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The study of freesia ( Freesia spp.) cut flowers quality in relation with nano silver in preservative solutions

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Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh at University of Maragheh
Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh
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Freesia is one of the most important cut flowers in flower industry. Extending the vase life of freesia flower is, thus, very important. Recent work indicates that the use of nano silver particles (because of a high area/volume ratio) shows antimicrobial effects and has been proven as a beneficial agent in preservative solutions of several cut flowers. Hence, the effects of different concentrations of nano silver particles in the vase water (5, 10 and 15 ppm) combined with 3% sucrose on cut freesia vase life were studied. Distilled water was used as a control. Measurements included the water uptake, number of opened buds, petal membrane stability index, lipid peroxidation and vase life. Results showed a positive effect of nano silver on cut freesia flower vase life. Flowers placed in 10 ppm nano silver and 3% sucrose had the longest vase life, as compared to controls having a vase life of 5 days. The number of opened florets of that treatment was also improved, as compared to the control. Petal membrane stability index decreased during vase life, but no effect of nano silver was noted. The 10 ppm nano silver combined with 3% sucrose showed the highest flower fresh weight. Lipid peroxidation, measured by malonedialehide production, increased during vase life, being very slow in flowers treated with nano silver particles as compared to the controls. Totally, it can be concluded that using of 10 ppm nano silver combined with 3% sucrose in vase solution of freesia flowers was the best treatment in preserving the best quality of cut freesia flowers.
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Acta Hortic. 1131. ISHS 2016. DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1131.1
Proc. III Int. Conf. on Quality Management in Supply Chains of Ornamentals
Ed.: M.M. Jowkar
1
The study of freesia (Freesia spp.) cut flowers quality in
relation with nano silver in preservative solutions
H.S.Hajizadeha
DepartmentofHorticulturalSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universityof Maragheh, Maragheh, 55181-83111,
Iran.
Abstract
Freesiaisoneofthemostimportantcutflowersinflowerindustry.Extending
thevaselifeoffreesiafloweris,thus,veryimportant.Recentworkindicatesthatthe
useofnanosilverparticles(becauseofahigharea/volumeratio)showsantimicrobial
effectsandhasbeenprovenasabeneficialagentinpreservativesolutionsofseveral
cutflowers.Hence,theeffectsofdifferentconcentrationsofnanosilverparticlesin
thevasewater(5,10and15ppm)combinedwith3%sucroseoncutfreesiavaselife
werestudied.Distilledwaterwasusedasacontrol.Measurementsincludedthewater
uptake,numberofopenedbuds,petalmembranestabilityindex,lipidperoxidation
andvaselife.Resultsshowedapositiveeffectofnanosilveroncutfreesiaflowervase
life.Flowersplacedin10ppmnanosilverand3%sucrosehadthelongestvaselife,as
comparedtocontrolshavingavaselifeof5days.Thenumberofopenedfloretsofthat
treatmentwasalsoimproved,ascomparedtothecontrol.Petalmembranestability
indexdecreasedduringvaselife,butnoeffectofnanosilverwasnoted.The10ppm
nanosilvercombinedwith3%sucroseshowedthehighestflowerfreshweight.Lipid
peroxidation,measuredbymalonedialehideproduction,increasedduringvaselife,
beingveryslowinflowerstreatedwithnanosilverparticlesascomparedtothe
controls.Totall y,itcanbeconcludedthatusingof10ppmnanosilvercombinedwith
3%sucroseinvasesolutionoffreesiaflowerswasthebesttreatmentinpreserving
thebestqualityofcutfreesiaflowers.
Keywords:freesia (Freesiaspp.),longevity,lipidperoxidation,nanosilver,preservative
solution
INTRODUCTION
Freesia is a popular and widely grown cut flower. Maintaining good postharvest
qualityandextendingthevaselifeisconsideredimportant for having acceptable products
for the markets (Salehi Sardoei et al., 2013). Cut freesias typicallylast 4 to 12 days at the
consumerlevel,dependingontheircare,maturityatthetimeofsaleandtheenvironmental
conditionsinwhichtheyaredisplayed(Wangetal.,1998).
