Content uploaded by Laura Petersen
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Laura Petersen on Aug 29, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Social resilience criteria for critical infrastructures during crises
Figures
Figures - uploaded by Laura Petersen
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Laura Petersen
Content may be subject to copyright.
... As discussed also in IMPROVER project D4.1, during disasters people use the sources of information they are most used to, and those that they expect will best fulfil their information needs (Petersen et al., 2016). Although there has been an exponential increase in the use of social media over the past decade, studies report that traditional media is still one of the best methods to disseminate information (Lundgren & McMakin, 2009). ...
... As discussed in IMPROVER project D4.1 (Petersen et al., 2016), the public expects to be warned of impending disasters, to be kept up-to-date with how the crisis unfolds, and to be told how to react during the crisis and recovery periods. This includes information on how emergency management organisations and critical infrastructure operators are responding during and after the disaster by effectively communicating how they are dealing with the 'expectation gap'. ...
... They found that social media as an information source is considered faster (76%) and more accessible (54%) than traditional sources of information, i.e. newspaper, television and radio. Furthermore, as discussed in IMPROVER project D4.1, members of the public increasingly expect critical infrastructure operators and emergency management organisations to use social media to communicate directly with civilian populations at each stage of a disaster (Petersen et al., 2016). ...
This report contributes to the IMPROVER project by providing information on the use of traditional and social media by relevant stakeholders to increase the resilience of critical infrastructures. It builds on the results of IMPROVER project D4.1 to explore the communication practices adopted by emergency managers and blue light organisations (e.g. police, fire and rescue services) to reduce uncertainty and panic amongst disaster-affected populations at each stage of an incident (see section 5 - mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery). The potential use of traditional media and social media to share and spread information is examined with a view to identifying the key components of effective crisis communication for critical infrastructure operators during such incidents. The identification of effective communication tactics is a necessary corollary for building resilience not only within critical infrastructure operators, but also amongst those communities who rely on their services every day.
... As discussed also in IMPROVER project D4.1, during disasters people use the sources of information they are most used to, and those that they expect will best fulfil their information needs (Petersen et al., 2016). Although there has been an exponential increase in the use of social media over the past decade, studies report that traditional media is still one of the best methods to disseminate information (Lundgren & McMakin, 2009). ...
... As discussed in IMPROVER project D4.1 (Petersen et al., 2016), the public expects to be warned of impending disasters, to be kept up-to-date with how the crisis unfolds, and to be told how to react during the crisis and recovery periods. This includes information on how emergency management organisations and critical infrastructure operators are responding during and after the disaster by effectively communicating how they are dealing with the 'expectation gap'. ...
... They found that social media as an information source is considered faster (76%) and more accessible (54%) than traditional sources of information, i.e. newspaper, television and radio. Furthermore, as discussed in IMPROVER project D4.1, members of the public increasingly expect critical infrastructure operators and emergency management organisations to use social media to communicate directly with civilian populations at each stage of a disaster (Petersen et al., 2016). ...
... First, it is vital that CI operators publicly acknowledge the disruption to their service(s), even if no further information on their cause and likely resolution is known. It is also important for operators to inform members of the public that they are working to restore these services even if no new information is available at that time (Petersen et al., 2016). CI operators should try to quickly provide an estimate of when services will be fully restored. ...
... As such, it is a good opportunity to provide the public with appropriate, CI-specific advice, such as whether conditions are safe, to turn off the gas before leaving the house after an earthquake, etc. While several CI operators currently have disaster preparedness sections on their websites, it is important to repeat this information to disaster affected communities during crisis events to help them to take appropriate action (Petersen et al., 2016). ...
Previous research into social media in crisis communication has tended to focus on use by emergency managers rather than another key stakeholder, critical infrastructure (CI) operators. This chapter adds to this field by empirically investigating public expectations of information provided by CI operators during crisis situations. It does so by drawing on a review of the literature on public expectations of disaster-related information shared via social media. Then it presents the results of an online questionnaire and interview-based study of disaster-vulnerable communities in France, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden. Results indicate that members of the public expect CI operators to provide information via traditional and social media, but not necessarily respond to queries on social media. Operators appear to meet traditional media expectations but should expand their current practices to include digital media.
... − общественная / социальная жизнеспособность (community resilience, societal resilience, human resilience) [18][19][20][21][22]. Одним из вариантов трактовки данного понятия можно привести определение, указанное в [19, с. 255], где жизнеспособность сообщества представляет собой «коллективную способность района или географически определенной области справляться с факторами стресса и эффективно восстанавливать ритмы повседневной жизни посредством сотрудничества после потрясений»; − экономическая жизнеспособность (economic resilience) [23][24]. ...
