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Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters
Abstract and Figures
We have compiled available records in the literature for medusozoan cnidarians and ctenophores of South America. New records of species are also included. Each entry (i.e., identified species or still as yet not determined species referred to as “sp.” in the literature) includes a synonymy list for South America, taxonomical remarks, notes on habit, and information on geographical occurrence. We have listed 800 unique determined species, in 958 morphotype entries: 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores. Concerning nomenclatural and taxonomical decisions, two authors of this census (Miranda, T.P. & Marques, A.C.) propose Podocoryna quitus as a nomen novum for the junior homonym Hydractinia reticulata (Fraser, 1938a); Euphysa monotentaculata Zamponi, 1983b as a new junior synonym of Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848; and Plumularia spiralis Milstein, 1976 as a new junior synonym of Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758). Finally, we also reassign Plumularia oligopyxis Kirchenpauer, 1876 as Kirchenpaueria oligopyxis (Kirchenpauer, 1876) and Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 as Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885).
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... For the Pacific, the works of , and are available, while for the Colombian Caribbean, studies by Medellín-Mora and Martínez-Ramírez (2010), Cedeño-Posso (2014) and Dueñas et al. (2019) have been conducted. Additionally, the most recently published inventory provides a taxonomic list of 71 recorded species (Oliveira et al. 2016). Therefore, in this paper, we document for the first time in Colombia the presence of Eucheilota duodecimalis (A. ...
... Atlantic Ocean (Goy 1979, Migotto et al. 2002, Rodríguez et al. 2007, Genzano et al. 2008, Oliveira et al. 2016, Ríos 2018; Pacific Ocean, in Mexico and Ecuador (Kramp 1961, Segura-Puertas et al. 2003, Andrade 2019b, Andrade 2021); Mediterranean, First record of two Leptothecata medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Colombia ... ...
... Based on the most recent review of hydromedusa species in Colombia (Oliveira et al. 2016), the family Lovenellidae is represented by Eucheilota comata (Bigelow, 1909) and E. menoni (A. Agassiz, 1862) (Torrey, 1909). ...
Background
Hydromedusae are a group of planktonic cnidarians that represent the medusoid phase in the life cycle of most members of the class Hydrozoa, whose primary function is to produce and release gametes. These organisms are generally small and translucent, with slight pigmentation, except for those that inhabit great depths and exhibit the typical body shape of a jellyfish. In Colombia, studies on this group are limited due to the scarcity of updated taxonomic information and the small number of expert scientists. The most recent inventory records 71 species in the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
New information
In this study, we report for the first time the presence of Eucheilota duodecimalis and Eutonina scintillans in Colombia, based on 28 zooplankton samples collected from seven stations between February and May 2024, using horizontal tows with a simple conical zooplankton net. Our research emphasises the significance of scientific exploration in new geographic regions and provides valuable data on the distribution and ecology of these species, contributing to a deeper understanding of their population dynamics.
... For the Pacific, the works of Baldrich and López (2010), and are available, while for the Colombian Caribbean, studies by Medellín-Mora and Martínez-Ramírez (2010), Cedeño-Posso (2014) and Dueñas et al. (2019) have been conducted. Additionally, the most recent published inventory provides a taxonomic list of 71 recorded species (Oliveira et al. 2016). Therefore, in this paper, we document for the first time in Colombia the presence of Eucheilota duodecimalis A. Agassiz, 1862, andEutonina scintillans Bigelow, 1909. ...
... Atlantic Ocean (Goy 1979, Migotto et al. 2002, Rodríguez et al. 2007, Genzano et al. 2008, Nascimento 2010, Oliveira et al. 2016, Ríos 2018; Pacific Ocean, in Mexico and Ecuador (Kramp 1961, Segura-Puertas et al. 2003, Andrade 2019b, Andrade 2021; Mediterranean, Adriatic and Red Seas, as well as on the east coast of Africa ( Kramp 1968, Bouillon et al. 2004, Thibault-Botha et al. 2013) (See Fig. 5). ...
