Content uploaded by Tadas Stumbrys
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Tadas Stumbrys on Nov 01, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
Applications of lucid dreams
International Journal of Dream Research Volume 9, No. 2 (2016)146
D
IJoR
1. Introduction
A lucid dream is a dream in which the dreamer is aware that
he or she is dreaming and often can inuence the dream
content (LaBerge, 1985). Although lucid dreaming is con-
sidered to be a rare ability, a recent meta-analysis of lucid
dream prevalence and frequency shows that 55% of popu-
lation have experienced lucid dreaming at least once in their
lifetime and 23% experience it regularly (once a month or
more frequently) (Saunders, Roe, Smith, & Clegg, 2016). It is
a learnable ability (cf. LaBerge, 1980) and a variety of differ-
ent techniques have been suggested for lucid dream induc-
tion (Stumbrys, Erlacher, Schädlich, & Schredl, 2012).
While lucid dreamers in their lucid dreams most often seek
pleasurable activities such as ying or sex (Stumbrys, Er-
lacher, Johnson, & Schredl, 2014), a number of practical ap-
plications for lucid dreams have been suggested (LaBerge
& Rheingold, 1990). According to several case reports and
a pilot study, lucid dreams can be successfully applied for
nightmare treatment (e.g. Brylowski, 1990; Spoormaker &
van den Bout, 2006; Spoormaker, van den Bout, & Meijer,
2003; Zadra & Pihl, 1997), helping to reduce nightmare fre-
quency and intensity. Lucid dreams can also be used for
rehearsing motor skills and research supports that such
practice is effective in improving subsequent performance
in wakefulness (Erlacher & Schredl, 2010; Stumbrys, Erlach-
er, & Schredl, 2016). Further, some studies indicate that lu-
cid dreams can be successfully applied for creative problem
solving (Stumbrys & Daniels, 2010) or seeking spiritual ex-
periences (Bogzaran, 1990; Esser, 2014). Moreover, accord-
ing to some anecdotal and tentative evidence, lucid dream-
ing may be applied for physical and mental healing (e.g.
Kellogg, 1989; LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990; Tholey, 1988;
Waggoner, 2009; Zappaterra, Jim, & Pangarkar, 2014). Fi-
nally, parallels between lucid dreaming and meditation have
been observed (Gackenbach & Bosveld, 1990; Hunt & Ogil-
vie, 1988) and the lucid dream state has been used as a
tool for deepening meditation practice in traditions such as
Tibetan dream yoga (Norbu, 1992; Wangyal, 1998).
However, the extent to which lucid dreamers use their
lucid dreams for various practical purposes has not been
extensively studied. A survey of German athletes showed
that only 9% of athletes with lucid dream experience used
such dreams for their sports practice (Erlacher, Stumbrys, &
Schredl, 2011-2012). In another survey of 301 lucid dream-
ers (Schädlich & Erlacher, 2012), 81% of the respondents
indicated that they have used their lucid dreams at least
once for having fun, 64% used lucid dreams for chang-
ing nightmares, while other applications – problem solving
(30%), creativity (28%) and practicing skills (21%) were less
frequent. Yet other applications such as healing or seeking
spiritual experiences were not explored and it remains un-
certain how often the different applications are used.
The aim of the present study was to investigate how often
lucid dreamers use their lucid dreams for different purposes
and what is the effect of different applications on the mood
upon awakening, as well as to examine possible underlying
factors (age, gender, lucid dream frequency).
2. Method
2.1. Participants
Five hundred twenty eight participants (290 men and
238 women) completed an online questionnaire. Their
ages ranged from 11 to 67 years, with the mean age of
Applications of lucid dreams and their effects on
the mood upon awakening
Tadas Stumbrys1, & Daniel Erlacher2
1Vilnius University, Lithuania
2University of Bern, Switzerland
Corresponding address:
