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Spore morphology of 25 Mexican and Central American species in Pteris were studied. This was accomplished using scanning electron and light microscopy. Spores are trilete, tetrahedral, with plane or slightly convex proximal faces, concave only occasionally, and convex or hemispherical distal faces. In addition to these general features and size, we also considered the following traits: (a) cingulum; (b) presence of a commissural flange; (c) types of macro-ornamentation; (d) ornamentation in distal and proximal faces. In general, distal and proximal faces of Pteris spores are divided by a circumfluent cingulum, lacking ornamentation, infrequently not well defined, or interrupted. The laesura have a commissural flange in almost half of the studied species. The most common macro-ornamentation is muriform, less frequently steliform or buliform. Ornamentation is usually different on both sides of the spore. In most of the studied species occasional to abundant globules are present on the spore surface. The combination of these traits allows us to recognise six spore types, which are described in detail. These spore types disagree with groups of species of Neotropical Pteris previously studied using other characteristics (mainly frond architecture and molecular data). Our results show that the use of spore characteristics can help clarify infrageneric taxonomy in Pteris.

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... They used characters similar to those used by Dai et al. [11], but classified the spores into six types and thought that most species could have several different types. Based on the studies of 25 Pteris species in Mexico and Mesoamerica, Palacios-Rios et al. [14] proposed that the commissural flange (laesural ridges) and ornamentation in Pteris spores were of taxonomic value. Ornamentation, such as tuberculate and reticulate patterns, had not been applied for spore classification in previous studies. ...
... To infer the systematics values of the spore characters, the key characters applied to the classification of Pteris spores in previous studies were investigated [10,11,13,14]. A distal ridge means a distinct prominent platform on distal face, parallel to an equatorial flange. ...
... To reconstruct the ancestral character states of spore morphologies, previous research about Pteris morphologies from SEM were consulted [4,10,11,13,14,[25][26][27]. Sixty species from this study and 40 species from other studies described the spore characters of a total of 100 species, which cover all sections of Pteris, except section Dentatae. ...
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Pteris (Pteridaceae) spores are usually trilete and can be distinguished by the perine ornamentation. The systematic value of spore morphology in Pteris is unclear, especially based on the renewed infrageneric classification of Pteris. In the present study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand spore characters in 57 Pteris species, one Onychium species, and two Astrolepis species; 40 species are reported here for the first time. The observed spore characters combined with published spore data, totaling 100 species from 16 sections of Pteris, were mapped onto a reconstructed phylogenetic tree. Seven characters (five proposed in previous studies), including an equatorial flange, laesural ridges, proximal ridges, distal ridges, tubercula on distal faces, coarse reticula on distal faces, and a row of extervermiculi between the distal face and equatorial flange, were analyzed to investigate spore morphology evolution in Pteris. However, the results showed no synapomorphies with other genera in Pteridaceae. Most of the characters were found to have arisen independently several times in different lineages or were even frequently reversed. Equatorial flanges and tubercula on distal faces are plesiomorphies and present in most Pteris species. Overall, the application of spore morphology in section circumscription is limited. Thus, we suggest combining spore morphology with leaf characters for Pteris infrageneric classification.
... Today, many studies have shown that characters of spore ornamentation, identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are of diagnostic value and in most cases are congruent with the results of molecular phylogenetic studies (Gureyeva, Kuznetsov, 2015;Palacios-Rios et al., 2017b;Chao, Huang, 2018;Vaganov et al., 2020;Irfan et al., 2021;Vaganov, 2022). To date, there is some information on the spore morphology of Cryptogramma, Coniogramme, and Llavea species in the form of short descriptions of morphology and/or SEM-photographs (Tryon, Lugardon, 1991;Yu et al., 2001;Zhang G. M., Zhang X. Ch., 2003;Gureyeva et al., 2009;Vaganov et al., 2010Vaganov et al., , 2011Vaganov, 2016). ...