... Based on the most recent review of hydromedusa species in Colombia (Oliveira et al. 2016), the family Lovenellidae is represented by Eucheilota comata Bigelow, 1909, andE. menoni A. Agassiz, 1862, and the family Eirenidae by Eirene lactea Mayer, 1900, E. viridula Péron & Lesueur, 1809, Eutima gentiana Haeckel, 1879, E. mira McCrady, 1859, and Phialopsis diegensis Torrey, 1909. ...
Hydromedusae are a group of planktonic cnidarians that represent the medusoid phase in the life cycle of most members of the class Hydrozoa., whose primary function is to produce and release gametes. These organisms are generally small and translucent, with slight pigmentation, except for those that inhabit great depths and exhibit the typical body shape of a jellyfish. In Colombia, studies on this group are limited due to the scarcity of updated taxonomic information and the small number of expert scientists. The most recent inventory records 71 species in the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
In this study, we report for the first time the presence of Eucheilota duodecimalis and Eutonina scintillans in Colombia, based on 28 zooplankton samples collected from seven stations between February and May 2024, using horizontal tows with a simple conical zooplankton net. Our research emphasizes the significance of scientific exploration in new geographic regions and provides valuable data on the distribution and ecology of these species, contributing to a deeper understanding of their population dynamics.
... In the Southwestern Atlantic, four species of the Class Cubozoa (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) are observed: Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (Müller, 1859) (Chirodropidae), Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897, Alatina alata (Reynaud, 1830), and Tamoya haplonema Müller, 1859 (Carybdeidae) (Morandini et al., 2005;Oliveira et al., 2016). C. quadrumanus and T. haplonema have been associated with sting accidents in bathers (Haddad Jr. et al., 2002;Nagata et al., 2009) and are important in the pelagic trophic net as predators of crustaceans and fishes (Miazan & Cornelius, 1999;Nogueira & Haddad 2008). ...
... C. quadrumanus and T. haplonema have been associated with sting accidents in bathers (Haddad Jr. et al., 2002;Nagata et al., 2009) and are important in the pelagic trophic net as predators of crustaceans and fishes (Miazan & Cornelius, 1999;Nogueira & Haddad 2008). Although these species are described as having a wide distribution in Central and South America (Mianzan & Cornelius, 1999;Oliveira et al., 2016), T. haplonema appears to be a rarer organism, occurring at low densities in the coastal region (Nogueira Jr. & Haddad, 2006;De Barba et al., 2016). ...
Tamoya haplonema has been highlighted as a species of Cubozoa, with wide distribution in the western South Atlantic coast. However, recent studies highlight its presence mainly in the winter, and its absence in the summer months, in southern Brazil. Strandings of this species on beaches and stings of bathers on the coast of Uruguay suggest that T. haplonema may be responding to a more favorable thermal environmental condition. Due to the lack of information on the species, this work presents a compilation of the occurrences and thermal preferences of Tamoya haplonema in the Western South Atlantic.
... ). No Brasil, há ocorrência de aproximadamente 793 espécies de hidróides (Oliveira et al., 2016;Mendonça, 2020) e destas, 39 estão registradas para Alagoas (Migotto et al., 2002;Maronna et al., 2008;Cavalcante et al., 2014;Oliveira et al., 2016). ...
... ). No Brasil, há ocorrência de aproximadamente 793 espécies de hidróides (Oliveira et al., 2016;Mendonça, 2020) e destas, 39 estão registradas para Alagoas (Migotto et al., 2002;Maronna et al., 2008;Cavalcante et al., 2014;Oliveira et al., 2016). ...
... According to Bouillon et al. (2006), the classification of the Campanulariidae is unsatisfactory, and the generic divisions are not well defined, with many genera very close to each other, such as Tulpa Stechow and Campanularia Lamarck. Although they indicated that these genera, among other pairs, could be treated as synonyms without great difficulty, they kept both separate, as has been done traditionally (Totton 1930;Stepanjants 1979;Calder 1991) or more recently (Soto Àngel and Peña Cantero 2015; Oliveira et al. 2016;Cunha et al. 2017). In my opinion, Tulpa and Campanularia are easily distinguishable by the absence of a sub-hydrothecal spherule in the former. ...
