Chapter

Entrée: The Rocky Origins of Visa’s Debit Card

December 2016

DOI:10.1057/978-1-137-60231-2_15

In book: The Book of Payments (pp.155-165)

Authors:

This chapter recounts the origins of Visa’s debit card, and analyzes why it took more than 20 years to become widely adopted by the member banks. Dee Hock, the founder of Visa, began talking about an “asset card” in the early 1970s, noting that it could easily replace paper checks and perhaps even cash. Visa launched their first debit card product in 1975, known as Entrée, but it was issued by only a handful of member banks. After briefly describing what Visa is and how it is structured, the chapter explains why most banks chose not to issue the Entrée card at the time, and why they eventually changed course in the early 1990s. Shortly after the card was widely issued, the Visa system began processing more debit than credit transactions, bringing it closer to Hock’s vision of a comprehensive Electronic Value Exchange system.

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

Electronic Value Exchange

Book

Jan 2011

David L. Stearns

Speech before the 1973 ABA Charge Card Conference

D Hock

The changing industrial organization of epistemic communities during Hong Kong’s progression towards a cashless society

B Bátiz-Lazo
A Smith

NBI debit card is named ENTRÉE

P Brooke

One from many: VISA and the rise of the chaordic organization (p. 8)

D Hock

cited in Nocera Joe A Piece of the Action (p. 308)

K Larkin

Visa debit card volume tops credit worldwide

Jan 2004
11

W A Lee
WA Lee

cited in Nocera Joe, A Piece of the Actio

K Larkin

Electronic value exchange: Origins of the VISA electronic payment system

D Stearns

Article

Full-text available

Intervention effects in the acquisition of raising: Evidence from English and Spanish

April 2019 · Language Acquisition

Victoria Mateu

The present study is designed to investigate whether children’s difficulties with subject-to-subject raising (StSR) are due to intervention effects. We examine English-speaking children’s comprehension of StSR with seem and Spanish-speaking children’s comprehension of StSR with parecer ‘seem,’ a configuration never before tested in this language. Spanish parecer is ambiguous between a functional ... [Show full abstract] verb, which does not select an experiencer argument, and a lexical verb, which requires an overt experiencer (e.g.. In the first part of this study, we consider the hypothesis that the experiencer argument of seem may induce intervention effects even when it is not overtly produced and find support for this claim—English-speaking children perform poorly on StSR both when the intervening experiencer is overtly expressed and when it is implicit; Spanish-speaking children, on the other hand, only perform poorly on StSR with lexical parecer but do well on StSR with functional parecer. These results are in line with intervention accounts. The second part of this study aims to investigate whether these intervention effects are rooted in children’s grammatical or processing deficits. Results from a verbal processing task suggest that for a group of children—those who perform at chance or above on the StSR task—comprehension of sentences with an intervening experiencer is modulated by processing capacity. However, for those who consistently obtain a non-adult-like interpretation of StSR, processing capacity does not positively correlate with their performance. We hypothesize that, for this group, the difficulty is instead grammar-based.

Article

A New Approach to Qualitative Stereo

May 2004

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) allows one to derive a quantitative representation from a set of qualitative data which satisfy certain simple constraints. As a tool for vision, MDS combines the advantages of both qualitative and classical approaches, by relying, on the one hand, on an ordinal-scale input representation, and by supporting, on the other hand, the extraction of metric ... [Show full abstract] information. The proposed approach is illustrated on the example of stereopsis, although it is applicable also to the processing of other visual cues, as well as to the integration of several cues within a common computational framework.

Article

Full-text available

Electronic spectrum of the 2877 Å band of styrene: Rotational structure and transition moment

September 1970 · Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy

Rotational fine structure in the 0-0 band of the 2877 Å transition of styrene is reported and analyzed by use of computer simulation techniques. The analysis allows determination of the changes in rotational constants upon excitation (ΔA = −0.006149 cm−1, ΔB = −0.000624 cm−1, ΔC = −0.000721 cm−1) and is consistent with a planar configuration in the excited state. The band is shown to be A-type, ... [Show full abstract] which confirms the nature of the electronic transition. The origin of the band was determined to be 34758.79 ± 0.05 cm−1.

Chapter

From Regularities to Proportionalities

January 1977

If functions express the links inherent in schemes of actions and thus constitute the common origin of operations and of causality, it should then be possible, starting from elementary functions of application, to conceive of two modes of composing functions which are distinct, although naturally comprising numerous relations among themselves. The subject can, on the one hand, compose functional ... [Show full abstract] dependences between objects and thus orient himself towards the comprehensive systems of physical determination which assure their causal explanation. On the other hand, by coordinating his actions among themselves, he may also arrive at operatory compositions whose inherent nature is precisely to express the most general coordinations of actions. However, before arriving at these major operatory structures which are both closed2 and reversible, the subject can and must make all sorts of less general coordinations whose compositions remain variable and open and cannot as yet engender comprehensive systems comprising laws which are also systems.