Dr. Tadas Stumbrys, Vilnius University, Department of General
Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Universiteto str. 9/1,
01513 Vilnius, Lithuania.
Email: tadas.stumbrys@gmail.com
Submitted for publication: September 2016
Accepted for publication: September 2016
Summary. In lucid dreams the dreamers are aware that they are dreaming and can use this state for a variety of different
purposes. In an online survey, 528 respondents, of whom 386 were lucid dreamers, were asked how often have they
used different applications of lucid dreams lately and how did this inuence their mood upon awakening. According to
the reports, wish fullment was the most frequent application, followed by solving waking problems, overcoming fears/
nightmares, spiritual experiences, physical/mental healing, and training motor skills, with meditation being the least
popular application. Younger participants, as well as men, were more likely to engage in wish fullment, whereas older
and more experienced lucid dreamers more used their lucid dreams for inner work (solving waking problems, physical/
mental healing, meditation). Women were more likely to use their lucid dreams for overcoming fears/nightmares and
healing. All applications inuenced mood upon awakening positively to neutrally, with the most positive moods being
after wish fullment, which helps to elucidate why it is the most popular application of lucid dreams. Future longitudinal
studies should examine long-term effects of different lucid dream applications.
Keywords: Lucid dreaming; applications; wish fullment; nightmare treatment; motor learning; problem solving; spiritual-
ity; meditation; healing
This article has been updated!
Updated on Oct 28, 2018.
Table 2 was replaced.
International Journal of Dream Research Volume 9, No. 2 (2016) 147
D
IJoR
Applications of lucid dreams
26.4 ± 10.6 years. There were 161 working professionals,
152 students, 125 schoolchildren, 34 in vocational training,
8 housewives/-husbands, 4 retired, 20 unemployed and 5
at military or civilian service (18 participants marked “other
occupation” and 1 participant did not provide information).
2.2. Materials
In addition to biographical data (age, gender, occupation),
the questionnaire included items about lucid dreams, their
applications and effects on the waking mood. The partici-
pants were asked to estimate their lucid dream frequency
on an eight-point scale (0 – never; 1 - less than once a year;
2 - about once a year; 3 - about 2 to 4 times a year; 4 - about
once a month; 5 - about 2 to 3 times a month; 6 - about
once a week; 7 - several times a week). Re-test reliability for
the scale was found to be high (r=.89; p<.001; N=93; Stum-
brys, Erlacher, & Schredl, 2013). In order to obtain units in
frequency per month, the scale was recoded using the class
means: 0 → 0, 1 → 0.042, 2 → 0.083, 3 → 0.25, 4 → 1.0,
5 → 2.5, 6 → 4.0, 7 → 18.0. To ensure a clear understand-
ing of lucid dreaming, a short denition was provided: “In a
lucid dream, one is aware that one is dreaming during the
dream. Thus it is possible to wake up deliberately, or to in-
uence the action of the dream actively, or to observe the
course of the dream passively”.
Further, those participants who had lucid dreams were
asked to indicate (in percentages, summing up to 100%) for
what purpose have they used their lucid dreams recently.
Seven categories were provided (as well as one additional
open-ended where other applications could be specied):
(1) wish fullment (e.g. ying, dancing, laughing, having
sex); (2) training motor skills (e.g. practicing sports or play-
ing a musical instrument; (3) solving waking problems (e.g.
asking dream characters for advice); (4) overcoming fears
or nightmares (e.g. confronting frightening dream charac-
ters); (5) for spiritual experiences (e.g. feeling at one with the
environment); (6) meditating (e.g. applying certain medita-
tion techniques); (7) alleviating or healing physical or mental
problems (e.g. relieving physical pain, handling grief). For
all the categories, the participants were asked to specify
how did that particular application inuence their mood
upon awakening from the lucid dream on a ve-point scale
(1 – very positive; 2 – positive; 3 – neutral; 4 – negative;
5 – very negative).
2.3. Procedure
The study was conducted in German. The online question-
naire was posted on the German website on lucid dream-
ing http://www.klartraum.de between August 22, 2007, and
January 8, 2008. The newsletter with an explicit reference
to the study was sent by email to approx. 1500 registered
users of the website. The survey was anonymous, however
participants were asked to provide their email address in
order to minimize the risk of multiple responses to the ques-
tionnaire. To answer the questionnaire, the participants had
as much time as they needed.
2.4. Statistical analysis
SPSS (Version 17) was used for statistical analysis. For each
lucid dream application (e.g. wish fullment) a logistic re-
gression analysis with the frequency of the lucid dream ap-
plication as the dependent variable was calculated to inves-
tigate possible inuencing factors of age, gender and lucid
dream frequency as independent variables.
