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An intergenerational model of romantic relationship development
... Romantic partnering is an important developmental task that unfolds during adolescence and early adulthood (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Meier & Allen, 2009). High-quality romantic relationships are associated with better physical health, lower mortality risk, greater life satisfaction, and fewer mental health problems (Gómez-López et al., 2019;Proulx et al., 2007;Robles et al., 2014;Whisman et al., 2018). ...
... In sum, these frameworks highlight behavioral continuities from relationships in the family of origin to future relationships outside the family and they consider the development of behavioral patterns in dyadic relationships to be bidirectional and interdependent between individuals in a dyad. The development of early adult romantic relationships (DEARR) model proposed by Bryant and Conger (2002) incorporates each of the aforementioned theoretical frameworks (social learning, attachment, intergenerational transmission, and dyadic interdependence) into a singular model focused specifically on the development of early adult romantic unions. The DEARR model hypothesizes that behaviors and earlier experiences in the family of origin lay the foundation for developing adult romantic partnerships by guiding individuals' expectations (cognitions) about romantic relationships, their behavioral interaction style, and social problem-solving skills. ...
... To address these issues, this study investigates associations between adolescent sibling behavior during the adolescent years (family of origin) and the same observed behaviors in the adult romantic dyad (family of destination) approximately two decades later. Figure 1 provides a visual representation of four hypothetical pathways based on principles of social learning and intergenerational transmission in families for developing early adulthood romantic relationships (DEARR model: Bryant & Conger, 2002), as well as principals of interdependence theory in close relationships (e.g., Rusbult & van Lange, 2003). The first pathway in Figure 1 is labeled the Continuity Pathway as it estimates the effect of the target's behavior toward their sibling in adolescence out to the same behavior toward a romantic partner in adulthood. ...
Sibling relationships in adolescence provide rich and relevant socializing opportunities for developing early adult romantic relationships, but much less is known regarding the effect of siblings on future romantic partnerships. Using a prospective, longitudinal design, we investigated the association between observed positive behaviors (warmth, support, positive communication), sibling pairs during adolescence (7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th grades), and the same observed behaviors between adult romantic partners nearly two decades later (M age = 31 years old). In structural equation models (SEMs), we tested four dyadic pathways of interest: (1) individual behavioral continuity; (2) evocative partner effects; (3) sibling modeling; and (4) sibling‐to‐partner matching. In multiple group analyses, we also investigated gendered socialization effects for different sibling dyads (i.e., brother–brother; sister–sister; and mixed‐sex sibling pairs). Results showed strong continuity from adolescent behavior toward their sibling to the same behavior toward their romantic partner in early adulthood, but there was no evidence for sibling modeling effects nor for sibling matching. We also found significant differences between sister–sister sibling dyads compared to brother–brother and mixed‐sex sibling dyads for the evocative pathway. Findings highlight the “long view” of positive adolescent behavior in sibling relationships for shaping future romantic partnerships in adulthood.
... One particular point of interest for young adults and an important indicator of adjustment is the formation of romantic relationships. According to the development of early adult romantic relationships model, early family relationships are crucial for the later functioning of young adults' romantic relationships [12]. Confirming this assumption, previous studies showed that the interactions with their parents were related to both positive and negative aspects of the emerging adults' romantic relationships [13,14]. ...
... The first two hypotheses were based on the theoretical perspective proposed by the development of early adult romantic relationships model [12], which states that the relational outcomes of young adults can be related to pre-relational circumstances and interactions, including relationship-promotive or -inhibiting experiences in the family of origin during childhood and adolescence. Among these, the parenting style can be associated with various attributes of the emerging adult's romantic relationships and relationship success. ...
... The development of early adult romantic relationships model [12] proposes that the relationship-promoting and -inhibiting experiences in the family of origin (for example, the parenting style) can influence the individual characteristics of the young adult. These can act as particular competencies that can promote an individual's success in a romantic relationship. ...