Работа посвящена теоретическим вопросам исследования региональных социально-экономических систем с позиции концепции жизнеспособности (resilience). Авторы предпринимают попытку систематизировать актуальное состояние изучения жизнеспособности сложных систем и критических инфраструктур. Рассматривается многообразие терминов, связанных с понятием «жизнеспособность систем», сделан вывод о наличии дублирования терминов. На основе анализа стадий (фаз, этапов) жизненного цикла предложено описание структуры и каждого из основных этапов жизненного цикла жизнеспособности системы. Приводится классификация видов жизнеспособности, полученная в ходе анализа открытых источников информации (около 150 научных публикаций и отчетной документации по научно-исследовательским проектам), что позволило обосновать отсутствие единого универсального методологического фундамента для изучения жизнеспособности с общесистемной позиции. Рассматриваются методологии изучения жизнеспособности технических (природно-промышленных) и социально-экономических систем, сделан вывод о разнообразии применяемых методологических средств для исследования жизнеспособности сложных систем. Развивая идею, что жизнеспособность социально-экономической системы нужно рассматривать в соответствии с ее масштабом, авторами в ходе анализа систематизированы выявленные определения жизнеспособности региональных социально-экономических систем по их масштабу. Авторами сформулировано определение жизнеспособности региональной социально-экономической системы класса «Бизнес-Сообщество-Власть».
The work is devoted to theoretical issues in the study of regional socio-economic systems in the resilience context. The authors make an attempt to systematize the current state of studying the complex systems and critical infrastructures resilience. The variety of “system resilience” concept terms is considered, and a conclusion is made about the terms duplication presence. Based on the life cycle stages (phases) analysis, a description of the structure and each stage is proposed. A resilience types’ classification is presented, according to the open information sources analysis (about 150 scientific publications and reporting documentation on research projects), which made it possible to justify the lack of a unified universal methodological foundation for studying resilience from a system-wide position. Methodologies for studying the technical (natural-industrial) and socio-economic systems resilience are considered, and a conclusion is drawn about the variety of methodological tools used to study the complex systems resilience. Developing the idea that the socio-economic system resilience should be considered in accordance with its scale; in the course of the analysis, the authors systematized the identified regional socio-economic systems resilience definitions according to their scale. The authors formulated a definition of the “regional Business-Community-Authority socio-economic system resilience”.
... As for user tolerances, it could be argued that the public have reasonable expectations towards CI operators concerning the infrastructure's performance even during and after crisis situations. Thus, Petersen et al. (2016) suggested that tolerance levels should be determined in terms of "minimum acceptable level of performance" and "acceptable durations of reduced performance". Therefore, an online survey has been carried out to measure the public's tolerance levels for service level reduction and disruption and their duration (Petersen 2018). ...
Safety and security of critical infrastructure networks is one of today’s top priorities, as they are getting increasingly complex and interdependent. Thus, their potential failure due to unforeseen and extreme events may result in excessive direct and indirect losses. Recently, focus has shifted from protection to resilience, i.e. the ability of a system exposed to a hazard not only to resist, but accommodate to and recover from the hazard effects.
This paper – by the implementation of the IMPROVER technological resilience analysis – demonstrates the seismic technological resilience assessment of a section of M1 Highway in Hungary. Resilience against the community’s tolerances as well as risk-based resilience indicators are evaluated. The results suggest that technological resilience could be improved, thus certain resilience treatment options are highlighted.
Összefoglalás. A kritikus infrastruktúra-hálózatok biztonsága napjaink egyik legfontosabb prioritása, mivel ezek egyre összetettebbek és kölcsönösen függnek egymástól. Így az előre nem látható és szélsőséges események miatti esetleges meghibásodásuk túlzott mértékű közvetlen és közvetett veszteséget eredményezhet. A közelmúltban a hangsúly a védelemről a rezilienciára, rugalmasságra helyeződött át, vagyis a veszélynek kitett rendszer azon képességére, hogy nemcsak ellenálljon, hanem alkalmazkodjon is a veszélyhatásokhoz, és helyreálljon azokból.
Jelen cikk – az IMPROVER technológiai ellenállóképesség-elemzés felhasználásával – az M1-es autópálya egy szakaszának szeizmikus technológiai ellenálló képességének vizsgálatát mutatja be. Az értékelés az IMPROVER keretein belül kifejlesztett, az ISO 31000 kockázatkezelési folyamatába integrálódó ICI-REF keretrendszert (IMPROVER Critical Infrastructure Framework) követi. A keretrendszer különféle módszereket ajánl a kritikus infrastruktúra ellenálló képességének felmérésére.
