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International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
2016; 4(4): 115-120
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijema
doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160404.11
ISSN: 2328-7659 (Print); ISSN: 2328-7667 (Online)
Noise from Portable Electric Power Generators in an
Institutional Setting: A Neglected Risk Factor
John Oluseye Olamijulo
1, 2, *
, Godson Rowland Ana
1
, Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
1
1
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
2
Healthy Life for All Foundation, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Email address:
johnette07@yahoo.com (J. O. Olamijulo), agree2000@yahoo.com (G. R. Ana), wahlemirax@gmail.com (O. M. Morakinyo)
*
Corresponding author
To cite this article:
John Oluseye Olamijulo, Godson Rowland Ana, Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo. Noise from Portable Electric Power Generators in an
Institutional Setting: A Neglected Risk Factor. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis.
Vol. 4, No. 4, 2016, pp. 115-120. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160404.11
Received: July 14, 2015; Accepted: October 9, 2015; Published: August 6, 2016
Abstract:
An ideal educational setting should be serene and conducive for both learning and working. However, due to the
erratic power supply in Nigeria coupled with increase in number of commercial outfits, there has been an upsurge in the
proliferation of portable generators at institutional settings. Studies conducted on noise from portable generators and its effects
on human health in institutional environment are sparse. Noise levels from exposure to portable generators and its perceived
attendant effects was assessed in this study. Oladele Ajose building (OAB) was purposively selected for this pilot study based
on the frequency of generator use and level of commercial activities. A semi structured questionnaire was used to elicit
information from staff and students. Noise levels in decibels (dB) was measured in six selected location for eight weeks in the
indoor and outdoor environment of the building, using a calibrated AEMC sound meter. Results were compared with WHO
guideline limits. Mean noise level in the indoor and outdoor environment was 60.26±8.45dB and 58.15±4.53dB respectively.
Reported health problems in the last six months prior the study include ear pains (68%), headache (46%), tiredness (60%) and
tinnitus (34%). Occupants of OAB are exposed to noise from electric generator at levels exceeding WHO limit. There is a need
to find an alternative way to power generation in institutional settings because of the threat noise from generators poses to the
serene and conducive learning environment.
Keywords:
Noise Levels, Health Effects, Portable Generators, Ibadan
1. Introduction
Noise is progressively becoming ubiquitous, yet an
ignored form of pollution in developed and developing
countries [1, 2]. Noise pollution is a threat to health and well-
being, an environmental stressor and nuisance [3]. It is one of
the foremost environmental pollutants that has direct effects
on human performance [4]. The continued survival of man is
contingent upon the enabling environment where he resides,
as disruption in the conducive environment may lead to
dysfunction in his health status [5]. Urbanisation, civilisation
or industrialisation is majorly characterized with noise
pollution. Noise is derived from the Latin word “nausea”
implying ‘unwanted sound’ or ‘sound that is loud, unpleasant
or unexpected [6].
Electricity, one of the benefits of industrialization has
become a major priority for most people as they try to meet
their domestic, commercial and industrial needs. The world
conventional energy supply in 2004 showed that Africa’s
highest supply in descending order of magnitude as follows:
South Africa-30,020MW; Egypt-14,250MW; Algeria-
6,188MW; Libya-4,710 MW; Morocco-3,592MW and
Nigeria-3,500MW. But between 2005 and 2009, power
generating capacity in Nigeria oscillated between 2,600MW
and 3,000MW [7]. According to the Nigerian Energy Policy
report from 2003, it is estimated that the Nigeria population
connected to the grid system is short of power supply over
60% of the time. In addition, less than 40% of the population
is not connected to the grid [8].
The need for electricity in homes, workplaces and industries
is high. Yet, the erratic supply of none or low voltage
electricity by Power Holding Company in Nigeria makes it
116 John Oluseye Olamijulo et al.: Noise from Portable Electric Power Generators in an
Institutional Setting: A Neglected Risk Factor
imperative for individuals, companies and factories to generate
the needed electricity through portable generators without
considering its attendants effects [9, 10]. A portable electric
power generator is a gasoline or diesel-powered device that
provides temporary electrical power up to certain voltage and
designed for outdoor use [11]. Portable generators are used
very commonly in shops, offices and homes today in order to
supply power during power shutdowns [12]. The use of
generators in every household in a country like Nigeria
because of erratic power supply creates seemingly unbearable
noise [2]. The noise may be generated by aerodynamic effects
or due to forces that result from combustion process or may
result from mechanical excitation by rotating or reciprocating
engine components [13].
