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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(6): 178-183
E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800
JEZS 2016; 4(6): 178-183
© 2016 JEZS
Received: 24-09-2016
Accepted: 25-10-2016
Mehran Khan
College of Plant Protection,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry
University, Fuzhou-350002,
China
Saifullah
Department of Plant Pathology,
The University of Agriculture,
Peshawar, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, P.O Box. 25130,
Pakistan
Ijaz Ahmad
Department of Plant Pathology,
The University of Agriculture,
Peshawar, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, P.O Box. 25130,
Pakistan
Aqleem Abbas
Department of Plant Pathology,
The University of Agriculture,
Peshawar, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, P.O Box. 25130,
Pakistan
Rifat Ali Khan
Department of Biology, Ghent
University, Belgium
Correspondence
Mehran khan
College of Plant Protection,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry
University, Fuzhou-350002,
China
2151904001@m.fafu.edu.cn
Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on the
organic management of root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne javanica in tomato
Mehran Khan, Saifullah, Ijaz Ahmad, Aqleem Abbas and Rifat Ali Khan
Abstract
The research was conducted to find out the effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on the organic
management of root knot nematodes under screen house conditions. Sugarcane molasses were used @ 10
ml/kg, 20 ml/kg and 30 ml/kg of soil and ash @ 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg of soil twenty-one days
before transplantation. Both the organic amendments were found effective against root-knot nematode.
However, sugarcane molasses was more effective than ash and showed better results in terms of shoot
and root lengths, fresh and dry shoot weight of tomato plant. Both the amendments (i.e. the sugarcane
molasses and ash) significantly reduced galls plant-1 (41.40 and 48.4), galling index (3.00), egg
masses/plant root system (23.40 and 28.20), fresh root weight (12.24 and 14.34 g) and dry root weight
(4.89 and 5.73 g). Molasses and ash also significantly enhanced fresh shoot weight (60.20 and 57.40 g),
dry shoot weight (10.36 and 9.12 g), shoot length (83.80 and 75.20 cm) and root length (26.20 and 24.00
cm) of tomato respectively. Sugarcane molasses and ash have been found with no toxic effect on plants.
Keywords: Organic management, root knot nematode, sugarcane molasses, ash
Introduction
In Pakistan, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most important solanaceous
crops. Tomato crop is very versatile and especially in developed countries, consumption of this
crop is ever-increasing quite rapidly. A branded tomato extract, tomato is used for the
treatment of high blood pressure. It is highly prized for its monitory gain and nutritional value
especially for its richness in vitamins and minerals [1].
Tomato originated in South America and is widely cultivated in 140 countries of the world
with an annual production of 150 million tonnes/hectares [2]. The world major tomato
producing countries are China and USA followed by India and Turkey [3] In Pakistan, the total
area under cultivation of tomato is 52 thousand hectares with the production of 0.5296 million
tons, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares an area of over 12 thousand hectares with a
production of 0.2132 million tons [4].
This crop is attacked by a number of organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes
etc. The nematode is a very destructive pest of tomato which has caused much destruction to
this important crop. Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp) is endo-parasitic nematode,
economically important and has a large number of different species. Four important species of
root knot nematodes (M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. hapla) are distributed
worldwide and considered as major crop-damaging pests [5]. The average losses caused due to
root-knot nematode infestation are about 20.6% in tomato but yield losses caused by root knot
nematodes have been recorded from 20% to 33% [6]. Root-knot nematodes are obligate
parasites and are capable of feeding inside the roots of over 2000 plant species, causing severe
crop losses worldwide [7]. Heavy root galling are the characteristic symptoms of Meloidogyne
spp. and got its common name root knot nematodes [6].
Cultural practices like crop rotation are used for controlling such diseases but in the case of
soil borne pathogens these practices fail due to polyphagous nature of these parasites and can
survive in soil for years. These parasites break the resistance of the resistant cultivars due to
the introduction of virulent strains [8]. The existing management strategies can be improved by
the development of organic agriculture [9]. Root-knot nematodes can be managed effectively
by different means like chemical management, biological control agents and the addition of
organic matter will decrease nematode population in the soil [10]. Synthetic chemical develops
resistance in the pathogens and hazardous effect on the environment, today’s demand for
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
environment-friendly pesticides with low toxicity and short-
term persistence [11]. Therefore, the alternate management
strategies are needed for controlling these plant parasites.
