Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. F., Agavaceae: phytochemistry, traditional uses and its pharmacological activities - a review

Abstract

Sansevieria roxburghiana is a stem less evergreen perennial plant commonly known as " Indian bowstring-hemp ". It has various traditional uses and recently various pharmacological uses are pursuing. Traditionally it is used as a cardiotonic, expectorant, febrifuge, purgative, tonic in glandular enlargement and rheumatism etc. The plant is known to possess antitumor, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and analgesic activity. It contains carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carotenoids gallic acid, palmitic acid, caftaric acid, isorahmnitin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, buphanidine, diethyl phthalate, 6-methyl-1-octanol, 3,3-dimethylhexanal, proteins, and phytosterols. It also contains a rare homoisoflavonoid Cambodianol. Peer-reviewed articles on S. roxburghiana were acquired on Scopus, scholar, Researchgate, ScienceDirect and SciFinder, there was no specific timeline set for the search. A focus group discussion was held with different communities in satkhira to further understand ethnobotanical uses of the plant. This review is an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of Sansevieria roxburghiana in a succinct form so that curious researchers get all about the medicinal properties of Sansevieria roxburghiana at a glance and possibly make recommendations for further research.

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WSN 59 (2016) 24-34 EISSN 2392-2192
Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. F.,
Agavaceae: phytochemistry, traditional uses and its
pharmacological activities - a review
Obydulla
Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University,
Dhanmondi, Dhaka - 1209, Bangladesh
E-mail address: mamun94@diu.edu.bd
ABSTRACT
Sansevieria roxburghiana is a stem less evergreen perennial plant commonly known as “Indian
bowstring-hemp”. It has various traditional uses and recently various pharmacological uses are
pursuing. Traditionally it is used as a cardiotonic, expectorant, febrifuge, purgative, tonic in glandular
enlargement and rheumatism etc. The plant is known to possess antitumor, antibacterial, antidiabetic,
antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and analgesic activity. It contains carbohydrates, alkaloids,
flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carotenoids gallic acid, palmitic acid, caftaric acid, isorahmnitin-3-O-β-
D-glucopyranoside, buphanidine, diethyl phthalate, 6-methyl-1-octanol, 3,3-dimethylhexanal,
proteins, and phytosterols. It also contains a rare homoisoflavonoid Cambodianol. Peer-reviewed
articles on S. roxburghiana were acquired on Scopus, scholar, Researchgate, ScienceDirect and
SciFinder, there was no specific timeline set for the search. A focus group discussion was held with
different communities in satkhira to further understand ethnobotanical uses of the plant. This review is
an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological
activity of Sansevieria roxburghiana in a succinct form so that curious researchers get all about the
medicinal properties of Sansevieria roxburghiana at a glance and possibly make recommendations for
further research.
Keywords: Sansevieria roxburghiana; cardiotonic; antidiabetic; Homoisoflavonoid; Cambodianol;
Corrosion Inhibition

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1. INTRODUCTION
Plants are the sources of medicine from the ancient time. Bangladesh has a great
treasure of medicinal plants. More than 500 plants have been reported to possess medicinal
properties. Various plants have various medicinal properties which are traditionally used in
the treatment of various disorders. The advantage of herbal medicine derived from plants is
normally known free from side effects, toxicity as well as economically important.
Sansevieria roxburghiana is one of them which are a species in the genus Sansevieria in the
family Agavaceae (Asparagaceae).
The specific epithet honors the discoverer of the species the Scottish botanist and
physician William Rexburg. [1] The whole plant is traditionally used as a febrifuge,
cardiotonic, purgative, expectorant, tonic, in glandular enlargement and rheumatism [2-4].
The mucilaginous rhizomes are used in long-lasting chronic persistent coughs, for quick relief
of a common cough and cold, in ear pain, in consumptive complaints etc. [5-7]. The juice of
tender shoots is administered to children for clearing viscid phlegm from throats. The roots
are used as a febrifuge in snake bite and hemorrhoids [6-8].
Several experiments on specific parts of Sansevieria roxburghiana plant showed
various pharmacological activities such as rhizomes showed antitumor [9], antibacterial [10],
antidiabetic [11], antimicrobial properties [12] whereas the roots have antibacterial and
antifungal properties [13]; leaves exhibited anticancer [14] and antioxidant property [15]; the
whole plant also possesses antifungal [16], antioxidant [17], analgesic [17], antibacterial [18]
and antimicrobial activity [19].
Taxonomical Hierarchy: [20]
Kingdom- Plantae
Subkingdom- Tracheobionta
Superdivision- Spermatophyta
Division- Magnoliophyta
Class- Liliopsida
Subclass- Liliidae
Order- Liliales
Family- Agavaceae
Genus- Sansevieria Thunb.
Species- Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. F.
Synonyms: [21]
Acyntha roxburghiana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Kuntze
Cordyline roxburghiana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Merr.
Sansevieria zeylanica Roxb., nom. illeg.