Vaselifemaybereducedbyseveralfactors,includingwaterstress (reviewed by
Fanourakisetal.,2013,2015),carbohydratedepletion,or ethyleneaction(Barendse,1974;
Aslmoshtaghietal.,2014).Carbohydratereservesincutflowersarelowafterexcisionfrom
the mother plant (Ho and Nichols, 1977). Adding carbohydrates tothevasewatermay
improvethecarbohydratestatus,andthroughthisthevaselifeof several cut flowers. For
instance,positiveresultsofaddingsugarinthevasewaterhavebeenreportedfortuberose
(Reidetal.,1989).
Apositivewaterbalanceplaysamajorroleinpostharvestqualityofcutflowers
(Fanourakisetal.,2012).Thewateruptakeisoftenreducedbymicroorganismproliferation
in the vase solution, which results in the basal end occlusion (Jowkar et al., 2012). Using
nano-silvercompounds (NS)asapulse or as a vase solution treatmentforcutflowersisa
relativelynewtechnique(Liuetal.,2009),whichhasbeenshown to have antibacterial
effects(Altetal.,2004;Moronesetal.,2005).Thesenanometersizedsilver(Ag+)particles
aE-mail: hajizade@maragheh.ac.ir
2
(NS)areconsideredtoinhibit bacteria andothermicroorganismsmorestronglythanAgin
variousoxidationstates;Ag0,Ag+,Ag2+,Ag3+(Furnoetal.,2004;Asgarietal.,2013).Vaselife
of‘Ruikou’cutgerbera(Liuetal.,2009),cutroses(Ohkawaetal.,1999;Jowkaretal.,2013),
Asiatic hybrid lilium ‘Dream Land’ and Oriental hybridlilium ‘Siberia’(Kimetal.,2005),
gerbera(Mohammadijuetal.,2014),andalstromeria(Alimoradietal.,2013)hasbeenshow
besignificantlyimprovedwhenaddingNSparticlesinthevasewater. This NS-particle
promotingeffectisexpectedtobelinkedtotheirbiocideeffect.However,silveralsoinhibits
ethylene-mediatedprocess(Ichimuraetal.,2008).Thismightplayarole,sincecutfreesias
aremoderatelysensitivetoethylene.Theaimofthisworkisto investigate the effect of
adding both sucrose and nano silver particles in the vase water, on vase life of Freesia
refractacutflowers.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Plantmaterial
WhitetetraploidFreesiahybrida(WFH)arewhiteflowers,withayellowspotonthe
perianthtubeandalmostscentless(Wangetal.,1998).Fortheexperimentfreshcutflowers
of Freesiarefracta were bought from a flower grower in Pakdasht (Varamin, Iran) and
transported in water to the Horticultural Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture
(Maragheh,Iran).Stemsofflowersweretrimmedtouniformlength(about30cm)and
flowerswereplacedinglassvials in a climatecontrolledroomat20±1°C,RH=60-65%and
12 μmol m-2s
-1lightintensity(providedbycool-whitefluorescencelamps)under a daily
lightperiodof12h.Freesiaflowersstoodindividuallyinvialswithdeionizedwater(T0),3%
sucrose(T1) andcombinationsofdifferentconcentrations ofnanosilver5,10and15ppm
and3%sucroseasT2,T3andT4,respectively,with4replicationsforeachtreatment.The
postharvest physiological characteristics of the flower stems were studied throughout the
vaselifeperiod.
Relativefreshweightchanges
Relative freshweightwasrecordedat 3-dayintervals. Inorderto recordfresh weight
changesofcut flowers,flowerstems weretakenout ofvasemakingsurethatstemenddid
notdryandweightedasquicklyaspossibleevery3days.Relative fresh weight was
calculatedas:RFW(%)=(Wt/Wt0)×100;where,Wtisweightofstems(g)att=daystart(0),
3,6,9andetc.,andWt0isweightofthesamestem(g)att=day0(Heetal.,2006;Liuetal.,
2009).
Solutionuptake
Solutionuptakeofflowerswasmeasuredusingabalancebyweighting each vase
containing its solution without flowers and correcting the evaporation from the 4 vases
which did not contain any flowers and were located between the vases that contained
flowersatdifferentplaces.Vasesolutionuptakewascalculatedas:vasesolutionuptakerate
(gstem-1day-1)=(St-1-St);where,Stisweightofvasesolution(g)att=daystart,3,6,9and
etc., and St-1 is weight of vases olution (g) on the previous measurement (He et al., 2006;
Jowkar,2006,2015;Liuetal.,2009).