Noise is described in terms of loudness (intensity) and
pitch (frequency) and noise exposure is measured using a
logarithmic decibel (dB) scale [14]. The Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends hearing
protection in the workplace if there is exposure to noise
greater than 85 dB for eight hours or more because of the
potential of permanent hearing loss. Noise, even at levels that
are not harmful to hearing, is perceived subconsciously as a
danger signal, even during sleep [15]. The body reacts to
noise with a fight or flight response, with resultant nervous,
hormonal, and vascular changes that have far reaching
consequences [16]. Recent studies show that noise is now
recognized as a serious health problem in our modern
societies [17].
Both auditory and non-auditory effects are
prevalent among the workers/operators working in a noisy
environment. The non-auditory deleterious effects of noise
include: annoyance, loss of memory, and sleep disturbances
[18]. Annoyance has been reported to lead to stress
responses, then symptoms and then illness [19]
Noise pollution interferes with the ability to comprehend
normal speech and may lead to a number of personal
disabilities, handicaps, and behavioural changes. These
include problems with concentration, fatigue, uncertainty,
lack of self-confidence, irritation, misunderstandings,
decreased working capacity, disturbed interpersonal
relationships, and stress reactions. Some of these effects may
lead to increased accidents, disruption of communication in
the classroom, and impaired academic performance [14, 17,
20]. It also causes stress, mental health effects and
neurobehavioral effects. [19, 21, 22]. The effects of noise
pollution on cognitive task performance have been well-
studied. Noise pollution impairs task performance at school
and at work, increases errors, and decreases motivation. [23,
24]. A noise exposure may thus be extremely disturbing in
education when the noise masks auditory information required
for the on going activity [25].
The World Health Organization (WHO) permissible noise
level in an office environment is between 55-65 dBA, (A-
weighted decibels) and exposure for more than six hours a day
to sound in excess of 85 dBA is potentially hazardous to health
[26]. The legal regime on Noise Pollution in Nigeria can be
considered under two main headings. The common law and
the policy and statutes but Nigeria does not have specific
legislations on noise pollution as is the case in countries like
the United States of America and United Kingdom.
The use of generators in institutional settings has led to the
disapperance of a scerene and conducive environment for
learning and performance. This study therefore, assessed
noise levels from portable generators and its perceived
attendant effects on occupants of an institutional building.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
The study was carried out in the Oladele Ajose building
of Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
It was named after the first African Professor of
Preventive and Social Medicine, Professor Oladele Ajose.
It houses the Departments of Epidemiology Medical
Statistics and Environmental Health, Health Promotion
and Education, Health Policy and Management,
Community Medicine and the Adetokunbo Lucas Public
Health library. The building commissioned over two
decades ago is divided into the new and old complexes. It
is located at about 200m from the main gate of the
University College Hospital [27]
2.2. Selection of Locations for Noise Level Assessment
Six locations within the Oladele Ajose building (OAB) were
selected by stratified sampling for environmental monitoring.
The six locations selected are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Selected locations for noise measurement.
Location Description
ELR Environmental Health unit lecture room
ALP Adetokunbo Lucas Public health library
EME Epidemiology, Medical Statistics and Environmental
Health main office
HPR Health Promotion and Education computer room
CMR Community Medicine lecture room
RDL Resident doctors lounge
2.3. Study Design
A cross-sectional survey was used which involved
questionnaire administration and determination of
environmental noise levels at different time intervals.
2.4. Study Population
This included staff, students and business operators, above
18 years of age who gave informed consent to participate in
the study. Fifty participants were randomly selected to
participate in this survey.
2.5. Materials and Tools
2.5.1. Survey
A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire that
included questions on socio-demographic information,
occupational history, hearing status information and
perceived health effects associated with exposure to noise
International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 2016; 4(4): 115-120 117
was used to elicit information from respondents.