Elsőként meghatározzuk és számszerűsítjük a vizsgált szakasz szeizmikus veszélyeztetettségét a valószínűségi szeizmikus veszélyeztetettségi analízis segítségével, melynek eredményeképpen a helyszíneknek a spektrális gyorsulás – túllépési valószínűség kapcsolatát mutató veszélyeztetettségi görbéit kapjuk meg. Ezt követően különböző károsodási szintekhez meghatározzuk az érintett hídszerkezetek sérülékenységi görbéit, mely a spektrális gyorsuláshoz tartozó tönkremeneteli valószínűséget mutatja. Az esemény és a károsodás bekövetkezte esetén megváltozó útpálya kapacitás és forgalmi helyzet alapján az áteresztő képesség csökkenése mellett a menetidőtöbblet is számítható, így a közvetlen károk költségei mellett az indirekt költségek is számszerűsíthetőek, és így a bekövetkezési valószínűségekből és a költségekből a kockázatot számítjuk.
Értékeljük a közösség toleranciáival szembeni rezilienciát, valamint a kockázatalapú reziliencia mutatókat. Részletes leírást adunk a forgalomszimulációkat is magában foglaló katasztrófaelhárítási és helyreállítási modellek alkalmazásáról. A cél az, hogy kiszámítsuk a várható felhasználói késések időbeli alakulását a különböző elemzett forgatókönyveknél, és összegezzük az ebből eredő várható költségeket a végső helyreállításig. A reziliencia értékelése két megközelítésen alapul: 1) összehasonlítás a felhasználói toleranciával, és 2) a reziliensség kockázatalapú értékelése. Az eredmények alapján a technológiai reziliensség javítható, melyre több kezelési lehetőséget is felvázolunk. Az autópálya komplex reziliencia-kezelési stratégiáinak kidolgozásakor azonban az IMPROVER-en belül kifejlesztett egyéb módszerek, például a szervezetelemzés (IORA) és a holisztikus önértékelési (CIRI) eszközök eredményeire is támaszkodni szükséges.
... Disasters can have significant impact on infrastructure services, not only by the direct damage to the infrastructure, requiring mobilization of resources for reconstruction and time for restoration of functionality, but also the possible cascading effects through the systems' interdependencies with other infrastructures. The consequences of disasters are highly dependent on the communities' tolerance levels regarding the disruption of services 1,2 . However, due to the increased interconnectivity between different critical infrastructure, the indirect consequences from cascading effects are difficult to predict and may be more severe than expected, and it is therefore particularly important to maintain and restore continued functionality. ...
This review article analyzes factors affecting emergency response to hazardous events on highways and their bridges, with focus on man-made and natural scenarios: heavy vehicle collision with a bridge, earthquake, heavy snowfall, and flooding. For each disaster scenario, selected historical events were compiled to determine influential factors and success criteria for efficient emergency response, both related to organizational and technical measures. This study constituted a part of a resilience management process, recently developed and demonstrated within the European Union (EU)-funded H2020 project IMPROVER and can be a useful approach in aiding operators of transportation infrastructure to improve their resilience to emergency incidents.
... Disasters can have significant impact on infrastructure services, not only by the direct damage to the infrastructure, requiring mobilization of resources for reconstruction and time for restoration of functionality, but also the possible cascading effects through the systems' interdependencies with other infrastructures. The consequences of disasters are highly dependent on the communities' tolerance levels regarding the disruption of services 1,2 . However, due to the increased interconnectivity between different critical infrastructure, the indirect consequences from cascading effects are difficult to predict and may be more severe than expected, and it is therefore particularly important to maintain and restore continued functionality. ...
This review paper analyzes factors affecting emergency response to hazardous events on highways and their bridges, with focus on man-made and natural scenarios: heavy vehicle collision with a bridge, earthquake, heavy snowfall and flooding. For each disaster scenario, selected historical events were compiled to determine influential factors and success criteria for efficient emergency response, both related to organizational and technical measures. This study constituted a part of a resilience management process, recently developed and demonstrated within the EU-funded H2020 project IMPROVER and can be a useful approach in aiding operators of transportation infrastructure to improve their resilience to emergency incidents.
... From a personal perspective, it can be difficult to know how many liters of water one can tolerate to get by with. It is even harder to relate this found to be influenced by demographic factors, previous disaster experience and information provision (Petersen et al., 2016). However, with purposeful survey design and adequate sampling methods such as the one used here, many of these limitations are reduced and even overcome . ...