3. Results
Three hundred eighty-six respondents (73.1%) reported
that they had at least one lucid dream. Two hundred sixty-
three respondents (49.8%) had at least one lucid dream per
month and following Snyder and Gackenbach (1988) can be
classied as frequent lucid dreamers. In average, the par-
ticipants estimated to recall 3.95 ± 5.94 lucid dreams per
month (whole sample: 2.93 ± 5.40, 521 responses).
Wish fullment was the most popular application of lucid
dreams, employed in over 40% of lucid dreams. The second
most popular application was problem solving, followed by
overcoming fears/nightmares and spiritual experiences,
while meditation was the least popular (Table 1). Among oth-
er applications participants most often mentioned exploring
the dream space (e.g. visiting unknown dreamscapes) and
performing experiments in the dream (e.g. tasting, smelling
things in dreams). According to the participants’ reports,
they also attempted to increase the number of lucid dreams,
to increase the level of control in their lucid dreams and to
stabilize the lucid dream. For all applications, the inuence
on mood upon awakening was positive/neutral, with most
positive moods after wish fullment and most neutral moods
after meditation (Table 1).
Regression analyses revealed several differences of lucid
dream applications in relation to age, gender and lucid dream
frequency. Younger participants were more likely to use their
lucid dreams for wish fullment, whereas older participants
more employed their lucid dreams for solving waking prob-
lems, meditation and physical/mental healing (Table 2). Men
were more likely to use lucid dreams for wish fullment and
meditation, while women for overcoming fears/nightmares
and physical/mental healing. More frequent lucid dreamers
more often used their lucid dreams for solving waking prob-
lems, meditation and physical/mental healing and less for
overcoming fears/nightmares (Table 2).
4. Discussion
This survey gathered data on lucid dream applications and
their effects on the mood upon awakening. The most fre-
quent application of lucid dreaming was wish fullment,
especially for younger participants, while older participants
and more frequent lucid dreamers were more likely to try
other applications, such as solving waking problems, heal-
ing, meditation. Men more tended to use their lucid dreams
for wish fullment and meditation, whereas women for over-
coming fears/nightmares and healing. All applications inu-
enced mood upon awakening more positively/neutrally, with
most positive moods being after wish fullment.
Before discussing the ndings, some limitations of the
present study have to be acknowledged. The majority
of the participants were lucid dreamers (73%) and half of
them (50%) were frequent lucid dreamers. These propor-
tions are much higher than in general population (55% and
23%, respectively, Saunders et al., 2016), but comparable
to other online surveys of lucid dreamers (e.g. Stumbrys et
al., 2014). Further, the participants were self-selected due to
their interest in lucid dream research. Therefore the general-
izations of these ndings should be cautious. Furthermore,
the data were collected via an online questionnaire, which
Applications of lucid dreams
International Journal of Dream Research Volume 9, No. 2 (2016)148
D
IJoR
might have had some effect on the quality of the responses,
although comparative analyses show that data gathered via
the Internet are at least as good as data gathered via tradi-
tional methods and do not appear tainted by false respons-
es (Gosling, Vazire, Srivastava, & John, 2004).
The nding that wish fullment is the most popular ap-
plication of lucid dreams, supports the classical Freud’s
(1913) idea of dreams being a fullment of wishes, and is
in line with previous studies which showed that most lucid
dreamers use their lucid dreams for having fun (Schädlich
& Erlacher, 2012) and that ying and sex are among the
most popular actions planned for lucid dreams (Stumbrys
et al., 2014). Two next popular categories – solving wak-
ing problems and overcoming fears/nightmares – resemble
ndings by Schädlich & Erlacher (2012), where changing
nightmares and problem solving were also the second-third
applications by popularity, and their effectiveness is backed
by some preliminary research (e.g. Spoormaker & van den
Bout, 2006; Stumbrys & Daniels, 2010). Spiritual experi-
ences and physical/mental healing were not included in the
previous research and while they seem to be somewhat less
frequently used, their effects and phenomenology warrant
further research. Training motor skills appears to be rarely
used application (cf. Erlacher et al., 2011-2012), although re-
search supports the effectiveness of such training (Erlacher
& Schredl, 2010; Stumbrys et al., 2016). Therefore perhaps
more publicity is needed to ag up such potentials of lucid
dreaming, especially in specic populations where this is
most applicable (e.g. athletes, musicians). Meditation, while
being the least popular application of lucid dreams, is nev-
ertheles another interesting area that needs further investi-
gation. Numerous studies showed positive effects of medi-
tation on physical and psychological health and well-being
(reviews: Arias, Steinberg, Banga, & Trestman, 2006; Goyal
et al., 2014). According to Tibetan dream yoga, meditation
practice carried out in the lucid dream state is even more
effective than in the waking state (Norbu, 1992). Therefore it
would be interesting to study the effects of meditation car-
ried out while lucid dreaming and to compare their physi-
ological and phenomenological aspects.