Previous research shows a link between parenting and children’s characteristics and interpersonal behaviors. However, little is known about the ways in which parenting tactics affect children’s romantic relationships and whether the children’s characteristics can mediate these associations. With this study, the aim was to test the associations between parents’ helicopter parenting/autonomy-supportive behaviors and emergent adults’ relational satisfaction and couple conflict. In addition, it was tested whether the sense of relational entitlement (excessive and restricted) mediated the links. Two hundred and twelve emergent adult–parent dyads participated in this study. Mediation analyses showed that parental autonomy-supportive behaviors had indirect effects on both the relational satisfaction and the couple conflict reported by the emerging adults through excessive relational entitlement. The link was positive for the former couple-related outcome and negative for the latter one. Helicopter parenting was not related to any variable reported by the emerging adults. In conclusion, positive parenting can increase relational stability and well-being by diminishing some potentially negative psychological characteristics of emerging adults.
... However, an indirect role emerged, mediated by the present TP. These results can be explained referring to the Development of Early Adult Romantic Relationships model (DEARR; for a complete overview, see Bryant and Conger 2002). This model hypothesises that experiences within the family of origin influence young adult romantic relationships mainly indirectly by the mediation of several individual cognitive characteristics. ...
... This model hypothesises that experiences within the family of origin influence young adult romantic relationships mainly indirectly by the mediation of several individual cognitive characteristics. Following Bryant and Conger (2002), family of origin environment, functioning, and/ or practices impact individual cognitive characteristics of the young adult, such as TP in our case. These individual cognitive characteristics, in turn, influence young adult interactional styles, and, subsequently, their romantic relationship success and satisfaction (Bryant and Conger 2002). ...
... Following Bryant and Conger (2002), family of origin environment, functioning, and/ or practices impact individual cognitive characteristics of the young adult, such as TP in our case. These individual cognitive characteristics, in turn, influence young adult interactional styles, and, subsequently, their romantic relationship success and satisfaction (Bryant and Conger 2002). Overall, our findings seem to additionally support the validity of the DEARR model, and they are also in line with those studies within this framework, which have considered the mediating role between family functioning and relationship success of other individual cognitive characteristics, such as problem-solving skills (Anderson et al. 2014) or beliefs about couple fulfilment (Masarik et al. 2013). ...
Literature has consistently highlighted the role of time perspective (TP) in predicting different psychological outcomes. Despite the importance that TP seems to have, few studies have investigated its role in personal relationships or attempted to explain the underlying mechanisms within this complex model. The purpose of this study was therefore to expand research not only on the associations between the TP frames (past, present and future) and couple satisfaction, but also to test a model that sees TP as a mediator in the relationship between family functioning and couple satisfaction. One hundred and forty-six heterosexual couples of emerging adults (aged between 20 and 34) participated in the study. Path analyses showed that only present-orientated TP was linked to higher couple satisfaction in both partners, simultaneously playing a mediating role between the family functioning and the quality of the couple’s relationship. Unexpectedly, partners’ effects were not significant in the model. Finally, the implications of these findings for future studies and practical interventions are discussed.
... Spanier reported the validity of the scale as 0.96. He also reported the concurrent validity of the scale as 0.86 based on correlation with Locke and Wallace's marital adjustment questionnaire [34]. ...
... The model predicts that family of origin experiences will influence attributes of the early adult couple relationship either directly or indirectly through (a) early adult socioeconomic circumstances and (b) individual attributes of a young adult. The model also hypothesizes that family of origin experiences may directly affect couples' relationships and then, these characteristics predict success in adulthood relationships [34]. ...
... In general, marital adjustment is a multi-dimensional concept that includes various factors that contribute to satisfaction or dissatisfaction in this relationship [34]. Increasing knowledge in this field provides helpful hints for therapists working in the field of family and marriage counseling. ...
... Rather, theory and research suggest that the influences of IPC on youth's maladaptive social skills and lower quality relationships (Buehler et al., 2009) operate through associations with youth's individual and relational characteristics (Lindsey, MacKinnon-Lewis, Campbell, Frabutt, & Lamb, 2002;Schwarz, Stutz, & Ledermann, 2012;Stocker & Youngblade, 1999). For example, the development of the early adult romantic relationships (DEARR) model (Bryant & Conger, 2002) suggests that experiences in the family shape youth's cognitions or beliefs about relationships that, in turn, influence youths' romantic interactions and the quality of these relationships. Extending this model to peer relationships in general, and applied to experiences of IPC, we can postulate that youth who witness contentious and hostile interparental interac-tions are more likely to form beliefs that interpersonal relationships are characterized by discord, coercion, and dissatisfaction. ...