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Common Names:
English - The Bowstring Hemp
Hin - Marul
Hindi - Marul
Irula - Manji
Tamil- Mottamanji, Marul
Bangladesh -Lankh hi pang.
Apart from them, it is also called Godu Manji and espada (Portuguese, Brazil) [21,22].
This review would helpful for researchers to understand the medicinal benefits of this
plant and also serve as a lead for further drug development using S. roxburghiana Schult. &
Schult. F.
Fig. 1(a). Sansevieria Roxburghiana

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Fig. 1(b). Sansevieria Roxburghiana
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Peer-reviewed articles on S. roxburghiana were acquired on Scopus, scholar,
Researchgate, ScienceDirect and SciFinder, there was no specific timeline set for the search.
A focus group discussion was held with different communities in satkhira to further
understand ethnobotanical uses of the plant.
3. DISTRIBUTION
Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. F. (Agavaceae) is an herbaceous perennial
plant with short fleshy stem and stout rootstock, occurring in the Eastern coastal region of
India, also found in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Bangladesh, tropical Africa [5] and Myanmar [23].
In Bangladesh, Sansevieria roxburghiana are wildly distributed in Gazipur, Savar and Tangail.
Sometimes Sansevieria roxburghiana is confused with the Sri Lankan species Sansevieria
zeylanica, which differs in the shorter and lighter colored leaves contain numerous darker
lines on the back [24].

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4. MORPHOLOGY
Sansevieria roxburghiana is a Stem less, with a creeping rootstock evergreen perennial
plant, producing succulent, erect, rigid leaves 45-75cm or more long and 25mm wide from a
rhizomatous rootstock [25]. Leaves 10-20 x 2-4 cm flat, strap-shaped or narrowly lanceolate,
with a subulate point up to 2.5 cm long. The inner or adult leaves ascending and slightly
recurving, thick, deeply concave, channeled down the face, rounded or very obtusely keeled
on the back, green, transversely marked with darker green lines on both sides. The leaf
surface is smooth, the lower contrast, slightly rough. A fiber is obtained from the leaves .The
Raceme spike-like flowering stem grows 30-75 cm long [25]. Flowers are borne in clusters of
4, Pedicels 6-9 cm long and jointed. The bract is narrowed 3 to 4 millimeters long and
lanceolate. The flower tube is 6 to 7.5 millimeters long. The lobes are 8.5 to 9.5 millimeters in
size [24,26].
5. TRADITIONAL USES
Plants are the main source of treatment from the ancient ages due to its availability to
the ethnic groups. The whole plant of S. roxburghiana traditionally used as a cardiotonic,
expectorant, febrifuge, purgative, tonic, in glandular enlargement and rheumatism [2-4]. The
rhizomes are mucilaginous and used in consumptive complaints, long lasting chronic
persistent coughs, for quick relief of a common cough and cold, in ear pain, etc. [5-7]. The
juice of tender shoots is administered to children for clearing viscid phlegm from throats. The
roots are used as a febrifuge in snake bite and hemorrhoids [6-8]. In Bangladesh, juice from
young leaves applied topically to ear infections [27].
6. PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY
The Sansevieria roxburghiana reported several chemical compounds such as Root juice
contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carotenoids [13]; rhizome contain palmitic
acid, 6,4,dihydroxy-3-propen chalcones, 4-propenoxy-7-hydroxy anthocyanidines, caftaric
acid, isorahmnitin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, buphanidine, gallic
acid and di-iso butyl phthalate [28]; leaves and rhizomes contain carbohydrates, glycosides,
saponins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanin’s, proteins and phytosterols [19];
Several compounds have been identified from chromatographically separated leaves fractions
like dodecanoic acid, diethyl phthalate, 6-methyl-1-octanol, 2-propyldecan-1-ol, 2(4H)-
benzofuranone, 3,3-dimethylhexanal, di-isobutyl phthalate, 3,4-dimethoxy benzoic anhydride,
1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid BIS (2-ethylhexyl ester), palmitaldehyde diallyl acetal, 1-butyl
2-(8-methylnonyl) phthalate, delta undecalactone, n-hexadecanoic acid, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-
pentadecanone, methyl hexadecanoate and 2,5-dimethoxy benzhydrazide [18].
It also Contains an active constituent the alkaloid sansevierine [27]. The higher dose
(2000 mg/kg) showed mild toxic characteristics and identified as Category 5 based on
Globally Harmonious System [29].