The age differences found regarding lucid dream appli-
cations – that younger lucid dreamers were more likely to
seek wish fullment, while the older ones were more like
to engage into more serious applications (such as solving
Table 1. Applications of lucid dreams and their effects on the mood upon awakening for a total of n = 357 respondents
Application % Effect on mood*
N M SD N M SD
Wish fullment 297 42.8 33.7 290 1.8 0.8
Solving waking problems 205 14.5 19.7 200 1.9 0.8
Overcoming fears/nightmares 167 10.8 19.3 164 2.2 0.9
Spiritual experiences 153 8.1 14.8 153 2.1 0.9
Physical/mental healing 142 6.5 11.4 136 2.2 0.9
Training motor skills 110 4.2 9.7 109 2.3 0.7
Meditation 39 1.3 4.1 27 2.3 1.1
Other 94 12.0 25.4 89 1.8 0.8
Note. *1 – very positive; 2 – positive; 3 – neutral; 4 – negative; 5 – very negative
Corrected Table 2. Regression analysis for lucid dream applications with age, gender and lucid dream (LD) frequency as
independent variables.
Age Gender LD frequency
Wish fullment β=-0.25; t=-4.91*** β=-0.11; t=-2.05* β=0.03; t=0.60
Training motor skills β=0.03; t=0.49 β=-0.03; t=-0.56 β=-0.05; t=-0.84
Solving waking problems β=0.29; t=5.70*** β=0.05; t=0.95 β=0.11; t=2.13*
Overcoming fears/nightmares β=-0.02; t=-0.41 β=0.19; t=3.55*** β=-0.11; t=-2.09*
Spiritual experiences β=0.06; t=1.16 β=0.01; t=0.22 β=-0.01; t=-0.14
Meditation β=0.14; t=2.69** β=-0.16; t=-3.01** β=0.11; t=2.09*
Physical/mental healing β=0.11; t=2.00* β=0.11; t=2.12* β=0.13; t=2.43*
Other β=0.01; t=0.20 β=-0.06; t=-1.11 β=-0.10; t=-1.78
Note. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
International Journal of Dream Research Volume 9, No. 2 (2016) 149
D
IJoR
Applications of lucid dreams
waking problems, meditation, physical/mental healing) –
are also in line with previous research, as well as gender
differences that men were more likely to seek wish full-
ment while women to overcome nightmares (Schädlich &
Erlacher, 2012). Generally, women have more nightmares
than men (Schredl & Reinhard, 2011) and perhaps working
with nightmares in lucid dreams may facilitate more general
self-work with mental and physical healing in lucid dreams,
in which, according to the present results, women are also
more likely to engage. The nding that men were more likely
to use their lucid dreams for meditation is somewhat unex-
pected, as generally women seem to engage in meditation
more often than men (e.g. Barnes, Bloom, & Nahin, 2008).
Similarly to older participants, more frequent lucid dream-
ers also tend to engage more into an inner work in their
lucid dreams (i.e. solving waking problems, physical/mental
healing, meditation), which is likely to reect their growing
maturity with the development of the lucid dream ability .
On the other hand, they seem to be less using their lucid
dreams for overcoming fears/nightmares, which perhaps
may be considered as preliminary “shadow” work in Jung-
ian terms (Jacobi, 1973) to be accomplished in the earlier
stages of lucid dreaming (lucid dreams quite often originate
from nightmares, see Stumbrys et al., 2014).