Vas elife
Theaveragevaselifeoftheinflorescencewascountedfromthedayoftransferof
flowersto the holding solution and wasassessedasthenumberdaystowiltingofflowers.
Theflowerswerecheckedonceadayforsignsofdeterioration.
Membranestabilityindex
Freshpetalsamples(0.1g)weredividedintopiecesof0.3cminlengthandplacedin
vials containing 10 mL of distilled water. The vials were put in a laboratory water bath
(30°C)for30minandthefirstelectricalconductivitywasrecorded(C1).Theothersamples
were heated (100°C) for 10 min to liberate all electrolytes, thencooled,andthesecond
3
electrical conductivity was recorded(C2). The m ean of 4 readingsperpetalfrom3petals
per treatment were measured. The membrane stability index(MSI)wascalculatedbythe
followingequation(Sairametal.,2003):MSI=[1–(C1/C2)]×100.
Malonaldehyde(MDA)content
Petalswereselectedfromeachtreatmentat0,3,6,9,12and15daysforMDAcontent
measurement.MDAwasextractedwith10%trichloroaceticacidand assayed at 450, 532
and600nmfollowingtheproceduresthatweredescribedbyDhindsaetal.(1981)as
modifiedbyXuetal.(2008).
Statisticalanalysis
TherecordeddatawerestaticallyanalyzedusingtheSASsoftware 9.1. Duncan’s
multiplerangetestswereusedtogroupthedifferencesbetweentreatmentsatp≤0.05.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Vas elife
Thevaselifeofcutflowerswassignificantlyincreasedbynano silver particles at all
concentrations as compared to the control and treatments with 3%sucrose.Thehighest
vaselifebelongedtothe3% sucroseand10ppm nano silver(Figure1).Statisticalanalysis
showedthatthereweresignificantdifferencesinflowerlongevity after different
concentrationsofnanosilvertreatments.Thecontrolflowersremainedreasonablyfreshfor
10dayswhereasvaselifeofthe10ppmnanosilverwassignificantlyhigherabout5 days
more.Previousresearcheshadrevealedthat thenanosilvertreatmentssignificantlyextend
thevaselifeofcutflowers(Furnoetal.,2004;Liuetal.,2009),thatisinagreementwithour
results.
Figure1. Theeffectofdifferenttreatmentsonvaselifeofcutfreesiaflower.T0=control;T1
=3%sucrose;T2=3% sucrose + 5 ppm nanosilver;T3=3%sucrose+10ppm
nanosilverandT4=3%sucrose+15ppmnanosilver.
This effect of nano silver might be due to reduced bacterial growth(thuslower
vascularblockage),maintainingamorefavorablewateruptake,orasuppressedwaterloss
(Morietal.,2001;Mei-huaetal.,2008),ordecreasedethyleneaction(Zamanietal.,2011).
Relativefreshweight
AsshowninFigure2,relativefreshweightinitiallyincreased(till 5thday)andthen
4
decreasedinalltreatmentsbutwith a differentrate.A variationintermsofrelativefresh
weightwasobservedamongthetreatmentsandthedifferenceswerestatisticallysignificant
(p<0.01).Therelativefreshweightwasaffectedbynanosilvertreatments,sincecontrolcut
flowershadsignificantlylowerrelativefreshweightduringexperiment(Figure3),whilethe
highestlevelswereobtainedwith10ppmnanosilvertreatment(Figure 2). Decrease in
relativefreshweightofcutflowersduringthedaysafterharvest could be due to the
decreaseinwateruptake(Sereketal.,1995).Alaeyetal.(2011)reportedthatthehighest
relativefreshweightofcutroseflowerswasobserved in vase solutions which showedthe
greatestwateruptake.OurresultsareinagreementwithBahrehmandet al. (2014) which
concluded that quality of tuberose cut flowers can be improved bytreatmentwitha
combinationofsucroseandNS.Itissuggestedthattheincrease in evaluations for fresh
weightwaspossiblycausedbytheincreasedenergysupplyfromsucroseandtheregulation
ofwaterrelationsbynanosilver(Lüetal.,2010).
