osoba kojima je bio potreban politički azil, a koji su predani u ruke Titovim partizanima, u marševima smrti i masovnim egzekucijama. Analizom povijesnih dokumenata i novijih objavljenih dokaza iz masovnih grobnica, kao i razgovora s preživjelima/svjedocima, počiniteljima, vojnim osobljem i znanstvenicima, ispitujemo zločine u kontekstu međunarodnog ljudskog prava, s osvrtom na kasnije objave protokola o zaštiti izbjeglica, tražitelja azila, kao i ratnih zatvorenika u odnosu na zločine protiv humanosti i genocid. CITATI: DOROTHY S. MCCLELLAN, NIKOLA KNEZ (2018.): PRISILNE REPATRIJACIJE U JUGOSLAVIJU POSLIJE DRUGOGA SVJETSKOG RATA: NASLIJEĐE GENOCIDA U DEMOKRATSKOM STVARANJU NACIJE. Međunarodni časopis za društvene znanosti, sv. VII(2), pp. 62-91.
POVODOM EUROPSKOG DANA SJEĆANJA NA ŽRTVE SVIH TOTALITARNIH I AUTORITARNIH REŽIMA, 23. kolovoza U nekoliko sljedećih nastavaka u Hrvatskom slovu donosimo znanstveni rad, autora Dorothy S. McClellan i Nikole Kneza, o prisilnim repatrijacijama stotina tisuća hrvatskih civila i vojnika u Jugoslaviju, na kraju Drugoga svjetskog rata, događaja poznatih kao Bleiburška tragedija i križni put/ putevi. Rad je djelomično korišten i za scenarij igranog filma Nikole Kneza: Bleiburg: Titova dozvola za genocid / Bleiburg: Tito's Licens for Genocide. Rad je objavljen u Međunarodnom časopisu za društvene znanosti / International Journal of Social Sciences. Međunarodni časopis za društvene znanosti / International Journal of Social Sciences PRISILNE REPATRIJACIJE U JUGOSLAVIJU POSLIJE DRUGOGA SVJETSKOG RATA: NASLIJEĐE GENOCIDA U DEMOKRATSKOM STVARANJU NACIJE AUTORI: DOROTHY S. MCCLELLAN, NIKOLA KNEZ Sažetak: Rad istražuje dugoročne posljedice na demokratski razvoj nacije prouzročen prisilnom repatrijacijom stotina tisuća hrvatskih civila i vojnoga osoblja u Jugoslaviju na kraju Drugoga svjetskog rata. Podatci upućuju na kršenje Ženevske konvencije, što je dovelo do smrti brojnih osoba kojima je bio potreban politički azil, a koji su predani u ruke Titovim partizanima, u marševima smrti i masovnim egzekucijama. Analizom povijesnih dokumenata i novijih objavljenih dokaza iz masovnih grobnica, kao i razgovora s preživjelima/svjedocima, počiniteljima, vojnim osobljem i znanstvenicima, ispitujemo zločine u kontekstu međunarodnog ljudskog prava, s osvrtom na kasnije objave protokola o zaštiti izbjeglica, tražitelja azila, kao i ratnih zatvorenika u odnosu na zločine protiv humanosti i genocid. CITATI: DOROTHY S. MCCLELLAN, NIKOLA KNEZ (2018.): PRISILNE REPATRIJACIJE U JUGOSLAVIJU POSLIJE DRUGOGA SVJETSKOG RATA: NASLIJEĐE GENOCIDA U DEMOKRATSKOM STVARANJU NACIJE. Međunarodni časopis za društvene znanosti, sv. VII(2), pp. 62-91.
Na temelju dokumenata iz američkih arhiva odnedavno dostupnih javnosti, autor analizira nastojanja Zagrepčanke židovskog podrijetla Hede Stern u lociranju Ante Pavelića. Te njezine aktivnosti do sada nisu bile isticane. Autor zaključuje da, usprkos dobrim preduvjetima, ni ona nije uspijevala doći do pouzdanih podataka.
Croatian contemporary history is marked by controversial issues, and even though many years have now gone by, some still seek to manipulate these issues for their own ends. The Bleiburg tragedy and the postwar "death marches" are frequently brought up in this sense in the daily press and elsewhere. So, the author attempted to discuss some of the most important of these issues, such as the problem of number of victims.
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