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A new species of Epidendrum (Epidendroideae; Orchidaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Abstract
A new epiphytic species of Epidendrum from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is described and illustrated. Epidendrum campos-portoi grows in Upper-Montane Ombrophilous Forest in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, southeastern Brazil. The new species differs from E. subpurum, the morphologically closest species, mainly in the thinner, cylindrical stem, not thickened, inflorescence in a raceme, and green flowers.
... & Endl., Octomeria R.Br., Pelexia Poit. ex Lindl., Pleurothallopsis Porto & Brade, and Stelis Sw.), including endemic species (e.g., Pessoa & Alves 2015;Barberena & Gonzaga 2016), whose type specimens are deposited in herbarium RB. ...
... (h. figure originally published inBarberena & Gonzaga (2016)). ...
... Both species are endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and have thin (up to 0.2 cm wide) and cylindrical caulomes, linear leaves, mostly green flowers, linear petals with slightly acute to rounded apex, and the deeply trilobed lip. However, E. campos-portoi has the central lobe of the lip wider than the lateral lobes, with three basal and laminar calli, whereas E. caldense has the central lobe of the lip sharply narrower than the lateral lobes, with two basal and ovoid calli (Barbosa Rodrigues 1881;Stancik et al. 2009;Barberena & Gonzaga 2016). Epidendrum campos-portoi is easily distinguished from the other species of Epidendrum in the study area by having lateral sepals with an apiculate apex and lip with three laminar calli.11. ...
Orchidaceae is a megadiverse botanical family in Brazil, particularly in the Atlantic Forest where it is a priority group for conservation. Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PARNA Itatiaia) was the first conservation unit established in Brazil, and represents a large and mature remnant of Atlantic Forest. Updated data on richness, distribution and conservation of the Neotropical and ornamental subtribe Laeliinae in the park recently disclosed the occurrence of presumed locally extinct species, but without a taxonomic approach. Thus, we present a comprehensive taxonomic treatment of Laeliinae in the PARNA Itatiaia. The subtribe is represented by six genera and 33 species, which corresponds to about 15% of the orchid flora of PARNA Itatiaia. Epidendrum is the richest genus, with 20 species, followed by Cattleya (6 spp.) and Prosthechea (4 spp.). Species of Laeliinae grow in shady and humid habitats, especially near rivers, at elevations ranging 750-1,200 m, with species richness decreasing with elevation. Several species form small populations (commonly < 10 individuals), which are in need of prompt conservation actions to avoid local extinction. Samples of Laeliinae from PARNA Itatiaia in collections of consulted herbaria were found to be scarce. Variable morphological characteristics, mainly of the lip, distinguishe species of Laeliinae.
... Epiphyte. Endemic to PARNA Itatiaia in Rio de Janeiro State (Barberena and Gonzaga 2016). Barberena and Gonzaga (2016) did not evaluate the conservation status of this newly found species, but noted the danger of fire and illegal collection of plants as the main local concerns. ...
... Endemic to PARNA Itatiaia in Rio de Janeiro State (Barberena and Gonzaga 2016). Barberena and Gonzaga (2016) did not evaluate the conservation status of this newly found species, but noted the danger of fire and illegal collection of plants as the main local concerns. It is restricted to upper montane forest at 1840 m elevation. ...
... It is restricted to upper montane forest at 1840 m elevation. According to Barberena and Gonzaga (2016), only three individuals were found in the study area, and these were near each other (< 5 m) in the basal strata on two phorophytes (0-2 m height). The population size must be adequately checked in PARNA Itatiaia before the conservation status of the species can be assessed. ...
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest contains a mega diversity of seed plants. The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia is a large and mature Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil. It includes around 10% of the Brazilian orchids and is considered a priority area for conservation. We recognized 33 species of the neotropical and very ornamental subtribe Laeliinae (Orchidaceae) in this park, but 13 species may be extinct locally. Ecological information, including population size, vertical distribution, and orchid‐phorophyte specificity are provided for each species. In addition, we discussed the main factors threatening the species and official conservation policies since that the application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria at regional levels may be inappropriate for geopolitical borders, especially for overly restricted geographical areas. For this reason, some questions need to be addressed: When should a decision maker be formally advised of the possibility of species being threatened in a state, municipality or a conservation unit? Below what minimum number of individuals in a population should conservation efforts (financial, logistical, etc.) be applied? These issues are more worrying when dealing with epiphytic orchids that are particularly threatened in floras. For developing countries, these concerns are especially important since resources available are usually very limited for support biodiversity conservation actions. In addition, the lack of permanent control of legally protected areas, difficulties to combat natural disturbances and predatory human activities also contribute to worsen the problems intrinsic to the conservation of these areas.