Figure2. Theinteractionbetweentimeanddifferenttreatmentsonrelativefreshweightof
cutfreesiaflower.T0=control;T1=3%sucrose;T2=3%sucrose+5ppmnano
silver;T3=3%sucrose+10ppmnanosilverandT4=3%sucrose+15ppmnano
silver.
b
aa
aa
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
Treatment
Relative fresh weight (%)
Figure3. Theeffectofdifferenttreatmentsonrelativefreshweightofcutfreesiaflower.T0
= control; T1 = 3% sucrose; T2 = 3% sucrose + 5 ppm nano silver;T3=3%
sucrose+10ppmnanosilverandT4=3%sucrose+15ppmnanosilver.
5
Openedflorets
According to the mean comparisons there were significant differences (P≤0.01)
betweencontrolandtreatmentsT2andT3onfloretopening,astreatmentsincluding5and
10ppmnanosilverhadmoreopenedfloretsoninflorescence(Figure4).Asshown,flowers
storedinsolutionswith3%sucroseand10ppmnanosilver,had 12 opened florets as
comparedtocontrolwith7/66openedflorets.Alsoresultsshowthesignificanteffectof
timeonfloretopening(p≤0.01;Figure5).AsitisshowninFigure5theopeningtrendof
floretsincontroland3%sucrosewereslowerthanothertreatments at 9thand10
thday,
respectively.However,thementionedtrendinalltreatmentswith nano silver were
continueduntil12thday.
Figure4. Theeffectofdifferenttreatmentsonthenumberof opened florets of freesia cut
flower.T0=control;T1=3%sucrose;T2=3%sucrose+5ppmnanosilver;T3=
3%sucrose+10ppmnanosilverandT4=3%sucrose+15ppmnanosilver.
Figure5. The effect of time on the number of opened florets offreesiacutflower.T0=
control;T1=3%sucrose;T2=3%sucrose+5ppmnanosilver;T3=3%sucrose
+10ppmnanosilverandT4=3%sucrose+15ppmnanosilver.
6
Accordingtotheresultsitisclearthatopeningoffloretsduringthetimehasa
progressive trend in all treatments and also in control but therateoffloretopening,was
different.As floretsoffreesia intreatmentsincludingnanosilveropened fasterthanothers
especiallyinnanosilverwith5and10ppmconcentrations.Ingeneral visual evaluation
showedthatfreesiaflowers in 10 ppmnanosiversolutionwerewhiterandmorebrilliant
thanotherswhichimpliesontheirbetterdisplaylife(Figure6).
Figure6.ThecomparisonbetweencontrolandT3freesiaflowersat6thday.
Petalmembranestabilityindex(MSI)
Theresultsshowedasignificanteffectoftimeonpetalmembrane stability index
(P≤0.01)asthisindexdecreasedduringvaselife(Figures7and8)butnotaffectedbynano
silver particles. It was a little strange because the positive effect of nano silver on the
stabilityofmembranesisgenerallyaccepted.Ithasbeenshownthattheeffectofnano-silver
couldbeduetotheinhibitoryeffectsofsilveronethylene(Reidetal.,1989)incutfreesia
flowerswhicharemoderatelysensitivetoethylene.
Figure7.Theeffectofstoringtimeonpetalmembranestabilityindex.
7
Figure8.Curveregressionbetweenstoringtimeandpetalmembranestabilityindex.
Wateruptake
Resultsshowedasignificanteffectofdifferentpreservativesolutionsonwateruptake
(p≤0.01) as control flowers and flowers that were stored in 5 ppm nano silver combined
with3%sucrosehadthelowest(1.38mLg-1fw)andhighest(2.54mLg-1fw)wateruptake,
respectively.Inturn,flowersin10ppmnanosilvercombinedwith3%sucrosehadthe
highestwateruptakeafterT2(Figure9).
Theincreasedwateruptakemaybeattributedtotheinhibitionofmicrobialgrowthin
vasesolutioncontainingNSasreportedbyLüetal.(2010).
Figure9. Theeffectofdifferenttreatmentson flowerwateruptake.T0=control;T1=3%
sucrose;T2=3%sucrose+5ppmnanosilver;T3=3%sucrose+10ppmnano
silverandT4=3%sucrose+15ppmnanosilver.
