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Image Analysis of Unusual Structures on the Far Side of the Moon in the Crater Paracelsus C

  • September 2016
Authors:
Mark J. Carlotto at General Dynamics
Mark J. Carlotto
Francis Ridge at The Lunascan Project
Francis Ridge
  • The Lunascan Project
Ananda L Sirisena at Crunchmode
Ananda L Sirisena
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Abstract and Figures

The authors present an analysis of Apollo 15 and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter images of two unusual features in the crater Paracelsus C on the far side of the moon. At first glance these structures appear to be walls or towers on the lunar surface. By combining multiple images we show the larger feature, oriented in a northeast/southwest direction, is not simply a wall but two walls on either side of a narrow valley or " passageway ". Using single image shape from shading and 3D terrain visualization we show in a computer generated perspective view looking northeast that the southwest end appears to be the entrance to the passageway. A reverse angle view looking southwest shows the passageway ending at a rise of terrain at the other end, possibly leading underground. The terrain surrounding the two structures is not flat but appears " excavated " by some unknown mechanism, natural or artificial. It is shown that these objects are visually different from the lunar background because their underlying structure is different.
Figures - uploaded by Mark J. Carlotto
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Content uploaded by Mark J. Carlotto
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All content in this area was uploaded by Mark J. Carlotto on Nov 19, 2016
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References'
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Journal#of#the#British#Interplanetary#Society=(>)1?(A_=($$(KBBWKBK=(D[`@?(
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35"*.7#3=f(Journal#of#the#British#Interplanetary#Society=(>)1?(@A=($$(BC[WBDE=(D[[C?(
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Table'1'Apollo'and'LRO'images'over'the'area'of'interest'
Frame'
Resolution'
(meters)'
Solar'
Elevation10'
Emission'
Angle11'
Incidence'
Angle12'
Phase'
Angle13'
06DKW!W``E`(
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A@?@(
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K_?E(
;DDE`@KCBK`H(
C?[C(
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D?_(
K@?E(
KE?A(
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(
(
Fig.'1'High'resolution' (0.55' meters/pixel)' image' of'unusual'structures'discovered'by'Ridge'in'
LRO'frame'M118759870L'(north'is'down).'
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
DC(0&/1#(M#'N##&(".2(:%"#7'#:(')N.":('8#(35&(.&:('8#(35"*.7#()*('8#(-))&?(
DD(H))F(.&/1#()*(".2(:%"#7'#:(')N.":('8#(3#&3)"(.&:('8#(1)7.1(35"*.7#(&)"-.1(X&.:%"Z?(
DB([Cm(^(3)1."(#1#Q.'%)&(.&/1#?(
DA(0&/1#(M#'N##&('8#(#-%33%)&(.&:(%&7%:#&7#(.&/1#?(
D@(>.15#(&)'($")Q%:#:(%&(%-./#(-#'.:.'.("#7)":(
DK(S%'')(
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!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
(
DC(
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Fig.'2'LRO'image'search'using'Planetary'Imagery'Processing'Environment'(PIPE)'
(
(
(
!"#$"%&'()*(+,-./#(0&.123%3()*(4&535.1(6'"57'5"#3()&('8#(9."(6%:#()*('8#(;))&(%&('8#(<".'#"(
!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
(
DD(
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.Z(;DD`_E[`_CH(
MZ(;DDE`@KCBK`H(
7Z(<)-M%&#:(
Fig.'3'Merging'registered'images'using'shadow'pixel'replacement'(north'is'up)'
(
(
(
.Z(9#.'5"#((0(
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MZ(9#.'5"#(O(
Fig.'4'Close'up'(full'pixel'resolution)'merged'images.'Images'have'been'rotated'to'the'viewing'
direction'(north'is'down).'
(
!"#$"%&'()*(+,-./#(0&.123%3()*(4&535.1(6'"57'5"#3()&('8#(9."(6%:#()*('8#(;))&(%&('8#(<".'#"(
!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
(
DB(
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Fig.'5'Paracelsus'C'is'a'satellite'crater'of'Paracelsus'located'in'the'Aitken'basin'on'the'far'side'
of'the'Moon.'
(
!"#$"%&'()*(+,-./#(0&.123%3()*(4&535.1(6'"57'5"#3()&('8#(9."(6%:#()*('8#(;))&(%&('8#(<".'#"(
!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
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DA(
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Fig.' 6'Section'of'Geologic' Map' of' the' Central' Far' Side' of' the' Moon16'over'the' crater'
Paracelsus.''
(
(
(
Fig.' 7' Small' buildings' and' vehicles' in' GeoEye' image' (left).' Image' of' deviations' from'
background'model'(right).'
(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
DE(8''$gPPNNN?1$%?53".?#:5P"#3)5"7#3P-.$7.'.1)/P53/3P(
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!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
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D@(
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Fig.' 8' Portion' of' vertically-flipped' LRO'image'M118769870L' centered' over' structures' (left).'
North'is'up.'Image'of'deviations'from'background'model'(right).'
(
(
Fig.'9'Stereo'pair'constructed'from''AS15-P-8868'and'AS15-P-8873.'North'is'left.'View'is'
looking'east.'Notice'the'sun'angle'is'similar'to'that'in'M118769870L.'