Biocidal effect of various products such as essences, essential
oils, and aqueous extracts, have been reported on fungi, weeds
and bacteria [13] as well as insects that reside in the soil.
Natural plant products have the ability to provide a potential,
alternative to synthetic chemicals that are used for the control
of soil-borne pathogens and parasites, such as plant-parasitic
nematodes [14].
The use of agro-industrial wastes in bioprocesses at one hand
provides an alternative for a sustainable equilibrium of natural
organic material, and on another side also helps in solving
pollution problem that their disposal may cause. The initial
population of these parasites significantly affect growth and
yield of tomato [15]. The plant growth is inversely affected by
the population of root-knot nematode [16].
The addition of organic residues has a strong impact on the
physical and biological properties of soils and promotes an
environment favorable to nematode-antagonistic
microorganisms [17]. Incorporation of plant parts or extracts
into the soil alone or with bio-control agents have also been
suggested as an alternative, safe and effective control method
for the management of plant parasitic nematodes [18]. The
present study was conducted to manage root-knot nematode
with sugarcane molasses and ash.
Materials and Methods
Collection of sugarcane molasses and ash
The sugarcane molasses and ash of crushed sugarcane were
obtained from local Ghur factory of Utmanzai, Charsadda
District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Sugarcane molasses and ash were applied at three levels 10,
20, 30 ml/kg and 10, 20, 30 g/kg of soil in each pot
respectively including with the controls. Each treatment has
five replicates.
Collection of root knot nematodes
The infected plant roots were obtained from the fields of
Dargai and Jaban areas of Malakand Division, where there
was an immense infestation of root-knot nematode on tomato
crop. The unthrifty and the plants showing stunting were
uprooted and examined. The roots having galls were collected
in polyethylene bags and were brought to the Plant Pathology
laboratory, The University of Agriculture Peshawar.
Perineal pattern morphology of root knot nematodes
Perineal pattern morphology was followed for the
identification of root knot nematodes [19]. Visible knots on the
roots of tomato were crushed using a sterile needle in a petri
dish containing distilled water. 10-15 females were randomly
selected and each female was transferred to a glass slide and
its posterior end was detached under a stereomicroscope. The
perennial pattern was obtained by cutting the posterior cuticle
and was transferred to clean glass slide in a drop of glycerin.
The cover slip on the slide was sealed with paraffin. The slide
was observed under a compound microscope using 100x with
emulsion oil to identify Meloidogyne spp. [20]. The process was
repeated for all the females. The nematode identified was
Meloidogyne javanica shown in (Fig. 1).
Fig 1: Perineal pattern of M. javanica (100x) Fig 2: Tomato nursery
Fig 3: Galled roots of tomato plant Fig 4: Sugarcane molasses
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Root-knot nematodes culturing
After identification, single mature egg mass of known
Meloidogyne javanica was inoculated into the rhizosphere of
three weeks old susceptible seedlings of Rio Grande variety
of tomato in pots that were filled with pasteurized potting
mixture in order to get mass pure culture. New tomato
seedlings of the same cultivar were inoculated with 10-15 egg
masses that were obtained from the pure culture for sub-
culturing, in order to get sufficient inoculum for screening
tomato germplasms experiment.
Raising of tomato nursery
For raising the tomato nursery, the seeds of Rio Grande
variety of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were obtained
from Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar and
were sown in pots containing pasteurized soil.
Application of soil organic amendments and
transplantation
The pots were filled with pasteurized potting mixture of 1:1:1
(clay, silt, and FYM). The organic amendments were then
mixed on the top six inches layer of soil in pots except for
control. The pots were then labeled as according to the soil
amendments applied. The pots were then covered with plastic
sheaths and placed on concrete benches. Seedlings of uniform
thrift and uniform heights were transplanted to each pot,
twenty-one days after the application of soil organic
amendments.
Root-knot nematodes inoculation
Known numbers of eggs were inoculated into the rhizosphere
of the plants in each pot. The inoculation procedure of [21] was
followed and so, 2000 eggs in 10 ml water in glass beaker
were poured evenly around the stem of each tomato seedling
per pot except control pots after ten days of transplantation in
the screen house. All the agronomic practices were done
normally for the growth and development of the plants.
