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From Hypotaxis to Parataxis: An Investigation of English–German Syntactic Convergence in Translation
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Guided by the hypothesis that translation is a language contact situation that can influence language change, this study investigates a frequency shift from hypotactic to paratactic constructions in concessive and causal clauses in German management and business writing. The influence of the English SVO word order is assumed to cause language users of German to prefer verb-second, paratactic constructions to verb-final, hypotactic ones. The hypothesis is tested using a 1 million word diachronic corpus containing German translations and their source texts as well as a corpus of German non-translations. The texts date from 1982–3 and 2008, which allows a diachronic analysis of changes in the way English causal and concessive structures have been translated. The analysis shows that in the translations, parataxis is indeed becoming more frequent at the expense of hypotaxis, a phenomenon that, to some extent, also occurs in the non-translations. Based on a corpus of unedited draft translations, it can be shown that translators rather than editors are responsible for this shift. Most of the evidence, however, suggests that the shift towards parataxis is not predominantly caused by language contact with English. Instead, there seems to be a development towards syntactically simpler constructions in this genre, which is most evident in the strong tendency towards sentence-splitting and an increased use of sentence-initial conjunctions in translations and non-translations. This simplification seems to be compensated for, to some extent, by the establishment of pragmatic distinctions between specific causal and concessive conjunctions.
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... The study of language contact and contact-induced change has seen a rise in scholarly attention since Weinreich's Languages in Contact (1953), and especially after Thomason & Kaufman's (1988) Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Since then, numerous textbooks and handbooks (Heine & Kuteva 2005;Matras 2007Matras , 2020Hickey 2010Hickey , 2017, edited volumes (Aikhenvald & Dixon 2001, 2007Braunm€ uller et al. 2014;Bianconi et al. 2022), monographs (Chamoreau & L eglise 2012Coghill 2016;Fendel 2022;Meyer 2023;Bianconi forthcoming) and dissertations, both on modern (Bisiada 2014) and on ancient (Capano 2020) languages have appeared. These dealt with a wide variety of aspects of language contact from different vantage points, frameworks and approachesfor instance, Thomason's (2001) socio-structural approach vs. Myers-Scotton's (2002) purely structural, model-based one. ...
This paper serves as an introduction to a thematic issue of the Transactions of the Philological Society focusing on morphosyntactic change resulting from language contact.
... Concerning on taxis, several studies were undertaken by, Ngongo (2018), Cerban (2016), Cerban (2011), Sujatna (2012, Bisiada (2013), Sulistyaningrum, and Rasyid (2015), Vries (2008), Mulyani (2017), and they used taxis under SFL to analyse the thesis writing text, and short story. ...
... One may argue that the tactic shift from source text to translations can be taken for granted from a typological point of view, given that Chinese is widely acknowledged to be a paratactic language and English, a hypotactic one (Yu 1993;Tse 2010;Bisiada 2013;Liu and Lin 2015). However, tactic choices are more often motivated by pragmatic reasons (Khalil 2011), as indicated by the sharp contrast in tactic choices between clinician and non-clinicians. ...
... Concerning on taxis, several studies were undertaken by, Ngongo (2018), Cerban (2016), Cerban (2011), Sujatna (2012, Bisiada (2013), Sulistyaningrum, and Rasyid (2015), Vries (2008), Mulyani (2017), and they used taxis under SFL to analyse the thesis writing text, and short story. ...
The present study was a part of larger research aimed at analysing the research article abstracts taken from International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018). This study was descriptive study under SFL analysis in research article abstracts at 2018 ISET realized from 170 clause complexes. Under a SFL theory, the data were collected through retrieving twenty relevant article abstracts on the International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018). The article abstracts are analysed using the framewok of systemic functional linguistic as suggested by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014). However, in this study the writer employs the taxis sytems which covers elaboration, extension, and enhancement. Besides, logico-semantic relation is also analysed which covers projection and expansion. The findings reveal that there are 81 clause complexes of parataxis which are realised 47%, afterwards, there are 35 clause complexes of hypotaxis which are realised 20.5%. Hence, the researchers is more using parataxis then hypotaxis. Bassed on the findings, it is recommended that English teacher can apply clause constructions to encourage the English learners to think critically. After being able to implement their critical thinking, the English learners are hoped to be able to read critically. Through having critical reading, they are suggested to be able to evaluate both their works and the other works as the main purpose in learning systemic functional linguistics.