2.5.2. Noise Measurement
Noise levels from electric generators were measured
using a factory calibrated AEMC sound meter (SLM),
which was set at the slow response mode with A-weighting
(A-weighted decibels or dBA). Measurements were
conducted three times a day 8am-10am, 12pm-2pm, and
4pm-6pm in the indoor and outdoor environment of the
selected locations in the building.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 at 5% level of
significance. t-test was used to compare the means at the
different time interval.
3. Results
3.1. Socio Demographic Information
The mean age of respondents was 35.14±8.84 and
ranged from 20 to 54 years. Majority of the respondents
52.0% were females. A large proportion of the
respondents (86.0%) had tertiary education, (10.0%) had
secondary education while 2 (4%) had primary education.
Majority of the respondents were lecturers (24.0%) while
others were clerical staffs (17.0) students (18.0%), sales
persons (12.0%), doctors (12.0%), laboratory technologist
(8.0%) and data analyst (6.0%). A good proportion of the
respondents (38.0%) were in the age group 30 – 39. Age
group 20 – 29 accounted for 30.0% of the respondents
while 26.0% and 6.0% of the respondents were in the age
group 40 – 49 and 50 – 59 respectively (see figure 1).
3.2. Occupational History
Majority (80.0%) of respondents had worked more than a
year in Ajose building while 68.0% spends more than 8 hours
a day at work and only 12.0% spend less than 8 hours a day
at work (Table 3).
Table 2. Socio-demographic characteristics.
Variable Options (%)
Sex Male 48.0
Female 52.0
Religion Christianity 84.0
Islam 14.0
Traditional 2.0
Ethnicity Yoruba 82.0
Hausa 2.0
Igbo 16.0
Occupation Clerical staffs 17.0
Data analyst 9.0
Sales person 12.0
Lecturers 24.0
Doctors 12.0
Laboratory technologist
8.0
Students 18.0
Educational status Primary 4.0
Secondary 10.0
Tertiary 86.0
Table 3. Occupational history.
Variable Options %
How long have you been working
here? Less than 6 months 4.0
Greater than 6 months 16.0
More than a year 80.0
How many hours a day are you at
work? Less than 8 hours 12.0
8 hours 20.0
Greater than 8 hours 68.0
Do you wear hearing protection
devices at work? Yes 4.0
No 96.0
Is your workplace noisy? Yes 60.0
No 40.0
If yes, I want a quieter workplace?
Yes 52.0
No 8.0
Fig. 1. Age group of respondents.
118 John Oluseye Olamijulo et al.: Noise from Portable Electric Power Generators in an
Institutional Setting: A Neglected Risk Factor
3.3. Hearing Status of Respondents
From the survey (see Table 4), 24.0% of respondents
experience difficulty in hearing clearly when at work. 16.0%
reported hearing problems with receiving calls over the
telephone while 18.0% find themselves asking people to
repeat themselves when they talk to them.
Table 4. Hearing status information.
Variable (%)
I find it difficult to hear clearly when at work. 24.0
I have a problem hearing over the telephone 16.0
I find myself asking people to repeat themselves when they talk
to me 18.0
In a gathering, I find it difficult to differentiate or pick out a
specific voice talking to me. 8.0
I find myself knowingly or unknowingly reading lips when
people talk to me. 8.0
3.4. Noise Related Health Problems
Table 5 shows the noise related health problems suffered by
respondents. The major complains of the respondents include
tinnitus (34.0%), sleeplessness (68.0%), tiredness (60.0%), ear
pains (68.0%), headaches (40%) and annoyance (28.0%).
Table 5. Noise related health problems experienced by respondents in the
last six months prior to this study.
Health problem (%)
Tinnitus 34.0
Ear pains 68.0
Headaches 46.0
Tiredness 60.0
Sleeplessness 68.0
Annoyance 28.0
3.5. Noise Measurement
The mean noise level for the sampled locations at the
different time interval is presented in Table 6a and 6b. The
mean indoor and outdoor noise level in all the sampling
locations exceeded the WHO guideline limit of 35dB and
55dB respectively.
Table 6a. Noise levels between different locations and period in comparison with the WHO standard.