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... For taxonomic purposes, the classification of Hágsater (1985, continuously updated in Icones orchidacearum), which organizes the genus in a series of informal groups, is widely applied (e.g. Carnevali & Romero, 1992;Pessoa et al., 2012;Pessoa, Felix & Alves, 2014;Barberena & Gonzaga, 2016;Pessoa, Miranda & Alves, 2016;Klein et al., 2019). Based on morphological similarities of species included in some of these groups, it is possible to consider many as belonging to species complexes. ...
In this study, we analyse a species complex in Epidendrum, a mega-diverse Neotropical orchid genus, that is formed by the 11 Brazilian species of the E. difforme group. Although this group (c. 100 taxa) exhibits relatively high levels of floral variation, the Brazilian species are similar, making delimitation problematic. Here we combine molecular (phylogenetics), morphological (geometric morphometrics), genome size and cytogenetic (chromosome counts and CMA/DAPI staining) data to investigate circumscription of these species. Our results were interpreted by looking for congruence of the results as a means to delimit species. The studied taxa appear to be monophyletic, and karyotypically all analysed accessions were 2n = 40. Their 1C values vary from 1.99 ± 07 pg to 2.84 ± 0.12 pg. We did not find evidence for recent polyploidy or dysploidy and, apparently, these phenomena have not been important in the evolution of this species complex. On the other hand, we found high levels of polymorphism for CMA/DAPI banding, and variation in genome size appears to be positively correlated with latitude. Geometric morphometrics indicate that E. sanchezii and E. anatipedium/E. amarajiense are distinct from the remaining species, and three groups of other species can be separated using canonical variables analysis (CVA). Variation in lip shape, genome size and heterochromatin patterns of the taxa are not fully congruent with the phylogenetic analysis, but our results allowed us to delimit with full confidence four species: E. amapense, E. anatipedium (including E. amarajiense), E. pseudodifforme (including E. campaccii and E. thiagoi) and E. sanchezii. Four others will be tentatively maintained but need further study. Our results indicate that it will be necessary to reassess many of the species complexes in the genus using a similar multidisciplinary perspective to evaluate the number of taxa that should be recognized.
... For taxonomic purposes, the classification of Hágsater (1985, continuously updated in Icones orchidacearum), which organizes the genus in a series of informal groups, is widely applied (e.g. Carnevali & Romero, 1992;Pessoa et al., 2012;Pessoa, Felix & Alves, 2014;Barberena & Gonzaga, 2016;Pessoa, Miranda & Alves, 2016;Klein et al., 2019). Based on morphological similarities of species included in some of these groups, it is possible to consider many as belonging to species complexes. ...
In this study, we analyse a species complex in Epidendrum, a mega-diverse Neotropical orchid genus, that is formed by the 11 Brazilian species of the E. difforme group. Although this group (c. 100 taxa) exhibits relatively high levels of floral variation, the Brazilian species are similar, making delimitation problematic. Here we combine molecular (phylogenetics), morphological (geometric morphometrics), genome size and cytogenetic (chromosome counts and CMA/DAPI staining) data to investigate circumscription of these species. Our results were interpreted by looking for congruence of the results as a means to delimit species. The studied taxa appear to be monophyletic, and karyotypically all analysed accessions were 2n = 40. Their 1C values vary from 1.99 ± 07 pg to 2.84 ± 0.12 pg. We did not find evidence for recent polyploidy or dysploidy and, apparently, these phenomena have not been important in the evolution of this species complex. On the other hand, we found high levels of polymorphism for CMA/DAPI banding, and variation in genome size appears to be positively correlated with latitude. Geometric morphometrics indicate that E. sanchezii and E. anatipedium/E. amarajiense are distinct from the remaining species, and three groups of other species can be separated using canonical variables analysis (CVA). Variation in lip shape, genome size and heterochromatin patterns of the taxa are not fully congruent with the phylogenetic analysis, but our results allowed us to delimit with full confidence four species: E. amapense, E. anatipedium (including E. amarajiense), E. pseudodifforme (including E. campaccii and E. thiagoi) and E. sanchezii. Four others will be tentatively maintained but need further study. Our results indicate that it will be necessary to reassess many of the species complexes in the genus using a similar multidisciplinary perspective to evaluate the number of taxa that should be recognized.