Article

Full-text available

Action-based mechanisms of attention

September 1998 · Philosophical Transactions B

Actions, which have effects in the external world, must be spatiotopically represented in the brain. The brain is capable of representing space in many different forms (e.g. retinotopic-, environment-, head- or shoulder-centred), but we maintain that actions are represented in action-centred space, meaning that, at the cellular level, the direction of movement is defined by the activity of cells. ... [Show full abstract] In reaching, for example, object location is defined as the direction and distance between the origin of the hand and the target. Most importantly, we argue that more than one task-relevant action can be evoked at any moment in time. Therefore, highly efficient selection processes that accurately link vision and action have had to evolve. Research is reviewed which supports the notion of action-based inhibitory mechanisms that select the target from competing distractors.

Chapter

Full-text available

Efficient Risk Management in Financial Systems: Universal Bank or Securitisation?

January 1997

Elisabetta Montanaro

From the early eighties onwards, two seemingly opposite tendencies have developed in financial systems. On the one hand there has been the great success of the securitisation process that resulted in the disintermediation of banks; this originated in the conversion of bilateral credit relations into marketable financial instruments. The main cause of securitisation has been the growing advantage ... [Show full abstract] for firms, investors and even banks in dividing complex credit functions into a series of elementary functions, each assigned to a different part of the market. Evidence of this can be seen in off-balance sheet securitisation, which is the most innovatory outcome of functional specialisation in financial markets (Bryan 1994).

Chapter

Objective Quality Assessments of Restoration Images

April 2017 · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Picture (image) restoration is one of the significant concerns in the domain of image processing. It aims to recover the original picture (image) from its degraded observed image. After restoration, quality is another important task. A handful of various quality assessment approaches are used to evaluate the quality of a restored images, among them objective quality assessments is the best ... [Show full abstract] leading approach compared to others. Here our proposal mainly focuses on the analysis of restored images using several techniques of objective fidelity criteria. From simulation results we can easily examine the performance of different image restoration algorithms under different restored objects.

Chapter

Case History: The ‘Transax’ Story

January 1998

Tom Blackett

The reluctance of the major British clearing banks to provide their customers with cheque cards guaranteeing payment of amounts in excess of a miserly hundred pounds has played right into the hands of the credit and charge card operators. And who benefits from a substantial share of credit and charge card transactions? Why, the banks themselves! Either through the interest they charge their ... [Show full abstract] credit card customers (and, of course, the annual fee), the percentage they charge ‘merchants’ (shops, restaurants, hotels, etc.) or the processing costs they charge each other, American Express and Diners Card, the banks win every time.

Article

Reactive current compensator with line-commutated converter to stabilize the line voltage

January 1989

Gustav Vaupel

The main objective in compensating reactive currents of a rapidly varying load is to reduce flicker. This is achieved by stabilizing the line voltage so that other consumers connected to the same main supply are not disturbed. The chosen strategy of compensation meets the desired specifications of high dynamics on one hand by means of its information processing and on the other hand by using a ... [Show full abstract] line-commutated converter with a fixed bank of capacitors as an actuator. Up to now published results have been based on a converter working ideally in realtime simulation. This paper extends these results and shows the real behaviour of the converter. With adequate devices the control of the converter can be corrected so that the whole system meets the object on compensation and reduction of voltage-fluctations.

Conference Paper

A Multi-Channel Combination Method of Image Perceptual Hashing

October 2008

Traditionally, the proposed perceptual hashing algorithms are mainly focused on the feature extraction and coding stages. But they only concerned parts of perception information, and take a certain type of features to obtain codes, which makes them to be biased on resisting some varieties of attacks. On the other hand, HVS (Human Visual System) as one of best methods simulating the image ... [Show full abstract] cognitive processing of human vision system normally takes into account more than one perception factor. Based on the human nature of image cognitive processing and the conclusion of HVS, we suggest that image perceptual hashing should take the advantages of different perceptual feature channels and reserve the superiorities of each. In this paper, a multi-channel combination method is proposed and the performance under many general attacks is examined.

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Dynamic hand gesture understanding-a new approach

April 1999 · Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1988. ICASSP-88., 1988 International Conference on

The analysis of a dynamic hand gesture requires processing a spatio-temporal image sequence. The actual length of the sequence varies with each instantiation of the gesture. We propose a novel, vision based system for automatic interpretation of a limited set of dynamic hand gestures. This involves extracting the temporal signature of the hand motion from the performed gesture and is subsequently ... [Show full abstract] analyzed by a finite-state machine to automatically interpret the performed gesture

Article

Cytogenetics of seven species of dragonflies

January 1999

More than 80% of the taxonomically described species of Anisoptera (Odonata) belong to the families Libellulidae and Aeshnidae. Here the chromosome complement and male meiotic behaviour of seven species of dragonflies of these families are analyzed. Anax amuzili and Coryphaeschna perrensi are 2n = 27, n = 13 + X, which is characteristic of Aeshnidae. Within Libellulidae, Planiplax erythropyga, ... [Show full abstract] Micrathyria spuria and M. hesperis have 2n = 25, n = 12 + X, which corresponds to the modal chromosome number of the family. Oligoclada laetitia and M. ungulata, on the other hand, have a reduced chromosome complement (n = 11 + X and n = 10 + X1X2Y, respectively). In Micrathyria ungulata an X1X2Y sex chromosome system is described, and its origin is discussed. This represents a new sex chromosome determining system in the order Odonata.

Last Updated: 21 Nov 2024