CONCLUSION
Thenaturallyshortvaselifeofthecutflowersisoneofthemostimportantproblems.
Usingdifferenttreatmentsisrecommendedtokeepingqualityandextendingthevaselifeof
cut flowers. In this study, influence of nano silver postharvest applications on keeping
quality and vase life of cut freesia flowers during vase period were investigated. This
researchshowedthattherelativefreshweight,wateruptake,open florets, membrane
stabilityindexandvaselifeofflowerspreservedin10ppmnanosilver+3%sucrosewere
significantlybetterthancontrolandalsoothertreatments.Inaddition,statistically
significant differences were observed between control and nano silver treatments in all
measuredparameters.Intermsofoverallperformance,applicationof10ppmnanosilver+
8
3%sucroseisfoundtobemoreeffectivethan5and15ppmnanosilverapplication.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TheauthorsaregratefultothedirectorofresearchandHorticultural laboratory in
departmentofhorticultureattheUniversityofMaragheh,Maragheh,Iranforprovidingthe
facilitiesforthethesis.
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... Silicon plays a major role in plant growth and development as an essential element [12]. It has been demonstrated that silicon by different methods may enhance plant efficiency and improve plant tolerance to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress [13,14]. It is assumed that nanoparticles are an alternative tool to overcome different challenges in crop productivity, such as increasing quantitative and qualitative factors of different crops either in stressed or non-stressed conditions with enhancing elements' efficiency. ...
Modulation of physiological and biochemical traits of two genotypes of Rosa damascena Mill. by SiO2-NPs under In vitro drought stress
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
  • BMC PLANT BIOL
Background Drought is a major abiotic stress that restricts plant growth and efficiency although some nutrients such as silicon improve drought tolerance by regulating the biosynthesis and accumulating some osmolytes. In this regard, a completely randomized factorial design was performed with three factors including two genotypes (‘Maragheh’ and ‘Kashan’), three concentrations of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) (0, 50, and 100 mg L− 1), and five concentrations of PEG (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g L− 1) with three replications. Results The findings showed that drought stress decreased protein content and it was improved by SiO2-NPs, so the genotype of ‘Maragheh’ treated with 100 mg L− 1 SiO2-NPs had the highest protein content. Under severe drought stress, had a higher membrane stability index (MSI) than ‘Kashan’, and the ‘Maragheh’ explants subjected to 100 mg L− 1 SiO2-NPs exhibited the uppermost MSI. The explants supplemented with 100 mg L− 1 SiO2-NPs sustained their photosynthetic parameters more in comparison with other treatments under drought stress conditions and as well as 100 mg L− 1 SiO2-NPs showed higher content of protein and proline of ‘Maragheh’ than ‘Kashan’. Drought stress reduced Fm, Fv/Fm, and Fv, while SiO2-NPs treatment enhanced these parameters. SiO2-NPs also improved water deficit tolerance by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reducing lipid peroxidation and H2O2 concentration. Conclusions According to the findings, the genotype ‘Maragheh’ was more tolerance to drought stress than ‘Kashan’ by improving water balance, antioxidant enzyme activities, and membrane stability as it was obtained from the unpublished previous evaluation in in vivo conditions and we concluded based on these results, in vitro culture can be used for drought screening in Damask rose plants. The results of the current study revealed that the induced drought stress by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in two Damask rose genotypes was ameliorated with SiO2-NPs and the tolerance genotypes were better than the sensitive ones in response to SiO2-NPs treatment.
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... The role of NS particles in increasing the postharvest longevity of cut flowers such as roses, carnations, and gerberas was first observed by Liu et al. (2008) who, through microscopic observation, revealed that NS particles inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the xylem vessels of the cut stem surfaces but can prolong the vase life even further when combined with sugar, possibly because NS preserves water transport while sugar provides the nutrients required by the flowers. Since then, there have been similar reports of the positive combined effect of NS particles and sucrose in several cut flowers, including carnations, lisianthuses (Eustoma spp.), tuberoses (Polianthes tuberosa), freesias (Freesia spp.), rose, lily, and gladiolus (Bahrehmand et al., 2014;Hajizadeh, 2016;Hamed Chaman et al., 2013;Hatami et al., 2013;Kamiab et al., 2017;Lin et al., 2019;Maity et al., 2019;Park et al., 2017;Vinodh et al., 2013). This combination extends the longevity of most flowers primarily by inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation in the xylem vessels, which results in high vase solution uptake and thus the maintenance of electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll (Chl) content, turbidity solution, RFW, antioxidant activity, stability of the membrane integrity, etc. ...