A new species of Pabstiella (Orchidaceae) from Espírito Santo (Brazil) –
A new orchid species is proposed in the genus Pabstiella. A complete
morphological description, illustrations and a comparaison with the closely
relative Pabstiella tripterantha are provided.
Myoxanthus ruschii (Orchidaceae), a new species from the Santa Lúcia Biological Station in the Atlantic forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new species is related to Myoxanthus punctatus, Myoxanthus lonchophyllus, and Myoxanthus seidelii, from which it differs by non-clavate petals and the general form of the lip with a subtruncate base with a pair of reflexed lateral lobes on the end.
Species delimitation remains a central problem in systematic, taxonomic and evolutionary studies. However, the precise delimitation of species depends on the criteria used to identify lineages and the specific species concept that is applied. Recently, multidisciplinary studies using different data sources have significantly improved the delimitation of species within complex taxonomic groups, leading to an integrative taxonomy. To investigate the species delimitation within the Atlantic clade of Epidendrum (subg. Amphyglottium), four different species criteria were examined (phenetic differentiation, monophyly, diagnosability, absence of genetic intermediates). Morphometrics, plastid DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite markers were used to explore the agreement between patterns recovered and species criteria tested. The conflicts among species criteria are discussed in light of pollination ecology, patterns of gene flow, reproductive isolation mechanisms and selective pressures currently acting in deceptive orchid species. Four currently recognized species from the Atlantic clade
could be delimitated, including one newly described species, Epidendrum flammeus. Three out of five species satisfied the monophyly criterion, and few diagnostic flower characters were found among species. In contrast, nuclear microsatellite data correctly assigned individuals to their respective species, even in the presence of weak reproductive isolation and extensive hybridization events reported in the literature. One important implication of this finding is that phylogenetic studies in Epidendrum spp. should make use of single- or low-copy nuclear loci instead of plastid markers, which may be true for other plant groups. The results also indicate that the generalized pollination syndrome found among species of the Atlantic clade, the different levels of gene flow observed between nuclear and plastid markers, and hybridization events are commonly
observed as the main evolutionary forces within this orchid group. Finally, we discuss evolutionary processes and taxonomic limits among these species, and we highlight the need to increase the inter-disciplinary approach to investigate species limits in complex plant groups.
Although several proposals for an infrageneric classification of Epidendrum have been proposed, none is congruent with the most recent molecular analysis. One of the known informal groups proposed in the genus, the “Arbuscula group,” is characterized by an upright sympodial habit in which successive new stems emerge internodally from the leaf sheath and a few (2–4) leaves are aggregated at the apex of each stem. Four species from this group have been recorded in Brazil; these could be called the “E. proligerum complex”, which is characterized by an inflated cuniculus, forming a vesicle in the ventral portion of the pedicellate ovary. A fifth species from this group with whitish flowers, herein described as E. niveum, was found in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo state, Brazil. It is similar to E. proligerum but differs by its thinner stems; whitish flowers; 7–veined sepals; patent petals, that are 5-veined and laterally strongly revolute lip. It is illustrated and its affinities with allied species are discussed.
Background – Epidendrum (Orchidaceae) is a large genus that contains c. 800 species in the neotropic region. As a result of fieldwork conducted in the protected areas of the Atlantic forest remnants of Espírito Santo, Brazil, we have found a new orchid species
that is described and illustrated in this paper.
Methods – Herbarium collections were consulted for identification and compared with the new species. Morphological data were obtained through the study of herbarium specimens as well as of live specimens collected in the field.