... This jellyfish has been recorded over a hundred times since its first sighting in 1899, most of them as a single individual (Russell 1959, Benfield and Graham 2010, Schnabel et al. 2021. In South America, this medusae was only previously recorded in Argentina at ~45°S (Oliveira et al. 2016, Schiariti et al. 2018. Within the framework of an ongoing investigation of jellyfish occurrences through internet data mining, here we provide the first record of S. gigantea from Brazil, based on a posting made on the Instagram platform, highlighting the great potential of social media to complement traditional methods on conspicuous marine species. ...
We provide the first record of the giant deep-sea jellyfish Stygiomedusa gigantea (Browne, 1910) from the tropical Southwestern Atlantic, based on a posting made on social media. The image was found during data filtering through the hashtag #aguavivagigante (in English, #giantjellyfish) on Instagram. The jellyfish was seen floating motionless at the surface, presumed dead, off Bahia, Northeast Brazil (12°34’39”S; 38°00’19”W), on August 23rd, 2016. Pygmy killer whales, Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874, were observed in the intermediate area and apparently interacting with the jellyfish. Observations of S. gigantea usually come from submersibles and ROVs. This is the first record extracted from social media, highlighting its potential use to complement information based on traditional scientific methods, and expanding the known geographic distribution of jellyfish. With the growth and development of social media in the coming years, we highlight its potential as a data source from citizen science. We also expect that social media will increasingly contribute to the knowledge of remarkable but poorly known species such as S. gigantea.
KEY WORDS:
Citizen science; iEcology; Instagram; Medusae
Antecedentes. La distribución de medusas comprende diversas áreas oceánicas y costeras. La mayoría de ellas tiene cierta afinidad por diferentes masas de agua lo cual depende de su biología y su interacción con los factores bióticos y abióticos. Objetivos. Contribuir al conocimiento de la biodiversidad de las medusas (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) en el Pacífico mexicano. Métodos. El material de estudio proviene de las muestras de zooplancton recolectadas durante marzo y octubre de 2003 mediante arrastres superficiales, con una red estándar en Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco-Nayarit, México. Resultados. Se determinaron 7966 medusas ubicadas en 32 especies, 34 géneros y 26 familias, pertenecientes a las clases Hydrozoa y Scyphozoa; Solmaris flavescens amplía su distribución geográfica en el Pacífico nororiental, seis especies son registros nuevos para el Pacifico mexicano y diez más lo son para el área de estudio. Conclusiones. Este estudio amplía el conocimiento de la diversidad y la distribución de las medusas, un importante grupo del zooplancton marino en las aguas del Pacifico mexicano; los resultados de este trabajo indican que es necesario realizar un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo debido a que este grupo tiene cambios estacionales y su distribución es tanto horizontal como vertical. Solmundella bitentaculata, Liriope teraphylla, Aglaura hemistoma y Rhopalonema velatum tienen afinidad biogeográfica en la región circum-subtropical de los océanos. Algunos de los ejemplares de los registros nuevos se encontraron en estadios juveniles, por lo cual, se requiere de mayores esfuerzos para su investigación, con un enfoque multidisciplinario que integre su taxonomía, evolución, filogenia y ciclo de vida.
Background
Although cnidarians are mostly marine organisms, the occurrence of freshwater jellyfish frequently arouses the interest of ecologists, due to their sudden and unusual appearances in natural and artificial water bodies around the world.
Methods
This study describes a series of cases compatible with cnidarian envenomation that occurred coincidentally in time and space with the presence of Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, 1880 jellyfish in the province of Misiones (El Saltito stream) in January 2022. A year later, its presence was confirmed in another watercourse of this province (Cazador stream). Based on these findings, its possible toxicological consequences in humans were evaluated by characterizing the jellyfish extract using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzymatic/toxic activities.