(
!"#$"%&'()*(+,-./#(0&.123%3()*(4&535.1(6'"57'5"#3()&('8#(9."(6%:#()*('8#(;))&(%&('8#(<".'#"(
!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
(
DK(
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.Z(@Cm(#1#Q.'%)&(.&/1#(Q%#N(1))F%&/(&)"'8#.3'(
(
MZ(KCm(#1#Q.'%)&(.&/1#(Q%#N(1))F%&/(3)5'8N#3'(
Fig.' 10' Two' synthesized'oblique'views'computed' from'the' merged' image' and' SFS-derived'
height'map'
((
.Z(9#.'5"#(0(
(
MZ(9#.'5"#(O(
Fig.'11'Details'of'3D'renderings'in'40°'elevation'angle'northeast'view'
Fig.'12'Synthesized'overhead'stereo'view.'Arrow'indicates'entrance'end'of'feature'A.'Whether'
other'end'(?)'continues'underground'is'unknown.''
Passageway?)
How)deep)is)it?)
Cross-sec(on*
Shadowed)area)
Walls)
Steep%wall%
Concavity% Rim%
?" ?"
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!.".7#1353(<,”#Journal#of#Space#Exploration=(>)1?(@=(,335#(A=(BCDE?(
(
DE(
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Fig.'13' Perspective'view'of'surrounding' area'generated'from'M1153132512R.'Features' A'and'
B'are'in'the'middle.'The'sun'angle'is'opposite'that'of'M118769870L.''
(
Fig.'14'Bingham'Canyon'Mine,'Utah,'USA'(Image'courtesy'Michael'Lynch)17'
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
D_(8''$gPPN8#&)&#."'8?&#'P.N#W%&3$%"%&/W.#"%.1W%-./#3WN)"1:3W-#/.W-%&#3P(
A method for searching for artificial objects on planetary surfaces
Article
Full-text available
The focus of the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence has been to detect radio frequencies emanating from outside the solar system for signs of intelligent life. This strategy is consistent with current information which suggests it is unlikely that intelligent life has evolved on the other planets in the solar system. However, the possibility that extra-terrestrials or their probes may have reached this solar system cannot be ruled out. If so, they may have altered planetary surfaces in ways detectable by remote sensing. An alternative strategy is proposed for a systematic search for anomalous, i.e., possible non-natural objects on planetary surfaces. An approach for detecting anomalous objects in planetary imagery based on the fractal modeling of planetary terrain is described. Viking orbiter imagery suggests that certain objects on the Martian surface currently under investigation may not be natural.
BiTS - A Biologically-Inspired Target Screener for Detecting Manmade Objects in Natural Clutter Backgrounds
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Motivated by biologically-inspired architectures for video analysis and object recognition, a new single band electro-optical (EO) object detector is described for aerial reconnaissance and surveillance applications. Our bio-inspired target screener (BiTS) uses a bank of Gabor filters to compute a vector of texture features over a range of scales and orientations. The filters are designed to exploit the spatial anisotropy of manmade objects relative to the background. The background, which is assumed to be predominantly natural clutter, is modeled by its global mean and covariance. The Mahalanobis distance measures deviations from the background model on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Possible manmade objects occur at peaks in the distance image. We measured the performance of BiTS on a set of 100 ground-truthed images taken under different operating conditions (resolution, sensor geometry, object spacings, background clutter, etc.) and found its probability of detection (PD) was 12% higher than a RX anomaly detector, with half the number of false alarms at a PD of 80%.
Earth-Moon system as a collector of alien artefacts
Article
  • Jan 1998
Three decades of conventional SETI-experiments cover only a negligible part of the Galaxy's age, but more effective approaches could cover billions of years without any speculations about the desire and means of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) to communicate with us. It is shown that the Moon is a good indicator of ETI presence in the considerable part of the Galaxy during past 4 Gyr. Moreover, the Earth is a natural collector of ETI artefacts (debris, trash etc.) which could spontaneously fall on our planet.
Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics
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Introduces interactive computer graphics through a description of hardware and a simple graphics package. Geometrical transformations and 3-D viewing are covered, followed by discussion of design architecture and raster operations. Concludes with chapters on shading models and colour applications. -R.Harris
Footprints of alien technology
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If alien civilizations do, or did, exist, their technology will impact their environment. Some consideration has been given to the detection of large-scale astro-engineering, such as Dyson spheres. However, a very advanced technology might leave more subtle footprints requiring sophisticated scientific methods to uncover. We must not overlook the possibility that alien technology has impacted our immediate astronomical environment, even Earth itself, but probably a very long time ago. This raises the question of what traces, if anything, might remain today. I shall consider the possibilities of biological, geological and physical traces, and suggest ways that we might search for them.
Searching for alien artifacts on the moon
Article
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) has a low probability of success, but it would have a high impact if successful. Therefore it makes sense to widen the search as much as possible within the confines of the modest budget and limited resources currently available. To date, SETI has been dominated by the paradigm of seeking deliberately beamed radio messages.However, indirect evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence could come from any incontrovertible signatures of non-human technology. Existing searchable databases from astronomy, biology, earth and planetary sciences all offer low-cost opportunities to seek a footprint of extraterrestrial technology. In this paper we take as a case study one particular new and rapidly-expanding database: the photographic mapping of the Moon's surface by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) to 0.5 m resolution. Although there is only a tiny probability that alien technology would have left traces on the moon in the form of an artifact or surface modification of lunar features, this location has the virtue of being close, and of preserving traces for an immense duration.Systematic scrutiny of the LRO photographic images is being routinely conducted anyway for planetary science purposes, and this program could readily be expanded and outsourced at little extra cost to accommodate SETI goals, after the fashion of the SETI@home and Galaxy Zoo projects.
Non-Human Arte facts in the Solar System
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Dancing in Our Lenses: why There are not More Technological Civilizations
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The transform method for shape from shading
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