The effects on the waking mood for all applications were
perceived as more positive or neutral. Wish fullment ap-
pears to lead to the most positive emotions upon awaken-
ing, which may explain why it is the most popular applica-
tion of lucid dreams. Generally, lucid dreams contain more
positive emotions than non-lucid dreams (Thomas, Pollak,
& Kahan, 2015). The succesful application of a lucid dream
for a particular purpose may give a further boost of positive
emotions, which will inuence the mood after awakening (cf.
Schredl & Reinhard, 2009).
Future studies should explore long-term effects of differ-
ent lucid dream applications, for example, to see if wish ful-
llment in lucid dreams leads to increases in overall daytime
mood, whether solving waking problems or working with
nightmares and fears in lucid dreams help to cope bettter
with them while awake and to reduce related daytime dis-
tress. Further, if seeking physical/mental healing or spiritual
experiences through lucid dreams can contribute to better
physical, mental and spiritual health. To investigate this, lon-
gitudinal studies would be especially useful.
In conclusion, the present ndings support the notion
that lucid dreamers, especially the younger ones, most of-
ten use their lucid dreams for wish fullment. With the ad-
vancing age and more frequent lucid dream experience,
lucid dreamers are more starting to use their lucid dream-
ers for inner work, such as solving waking problems, physi-
cal/mental healing and meditation. Meditation and training
motor skills, however, were found to be the least frequently
used lucid dream applications. Practical applications of
lucid dreams have positive to neutral effects on the mood
upon awakening. Among them, wish fullment gives the
most positive boost on the waking mood, which elucidates
why it is the most popular application of lucid dreams. Fu-
ture longitudinal studies should examine long-term effects
of different lucid dream applications.
References
Arias, A. J., Steinberg, K., Banga, A., & Trestman, R. L. (2006).
Systematic review of the efcacy of meditation tech-
niques as treatments for medical illness. The Journal of
Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 12(8), 817–
832. http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.12.817
Barnes, P. M., Bloom, B., & Nahin, R. L. (2008). Complemen-
tary and alternative medicine use among adults and
children: United States, 2007. National Health Statistics
Reports, (12), 1–23.
Bogzaran, F. (1990). Experiencing the Divine in the Lucid Dream
State. Lucidity Letter, 9(1), 169–176.
Brylowski, A. (1990). Nightmares in crisis: clinical applications
of lucid dreaming techniques. Psychiatric Journal of the
University of Ottawa, 15(2), 79–84.
Erlacher, D., & Schredl, M. (2010). Practicing a motor task in a
lucid dream enhances subsequent performance: A pilot
study. The Sport Psychologist, 24(2), 157–167.
Erlacher, D., Stumbrys, T., & Schredl, M. (2011-2012). Frequen-
cy of lucid dreams and lucid dream practice in German
athletes. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 31(3),
237–246. http://doi.org/10.2190/IC.31.3.f
Esser, T. (2014). Kundalini and non-duality in the lucid dreaming
state. In R. Hurd & K. Bulkeley (Eds.), Lucid Dreaming:
New Perspectives on Consciousness in Sleep (Vol. 2,
pp. 233–263). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Freud, S. (1913). The Interpretation of Dreams. (A. A. Brill,
Trans.). New York: The Macmillan Company.
Gackenbach, J., & Bosveld, J. (1990). Control Your Dreams.
New York: HarperPerennial.
Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004).
Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative
analysis of six preconceptions about internet ques-
tionnaires. The American Psychologist, 59(2), 93–104.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93
Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-
Seymour, A., Sharma, R., … Haythornthwaite, J. A.
(2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress
and well-being. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357.
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
Hunt, H. T., & Ogilvie, R. D. (1988). Lucid dreams in their natural
series: Phenomenological and psychological ndings
in relation to meditative states. In J. Gackenbach & S.
LaBerge (Eds.), Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain: Per-
spectives on Lucid Dreaming (pp. 389–417). New York:
Plenum Press.
Jacobi, J. (1973). The Psychology of C. G. Jung. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
Kellogg, E. W. (1989). A personal experience in lucid dream
healing. Lucidity Letter, 8(1).
LaBerge, S. (1980). Lucid Dreaming as a Learnable Skill: A Case
Study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51(3 Pt 2), 1039–
1042.
