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The anxiolytic effect of bee pollen hydroalcoholic extract in mice
Abstract
Background: Anxiety is a common human mental disorder. Medicinal therapy of this disease is associated with many side-effects. Thus, search for new medication with fewer side-effects seems inevitable. Bee pollen (often referred to as a life-giving dust) has various therapeutic properties. Aims and Objectives: In this study, potential anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of bee pollen was examined in mice. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 20-25 g male mice in three groups of eight. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of hydroalcoholic extract of bee pollen at 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg doses, diazepam at 1 mg/kg dose, and saline at 10 ml/kg dose. 30 min after injection, animals were studied in elevated plus maze device for 5 min. Results: The results obtained showed significantly longer presence in open arms of elevated plus maze device of animals that received 800 and 1600 mg/kg doses of hydroalcoholic extract of bee pollen compared to animals that received diazepam. However, no significant difference was observed between 1600 and 800 mg/kg doses. Conclusion: The above results confirmed anxiolytic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of bee pollen on mice.
... This beehive product is considered a healthy food, with a wide range of beneficial effects for human health, including protection against depression and anxiolytic properties, memory improvement and antiepileptic effect as well as decrease on the rate of bone loss due to osteoporosis on mice [6,7]. Antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and liver protection properties have also been claimed in diverse studies using bee pollen from diverse geographical and botanical settings [8,9]. ...
... Although many enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of diseases are produced artificially, research shows that artificial inhibitors cause side effects such as liver damage and gastrointestinal disorders [11,12]. On the other hand, active compounds in herbal medicines are in a state of biological equilibrium with other compounds and, consequently, do not accumulate in the body, having fewer or no side effects [6]. ...
... According to previous studies [3,5,6], small differences in the chemical composition of bee pollen from a particular botanical taxon are common and may be attributed to variations in the geographical origin. However, the major differences in the chemical constitution of this beehive product are mainly attributed to botanical origin [2,4,19]. ...
Recent research shows variations in pollen chemical constituents and, consequently, in their therapeutic properties. Mono and multifloral bee pollen extracts were investigated for antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity properties, phenolic compounds and fatty acid composition. Generally, Eucalyptus spp. and multifloral extracts exhibited potent inhibitory activity against α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, lipase and hyaluronidase. On the other hand, Miconia spp. demonstrated higher antihemolytic activity. Cocos nucifera and Miconia spp. extracts exhibited important antioxidant properties in the different assays (ABTS, DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid and reducing power). Moreover, these extracts had greater amounts of total phenols and flavonoids in comparison to others. The increase in antioxidant activity (decrease in EC50 values) was accompanied by an increase in the amount of total phenols in the extracts. The pollen extracts contained linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid as major fatty acids, followed by palmitic acid, and oleic acid. In this study, differences were observed in both chemical constituents and biological activities of the samples related to the geographical and botanical origin of bee pollen.
... In addition, there was no observed direct correlation between BACE1 inhibitory activity (R 2 = 0.09420, or 0.1034, respectively) or antiproliferative capacity against PC-3 (R 2 = 0.006436, or 0.0005091, respectively), MCF-7 (R 2 = 0.05512 or 0.1239, respectively), A549 (R 2 = 0.1748, or 0.1243, respectively), NCI-H727 (R 2 = 0.01843, or 0.04156, respectively), and AGS (R 2 = 0.01843, or 0.00009681, respectively) and total phenolic compound or flavonoid contents in the EBP samples (Fig. 2). This indicated that there are some other bioactive constituents, such as phytosterols, phospholipids, fatty acids, and organic carotenoid pigments, that may be responsible for the biological properties of bee pollen [48]. The main constituents imparting these biological properties and health-promoting effects should be further isolated and identified. ...
Background:
Bee pollen (BP) has been used as a traditional medicine and food diet additive due to its nutritional and biological properties. The potential biological properties of bee pollen vary greatly with the botanical and geographical origin of the pollen grains. This study was conducted to characterize the botanical origin and assess the antioxidant effects of ethanol extracts of 18 different bee pollen (EBP) samples from 16 locations in South Korea and their inhibitory activities on human β-amyloid precursor cleavage enzyme (BACE1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), human intestinal bacteria, and 5 cancer cell lines.