... Extending this model to peer relationships in general, and applied to experiences of IPC, we can postulate that youth who witness contentious and hostile interparental interac-tions are more likely to form beliefs that interpersonal relationships are characterized by discord, coercion, and dissatisfaction. These beliefs, in turn, undermine how youth approach and behave in interpersonal relationships outside of the family context and contribute to lower quality relationships (Bryant & Conger, 2002). ...
... Tests of indirect effects were significant, aligning our findings with previous research and theory on IPC (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Grych & Fincham, 1990). The deleterious effects of exposure to IPC extend over a 3-year period to undermine youths' friendship support and feelings of loneliness via increases in threat appraisals and social anxiety symptoms. ...
The goal of this study was to broaden the developmental understanding of the implications of interparental conflict (IPC) and threat appraisals of conflict for adolescents' relationships with peers. Guided by the cognitive contextual framework and evolutionary perspectives, we evaluated a developmental model in which adolescents who are exposed to IPC perceive these conflicts as threatening to their well-being or that of their family. In turn, threat appraisals of IPC increase risk that adolescents experience worries and fears about the peer context (i.e., social anxiety), leading to decreased support from friends and increased feelings of loneliness and engagement with antisocial peers. Autoregressive analyses were conducted with a sample of 768 two-parent families across four measurement occasions. Exposure to IPC was related to increases in youths' perceived threat, which increased their risk for social anxiety symptoms. Consistent with our hypothesis, heightened social anxiety symptoms undermined youths' subsequent functioning in the peer context. Specifically, youth with greater adolescent social anxiety symptoms experienced increased feelings of loneliness and decreased perceptions of friendship support. Significant indirect effects were substantiated for adolescent loneliness and friendship support. Findings did not vary as a function of adolescent gender. The findings highlight the enduring implications of IPC and threat appraisals of IPC for youths' functioning, which can be expanded beyond broad measures of youth psychopathology, and the critical role of social anxiety symptoms as an explanatory mechanism in this process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
... Earlier life contexts, particularly family and community socioeconomic conditions, have been shown to accumulate across childhood and adolescence, persist into young adulthood, and influence relationship functioning (Collins, Hennighausen, Schmit, & Sroufe, 1997). For instance, low family socioeconomic status and community poverty, working as relationship-inhibiting early life contexts, were observed to be directly associated with low quality and instability in adult romantic relationships (Bryant & Conger, 2002). Early contextual risk factors were also found to place youth at a distinct disadvantage in acquiring the human capital necessary for adaptive romantic relationship functioning (Olderbak & Figueredo, 2009). ...
... Distressed youth from socioeconomically disadvantaged families tend to leave their families earlier in life, compared with youth from families with greater resources, and are more likely to participate in unstable intimate relationships, characterized by early marriage or cohabitation (Amato et al., 2008;Härkönen & Dronkers, 2006). On the other hand, young adults from highresource families tend to delay marriage longer to complete college and begin their careers (Bryant & Conger, 2002). ...
... Previous studies of the life-course perspective (Elder, 1998) and the development of early adult romantic relationship model (DEARR; Bryant & Conger, 2002;Conger, Cui, Bryant, & Elder, 2000) have shown that romantic relationship pathways are influenced by early structural contexts as well as one's capacity to adapt to the context (e.g., socioeconomic competencies and interpersonal skills). For instance, youth from economically disadvantaged community and family environments tend to experience off-time transitional events during adolescence, such as dropping out of school and full-time employment, because they lack the resources to support normative transitions (Elder, George, & Shanahan, 1996;Wickrama, Kwon, Oshri, & Lee, 2014). ...