No consensus currently exists on how to measure and evaluate Critical Infrastructure (CI) resilience. Attempting to use the public’s declared coping capacity as a target for CI resilience, this paper explores how to develop relevant resilience performance measurements that enable comparison to the tolerance levels of the general public. To do so, one must first establish the normal performance of the system and the applicable performance measures. Then, a survey is used to convert public perception into these measures as to enable comparison with the technical resilience performance. The CI resilience will be presented through a family of so-called resilience triangles which will illustrate the evolution of the performance, before, during and after a crisis event. A case study of the Municipal Water Network of Barreiro, Portugal, is used. The overall performance is preferably described with the categories quality, quantity and delivery. In quantifying the performance the importance of what is being assessed, to what hazard and for which end-user became evident.
Previous research into social media in crisis communication has tended to focus on use by emergency managers rather than another key stakeholder, critical infrastructure (CI) operators. This chapter adds to this field by empirically investigating public expectations of information provided by CI operators during crisis situations. It does so by drawing on a review of the literature on public expectations of disaster-related information shared via social media. Then it presents the results of an online questionnaire and interview-based study of disaster-vulnerable communities in France, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden. Results indicate that members of the public expect CI operators to provide information via traditional and social media, but not necessarily respond to queries on social media. Operators appear to meet traditional media expectations but should expand their current practices to include digital media.
В работе предлагается развитие современной теории безопасности сложных систем и расширение области ее применения на класс критических инфраструктур для исследования системных связей и закономерностей, определяющих жизнеспособность критических инфраструктур в условиях неопределенности и риска. Проведен анализ проблематики и состояния исследований в области обеспечения жизнеспособности критических инфраструктур в России и за рубежом. Разработана концептуальная модель жизнеспособности критической инфраструктуры на базе функционально-целевого подхода и теории управления. В рамках модели предложена формализация понятий «критическая инфраструктура» и «жизнеспособность», конкретизирующая содержание этой предметной области исследования с помощью новых формальных конструкций, что позволило расширить формальный аппарат теории безопасности систем и сделать его более конструктивным. Это обеспечило основу для формальной постановки общей задачи управления жизнеспособностью критических инфраструктур и созданияконцептуальной модели системы управления жизнеспособностью критических инфраструктур.
******This 2007 listing pertains to a 1992 book for which the full text is already on ResearchGate under the same title******
This volume brings together several authors from different areas of psychology and the neighbouring social sciences. Each one contributes their own perspective on the growing interest topic of subjective well-being. The aim of the volume is to present these divergent perspectives and to foster communication between the different areas. Split into three parts, this volume initially discusses the general perspectives of subjective well-being and addresses fundamental questions, secondly it discusses the dynamics of subjective well-being and more specific research issues to give a better understanding of the general phenomenon, and thirdly the book emphasizes the social context in which people experience and report their happiness and satisfaction. The book will be of great interest to social and clinical psychologists, students of psychology and sociology and health professionals.
The flood is a well-known phenomenon in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta (MRD). Although people have experienced the impact of floods for years, some adapt well, but others are vulnerable to floods. Resilience to floods is a useful concept to study the capacity of rural households to cope with, adapt to, and benefit from floods. Knowledge of the resilience of households to floods can help disaster risk managers to design policies for living with floods. Most researchers attempt to define the concept of resilience; very little research operationalizes it in the real context of "living with floods". We employ a subjective well-being approach to measure households' resilience to floods. Items that related to households' capacity to cope with, adapt to, and benefit from floods were developed using both a five-point Likert scale and dichotomous responses. A factor analysis using a standardized form of data was employed to identify underlying factors that explain different properties of households' resilience to floods. Three properties of households' resilience to floods were found: (1) households' confidence in securing food, income, health, and evacuation during floods and recovery after floods; (2) households' confidence in securing their homes not being affected by a large flood event such as the 2000 flood; (3) households' interests in learning and practicing new flood-based farming practices that are fully adapted to floods for improving household income during the flood season. The findings assist in designing adaptive measures to cope with future flooding in the MRD.
Serial transmission – the passing on of information from one source to another – is a phenomenon of central interest in the study of informal communication in emergency settings. Microblogging services such as Twitter make it possible to study serial transmission on a large scale and to examine the factors that make retransmission of messages more or less likely. Here, we consider factors predicting serial transmission at the interface of formal and informal communication during disaster; specifically, we examine the retransmission by individuals of messages (tweets) issued by formal organizations on Twitter. Our central question is the following: How do message content, message style, and public attention to tweets relate to the behavioral activity of retransmitting (i.e. retweeting) a message in disaster? To answer this question, we collect all public tweets sent by a set of official government accounts during a 48-hour period of the Waldo Canyon wildfire. We manually code tweets for their thematic content and elements of message style. We then create predictive models to show how thematic content, message style, and changes in number of Followers affect retweeting behavior. From these predictive models, we identify the key elements that affect public retransmission of messages during the emergency phase of an unfolding disaster. Our findings suggest strategies for designing and disseminating messages through networked social media under periods of imminent threat.