Methods:
The botanical origin and classification of each BP sample was evaluated using palynological analysis by observing microscope slides. We measured the biological properties, including antioxidant capacity, inhibitory activities against human BACE1, and AChE, and antiproliferative activities toward five cancer cell lines, of the 18 EBPs. In addition, the growth inhibitory activities on four harmful intestinal bacteria, six lactic acid-producing bacteria, two nonpathogenic bacteria, and an acidulating bacterium were also assessed.
Results:
Four samples (BP3, BP4, BP13 and BP15) were found to be monofloral and presented four dominant pollen types: Quercus palustris, Actinidia arguta, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Amygdalus persica. One sample (BP12) was found to be bifloral, and the remaining samples were considered to be heterofloral. Sixteen samples showed potent antioxidant activities with EC50 from 292.0 to 673.9 μg mL- 1. Fourteen samples presented potent inhibitory activity against human BACE1 with EC50 from 236.0 to 881.1 μg mL- 1. All samples showed antiproliferative activity toward the cancer cell lines PC-3, MCF-7, A549, NCI-H727 and AGS with IC50 from 2.7 to 14.4 mg mL- 1, 0.9 to 12.7 mg mL- 1, 5.0 to > 25 mg mL- 1, 2.7 to 17.7 mg mL- 1, and 2.4 to 8.7 mg mL- 1, respectively. In addition, total phenol and flavonoid contents had no direct correlation with antioxidant, anti-human BACE1, or antiproliferative activities.
Conclusion:
Fundamentally, Korean bee pollen-derived preparations could be considered a nutritional addition to food to prevent various diseases related to free radicals, neurodegenerative problems, and cancers. The botanical and geographical origins of pollen grains could help to establish quality control standards for bee pollen consumption and industrial production.
... Rats receiving 800 and 1600 mg/kg hydroalcoholic BP extracts showed longer presence in the open arms of an elevated plus maze device compared to animals receiving diazepam. As a result, BP showed an anxiolytic effect of the hydroalcoholic BP extract in rats [138]. However, the identification of the botany origin of the products under essay and the compounds responsible for the bioeffects are absolutely fundamental for further investigation. ...
... Rats receiving 800 and 1600 mg/kg hydroalcoholic BP extracts showed longer presence in the open arms of an elevated plus maze device compared to animals receiving diazepam. As a result, BP showed an anxiolytic effect of the hydroalcoholic BP extract in rats [138]. However, the identification of the botany origin of the products under essay and the compounds responsible for the bioeffects are absolutely fundamental for further investigation. ...
Bee products were historically used as a therapheutic approach and in food consumption, while more recent data include important details that could validate them as food supplements due to their bioproperties, which support their future use as medicines. In this review data, data collected from bee pollen (BP) and bee bread (BB) essays will be discussed and detailed for their nutritional and health protective properties as functional foods. Dietary antioxidants intake derived from BP and BB have been associated with the prevention and clinical treatment of multiple diseases. The beneficial effects of BP and BB on health result from the presence of multiple polyphenols which possess anti-inflammatory properties, phytosterols and fatty acids, which play anticancerogenic roles, as well as polysaccharides, which stimulate immunological activity. From the main bioactivity studies with BP and BB, in vitro studies and animal experiments, the stimulation of apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation in multiple cell lines could be one of the major therapeutic adjuvant effects to be explored in reducing tumor growth. Tables summarizing the main data available in this field and information about other bio-effects of BP and BB, which support the conclusions, are provided. Additionally, a discussion about the research gaps will be presented to help further experiments that complete the tree main World Health Organization (WHO) Directives of Efficiency, Safety and Quality Control for these products.
... Interestingly, Yildiz et al 14 and Karampour et al 37 showed potential of BP to be used as a therapeutic in psychiatric diseases. However it remains unclear of which mechanisms are on the move. ...
Honeybee products including bee pollen (BP) have been a topic of interest by medical professionals for a long time. Recently, many studies revealed many natural compounds in BP that has a huge potential to express many therapeutic activities. Although in vivo studies are too few, there is wide variability on BP compounds due to several factors such as geographic and climate conditions, and there is a lack of standardization for the studies; nutritious, anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, fibrinolytic effects and inhibitor activity to platelet aggregation were observed. So, BP holds the potential of being a major therapeutic agent, and to be a topic of medical scientific research.