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Nanoparticles as a preservative solution can enhance postharvest attributes of cut flowers
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2020
Nanotechnology consists of large surface area particles at atomic level ranging from 1-100 nm in diameter. Given such properties, this technology is widely used in various fields of agriculture due to its easy penetration and mobility in plant cells. One of the main functions of nanoparticles is antimicrobial action which makes them an effective preservative solution to enhance the vase life of cut flowers. Apart from inhibiting growth of microorganisms, particularly, bacteria by increasing membrane permeability in vase solution, they also prevent ethylene biosynthesis and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This review discusses different nanoparticles (including carbon nan-otubes, silicon, copper, and zinc), their function, synthesis method, concentration and their effect on enhancing postharvest life of cut flowers.
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Ethylene and Silver Thiosulfate Influence Opening of Cut Rose Flowers
Article
Full-text available
  • May 1989
The presence of very low concentrations of ethylene had dramatic effects on the opening of cut flowers of rose ( Rosa hybrida L.). Depending on cultivar, the rate of opening was unaffected (e.g., ‘Gold Rush’), accelerated (e.g., ‘Sterling Silver’), or inhibited (e.g., ‘Lovely Girl’). The K m for the inhibition of opening of ‘Lovely Girl’ by ethylene was 4 ppb. Flowers of some cultivars (e.g., ‘Royalty’) had an abnormal shape when opened in the presence of ethylene. The effects of exogenous ethylene could be overcome by pretreatment of the flowers with 0.5 μmol silver thiosulfate per stem. No phytotoxicity was observed in flowers treated with 2 μmol per stem. Examination of the kinetics of the ethylene/Ag ⁺ interaction in inhibition of opening of ‘Lovely Girl’ flowers indicated that the Ag ⁺ /ethylene interaction was competitive.
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A survey of preharvest conditions affecting the regulation of water loss during vase life
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2015
Vase life (VL) tests on cut roses obtained from commercial sources were conducted at FloraHolland. Water stress symptoms were the most important criterion terminating VL in 46 out of 50 assessed cultivars. These symptoms appear when water loss exceeds water uptake. Inadequate control of water loss during postharvest period, therefore, limits VL. Here we review the link between preharvest conditions and the control of water loss in the postharvest phase, and discuss how the VL evaluation protocol may affect the outcome. Key cultivation-related environmental factors affecting the stomatal functionality are a low evaporative demand, as a result of either high air humidity or low air velocity, and continuous light (CL). Low evaporative demand weakens stomatal functionality considerably more than CL; the combination of both factors is detrimental. Reduced foliar abscisic acid concentration underlies the attenuated stomatal responsiveness following cultivation under either condition. For a given batch of roses the incidence of water stress symptoms during the VL may be either accelerated or delayed depending on the evaluation protocol. For instance, assessing the effect of high humidity during growth by using long stems with several leaves leads to short VL, but when e.g., short stem roses are evaluated VL may not be affected. This resulting shift in both the phenotype and the relationship between phenotype and preharvest conditions highlights the necessity for common standards in VL analysis. Although our understanding of how preharvest conditions induce adverse water relations during VL has developed significantly, the gap between phenotype and genotype remains particularly large. © 2015 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
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Interaction Effect of Salicylic Acid and Putrescine on Vase life of Cut Narcissus Flowers
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2013
The effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Putrescine (Put), on cut Narcissus was studied. SA (0, 100 and 200 mg l-1) and Put (0, 150 and 300 mg l-1), their combinations were tested as preservative mixture. This study was conducted in a factorial experiment with complete randomized design on 108 Narcissus cut flowers in horticulture laboratory of agriculture faculty of Islamic Azad University, jiroft branch. The recorded traits included Vase life, Microbial Count, Fresh weight changes and Solution uptake. the results shown using SA and PUT as a preservative significantly increased the vase life, Fresh weight changes, Microbial Count and Solution uptake (P≤5%). The results showed that salicylic acid and Putrescine treatments increased cut flower vase life, while descreased the Microbial Count with total delay of senescence. Maximum flower vase life was recorded in SA 100 mgl-1 + PU 100 mgl-1 treatments. A direct relationship between vase life and, increasing of Fresh weight changes and water uptake was observed as well.