Data collection
About seven weeks after inoculation, the plants were carefully
uprooted, and roots were washed gently and the data were
recorded on various parameters:
Number of galls/plant root system
The number of galls on the entire root system of the uprooted
tomato plants was counted and means of all the replicates of
the individual plant was calculated.
Galling index
Galling index was assessed on a scale of 0-5 as described by
[22] as follow:
0 = No gall on roots
1 = 1-2 galls
2 = 3-10 galls
3 = 11-30 galls
4 = 31-100 galls
5 = More than 100 galls.
Number of egg masses/plant root system
The uprooted tomato roots were then stained for twenty
minutes in an aqueous solution of Phloxine B (15mg per liter)
as reported by [23] The number of egg masses per plant root
was then counted under a stereoscope.
Number of eggs/egg mass
The eggs were released from the gelatinous matrix by
applying 1.0% NaOCl [24]. Ten egg masses were randomly
selected and a number of eggs per egg mass was assessed and
the data was recorded for analysis.
Statistical analysis
Completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was
used in the screening experiment with five replications and
controls. Averages of all the recorded data were estimated and
were subjected to statistical analysis using the technique of
analysis of variance and for mean comparison least significant
difference (LSD) test was used [25]
Layout for screen house experiment
Factor 1:- M= Molasses, A= Ash
C0= Negative control (no inoculation and no amendments),
C1= Positive control (inoculated but no amendments), C2 and
C3= Amendments applied but no inoculation (C2M1, C2M2,
C2M3 and C3A1, C3A2, C3A3).
Factor 2:- Doses
For Molasses: M1= 10 ml/kg, M2= 20 ml/kg, M3= 30 ml/kg
For Ash: A1= 10 g/kg, A2= 20 g/kg, A3= 30 g/kg
M2 C
2M1 A
1 C
3A3 M
2 A
1 A
3 A
1 C
2M1 A
3 C
3A2 C
0 A
2 C
2M2
C3A1 A
2 C
3A1 A
2 C
2M3 C
1 C
1 C
1 C
3A3 A
3 C
3A1 M
2 C
0 A
3
C0 M
3 M
3 C
1 C
3A2 M
3 C
2M1 M
3 C
2M1 M
1 A
2 M
2 C
2M2 C
2M2
C3A2 C
0 C
2M2M1 A
1 C
3A2C3A3M2C3A3C3A3M1C2M3 A
1 A
3
C2M3 C
1 C
3A2 C
2M1 C
2M2 C
3A1C2M3A2M1M1C2M3C0 M
3 C
3A1
Results
The study was aimed to have an easy and cost effective
organic management of tomato root knot nematode
(Meloidogyne javanica) according to existing farming system
and to introduce environment and friendly techniques to
manage root-knot nematode problem in tomato growing areas
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The results of the current research
are given as follows:
Identification of root knot nematodes
Ten randomly selected females of root-knot nematode were
processed to study the perineal pattern of root knot nematode.
From perineal pattern morphology it was confirmed, that the
species identified was of Meloidogyne javanica shown in Fig. 1.
Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on galls/plant of
tomato.
Significant effects (P<0.05) were observed with the
application of organic amendments and their interaction on
the number of galls/plant of tomato (Table 1). All the
application doses significantly reduced galls/plant. The
maximum reduction in galls/plant was recorded by the plants
amended with sugarcane molasses (i.e 41.40), followed by the
plants amended with ash (i.e 48.40) under root knot
inoculated conditions. Sugarcane molasses significantly
(P<0.05) reduced galls plant-1 with the highest dose (i.e 30
ml/kg) being the most effective (i.e 26.40) followed by the
highest dose of ash (i.e 30.03) of the same dose. The
maximum galls/plant was observed with no application of
amendments under inoculated conditions.
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on the galling index
of tomato.
Results showed a reduction in galling index with different
doses of sugarcane molasses and ash applied and their
interactions (Table 2). The maximum reduction in galling
index was recorded by sugarcane molasses (i.e 3.40),
followed by ash (i.e 3.60). The greatest reduction in galling
index was recorded by the highest dose (i.e 30g or ml/kg)
Table 1: Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on galls plant-1 of tomato.