... Spores of 32 species of three genera of cryptogrammoid ferns (Coniogramme, Cryptogramma, and Llavea) have been characterized in detail. The spores of cryptogrammoid ferns do not have the cingulum and commissural flanges characteristic of other groups of ferns of the family Pteridaceae (Palacios-Rios et al., 2017b;Vaganov et al., 2018Vaganov et al., , 2020Vaganov et al., , 2021Chen et al., 2022). In general, the simplicity in ornamentation (smooth, granulate, and papillate) is characteristic for the spores of the most Coniogramme species, except Co. suprapilosa. ...
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This research is the first comprehensive analysis of the intrageneric relationships inside the subfamily Cryptogrammoideae: 14 taxa of Coniogramme and one species of Cryptogramma were involved additionally in the molecular phylogenetic studies based on rbcL gene of plastid DNA; spore morphology of 32 taxa of cryptogrammoid ferns, namely 22 taxa of Coniogramme, nine species of Cryptogramma and one species of Llavea were studied using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM); 31 taxon of Cryptogrammoideae were studied using herbarium data from Her-baria across Europe and Asia (P, PE, LE, VLA, ALTB, TK) according to global botanical and geographical zones. As a result of this comprehensive analysis, we established a deep divergence of Coniogramme merillii in Coniogramme superclade: this species is the sister lineage to the remainder of Coniogramme. We revealed also the separateness of Co. suprapilosa from Co. rosthornii and Co. longissima, Co. africana from Co. lanceolata and Co. fraxinea, Co. robusta from Co. jinggangshanensis, Co. wilsonii and Co. japonica. Among Cryptogramma species, the relationship of Far Eastern Cr. gorovoi with Cr. crispa from the Caucasus and the Turkish endemic Cr. bithynica but not with any Far Eastern species was revealed. Spores of Coniogramme are characterized by simple smooth, granulate and papillate macro-ornamentation, spores of Cryptogramma species have the more coarse colliculate or tuberculate macro-ornamentation. Peculiarities of macro-ornamentation allow us to define six spore types in cryptogrammoid ferns: four spore types in Coniogramme and two spore types in Cryptogramma; the same spore type we assigned for Llavea cordifolia and Conio-gramme suprapilosa. In Coniogramme, the grouping of species attending the spore type does not agree with existing classification and phylogenetic hypotheses. Genetic separateness of Co. suprapilosa corresponds with its exceptional verrucate spore sculpture not found in other Coniogramme species. In Cryptogramma, the grouping on the spore types corresponds with other morphological characteristics, existing system and molecular phylogeny. Spore ornamentation has diagnostic value in the recognition of cryptogrammoid taxa at the generic and section (in Cryptogramma) level. 6 Vaganov A. V. et al. Comprehensive analysis of relationships of the representatives of subfamily Cryptogrammoideae Sino-Japanese and Sino-Himalaian regions of Eastern Asiatic Subkingdom are the centers of origin and diversity for subfamily Cryptogrammoideae and especially for the genus Coniogramme.
... Discussion. This species is somewhat similar to spores of the modern Pteris grandifolia L. (Polypodiaceae), particularly in having a cingulum and a proximal face with verrucae and rugulae partially fused into ridges paralleling the laesurae (Palacios-Rios et al. 2017). However, the distal face of the spore in P. grandifolia is verrucate to rugulate, and in Rugutriletes sp. ...
... Possibly lowland tropical forest. Modern Pteris in Central America currently inhabits riparian or shaded lowland tropical forest (Palacios-Rios et al. 2017). ...