Results
We revealed the presence of proteolytic enzymes and cytolytic toxin(s), which—by means of activating the inflammatory cascade—could explain the stinging skin lesions observed in the suspected cases described.
Conclusions
In addition to recording for the first time the occurrence of this cnidarian in northeastern Argentina, this work provides, for the first time, a toxinological explanation for the clinical observations after contact with the most widespread freshwater jellyfish species in the world, giving support to health professionals in the diagnosis and management of such accidents/envenomation.
As the sister group to all other animals, ctenophores (comb jellies) are important for understanding the emergence and diversification of numerous animal traits. Efforts to explore the evolutionary processes that promoted diversification within Ctenophora are hindered by undersampling genomic diversity within this clade. To address this gap, we present the sequence, assembly and initial annotation of the genome of Beroe ovata. Beroe possess unique morphology, behavior, ecology and development. Unlike their generalist carnivorous kin, beroid ctenophores feed exclusively on other ctenophores. Accordingly, our analyses revealed a loss of chitinase, an enzyme critical for the digestion of most non-ctenophore prey, but superfluous for ctenophorivores. Broadly, our genomic analysis revealed that extensive gene loss and changes in gene regulation have shaped the unique biology of B. ovata. Despite the gene losses in B. ovata, our phylogenetic analyses on photosensitive opsins and several early developmental regulatory genes show that these genes are conserved in B. ovata. This additional sampling contributes to a more complete reconstruction of the ctenophore ancestor and points to the need for extensive comparisons within this ancient and diverse clade of animals. To promote further exploration of these data, we present BovaDB (http://ryanlab.whitney.ufl.edu/bovadb/), a portal for the B. ovata genome.
Increasing habitat modification and species loss demand consistent efforts to describe and understand biodiversity patterns. The BIOTA/FAPESP Program was created in this context and it has been a successful initiative to promote studies on biodiversity and conservation in Brazil. The BIOTA/Araçá is an interdisciplinary project that provided a detailed evaluation of the biodiversity of Araçá Bay, a coastal seascape located on the North coast of the state of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. The bay encompasses multiple habitats, such as beaches, mangroves, rocky shores, and a tidal flat, and provides important ecosystem services. Unfortunately, the bay is the subject of complex social-environmental conflicts that oppose economic, social, and environmental demands (i.e., the expansion of neighboring harbor activities vs. small-scale artisanal fisheries and protection of biodiversity). The present study presents a survey of the benthic species occurring in the different habitats of Araçá Bay, including data obtained during the BIOTA/Araçá project and previous assessments of the area. The benthic species play an important role in marine environments and studying the diversity of these organisms that live associated with the bottom is indispensable for comprehending the environment’s functioning. The macrofauna, meiofauna, and microorganisms associated with soft and hard bottom were listed, and additional information, such as the habitat and geographical distribution, were provided for each species. The checklist includes 826 species, almost 70% recorded during the BIOTA/Araçá project. The most speciose taxa were the annelids (225 spp.), mollusks (194 spp.), and crustaceans (177 spp.). Seven benthic species are endemic to Araçá Bay, 14 are considered threatened, and seven are economically exploited. Furthermore, the bay is the type locality of many taxa, and 11 new benthic species were described based on specimens sampled during the project. This project shows the importance of Araçá Bay as a unique biologically rich environment and highlights the need for conservation efforts in light of the current threats.
First record for the Colombian Caribbean of Porpita porpita (Linnaeus) (Hydrozoa: Porpitidae). Two specimens of Porpita porpita were captured in Playa Blanca, Gaira Bay and the species reported for the first time in the Colombian Caribbean. This paper collects bibliographic information about blue button (Hydrozoa: Porpitidae) hydroid colony.
Seventeen species of Eudendrium, including 10 newly described, are reported. Most of the species are recorded from the E and SE coastline; only 4 are known from Western Australia and none from the Northern Territory, Tasmania or the Great Australian Bight.-from Author