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Postharvest Life of Cut Rose Flowers as Affected by Salicylic Acid and Glutamin
Article
Full-text available
Effect of salicylic acid combined with glutamin on rose (Rosa Baccara) cut flowers was studied. The study was conducted in a factorial arrangement, carried out in a complete randomized design. The factors were Salicylic acid (0,1, 2 and 4 mM) and glutamin (0, 1.5 and 3 mM).The effects of treatments on the total chlorophyll content, ACC-Oxidase activity, anthocyanin leakage, membrane stability and malondialdehyde content of cut flowers of rose (Rosa Baccara.) were investigated. The results showed that the vase solution containing 1.5 mM Salicylic acid with 3 mM glutamin significantly increased vase life compared to the control, in addition, the malondialdehyde accumulation and ACC-Oxidase activity reduced in the same solution while membrane stability was improved. Results suggest that Salicylic acid and glutamin increases vase life by affecting many of the age-related changes associated with Rose petal senescence.
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Effects of Daffodil Flowers and Cobalt Chloride on Vase Life of Cut Rose
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2014
KEYWORDS Copper Rose Vase life ABSTRACT: The effects of postharvest application of cobalt chloride were investigated on vase life of rose stood individually in vials and the other ones placing daffodil flowers in a vase with a rose flower. Therefore, roses were treated with: CoCl 2 (100, 200, 300 mg L -1 , respectively) or distilled water (control). The results showed that the decreased vase life of rose flowers, after daffodil was placed in their vase water, is due to daffodil mucilage, which blocks water up take, mainly as a result of increased bacterial growth. Cobalt chloride inhibited vascular blockage in the stem of rose and maintained a high water flow rate through stems, leading to significantly water uptake by cut flowers.
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Somatic embryogenic potential determined by the morphological polarity of the explant in tissue cultures of Freesia refracta
Article
  • Jan 1998
Inflorescence explants of Freesia refracta Klatt placed on modified N6 medium supplemented with 2 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 3 mg/L 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) might undergo direct somatic embryogenesis leading to plant regeneration. A noticeable phenomenon observed in this morphogenetic process was that all the somatic embryos appeared exclusively at the original morphological lower end of the segments cut from the inflorescence axes (termed the embryogenic end, EE), while no embryos were formed at the morphological upper end (termed the non-embryogenic end, NEE), irrespective of the gravity of earth and the position of the explants placed on the medium. Divisions of embryogenic initial cells were observed solely at the EEs of the segments in the early stages of culture. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that two polypeptides appeared specifically at the EEs of the explanted segments after one day in culture, but they were undetectable at the NEEs. Four polypeptides detectable at both ends of the explants at day 1 of culture disappeared from the NEEs at late stages of culture. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the endogenous IAA before culture between the two ends of the segments as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. However, the level of IAA was remarkably higher at the EE than at the NEE after a certain period of culture. This result showed that the endogenous hormone might play a key role in the process of somatic embryogenesis. The differences in molecular composition and physiological status between the two morphological ends of the explant in relation to the induction of the somatic embryogenesis in F. refracta may be considered as a useful marker in studying the mechanisms of this in vitro morphogenesis.