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At the end of the Cretaceous Period, a large bolide impacted the Earth and formed the Chicxulub impact crater in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. In 2016, International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 364 Site M0077 drilled into the buried peak ring of the crater, recovering a marine Paleocene to early Eocene post-impact section deposited on top of the impact breccia. Palynological analysis of 195 samples from the post-impact section has yielded the first pre-Holocene vegetational record from inside the Chicxulub impact crater and the first palynological record of the recovery of life following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction from inside the Chicxulub impact crater. The pollen and plant spore assemblage has been fully described, including one new genus (Scabrastephanoporites) and five new species (Brosipollis reticulatus, Echimonocolpites chicxulubensis, Psilastephanocolporites hammenii, Scabrastephanoporites variabilis, and Striatopollis grahamii) of angiosperm pollen. Dinoflagellate cysts from the K/Pg (Cretaceous/Paleogene) transitional unit, likely deposited within six years of the impact event, include several probably reworked Maastrichtian specimens, as well as possible in situ early Paleocene dinoflagellate cysts. The oldest terrestrial palynomorphs, two specimens of Deltoidospora, were not observed until at least 200,000 years after the impact. The PETM has been identified in the Site M0077 core based on biostratigraphy and a negative carbon isotope excursion. Geochemical and microfossil evidence indicates sea surface temperatures of ~38 °C, increased terrestrial input, salinity stratification, and bottom water anoxia. Palynomorph concentrations increase in the PETM, with an acme of the dinoflagellate genus Apectodinium in the lower PETM section, and a diverse pollen assemblage derived from a lowland tropical shrubby forest, likely from exposed portions of the Yucatán Peninsula to the south. A second spike in palynomorph concentrations occurs upsection of the PETM in a laminated dark shale, possibly representing the early Eocene hyperthermal event ETM3. Pollen and plant spore concentrations generally increase in sediments deposited during and shortly after the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), consistent with infilling and shallowing of the crater basin during the early Paleogene. The EECO pollen and plant spore assemblages indicate a continuously present shrubby lowland tropical forest, with Malvacipollis, Bombacacidites, Brosipollis, and Crudia type pollen.
... Spores have been used also to separate fern taxonomic groups, thus becoming an extremely important source of character traits with taxonomic relevance, mainly the spore dimensions, the model of laesura, and the perispore ornamentation and structure (Olsen & Gullvag 1974;Lugardon 1974;Barrington et al. 1986;Tryon & Lugardon 1991;Palacios-Rios et al. 2017). ...
... Sporangia observations were obtained from at least five sporangia of at least two different individuals per taxon, depending on the available material, following standard procedures for sample extraction, staining and microscope preparation, widely used for these purposes (Ruzin 1999;Passarelli et al. 2010;Palacios-Rios et al. 2017). All the observations were made under an optical microscope (OM) Nikon Labophot-2. ...
Article
Struthiopteris (Blechnaceae) has recently been classified on the basis of molecular and morphological evidence, and some of its species are now included in the sister genus Spicantopsis. However, the lack of studies on several important morphological features impedes a sound assessment of their congruence with this new systematic arrangement, as well as of their range of variation and taxonomic value in this group of ferns. Here we present a study on the spores and sporangia using both light and scanning electron microscopy in Struthiopteris and Spicantopsis, using samples of all their species, and almost all their varieties. We provide full morphological descriptions of the spores and sporangia of all these taxa. We point out that the perispore structure and ornamentation and the number and the thickness of stomium cells in the sporangium clearly distinguish both genera.
... Because of its ornamental use, Pteris ensiformis is thought to have been introduced in America in the middle of the 19th century and subsequently naturalized in USA (Florida), Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico (Lellinger 1985;Proctor 1989;Martinez 2011;Palacios-Rios et al. 2016;Jones et al. 2019). In recent decades its presence in cultivation or as an escape has been recorded in some countries of South America such as Chile (Macaya 2008) and Ecuador (Guézou et al. 2010). ...
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Pteris has numerous representatives of Asian and Oceanic origin naturalized in America, some of them recognized as invasive weeds. Pteris ensiformis was introduced in America in the middle of the 19th century and subsequently naturalized in USA and Central America, but the records of its distribution in South America are isolated and the establishment or naturalization of the populations is unclear. As part of a broader study whose objective is to review the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in the Paranaense forest P. ensiformis was found for the first time in Argentina. In addition to describing, illustrating, and distinguishing the species from other species of the genus in the country, we review the distribution of P. ensiformis in South America comparing herbarium collections and iNaturalist observations, a citizen science platform. Additionally, a status for the species is proposed or suggested in each country where it is registered according to its stage of the naturalization process.