Selected locations Location of sampling unit Time of sampling Mean noise levels (dB) WHO Standard (dB)
EME 8am-10am 70.10±6.10
35 Indoor 12pm-2pm 69.90±6.86
4pm-6pm 65.76±4.96
8am-10am 71.74±5.66
55 Outdoor 12pm-2pm 72.90±7.23
4pm-6pm 68.28±7.46
ALP 8am-10am 53.40±4.25
35 Indoor 12pm-2pm 57.82±7.63
4pm-6pm 60.20±6.78
8am-10am 58.15±4.53
55 Outdoor 12pm-2pm 61.80±6.12
4pm-6pm 59.36±7.22
ERL 8am-10am 68.40±5.65
35 Indoor 12pm-2pm 66.80±5.74
4pm-6pm 63.69±3.78
8am-10am 70.66±3.44
55 Outdoor 12pm-2pm 71.72±6.35
4pm-6pm 66.47±6.24
Table 6b. Noise levels between different locations and period in comparison with the WHO standard.
Selected locations Location of sampling unit Time of sampling Mean noise levels (dB) WHO Standard (dB)
HPR 8am-10am 73.38±9.08
Indoor 12pm-2pm 74.64±8.02 35
4pm-6pm 75.11±9.51
8am-10am 74.26±6.36
Outdoor 12pm-2pm 76.18±8.37 55
4pm-6pm 78.15±7.07
CMR 8am-10am 72.24±7.81
Indoor 12pm-2pm 73.55±6.23 35
4pm-6pm 74.46±8.12
8am-10am 75.44±5.26
Outdoor 12pm-2pm 77.62±7.34 55
4pm-6pm 79.21±7.61
RDL 8am-10am 63.52±3.24
Indoor 12pm-2pm 61.73±6.32 35
4pm-6pm 60.26±8.45
8am-10am 64.54±6.61
Outdoor 12pm-2pm 65.61±4.26 55
4pm-6pm 70.28±6.48
International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 2016; 4(4): 115-120 119
4. Discussion
The noise level estimates in Ajose building both in the
indoor and outdoor environment at the different time interval
exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limits and
most of the respondents spend more than 8 hours a day at
work.
The WHO guideline set the maximum noise levels in
classrooms and outdoor playgrounds at 35dB and 55dB
respectively [28]. The background noise level of 35 dB(A)
LAeq in classrooms is based upon the assumption of 55 dB(A)
for a typical teacher's voice level at a distance of 1 m, and of
the need for a signal to noise ratio of 15 dB [29]. The
minimum noise level recorded classroom in this study was
65.76dB and this significantly higher than the WHO guideline
limit. A recent study conducted in Ibadan revealed high
generator noise level of between 91.2 and 100.5 dB(A) [30].
Noise health effects are the health consequences of
elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can
cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart
disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance [31, 32, 33, 34].
Our study revealed that the major health problems
experienced by respondents six months prior to this study
include tinnitus, ear pains, headache, sleeplessness,
annoyance among others.
In addition, studies have shown that exposure to noise
disturbs sleep proportional to the amount of noise
experienced in terms of an increased rate of changes in sleep
stages and in number of awakenings [35]. Findings of this
study revealed that 68% of the respondents experienced
sleeplessness six months prior to the commencement of the
study due to exposure to noise at elevated levels.
Elevated noise levels can create stress, increase workplace
accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social
behaviours [36]. According to Cohen [37] and Gunn [38]
noise has been shown to intrude into individual privacy and
also causes annoyance, fear and mild anger. Annoyance as
well as negative effects on performance has been shown to
increase with increasing sound level, tonal character of the
noise and variability of the exposure [39]. Our study showed
that a good proportion our respondents usually get annoyed
as a result of noise exposure.
The study was limited in that we were not able to conduct
audiometric test on respondent to ascertain their hearing
status as this would have helped in the linkage of the
exposure factor to the health problems experienced by the
respondents.
5. Conclusion
Generator noise level and perceived health effects
experienced by residents of Oladele Ajose Building were
assessed in this study. Findings of this study showed that
noise levels in Oladele Ajose building were significantly
higher than the WHO permissible limit. Major health
problems experienced by participants include ear pains,
tinnitus and sleeplessness. There is need for design of proper
containment measures which would help in the reduction of
the hazards associated with the usage of these machines. In
addition, alternative energy sources like biogas, solar power
should be harnessed while the use of electric generators in
the building should be discouraged.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to 2009/2010 Master of Public
Health Students in the Department of Environmental Health
Sciences at the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and
residence of Oladele Ajose Building for their contributions.
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