When a crisis is unfolding, people no longer wait for an official statement from government actors; rather they turn to the news media, they go to Twitter or Facebook, they log onto forums and blogs, etc., because they expect information and they can get it quickly from various sources. In such a dynamic information environment, if a government lacks a policy on how to use social media, particularly in crisis situations (meaning it does not act, or act appropriately), then it may face a loss of credibility and struggle with the management of a crisis. To get ahead of this curve, debating the risks and opportunities of using social media is a critical first step to building a sound social media policy and identifying certain engagement guidelines. This report examines four different issue areas to analyze how social media is used in the context of risk and crisis communication. These areas include: public safety and preparedness; emergency warnings, alerts and requests for assistance; recovery efforts; and, finally, monitoring and situational awareness. In the context of each of these areas, we highlight the key literature and real-life examples to explore the risks vs. opportunities in the utility of social media. These four areas capture the role of engagement and strategy in both the risk and crisis space.
SUMMARY This paper presents a conceptual framework to define seismic resilience of communities and quantitative measures of resilience that can be useful for a coordinated research effort focusing on enhancing this resilience. This framework relies on the complementary measures of resilience: "Reduced failure probabilities," "Reduced consequences from failures," and "Reduced time to recovery." The framework also includes quantitative measures of the "ends" of robustness and rapidity, and the "means" of resourcefulness and redundancy, and integrates those measures into the four dimensions of community resilience — technical, organizational, social and economic.
This study relies on information theory, social presence, and source credibility to uncover what best helps people grasp the urgency of an emergency. We surveyed a random sample of 1,318 organizational members who received multiple notifications about a large‐scale emergency. We found that people who received 3 redundant messages coming through at least 1 synchronous communication source—for example, phone or face‐to‐face communication—perceived the urgency of the situation the most quickly, whereas those receiving official messages through asynchronous channels—most often text message—had the lowest sense of urgency. Our findings suggest that by understanding people's reactions to various kinds of redundant communication, organizations can design more strategic emergency messages that capture attention.
In this article, we have introduced the concept of shielding as a public mental health intervention. Shielding addresses the core elements of bioterrorism when we consider that bioterrorism is best understood as terrorism, i.e., psychological warefare, which merely employs biologic agents, not to kill, but to terrorize. It is, therefore, to some degree dependent upon widespread contagion. Shielding is not a panacea. It is one aspect of an overall response plan. Nevertheless, it represents a potentially useful "antidote" for the bioterrorist assault. Perhaps most significant among its putative mechanisms of action appears to be controlling contagion, both physical and psychological. In the final analysis, in the wake of a terrorist attack, physicians can physically immunize and treat those who require such attention. Engineers can reconstruct buildings and roads. But who rebuilds the essence of humanity which has been violently ripped away from those who suffered the terrorist attack? How do we reconstruct a belief in justice and safety in the wake of a mass terrorist attack? Without attention to mental health, i.e., the "psychological side of terrorism," we run the risk of rebuilding a nation without a spirit, without a vitality, without a sense of humanity.
Direct reports of subjective well-being may have a useful role in the measurement of consumer preferences and social welfare, if they can be done in a credible way. Can well-being be measured by a subjective survey, even approximately? In this paper, we discuss research on how individuals' responses to subjective well-being questions vary with their circumstances and other factors. We will argue that it is fruitful to distinguish among different conceptions of utility rather than presume to measure a single, unifying concept that motivates all human choices and registers all relevant feelings and experiences. While various measures of well being are useful for some purposes, it is important to recognize that subjective well-being measures features of individuals' perceptions of their experiences, not their utility as economists typically conceive of it. Those perceptions are a more accurate gauge of actual feelings if they are reported closer to the time of, and in direct reference to, the actual experience. We conclude by proposing the U- index, a misery index of sorts, which measures the proportion of time that people spend in an unpleasant state, and has the virtue of not requiring a cardinal conception of individuals' feelings.
Available at: http://www.opus.co.nz/assets
- Conference
Conference. Available at: http://www.opus.co.nz/assets/Uploads/New-Zealand/Events/Phil-McFarlane.pdf. Accessed 12 May
2016.