... Pteris in Central America currently inhabits riparian or shaded lowland tropical forest (Palacios-Rios et al. 2017 Discussion. The Chicxulub specimen has a slightly broader labrum than U. elsikii sensu stricto. ...
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In the summer of 2016, the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 364 cored through the post-impact strata of the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact crater, Mexico. Core samples were collected from the post-impact successions for terrestrial palynological analysis, yielding a rare Danian to Ypresian high-resolution palynological assemblage. This record constitutes one of the first Palaeocene and Ypresian palynological assemblages from Central America or Mexico, representing a more coastal lowland palaeoenvironment than previous studies from mainland Mexico. Although the abundance of pollen and spores is very low in the Palaeocene carbonates, abundance increases in the more organic-rich shale layers representing the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and later Ypresian. The spores and gymnosperm pollen identified from IODP 364, although rare compared to the angiosperm pollen, are a diverse mix of cosmopolitan taxa, as well as some characteristic of fossil Central American assemblages (e.g. Selaginellaceae), and others previously identified from the Paleogene northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain. The assemblage generally indicates the presence of nearby moist to seasonally dry lowland tropical forest, with some taxa suggestive of higher elevation forests. Ephedroid pollen grains may be indicative of the presence of more arid conditions.
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The Pteridaceae family, known for its taxonomic complexity, presents challenges in identification due to high variability among its species. This study investigates the spore morphology employing both SEM and LM techniques in 10 Pteridaceae taxa phytogeographicaly Sino‐Himalayan, Malesian, and European elements in Pakistan. The taxa include Adiantum capillus‐veneris , A. incisum , A. venustum , Aleuritopteris bicolor , Oeosporangium nitidulum , O. pteridioides , Onychium cryptogrammoides , O. vermae , Pteris cretica , and P. vittata . The objective is to assess their taxonomic relevance and develop a spore‐based taxonomic key. Findings indicate differences in spore shape, sizes, exospore thickness, and in surface ornamentation highlighting the potential for taxonomic differentiation. Spores are trilete, and notable differences are observed in the dimension of spores in both distal and proximal sides. Equatorial dimensions vary between 35 and 50 μm, while the polar diameter ranges from 29 to 50 μm. SEM revealed different spore ornamentation types that show several useful characteristics establishing valuable taxonomic variations. The studied Adiantum taxa feature a perispore with tubercules and a micro‐granulose surface. The spores of examined Oeosporangium and Aleuritopteris taxa shows cristate sculptures with variable ornamentations. Both species of Onychium have tuberculate‐pleated tubercles with sinuous folds on both distal and proximal sides. The surface ornamentation among examined Pteris taxa show variability. PCA analysis indicated that spore quantitative data identified distinct groups, underscoring taxonomic significance. Nevertheless, there was variation observed in surface ornamentation and spore shape, indicating the potential for discrimination among taxa. Research Highlights Spore morphology of 10 Pteridaceae taxa has been investigated through LM and SEM. Investigated species shows differences in spore shape, sizes, exospore thickness, and in surface ornamentation. Ornamentation on the perispore provides several valuable characteristics, establishing useful taxonomic distinctions. Spore morphological analysis is effective at the generic level, with minor distinctions discernible at the species level.