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6. 1. Antitumor Activity
Pallab Kanti Haldar et al., studied on a hydroalcoholic extract of S. roxburghiana
rhizome (HASR) and showed that HASR possesses antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice [9].
They administered HASR at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for nine consecutive days
after Twenty-Four hours of intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor (EAC) cells in mice. HASR
showed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable
cell count and increased the life span of EAC-bearing mice. Hematological and serum
biochemical profiles restored to normal levels in HASR treated mice as compared to EAC
control. HASR treatment also significantly (p < 0.001) decreased lipid peroxidation and
recovered glutathione (GSH) superoxide (SOD) and catalase (CAT) towards normal as
compared to EAC control [9].
Therefore, it can be concluded that the hydro alcoholic extract of Sansevieria
roxburghiana rhizome demonstrated remarkable antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma in mice plausibly by modulating lipid peroxidation and augmenting endogenous
antioxidant defense systems.
6. 2. Analgesic Activities
Jimuty Roy et. al., found that whole plant of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the
crude methanolic extract have significant (p < 0.001) pain relieving activity at the oral dose of
100 mg/kg body weight.
Analgesic activity of the crude methanol extract and it’s all Kupchan fractions were
tested by acetic acid induced writhing model in mice. The ethyl acetate, the chloroform and
the petroleum ether soluble fraction of a crude methanolic extract of S. roxburghiana
demonstrated significant analgesic activity with writhing inhibition of 62.5%, 60% and
56.66% respectively compared to 66.66% exhibited by standard diclofenac sodium [17].
6. 3. Cytotoxic Activities
Jimuty Roy et al., reported the cytotoxic effect of an aqueous soluble fraction of the
unrefined methanolic extract of S. roxburghiana assessed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay
.In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the aqueous soluble fraction exhibited maximum toxicity
towards the shrimp with LC50 value of .735 µg/mL compared to 0.544 µg/mL exhibited by
standard vincristine [17].
Roy et al. isolated an uncommon homoisoflavonoid cambodianol from the carbon
tetrachloride soluble fraction of a methanol extract of the entire plants of Sansevieria
roxburghiana (Agavaceae) by broad spectroscopic studies, including high field NMR
analyses [8].
Liu, Jian, et al reported that Cambodianol exhibited significant cytotoxic activities
against K562 and SGC-7901 with the IC (50) values of 1.4 and 2.9 micro g/ml, respectively.
[30]

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Fig. 2. Cambodianol [8].
6. 4. Antioxidant Activities
Jimuty Roy et al. showed the anti-oxidant activity of methanol extract of S.
roxburghiana alongside its all partitionates revealed mild to moderate free radical scavenging
activity. [17] Antioxidant effect was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl–hydrate
(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay estimated by the method established by Brand-
Williams et al [31]. Kaleena et al., reported antioxidant effect and strong free radical
scavenging effects of methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Sansevieria
roxburghiana leaves on free radicals and oxidants (DPPH, NO) in a dose-dependent manner
with BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) as a standard reducing agent. Methanol extract showed
better antioxidant potential compared to acetone and ethyl acetate leaf extracts due to the
presence of high content of alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids and saponins [15].
6. 5. Anticancer Activity
Bala A et al. reported the methanol extract of Sansevieria roxburghiana in male Swiss
albino mice transplanted with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cell line showed significant dose-
dependent anticancer activity. [32] Philip et al also reported the cytotoxic and anticancer
activity of Sansevieria roxburghiana [14].
6. 6. Antidiabetic Activity
Haldar, Pallab K. et al., examined hydroalcoholic extract of S. roxburghiana rhizome
(HASR) and demonstrated that hydroalcoholic extract possesses antidiabetic activity in
normal, glucose-loaded and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. They induced
hyperglycemia in rats by streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg body weight) and after three days
HASR administrated to diabetic rats orally at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 15 days
against Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg, orally) reference Each fifth day Blood glucose levels was
measured during 15 days. Serum biochemical parameters viz. SGPT, SGOT, SALP,
cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein were estimated. Hepatic and renal lipid
peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) also assessed and HASR
significantly (P < 0.001) and dose-dependently normalized blood glucose levels, serum
biochemical parameters; decreased lipid peroxidation and recovered GSH and CAT as

