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Climate Change and Health
... Liang et al. demonstrated that considerable daily fluctuations in temperature are linked to an increased number of admissions to emergency departments in hospitals due to acute coronary events. This phenomenon is explained by the temperature stimulation of dermal receptors, which activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased concentration of catecholamines in the blood, increased arterial pressure, elevated heart rate, increased myocardial oxygen demand, and increased platelet activation, which altogether increase the risk of the exacerbation of coronary heart disease and the occurrence of acute coronary events [44][45][46]. ...
Introduction: air pollution is considered to be one of the main risk factors for public health. According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of approximately 500,000 citizens of the European Union (EU), including almost 5000 inhabitants of Poland every year.
Purpose: to assess the gender differences in the impact of air pollution on the mortality in the population of the city of Bialystok-the capital of the Green Lungs of Poland.
Materials and Methods: based on the data from the Central Statistical Office, the number-and causes of death-of Białystok residents in the period 2008-2017 were analyzed. The study utilized the data recorded by the Provincial Inspectorate for Environmental Protection station and the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management during the analysis period. Time series regression with Poisson distribution was used in statistical analysis. (4)
Results: A total of 34,005 deaths had been recorded, in which women accounted for 47.5%. The proportion of cardiovascular-related deaths was 48% (n = 16,370). An increase of SO 2 concentration by 1-µg/m 3 (relative risk (RR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.12; p = 0.005) and a 10 • C decrease of temperature (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05; p = 0.005) were related to an increase in the number of daily deaths. No gender differences in the impact of air pollution on mortality were observed. In the analysis of the subgroup of cardiovascular deaths, the main pollutant that was found to have an effect on daily mortality was particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5); the RR for 10-µg/m 3 increase of PM2.5 was 1.07 (95% CI 1.02-1.12; p = 0.01), and this effect was noted only in the male population.
Conclusions: air quality and atmospheric conditions had an impact on the mortality of Bialystok residents. The main air pollutant that influenced the mortality rate was SO 2 , and there were no gender differences in the impact of this pollutant. In the male population, an increased exposure to PM2.5 concentration was associated with significantly higher cardiovascular mortality. These findings suggest that improving air quality, in particular, even with lower SO 2 levels than currently allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, may benefit public health. Further studies on this topic are needed, but our results bring questions whether the recommendations concerning acceptable concentrations of air pollutants should be stricter, or is there a safe concentration of SO 2 in the air at all.
... Table 2 data shows that the transport sector is responsible for producing 46.2 million tons of CO 2 from which the road transport is producing 44.9 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). [19] . In Doha, Qatar the "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" was adopted in 2012, in the second phase of the agreement the parties committed to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions by 18% from the period of 2013 to 2020. ...
... Table 2 data shows that the transport sector is responsible for producing 46.2 million tons of CO 2 from which the road transport is producing 44.9 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). [19] . In Doha, Qatar the "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" was adopted in 2012, in the second phase of the agreement the parties committed to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions by 18% from the period of 2013 to 2020. ...
Solid waste management study was conducted at a selected university in Karachi, Pakistan with the overall aim to provide an input for a sustainable integrated solid waste management system. Existing practices of solid waste management at the university campus were evaluated including the quantification, characterization, economic analysis and composting potential. Results of this study reveal that about 2,033 kg of solid waste/month (24.5 tons/annual) is generated from the university campus. Out of the total waste generated, about 67.8 % is the recyclable and reusable plastic, paper and metal while, the remaining (about 32%) is mostly organic waste generated from various facilities of the university. Economic analysis carried during this study indicate that about 252,012 Pak rupees annually can be earned from selling the recyclable and reusable inorganic solid waste. Amount generated from waste selling can be used to operate the existing solid waste management system more sustainably. Study also indicate that about 500 kg of good quality compost per month can be prepared from the organic waste including food and yard waste that can be used for existing horticultural activities at the university. To move towards the sustainable integrated solid waste management system, there should be proper system of waste collection, segregation, reselling and composting of the organic waste at the university under study.
(1) Background: Haemorrhagic strokes (HS), including intracerebral (ICH) and subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAH), account for approximately 10–15% of strokes worldwide but are associated with worse functional outcomes and higher rates of mortality, and financial burden than ischemic stroke. There is evidence that confirmed poor air quality may increase the incidence of haemorrhagic strokes. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between individual ambient air pollutants and the risk of haemorrhagic stroke in an urban environment without high levels of air pollution. (2) Methods: A time-series cross-sectional study design was used. A daily air pollution concentration (Agency of Regional Air Quality Monitoring in the Gdansk Metropolitan Area) and incidence of haemorrhagic strokes (National Health Fund) were obtained and covered the time period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. A generalised additive model with Poisson regression was used to estimate the associations between 24-h mean concentrations of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, and O3 and a daily number of haemorrhagic strokes. (3) Results: The single-day lag model results showed that NO2, NO and NOx exposure was associated with increased risk of ICH (88% events) with RR of 1.059 (95% CI: 1.015–1.105 for lag0), 1.033 (95% CI: 1.007–1.060 for lag0) and 1.031 (95% CI: 1.005–1.056 for lag0), but not for SAH (12% events). Exposure to CO was related to a substantial and statistically significant increase in incidence for 1.031 (95% CI: 1.002–1.061 for lag0) but not for SAH. Higher SO2, PM10, PM2.5, and O3 exposures were not significantly related to both ISC and SAH. (4) Conclusions: In this time-series cross-sectional study, we found strong evidence that supports the hypothesis that transient elevations in ambient NO2, NO and CO are associated with a higher relative risk of intracerebral but not subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Das von der WHO für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 zum Leitthema erklärte Verhältnis von Klimawandel und Gesundheit hat unzweifelhaft mit dieser Fokussierung eine gleichermaßen wissenschaftliche wie auch gesellschafts- und gesundheitspolitische Aufwertung erfahren.
McMichael et al. haben für die WHO 2003 einmal an Hand teilweise schon gesicherter Erkenntnisse zusammengestellt, welche Auswirkungen der Klimawandel auf die menschliche Gesundheit haben wird:…
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