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This paper continues consideration of the spores of three paleotropical fern genera – Taenitis, Syngramma, and Austrogramme (Pteridoideae, Pteridaceae) from South-Eastern Asia and Oceania. At the second stage, we carried out a comparative scanning electron microscopy study of spores of three species of Austrogramme, four species of Syngramma, and six species of Taenitis and added information about previously studied spores of seven species of these genera. Spores of all examined species are trilete, tetrahedral or tetrahedral-globose with convex to hemispherical distal side and plane, convex or conical proximal side. The spores of Austrogramme species are the smallest, simplest in ornamentation and similar to each other. Sculpture of the proximal and distal sides are microverrucate, the surface of the spores is covered by granular deposits. Spores of most Syngrammaspecies are very similar to spores of Austrogramme species in shape and surface sculpture: their distal and proximal surfaces are microverrucate, whereas the spores of S. borneensis and S. cartilagidens have the low-tuberculate sculpture. Spores of Taenitis species are very different from the spores of Austrogramme and Syngramma. Seven of nine studied species have spores with well-expressed cingulum (T. blechnoides, T. cordata, T. diversifolia, T. interrupta, T. luzonica, T. obtusa, and T. requiniana), three species (T. cordata, T. hookeri, and T. pinnata) have spores with prominent laesural ridges. The spores have well-expressed ornamentation – tuberculate, baculate, rugate, tuberculate-rugate. The most conspicuous character of the ornamentation of spore surfaces is the presence of rodlets associated with sculpture elements. The densest rodlets are characteristic of Taenitis diversifolia, T. luzonica, T. obtusa, and T. requiniana. Spore size (equatorial diameter) ranges on average between 22 μm and 37 μm in Austrogramme, between 27 μm and 41 μm in Syngramma, and between 26 and 51 μm in Taenitis species.
Article
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize spore morphology of 24 taxa of the subfamily Pteridoideae C. Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel of the family Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn. The family is considered to be one of the most taxonomically confusing families due to its high level of polymorphism. The standardized data on spore morphology of the subfamily Pteridoideae were projected onto the final phylogenetic tree in the Mesquite program. This approach made it possible to carry out a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of the evolution of spore morphology characters of the subfamily Pteridoideae, as well as to assess the relationships in the family Pteridaceae. The equatorial ridge (cingulum, “flange”) has been proven as one of the key spore morphology features, which confirms the close relationship of “Onychium clade” with Pteris. The species‐specific characters of the subfamily are fold and tubercle along laesura, equatorial ridge on proximal and distal side, tubercle, and folds on proximal and distal side. The knowledge will help to solve the problems of taxonomy in the family Preridaceae and to supplement the information on the natural classification of the subfamily Pteridoideae.
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The work presents the result of using comparative morphological analysis of spore of three subfamilies from the family Pteridaceae E. D. M. Kirchn. (Cryptogrammoideae S. Linds., Pteridoideae C. Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy a. Mickel, Ceratopteridoideae (J. Sm.) R. M. Tryon) by evolutionary biology method by Mesquite software. This approach allows comparing in detail the standardized qualitative features of the morphology of spores with the data on phylogenetic relationship of representatives, which as a result helps to identify intra-and intertaxonomic groups of relationship, to search for evolutionary connections, to obtain new knowledge for solving problems in fern taxonomy. Obtained data allow supplement natural classification of the Pteridaceae family. Введение. // В работе представлен результат применения сравнительно-морфологического анализа спор представителей трех подсемейств семейства Pteridaceae E. D. M. Kirchn. (Cryptogrammoideae S. Linds., Pteridoideae C. Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy a. Mickel, Ceratopteridoideae (J. Sm.) R. M. Tryon) методом эволюционной биологии в мо-дульной программной среде Mesquite. Данный подход позволяет детально сопоставить стандартизованные каче-ственные признаки морфологии спор с данными о филогенетическом родстве представителей, что в итоге спо-собствует выявлению внутри-и межтаксономических групп родства, поиску эволюционных связей, получению новых знаний для решения проблем в таксономии папоротников. Полученные данные позволят дополнять естественную классификацию семейства Pteridaceae. Ключевые слова. ДНК, морфология, молекулярная филогения, папоротники, систематика, сканирующая электронная микроскопия, эволюция растений, Ceratopteridoideae, Cryptogrammoideae, Pteridaceae, Pteridoideae.