Treatments Application doses Means
10 g or ml kg-1 20 g or ml kg-1 30 g or ml kg-1
Molasses (Treatment+ Inoculation) 67.00 c 30.80 e 26.40 f 41.40 c
Ash (Treatment+ Inoculation) 69.00 b 48.00 d 28.20 f 48.40 b
C1 (Only inoculated) 101.40 a 101.40 a 101.40 a 101.40 a
C2 (MOLASSES) (No Inoculation) 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 d
C3 (ASH) (No Inoculation) 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 d
C0 (No inoculation, No treatments) 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 d
Means 39.56 a 30.03 b 26.00 c
LSD (organic amendments) = 1.10
LSD (application doses) = 0.78
LSD (interaction) = 1.92
Table 2: Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on the galling index of tomato.
Treatments Application doses Means
10 g or ml kg-1 20 g or ml kg-1 30 g or ml kg-1
Molasses (Treatment+ Inoculation) 4.00 b 3.20 c 3.00 c 3.40 c
Ash (Treatment+ Inoculation) 4.00 b 4.00 b 3.00 c 3.60 b
C1 (Only inoculated) 4.60 a 4.60 a 4.60 a 4.60 a
C2 (MOLASSES) (No Inoculation) 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 c
C3 (ASH) (No Inoculation) 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 c
C0 (No inoculation, No treatments) 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 d 0.00 c
Means 2.10 a 1.96 b 1.76 c
LSD (organic amendments) = 0.17
LSD (application doses) = 0 . 1 2
LSD (interaction) = 0.31
of sugarcane molasses and ash (i.e 3.00). Different doses
significantly caused a reduction in the galling index of
sugarcane molasses at 20 ml/kg (i.e 3.20), followed by dose
(20g/kg) of ash (3.20). The maximum galling index (i.e 4.60)
was recorded with no application of organic amendments
under inoculated conditions.
Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on egg masses/plant
root system of tomato.
Results from Table 3 revealed that egg masses/plant root
system were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by organic
amendments, their interaction and their increasing application
doses. Significant reduction in egg masses/plant root system
were shown by the plants amended with sugarcane molasses
(i.e 23.40) at a dose (30ml/kg) of soil, followed by the plants
amended with ash (i.e 28.20) at dose 30g/kg of soil. The
increasing application doses had a significant effect on egg
masses/plant root system. The highest dose of 30g or ml/kg of
soil was the most effective (i.e 25.53) under the screen house
condition. The maximum egg masses/plant (i.e 101.60) was
observed by the plants that were not amended under
inoculated conditions.
Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on eggs/egg mass of
tomato.
Eggs/egg mass were significantly reduced with the organic
amendments applied as shown in Table 4. The increase in the
application doses significantly reduced eggs/egg mass. The
maximum reduction was recorded for the highest dose of
sugarcane molasses (i.e 278.00), followed by ash (i.e 286.00)
of the same dose. The increase in eggs/egg mass (i.e 296.20)
was observed in plants with no amendments application under
inoculated conditions.
Table 3: Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on egg masses/plant root system of tomato.
Treatments Application doses Means
10 g or ml kg-1 20 g or ml kg-1 30 g or ml kg-1
Molasses (Treatment+ Inoculation) 33.40 c 26.20 d 23.40 e 27.66 c
Ash (Treatment+ Inoculation) 36.20 b 31.20 c 28.20 d 31.86 b
C1 (Only inoculated) 101.60 a 101.60 a 101.60 a 101.60 a
C2 (MOLASSES) (No inoculation) 0.00 f 0.00 f 0.00 f 0.00 d
C3 (ASH) (No inoculation) 0.00 f 0.00 f 0.00 f 0.00 d
C0 (No inoculation, No treatments) 0.00 f 0.00
f
0.00 f 0.00 d
Means 28.53 a 26.50 b 25.53 c
LSD (organic amendments) = 1.29
LSD (application doses) = 0.91
LSD (interaction) = 2.24
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Table 4: Effect of sugarcane molasses and ash on eggs/egg mass of tomato.