Key results – Epidendrum patentifolium Fraga, A.P.Fontana & L.Kollmann, a new species endemic to the Atlantic forest areas of central Espírito Santo in Brazil, is described and illustrated. Comments on its ecology, geographical distribution, and conservation
status are provided. The new species is morphologically similar to E. ochrochlorum Barb.Rodr., E. proligerum Barb.Rodr., and E. parahybunense Barb.Rodr., from which it differs by short proligerous rhizomes, short and patent leaf blades, with purple lower surface and short
peduncles. In accordance with the status and criteria of the IUCN Red List of endangered plant species, it must be considered as Vulnerable.
Two new species and a new combination are required for the treatment of Epidendrum for the Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. The new species are Epidendrum caurense and Epidendrum nuriense. Neolehmannia pabstii is transferred to Epidendrum, with the new name Epidendrum dichaeoides. All three species are illustrated with previously unpublished plates by the late G. C. K. Dunsterville. Comments on affinities and geography are provided for all species.
A new epiphytic species, Epidendrum sanchezii, is described from northeastern Brazil. The new species grows in the montane Atlantic forest of the states of Ceará and Pernambuco. It belongs to the E. difforme complex and is morphologically similar to E. angustatum, but the new species differs because it has smaller flowers, 7-veined sepals, a lip with a cuspidate apex, and a column that is strongly sigmoid. A karyological description of the new species is presented, including the pattern of CMA/DAPI bands, and this is compared with E. campaccii. A key is provided to distinguish species of the E. difforme complex in northeastern Brazil.
Since the last classification of Orchidaceae in 2003, there has been major progress in the determination of relationships, and we present here a revised classification including a list of all 736 currently recognized genera. A number of generic changes have occurred in Orchideae (Orchidoideae), but the majority of changes have occurred in Epidendroideae. In the latter, almost all of the problematic placements recognized in the previous classification 11 years ago have now been resolved. In Epidendroideae, we have recognized three new tribes (relative to the last classification): Thaieae (monogeneric) for Thaia, which was previously considered to be the only taxon incertae sedis; Xerorchideae (monogeneric) for Xerorchis; and Wullschlaegelieae for achlorophyllous Wullschlaegelia, which had tentatively been placed in Calypsoeae. Another genus, Devogelia, takes the place of Thaia as incertae sedis in Epidendroideae. Gastrodieae are clearly placed among the tribes in the neottioid grade, with Neottieae sister to the remainder of Epidendroideae. Arethuseae are sister to the rest of the higher Epidendroideae, which is unsurprising given their mostly soft pollinia. Tribal relationships within Epidendroideae have been much clarified by analyses of multiple plastid DNA regions and the low-copy nuclear gene Xdh. Four major clades within the remainder of Epidendroideae are recognized: Vandeae/Podochileae/Collabieae, Cymbidieae, Malaxideae and Epidendreae, the last now including Calypsoinae (previously recognized as a tribe on its own) and Agrostophyllinae s.s. Agrostophyllinae and Collabiinae were unplaced subtribes in the 2003 classification. The former are now split between two subtribes, Agrostophyllinae s.s. and Adrorhizinae, the first now included in Epidendreae and the second in Vandeae. Collabiinae, also probably related to Vandeae, are now elevated to a tribe along with Podochileae. Malaxis and relatives are placed in Malaxidinae and included with Dendrobiinae in Malaxideae. The increased resolution and content of larger clades, recognized here as tribes, do not support the ‘phylads’ in Epidendroideae proposed 22 years ago by Dressler. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177, 151–174.
A new species of Orchidaceae, Epidendrum caparaoense W.Forst. & V.C.Souza, is described and illustrated. This species is known only from the type locality, Caparaó National Park, in Minas Gerais State, where it grows on low tree trunks in gallery forests, at approximately 1300 m. The taxon is distinct from the other species of the genus by its laterally compressed stems, a long tubular spathaceous bract at the base of the inflorescence, a labellum with the free portion three-lobed and the clinandrium with an entire margin. It is considered similar to E. geniculatum and E. hololeucum. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 157–159.
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