ZET Bal, propolis, arı poleni, arı sütü, arı ekmeği, arı zehri ve balmumu arılar tarafından üretilen ürünlerdir. Bal, arı kovanlarından toplanan ve bal arısı peteklerinin hücrelerinde bulunan tatlı viskoz bir salgıdır. Propolis, arıların bitkilerin yapraklarından ve tomurcuklarından topladığı reçineli bir maddedir. Arı poleni, Apis mellifera L. bal arısının nektar ve arı salgılarıyla topladığı çiçek poleni karışımıdır. Antimikrobiyal, antiinflamatuar, antikanser ve antioksidan aktiviteler gibi çeşitli biyolojik özellikleri olan arı ürünleri, sağlık açısından önemli ve besin değeri yüksek doğal ürünlerdir. Bingöl sahip olduğu bitki örtüsü ve coğrafi koşullar bakımından arıcılık potansiyeline oldukça elverişli bir bölgedir. Arıların en çok tercih ettikleri Fabaceae familyasından olan geven, üçgül ve fiğ bitkileri Bingöl florasında yetişmektedir. Ayrıca Asteraceae, Lamiaceae bu bölgede en fazla nektar toplanan diğer familya gruplarındandır. Çalışmada Bingöl'ün farklı lokasyonlarından elde edilen bal, arı poleni ve propolis örneklerindeki kimyasal parametreler, vitamin, yağ asidi, element içeriği, antioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve antikanser aktivite üzerine lokasyon farkı ve bitki türünün etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. ABSTRACT Honey, propolis, bee pollen, royal jelly, bee bread, bee venom and beeswax are products produced by bees. Honey is a sweet viscous secretion collected from beehives and found in the cells of honey bee combs. Propolis is a resinous substance that bees collect from the leaves and buds of plants. Bee pollen is a mixture of flower pollen collected by the Apis mellifera L. honey bee with nectar and bee secretions. Bee products, which have various biological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant activities, are natural products that are important for health and have high nutritional value. Bingöl is a very suitable region for beekeeping potential in terms of its vegetation and geographical conditions. Milkvetch, clover and vetch plants, which are from the Fabaceae family most preferred by bees, grow in the Bingöl flora. In addition, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae are among the other family groups that collect the most nectar in this region. In this study, the effect of location difference and plant species on chemical parameters, vitamin, fatty acid, element content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the honey, bee pollen and propolis samples obtained from different locations of Bingöl were evaluated.
Objective: The therapeutic effects of bee pollen have already been proven in various studies, but toxicity studies in this field are limited. Therefore, in this study, the possible toxicity effects of hydroalcoholic extract of flower pollen on liver, kidney, and pancreatic tissues of male rats are investigated.
Methods: Fourteen male rats were divided into two groups of seven: the first group received 800 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of bee pollen, and the second group received 0.5 mL/100 g normal saline intraperitoneally for 1 day. Then, their livers, kidney, pancreas, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. In addition, pieces of liver, kidney, and pancreatic tissues were examined histopathologically.
Results: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P =0.0212), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes (P =0.0344), and malondialdehyde (MDA) biomarker (P =0.018) of kidney tissue were significantly decreased in the hydroalcoholic extract of bee pollen group compared to the control group. The glutathione (GSH) biomarker of kidney tissue showed a significant increase in this group compared to the control group (P =0.0031). The other evaluated parameters were not significantly different between the two groups (P> 0.05). Histopathologically, no deleterious and toxicity effects were observed in the tissues.
Conclusion: Bee pollen has therapeutic properties and, as a nutrient, can be useful and effective for humans. In this study, this substance did not have toxicity effects on the liver, kidney, and pancreas and even protected vital organs in oxidative stress conditions. However, more research is needed to prove the toxicity of this valuable substance and to ensure its safety.
Chronic stress is a potential problem associated with anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction. Bee pollen, a powerful antioxidant, has many therapeutic effects. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of one of the Anatolian bee pollens on depression/anxiety. 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups as control, stress, and bee pollen+stress. Bee pollen (200 mg/kg/day) was given to rats exposed to physical stress for 10 days. Open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were applied to monitor the behavioral changes of the rats. After behavioral tests, the rats were euthanized. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by ELISA to evaluate neurological and biochemical changes in rat hippocampal tissue. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain were evaluated. According to the behavioral test results, bee pollen reduced anxiety-like behavior but did not affect depression-like behavior. We also found that bee pollen suppressed neuroinflammation while reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in hippocampal tissues. Moreover, bee pollen significantly increased the level of BDNF in the hippocampus. In conclusion, bee pollen reduced oxidative damage and neuroinflammation caused by immobilization stress in rat brain tissue. Therefore, we suggest that bee pollen may be an effective natural compound in alleviating the negative effects caused by immobilization stress.
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