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compared to those of STZ controls. The potential antidiabetic action is plausibly due to its
modulation of endogenous antioxidant status [11].
6. 7. Antimicrobial Activity
Philip, Deepa, et al., indicated antimicrobial activity of different various solvent and
aqueous extracts of the leaves and rhizome of Sansevieia roxburghiana against a panel of
clinically significant bacterial and fungal strains. Susceptibility tested by disc diffusion assay
revealed significant antimicrobial activity of methanol and acetone extracts of leaves against
Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus spp.,
Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli, fungal strains Cryptococcus spp. and
Candida albican. Ethyl acetate extracts of rhizomes also exhibited appreciable antimicrobial
activity against most of the pathogens tested. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
of the various extracts by Agar Dilution method ranged from 1.0 to 8.0 mg/ml. The leaf
extracts exhibited better antimicrobial activity than rhizomes [20]. Kingsley, Danie, et al.
reported antimicrobial activity of methanol and acetone extracts of leaves against Gram-
positive bacteria as well as gram negative bacteria Streptococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Sanseviveria roxburghiana leaves possess 50% antimicrobial effect against
streptococcus aureus combined with norflaxacin.
Sethi et al., revealed the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of rhizome of S.
roxburghiana against the four pathogenic bacteria; S. Typhi, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and
E. coli were assessed by the zone of inhibition. All the microbes were sensitive to the
ethanolic extract of the plant and showed a potential activity. Maximum activity was seen in
the case of P. fluorescens where the zone diameter was 32 mm (300 μg/ml). The minimum
inhibitory concentration study revealed that the value for the S. Typhi and E. coli as 80 and 60
μg/ml for P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa [10]. Moideen, M. M. J et al., reported the
antibacterial activity of S. roxburghiana root sap against both gram-negative and gram-
positive organisms except Streptococcus faecalis but no antifungal activities .The
antimicrobial susceptibility studies conducted against gram (-) bacteria such as Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas auroginosa, gram (+) bacteria such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and fungi such as Aspergillus niger and
Candida albicans.
The Gram-negative bacterium is more susceptible to the S. roxburghiana root than
gram-positive bacteria potential source of food nutrients and nutraceuticals [13]. Philip, D et
al., revealed the antibacterial activity of chromatographically separated pure fractions of
leaves of Sansevieria roxburghiana. Two fractions out of the three showed pronounced
activity at 1 mg/ml against gram positive and gram negative bacteria’s responsible for various
infections [18].
These results lend credence to the folkloric use of this plant in treating microbial
infection. Researchers performed generalized research, no specific research performed to
identify the active compounds. All of these research prove that this plant contain active
constituents which shown antimicrobial activity specific research is necessary to identify the
active compounds from this plant to discover new bio friendly drugs.

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7. COMMERCIAL ASPECTS
Baula, Ferlien Mae G. et al., showed that the Sansevieria roxburghiana (SR) extract –
Zn2+ system control the corrosion of carbon steel in 60 ppm chloride environment by weight
loss method.6 ml Sansevieria roxburghiana (SR) extract, 100 ppm of sodium potassium
tartarate(SPT) and 300 ppm of Zn2+ mixture offered 97% inhibition efficiency. sansevieria
roxburghiana (SR) – Zn2+ system also possess synergistic, controls the anodic reaction
predominantly and a protective film is formed on the metal surface. A good quality fiber is
obtained from the leaves. The fibre is pliant, soft, and silky. It suitable for making bowstrings
due to its natural elasticity. The fibre is used for the preparation of cordage and matting and in
Europe for making ropes used in deep-sea dredging. It has been also used for making paper
but is too expensive a fibre for this use. Researchers should focus on the exploitation of eco-
friendly fibers from natural recourses like sansevieria roxburghiana that have the potential for
use in diversified fields.
8. CONCLUSION
Sansevieria roxburghiana is a glorious medicinal plant source of medicine from the
ancient ages used by the ethnic groups. It is an effective drug for various diseases So; it
requires ex-situ and in-situ conservation to understand the mechanism of action of this
outstanding plant. Such studies are crucial for clinical experimentation and in the
development of novel drugs.
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( Received 24 October 2016; accepted 07 November 2016 )