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The morphology of sporophyte, the type of reproduction, and cytology of Pteris had been reported, while the gametophyte morphology of Pteris in Java island has not been studied yet. The objective of this study was to describe the gametophyte morphology and development of P. biaurita, P. ensiformis, P.exelsa, P.longipinnula, P. tripartita, and P. vittata in Java island. Spores were obtained from fertile leaves of Pteris plants originated from several locations in Java island. The number of spores per sporangium were counted from fresh fertile leaves with mature sporangia. As much as 0.002 g spores was sown in transparent box with sterile medium contain of vermiculite, spaghnum moss, and perlite with ratio 2:2:1. The gametophyte development of each species was observed under a microscope every 7 days. The spores of P. ensiformis were germinated faster, 10 days after sowing, while the spores of P.longipinnula were germinated slower, 18 days after sowing. The pattern of spore germination is Vittaria-type. The development of gametophyte is Ceratopteris-type in common, but in a few cases is the Adiantum-type. The gametophyte development of observed Pteris spesies are varied in six characters including the number of filament cell, germinated time, formation time of notch and gametangia, margin shape, and development type.
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Palacios-Rios, M. 2000. Guía Práctica para los Helechos de la Península de Yucatán, México. In: R.B. Foster & T. Wachter (eds.). Environmental & Conservation Programs The Field Museum of Natural History, The Andrew Mellon Foundation y Ellen Hyndman Fund. Chicago, Illinois. U.S.A. 83 pp. ©2000. OCLC: 68738872.
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The morphology of fern spores collected from natural sites in Poland was examined under light microscopy. Spore samples represented 44 species in 18 genera and in 13 families. Only spores of Ophioglossaceae were obtained from the herbarium of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań while the remaining samples were obtained from living plants. Spore size ranges between 20 to 75 μm and the spores of Osmunda regalis and Polypodium interjectum were found to have remarkably large dimensions. The spores are ellipsoidal, tetrahedral and spherical/globoid in shape. Their apertures are monolete or trilete types. The exine surface patterns are baculate, cristate, granulate, reticulate, tuberculate and verrucate. Pictures of the analyzed spores are collected in a contrasting (size, colour) table to make it easier to distinguish between species. The peculiar characters of fern spores are described after a review of major articles concerning the allergenic features of fern spores with special attention to Pteridium aquilinum whose spores and vegetative tissues revealed mutagenic and carcinogenic activity.
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Pteris ×caridadiae, a new hybrid fern from Costa Rica, is described and its relationships to its parents and other Pteris species are discussed. This is the first hybrid reported among a taxonomically complicated group of large, tripartite-leaved neotropical Pteris species.
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Martínez, O. G. (2011). Morphology and distribution of the complex Pteris cretica L. (Pteridaceace) for the American continent. Candollea 66: 159–180. In Spanish, English and French abstracts. The Pteris cretica L. (Pteridaceae) taxonomical complex is revised for the American continent. It is composed by seven species: Pteris ciliaris D. C. Eaton, Pteris cretica L., Pteris denticulata Sw., Pteris ensiformis Burm. f., Pteris multifida Poir., Pteris mutilata L. and Pteris tristicula Raddi. Morphological characters have been identified in order to distinguish the members of the group. An identification key is proposed and a diagnostic description, distribution and illustrations are provided for each species.
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The brake fern genus Pteris belongs to the Pteridaceae subfamily Pteridoideae. It contains 200–250 species distributed on all continents except Antarctica, with its highest species diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. The monophyly of Pteris has long been in question because of its great morphological diversity and because of the controversial relationships of the Australian endemic monospecific genus Platyzoma. The circumscription of the Pteridoideae has likewise been uncertain. Previous studies typically had sparse sampling of Pteris species and related genera and used limited DNA sequence data. In the present study, DNA sequences of six plastid loci of 146 accessions representing 119 species of Pteris (including the type of the genus) and 18 related genera were used to infer a phylogeny using maximum-likelihood, Bayesian-inference and maximum-parsimony methods. Our major results include: (i) the previous uncertain relationships of Platyzoma were due to long-branch attraction; (ii) Afropteris, Neurocallis, Ochropteris and Platyzoma are all embedded within a well-supported Pteris sensu lato; (iii) the traditionally circumscribed Jamesonia is paraphyletic in relation to a monophyletic Eriosorus; (iv) Pteridoideae contains 15 genera: Actiniopteris, Anogramma, Austrogramme, Cerosora, Cosentinia, Eriosorus, Jamesonia, Nephopteris (no molecular data), Onychium, Pityrogramma, Pteris, Pterozonium, Syngramma, Taenitis and Tryonia; and (v) 15 well-supported clades within Pteris are identified, which differ from one another on molecular, morphological and geographical grounds, and represent 15 major evolutionary lineages.