Treatments Application doses Means
10 g or ml kg-1 20 g or ml kg-1 30 g or ml kg-1
Molasses (Treatment+ Inoculation) 290.00 bc 284.00 e 278.00 f 284.00 c
Ash (Treatment+ Inoculation) 292.00 b 288.00 cd 286.00 de 288.67 b
C1 (Only inoculated) 296.20 a 296.20 a 296.20 a 296.20 a
C2 (MOLASSES) (No Inoculation) 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 d
C3 (ASH) (No Inoculation) 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 d
C0 (No inoculation, No treatments) 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 g 0.00 d
Means 146.37 a 144.70 b 143.37 c
LSD (organic amendments) = 1.49
LSD (application doses) = 1.05
LSD (interaction) = 2.59
Discussion
The world is moving towards the organic agriculture these
days because of the ill effects of chemicals. This research
focused on finding out different cheap and cost effective
organic management strategies for controlling root-knot
nematode thereby avoiding costly and hazardous chemicals.
Chemicals are not much effective in controlling nematodes
because nematodes are protected in hard egg shells.
Chemicals are also costly and most of the farmers cannot
afford. Secondly, huge quantities of organic wastes
(agricultural wastes) are wasted every year. These organic
wastes can be re-used and converted into wealth.
This research aimed to find the effect of molasses and ash on
the management of root-knot nematodes and also to recycle
these wastes. This study revealed that molasses and ash both
had a significant effect on the management of root-knot
nematodes and plant growth. This research has explored cost
effective, environment and farmer friendly methods for the
management of nematodes.
Sugarcane molasses also stimulated the shoot and root length,
fresh and dry shoot weight of tomato, and suppressed
galls/plant, galling index, eggs/eggmass, and egg masses/plant
root system. The dose level of 30g or 30 ml/kg of the soil of
both amendments were found more effective. Sugarcane
molasses proved more effective than ash. [26] Also reported a
reduction in root galling in tomato by the application of
molasses to the soil [27]. Reported that addition of molasses to
the soil time to time increased the sugarcane yield, especially
in low potassium areas. The application of molasses to the
field plots in relatively higher rates, controlled root knot more
effectively as compared to nematicide fenamiphos [28].
The addition of molasses, which is rich in carbon, can reduce
the number of nematodes even more than amending the soil
with urea alone [29]. Organic amendments, such as molasses
are environment-friendly and do not pose any threat to the
environment as other chemical pesticides do because
chemical pesticides readily decomposed into the soil to CO2
and other harmless organic products.
Ash is applied to the soil for plant growth improvement, as it
increases the aeration and also improves the soil structure. [30]
reported that organic amendments such as grass ash and rice
husk ash proved to be beneficial means of controlling root-
knot nematode in soil. They recommended that the farmers
should be convinced to use these organic amendments
because the chemicals used have adverse environmental
effects and health hazards.
My results are in line with the results of as the application of
ash improved the plant height and suppressed gall/plant. The
effect of ash on plants may be indirect. Ash improves the
texture, structure, aeration and water holding a capacity of
soil required for plants. Some micronutrients may also be
there which promotes the growth of plants, however, further
studies are required to confirm the possibilities.
Different kinds of amendments used as a nutrients source for
crop production have been found effective in controlling root
diseases of plants. The application of ash also effectively
reduced galls/plant, galling index, eggs/egg mass, egg
masses/plant root system and also fresh and dry weight of
galled roots as compared to controls. Plant height and fresh
and dry weight of shoot of plants were increased. Further, it
also inhibited nematodes population [31].
These studies also revealed that un-inoculated and
amendments added plants showed the highest performance
and stimulated plant growth. The sugarcane molasses
performed better than ash in this research. Hence, the results
showed that there must be some kind of nutrients or growth
promoting factors in the amendments used and needs further
studies to identify and confirm.
This research has contributed a lot to the science and explored
possibilities to recycle the organic wastes, wasted every year.
Molasses and ash not only manage root knot-nematodes but
also increase the organic contents and fertility of soil which is
need of the country. Also, the environmental pollution shall
be greatly reduced. The methods are also farmer friendly and
farmers can themselves use their wastes in their crops.
Conclusion
Sugarcane molasses and ash both were found effective to
manage root knot nematodes; however, application of
sugarcane molasses gave better results.
Acknowledgements
We thank Department of Plant Pathology, The University of
Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan for providing facilities to carry
out this research. We are also thankful to the editor and
anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms and
suggestions.
Author Contributions
Mehran Khan under supervision of Prof. Dr. Saifullah
conceived, designed, performed the experiment and this
research was part of his MPhil thesis. Aqleem Abbas analyzed
the data, edited and wrote the paper. The other two authors
Ijaz Ahmad and Rifat Ali Khan contributed materials and
analysis tools.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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