LaBerge, S. (1985). Lucid dreaming. The power of being awake
and aware in your dreams. Los Angeles: Tarcher.
LaBerge, S., & Rheingold, H. (1990). Exploring the World of Lu-
cid Dreaming. New York: Ballantine Books.
Norbu, N. (1992). Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light.
(M. Katz, Ed.). Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publica-
tions.
Saunders, D. T., Roe, C. A., Smith, G., & Clegg, H. (2016). Lucid
dreaming incidence: A quality effects meta-analysis of
50 years of research. Consciousness and Cognition, 43,
197–215. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.06.002
Schädlich, M., & Erlacher, D. (2012). Applications of lucid
dreams: An online study. International Journal of Dream
Research, 5(2), 134–138.
Schredl, M., & Reinhard, I. (2009-2010). The continuity between
waking mood and dream emotions: Direct and second-
order effects. Imagination, Cognition and Personality,
29(3), 271–282. http://doi.org/10.2190/IC.29.3.f
Applications of lucid dreams
International Journal of Dream Research Volume 9, No. 2 (2016)150
D
IJoR
Schredl, M., & Reinhard, I. (2011). Gender differences in
nightmare frequency: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medi-
cine Reviews, 15(2), 115–21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.
smrv.2010.06.002
Snyder, T., & Gackenbach, J. (1988). Individual differences as-
sociated with lucid dreaming. In J. Gackenbach & S.
LaBerge (Eds.), Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain: Per-
spectives on Lucid Dreaming (pp. 221–259). New York:
Plenum Press.
Spoormaker, V. I., & van den Bout, J. (2006). Lucid dreaming
treatment for nightmares: a pilot study. Psychother-
apy and Psychosomatics, 75(6), 389–94. http://doi.
org/10.1159/000095446
Spoormaker, V. I., van den Bout, J., & Meijer, E. J. G. (2003).
Lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares: A series of
cases. Dreaming, 13(3), 181–186.
Stumbrys, T., & Daniels, M. (2010). An exploratory study of cre-
ative problem solving in lucid dreams: Preliminary nd-
ings and methodological considerations. International
Journal of Dream Research, 3(2), 121–129. http://doi.
org/10.11588/ijodr.2010.2.6167
Stumbrys, T., Erlacher, D., Johnson, M., & Schredl, M. (2014).
The phenomenology of lucid dreaming: An online sur-
vey. American Journal of Psychology, 127(2), 191–204.
http://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.2.0191
Stumbrys, T., Erlacher, D., Schädlich, M., & Schredl, M. (2012).
Induction of lucid dreams: A systematic review of evi-
dence. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(3), 1456–
1475. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.003
Stumbrys, T., Erlacher, D., & Schredl, M. (2013). Reliability and
stability of lucid dream and nightmare frequency scales.
International Journal of Dream Research, 6(2), 53–56.
http://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2013.2.11137
Stumbrys, T., Erlacher, D., & Schredl, M. (2016). Effectiveness
of motor practice in lucid dreams: a comparison with
physical and mental practice. Journal of Sports Sci-
ences, 34(1), 27–34. http://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.
2015.1030342
Tholey, P. (1988). A model for lucidity training as a means of
self-healing and psychological growth. In J. Gacken-
bach & S. LaBerge (Eds.), Conscious Mind, Sleeping
Brain: Perspectives on Lucid Dreaming (pp. 263–287).
New York: Plenum Press.
Thomas, S., Pollak, M., & Kahan, T. L. (2015). Subjective quali-
ties of dreams with and without awareness. Dreaming,
25(3), 173–189. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0039242
Waggoner, R. (2009). Lucid Dreaming: Gateway to the Inner
Self. Needham, MA: Moment Point Press.
Wangyal, T. (1998). The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep.
New York: Snow Lion Publications.
Zadra, A. L., & Pihl, R. O. (1997). Lucid dreaming as a treatment
for recurrent nightmares. Psychotherapy and Psycho-
somatics, 66(1), 50–55.
Zappaterra, M., Jim, L., & Pangarkar, S. (2014). Chronic pain
resolution after a lucid dream: A case for neural plas-
ticity? Medical Hypotheses, 82(3), 286–290. http://doi.
org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.011