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Effects of Chlorination and Acidification on Postharvest Physiological Properties of Alstroemeria, cv. ‘Vanilla’ and on Microbial Contamination of Vase Solution
Article
  • Aug 2015
Leaf yellowing is the major postharvest crisis for cut alstroemeria flowers. Most studies have focused on hormone application to overcome this problem, while other important aspects of postharvest treatment such as vase solution microbial contamination and biocide effects have been ignored. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the vase life and physiological performance of ‘Vanilla’ alstroemeria cut flowers in response to biocide application and microbial flora during postharvest handling. During two experiments flowers were treated with environmentally friendly and safe to use biocides such as citric acid (as acidifying agent) and sodium hypochlorite (as chlorination agent). Subsequently postharvest physiological parameters, namely vase life, side effect, weight change, solution uptake, chlorophyll content, and microbiological features of the vase solution such as microbial population, proliferation, and composition were studied. The results of the physiological study indicated a beneficial effect of chlorination on the vase life and most physiological parameters, especially chlorophyll content, and consequently, the green appearance of the leaves. Vase solution acidification, however, did not have a long lasting beneficial effect on physiological properties. Furthermore, microbiological studies show the efficacy of chlorination in reducing the vase solution microbial population and proliferation. By contrast, the vase solution acidification with citric acid was not able to control microbial proliferation. Microbial identification indicated Bacillus bacterial contamination as the dominant microbial vase solution flora.
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Mobility and Effects on Vase Life of Silver-containing Compounds in Cut Rose Flowers
Article
  • Feb 1999
The effects of silver-containing compounds used for prolonging the vaselife of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L. 'Asami Red') flowers were investigated. Silver nitrate and RNA-Ag+tris (a ribonucleic acid-silver complex and trishydroxymethylaminomethane) increased the vase life by 2.7 days and prevented bent neck of cut rose flowers compared with the control, whereas silver thiosulfate (STS) did not have a significant effect on longevity. Fresh weights of the rose stems pretreated with silver nitrate or RNA-Ag+tris were maintained along with longer vase life. There were higher amounts of Ag+ in the basal parts of the stem in these treatments compared with STS treatment. Bacterial count at the cut surface of stems treated with either silver nitrate or RNA-Ag+tris were lower than STS-treated or control stems. These results indicated that the primary effect of silver-containing compounds on 'Asami Red' roses was antimicrobial.
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Translocation of 14C-sucrose in Relation to Changes in Carbohydrate Content in Rose Corollas Cut at Different Stages of Development
Article
  • Jan 1977
The dry matter and carbohydrate contents of intact growing ‘Sonia’ rose corollas were measured from an immature bud to full expansion of the petals. Reducing sugars and starch, but not sucrose, accumulated throughout most of the corolla development. These findings were compared with the carbohydrate changes in the corollas of flowers cut at different stages and allowed to age with their stems either in water or in a sucrose-containing solution. For a few days after cutting the carbohydrate metabolism of the cut flower roughly paralleled that of the intact flower until starch hydrolysed to maintain the soluble carbohydrate pool. Feeding with the sucrose solution maintained the soluble carbohydrate levels and retarded the hydrolysis of starch. The cut flowers were fed with ¹⁴C-sucrose and the labelled metabolites in the leaves and flowers were analysed. Active incorporation of ¹⁴C into ethanol-soluble carbohydrates, starch and ethanol-insoluble material was found indicating that an active anabolic phase precedes the catabolic phase during the senescence of the cut flower. The findings are discussed in relation to the source-sink hypothesis of flower development, with regard to the senescence and growth of the corollas of cut and intact flowers respectively.
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Effect of Certain Pre-treatment Substances on Vase Life and Physiological Character in Lilium spp
Article
  • May 2005
The effects of pre-treatment substances on vase life and physiological character of cut Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Siberia' and Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'Dream Land' were studied. When florets of 'Siberia' were treated with Promalin (GA4+7+BA), the vase life was increased as compared to other treatments. The amount of ethylene produced continuously decreased and respiration rate showed a climacteric type rise on the 5th day. The sugar contents increased in petal, but decreased in leaf and ovary. When florets of 'Dream Land' were treated with GA4+7 and Promalin, the vase life increased. The amount of ethylene production and respiration rate showed peak points on the 1st day. Also, the sugar contents showed the same results as with 'Siberia'. In the case of 'Siberia', vase life was extended with Dan-solution 2 [(nano particle pure colloidal Ag+ ion) 0.1% + Natural chitosan] treatment. The amount of ethylene produced continuously decreased and respiration rate showed a climacteric type rise on the 5th day. But they were not significantly different between treatments. The sugar contents increased in petal, but decreased in leaf and ovary. When florets of 'Dream Land' were treated with Dan-solution 2, the vase life was also increased. The amount of ethylene produced and respiration rates showed peak points on the 1st day. Also, the sugar contents showed the same results as with 'Siberia'.
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