Writing skill in Malaysia is one of the language learning objectives which has to be mastered by the students. It is challenge as it is evolving to meet the needs and demands in globalized world. In writing, students are expected to be able to make good construction of paragraph. The problems arise in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Sungai Buaya Malaysia that the students are still get difficulty in arranging good quality of writing, especially in term of clause development. The good quality of writing are influenced by interdependency (taxis) and logico-semantic relation system between the clauses. The objectives of this research are to find out the types of taxis and logico-semantic relation in students’ descriptive text. Besides, it also identifies the types of taxis and logico-semantic relation which are dominantly used by Malaysian first grade students of SMK Bandar Sungai Buaya Malaysia following by Gerot and Wignell’s theory (1994). This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research, since the date are provided descriptively. The products that have been analyzed are 17 descriptive texts written by 17 students of 1 Muzik class in SMK Bandar Sungai Buaya Malaysia. Furthermore, the technique of collecting data is done through documentation technique. The result shows that the student descriptive texts consist of 380 clauses which 188 of those are simple sentence, fragments and the rest is clause complexes.
This study is a critical discourse analysis study of metafunctions as part of the ideational function. And this research focus on the interpendency taxis system, namely parataxis and hypotaxis and relationship from logical semantics to expansion and projection in the analysis of Christian and Moslem Debate on SOCO films. By looking at the main focus and the overall analysis of this research, then study answered the following questions; what types of taxis are used in Christian and Moslem Debate on SOCO films and how the type of taxis are used in Christian and Moslem Debate on SOCO films. The Data were analized by descriptive qualitative analysis. The hypotaxis construction is more frequently occured than parataxis construction. It appears 136 times or 63.55%, meanwhile parataxis construction only appears 78 times or 36.45%.
This book, entitled: Taxis Constructions Realised in English
Texts: Theory and Practice explains the theory and practices how to analyse taxis constructions for the English texts. The theory used under the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as one of system used in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). In addition, this book is hoped to enrich the English literacy in Indonesia and allover the world.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is the choice of analysis theory offering effective tools to analyse the language difficulties and vagueness. One of the systemic analysis tools is clause complex which can simplify the structural and grammatical meanings of the analysed texts through the use of taxis systems and logico-semantic relations (Sagheer Eid, 2016). The proposed study is aimed at analysing systemic functional analysis of clause complex realised in a short story adopting Hallidayan linguistics perspective. The short story is taken from the collection of short stories entitled "The Whispering Knights" by Clare West. From the aforementioned short stories collection, the writers take a short story entitled "The Witch's Brew" written by Penelope Lively. By means of a descriptive study under Systemic Functional Linguistics theory as suggested by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014), the writers employ the analysis of taxis systems which cover elaboration, extension, and enhancement. Besides, logico-semantic relation is also analysed which covers projection and expansion. The findings reveal that there are 158 clause complexes which consist of 58 clause complexes of parataxis which are realized 37%, and 40 clause complexes of hypotaxis which are realised 25.3%. In conclusion, the short story is written by the dominant of parataxis then hypotaxis constructions.
This research aims to analyze the elaboration, extension, and improvement contained in the data. The data source of this research is Naela Ali’s story of rainy days written by Naela Ali as the best-selling short story in 2018. The research data is in the form of clauses collected from short stories on rainy days. The theory used to analyze the meaning of the data is a logical-semantic theory. From this study, There are 3 types of logical semantic found in “Stories for Rainy Days” Short Story By Naela Ali: elaboration, extension, and enhancement. this research concludes that there is 83 logical semantics (expansion) found in the "stories for rainy days" consisting of 5 elaborations; 65 paratactic extensions and 1 hypotactic extension; 1 increased paratactic and 9 increased hypotactic; and 2 extensions and enhancements. The realization of logical semantic relation used in “Stories for Rainy Days” Short Story By Naela Ali based on the kinds of each logical-semantics those are: Elaboration consist of exemplification and clarification, there is no exposition. Extension consists of addition, variation, alternation. Enhancement consists of paratactic enhancement and hypotactic enhancement including manner, causal-purpose, spatial and causal-reason.