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The genus Pteris is revised; 24 species and two varieties are recognized, of which five species are endemic. Analytical identification keys for species and varieties with their respective descriptions and illustrations, data and maps of geographical distribution, and analysis of important taxonomic characters for recognition of species, genera, and varieties are presented. A secondary centre of diversity and endemism for Pteris is in the mountainous regions of southeastern Brazil.
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The highest frequency of polyploidy among plants is considered to occur in the Pteridophytes. In this study, we focused on polyploidy displayed by a specific fern taxon, the genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae), comprising over 250 species. Cytological data from 106 Pteris species were reviewed. The base number of chromosomes in Pteris is 29. Polyploids are frequently found in Pteris, including triploids, tetraploids, pentaploids, hexaploids, and octoploids. In addition, an aneuploid species, P. deltodon Bak., has been recorded. Furthermore, the relationship between polyploidy and reproductive biology is reviewed. Among these 106 Pteris species, 60% exhibit polyploidy: 22% show intraspecific polyploidy and 38% result from polyploid speciation. Apogamous species are common in Pteris. Diploids are the most frequent among Pteris species, and they can be sexual or apogamous. Triploids are apogamous; tetraploids are sexual or apogamous. Most Pteris species have one to two ploidy levels. The diverse ploidy levels suggest that these species have a complex evolutionary history and their taxonomic problems require further clarification.
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The development of exospore relative to the perispore and type of aperture are used to assess evolutionary levels of spores in the major families of ferns. Spores of primitive families usually have trilete aperture and walls of thick exospore overlaid by a thin, conforming perispore; spores of derived families are largely monolete with thin exospore below a complex perispore. Spores at a specialized level have elaborate strata of either primitive or derived type. Correlation between surface structure of spores and ecology of Asplenium and of Pyrrosia show epiphytic species have spores with more elaborate surface contours than spores of epilithic or terrestrial. The data suggests that surface contours may reflect the ecological differences to which species are adapted.
Chapter
Terrestrial or rupestral, or (Ceratopteris) aquatic ferns of mostly small size, exceptionally leaves are to 6 m long. Stem erect to long-creeping, with a medullated protostele, a solenostele, or a dictyostele, bearing trichomes or scales or both. Petiole with 1 to 4 vascular bundles (or to many in Ceratopteris) near the base, terete to adaxially sulcate or two-ridged. Lamina usually pinnate, or entire, pedate, palmate, radiate, or the petiole furcate apically into two strongly recurved rachises; veins usually free, if anastomosing the areolae without free included veinlets. Sporangia in exindusiate, short to long soral lines along the veins or in marginal son or soral lines, and then usually covered by a modified marginal indusium, with or without special trichomes among the sporangia. Sporangia usually long-stalked, the stalk of 2 or 3 rows of cells (rarely to 5 rows), annulus vertical or rarely oblique, interrupted by the stalk. Spores trilete, rarely alete, without chlorophyll.
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A systematic review of the Colombian species of the tribe Pterideae (Pteridaceae) resulted in the discovery of two new species ofPteris:P. muricatopedata andP. albertiae, both in the Deflexa group. Two species are reported for the first time from Colombia:P. bakeri C. Chr. andP. lechleri Mett.