Although studies on romantic relationships are abundant, cumulative experiences in intimate relationship dissolution (i.e., dissolution of cohabitation and marriage) during young adulthood is not yet completely understood. Using a nationally representative sample of 9,275 young adults, we investigated heterogeneity in timing and frequency of relationship dissolution during young adulthood, as well as its developmental precursors to dissolution. Results indicated four distinct relationship-dissolution classes that ranged from those who maintained stable romantic relationships to those who experienced multiple cohabitation dissolutions and divorces from ages 18 to 30 years. Early socioeconomic adversity predicted relationship-dissolution trajectories directly and indirectly through psychosociodemographic mechanisms in adolescence, including disrupted transitions to adulthood, conflict in dating relationships, and low levels of future orientation. Our findings highlight the heterogeneous romantic relationship trajectories of young adults and support the importance of the person-centered approach in elucidating developmental pathways underlying the longitudinal transitions in romantic relationships.
... The development of early adult romantic relationships model (Bryant and Conger 2002) proposes that early family relationships and developing interpersonal skills during adolescence serve as distinct pathways to later functioning in young adult romantic relationships. The "enduring family influence" perspective posits that family experiences may have a lasting influence on an individual's romantic relationships, even when accounting for individual factors or intervening experiences (Raby et al. 2015), such as personality traits, trajectories of hostile-aggressive behavior, or peer relationship experiences (e.g., Donnellan et al. 2005;Fosco et al. 2016). ...
... The development of early adult romantic relationships model also proposes that adolescents' interpersonal skills, influenced by early family experiences, may directly support or undermine success in romantic relationships (Bryant and Conger 2002). Prior work has found that individual interpersonal skill deficits can have toxic effects on romantic relationships. ...
... In addition to examining whether family and individual factors predict young adult romantic relationship quality, we also sought to explain the process by which these factors unfold over adolescence. Historically, family socialization of youth attitudes and behaviors has been conceptualized as a unidirectional developmental process: family relationships are thought to shape individual skills, and in turn, individual skills impact young adult romantic relationship functioning (e.g., Bryant and Conger 2002;Whitton et al. 2008). However, it is likely more accurate to consider the interaction between family and individual skills as a transactional process characterized by mutual influence over time (Sameroff 2009). ...
The ability to develop and maintain healthy romantic relationships is a key developmental task in young adulthood. The present study investigated how adolescent interpersonal skills (assertiveness, positive engagement) and family processes (family climate, parenting practices) influence the development of young adult romantic relationship functioning. We evaluated cross-lag structural equation models with a sample of 974 early adolescents living in rural and semi-rural communities in Pennsylvania and Iowa, starting in sixth grade (mean age = 12.4, 62.1% female) and followed into young adulthood (mean age = 19.5). Findings revealed that adolescents who had experienced a more positive family climate and more competent parenting reported more effective problem-solving skills and less violent behavior in their young adult romantic relationships. Adolescent assertiveness was consistently positively associated with relationship problem-solving skills, and adolescents’ positive engagement with their family was associated with feeling more love in young adult romantic relationships. In addition, family functioning and adolescent interpersonal skills exhibited some reciprocal relations over the adolescent years. In summary, family processes and interpersonal skills are mutually influenced by each other across adolescence, and both have unique predictive implications to specific facets of young adult romantic relationship functioning.
... Moreover, as Halloran (1995) concluded, sons' recollections of social roles and experiences in childhood and adolescence are useful for learning about male gender socialization. Gender role socialization is significant to attend to because it constitutes an important source of learning about relationship skills, behaviors, and attitudes (Bryant & Conger, 2002). ...
... Studying how fathers influence sons' learning about marriage is significant for several reasons. First, forming a long-term union such as a marriage is an important developmental task in adulthood (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Rauer, Pettit, Lansford, Bates, & Dodge, 2013). Family scholars posit that marriage represents the most important life course event for men, who often adopt new roles and responsibilities when they become husbands (Nock, 1998). ...
... Second, the family context provides sons with experiences that shape relationship skills, behaviors, and attitudes. Early interpersonal experiences with fathers reflect opportunities for learning gendered behaviors and promoting sons' capacity to experience relationship success in adulthood (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Hill, 2002;Hosley, Canfield, O'Donnell, & Roid, 2008). Third, a number of scholars have focused on understanding retreat from marriage (McLoyd, Cauce, Takeuchi, & Wilson, 2000). ...