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The glossary of pollen and spore terminology was first presented to the international palynological community as the final outcome of the Working Group on Palynological Terminology at the 8th International Palynological Congress in Aix-en-Provence in 1992. It became widely accepted as reference guide for palynologists to assist in the preparation of accurate and consistent descriptions of their material. It also serves as a practical source of information for non-specialists who wish to understand the meaning of the large number of existing palynological terms.The history of the glossary began in 1972 at the 3rd IPC at Novosibirsk when the working group on palynology was established. Throughout its history the project has been a collaborative effort with contributions from many palynologists, representing all branches of the discipline. Only through this long and elaborate procedure, with input from many people, it has been possible to produce the glossary.The entries are arranged alphabetically and are accompanied by simple schematic illustrations where appropriate. These contain the minimum amount of information needed to explain the feature. Moreover, to simplify the recognition of pollen and spore wall layers, colours have been used to indicate the corresponding layers.The first edition had 547 terms of which 339 have been accepted and recommended for use. In the second edition, a further 41 terms have been added with their appropriate illustrations. Of these, 10 have been accepted and 31 rejected for a variety of reasons. Where necessary, illustrations have been revised. An extensive list of consulted literature has been added.
  • Christensen CFA
Pteridophyta of Peru. Part 2: 13. Pteridaceae-Dennstaedtiaceae
  • Rm Tryon
  • Rg Stolze
a) México: Riba et al. 1254-d (UAMIZ); (b) Costa Rica: Induni 19 (INB
  • L Pteris
Pteris biaurita L.: (a) México: Riba et al. 1254-d (UAMIZ); (b) Costa Rica: Induni 19 (INB).
ENCB); (b) México: Rzedowski 42402 (ENCB); (c) Guatemala: Lundell & Contreras 19736 (MO); (d) México: Yatskievych & Gastony 89-208 (MO); (e) México: Orcutt 0428 (MO); (f) Honduras: Moran 05668 (MO); (g) México: Hammel
  • L Pteris
Pteris cretica L.: (a) México: Ventura 16907 (ENCB); (b) México: Rzedowski 42402 (ENCB); (c) Guatemala: Lundell & Contreras 19736 (MO); (d) México: Yatskievych & Gastony 89-208 (MO); (e) México: Orcutt 0428 (MO); (f) Honduras: Moran 05668 (MO); (g) México: Hammel et al. 15794 (MO);
Díaz-Barriga & Zamudio 4643 (ENCB); (b) México: Ventura 11462 (MEXU); (c) Costa Rica: Grayum & Hammel 9547 (INB); (d) Costa Rica: Reyes & Rojas 243 (INB)
  • L Pteris
Pteris grandifolia L.: (a) México: Díaz-Barriga & Zamudio 4643 (ENCB); (b) México: Ventura 11462 (MEXU); (c) Costa Rica: Grayum & Hammel 9547 (INB); (d) Costa Rica: Reyes & Rojas 243 (INB); (e) Cuba: Cárdenas s.n. (XAL).
a) Costa Rica: Fuentes 759 (INB); (b) Costa Rica: Rivera 118 (INB
  • Mett Pteris Livida
Pteris livida Mett.: (a) Costa Rica: Fuentes 759 (INB); (b) Costa Rica: Rivera 118 (INB).
a) México: Ventura 12512 (MEXU); (b) Guatemala: Croat 24691 (XAL
  • L Pteris
Pteris longifolia L.: (a) México: Ventura 12512 (MEXU); (b) Guatemala: Croat 24691 (XAL).
USA: Correll & Correll 09396 (MO); (b) USA: Hill 19480 (MO)
  • Poir Pteris Multifida
Pteris multifida Poir.: (a) USA: Correll & Correll 09396 (MO); (b) USA: Hill 19480 (MO).
México: F. Ventura 15768 (MEXU); (b) México: Martínez et al. 13221 (MEXU)
  • Pteris Muricata Hook
Pteris muricata Hook.: (a) México: F. Ventura 15768 (MEXU); (b) México: Martínez et al. 13221 (MEXU); (c) Costa Rica: Moran 4164 (CR).
ENCB); (b) México: Riba & Pérez 874 (UAMIZ); (c) Nicaragua: Croat 43115 (CR); (d) México
  • M Pteris Orizabae
  • Martens
  • Galeotti
Pteris orizabae M.Martens et Galeotti: (a) México: Ventura 4802 (ENCB); (b) México: Riba & Pérez 874 (UAMIZ); (c) Nicaragua: Croat 43115 (CR); (d) México: Palacios-Rios 5130-5134 (XAL).