It is important to investigate the ways in which sons learn about marriage from men, including biological fathers, male relatives, and social fathers. This study's purpose is to explore Black sons' observations of fathers' teachings about husbandhood. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 52 married Black men who participated in the Pathways to Marriage project in 2010. Findings highlighted developmental pathways and family processes related to modeling husbandhood, demonstrating trust and commitment, managing conflict, protecting and providing, displaying teamwork and partnership, showing love and affection, and imparting beliefs and values. Implications and recommendations for future studies are also discussed.
... As shown in previous studies, adolescents whose parents are warm and supportive are better able to provide coherent positive resolution of their low points (i.e., personal growth) (Dumas et al., 2009). Meanwhile, love instability may matter more for adolescent interpersonal relationship aspects, because the interpersonal styles and social skills experienced within family interactions set the foundation for adolescents' other interpersonal relations outside of the original family context (Bryant & Conger 2002;Xia et al., 2018). On a daily basis, instability of emotions or feelings during parent-adolescent interactions may be programmed as general perceptions and interactive patterns for other interpersonal relationships. ...
... These associations were less pronounced (i.e., became marginal significant or only showed a trend) after B-H correction on multiple testing, suggesting the need for further research. Love instability in family relationship may lead them feel less competent or trusting in other interpersonal relationships, which is consistent with attachment theory and the development of early adult romantic relationships model (Bowlby, 1988;Bryant & Conger, 2002). Our finding on the importance of love instability is consistent with previous research (Schoebi & Randell, 2015) and further suggests that even the day-to-day variations of feeling loved in their family relationship could lower the quality of other interpersonal relationships for adolescents. ...
Feeling loved by one's caregiver is essential for individual flourishing (i.e., high levels of psychological well‐being in multiple dimensions). Although similar constructs are found to benefit adolescent well‐being, research that directly tests parental love as a feeling from the recipient's perspective is rare. Historically, parental love has been measured using single‐assessment methods and assumed to be a stable, trait‐like characteristic; yet, like any feeling, it may fluctuate in meaningful ways on a day‐to‐day basis—the implications of which are unknown. Using a sample of 150 adolescents (59.3% female; ages 14–16), this study estimated level (person's mean level across days) and instability (fluctuations across days) of feeling loved by a caregiver across 21 days for each adolescent, and then examined their prospective effects on adolescent flourishing 1 year later. After controlling for demographics (adolescent age, gender, family income, and parent's sex) and variable baseline levels, feeling more loved by one's caregiver in daily life significantly predicted higher levels of flourishing in two global measures 1 year later. Moreover, level and instability of feeling loved by one's caregiver played different roles for different dimensions of flourishing: higher levels significantly predicted higher levels of autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth, whereas higher instability significantly predicted lower levels of positive relations with others and environmental mastery. Findings emphasized the importance of considering daily dynamics of feeling loved by one's caregiver and demonstrated that level (of feeling loved) is particularly important for intrapersonal aspects while instability is particularly important for interpersonal aspects of flourishing.
Research Highlights
Adolescents feeling more loved by their caregiver in daily life had higher levels of overall flourishing 1 year later.
Level (of feeling loved) is particularly important for intrapersonal aspects of adolescent flourishing, including autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth.
Stability (of feeling loved) is particularly important for interpersonal aspects of adolescent flourishing, including positive relations with others and environmental mastery.
... Evidence suggests that experiences of aggression in early interpersonal relationships, particularly in the family-of-origin, can influence behavioral interactions in subsequent romantic relationships (Cui et al., 2010). Consistent with theories about the development of early relationships, experiences in the family-of-origin are influential on future romantic functioning and are mediated by individual characteristics (e.g., cognitions) carried forward from the family-of-origin (Bryant & Conger, 2002). Prior work has tested this theory by examining the association between positive experiences in the family-of-origin on future romantic relationship functioning and found that positive cognitions (e.g., positive beliefs) partially mediated these relations (Masarik et al., 2013). ...
... Expectancies likely develop in response to both state-like (e.g., current emotional state, Lemay et al., 2015) and traitlike (e.g., history of experiences to promote future safety and survival, Bryant & Conger, 2002;Roese & Sherman, 2007) factors. One important but previously untested trait-like influence on negative expectancies of an upcoming couple interaction is history of exposure to aggression in the familyof-origin. ...
Purpose
Exposure to aggression during childhood or adolescence has been linked to negative outcomes, including poor future romantic relationship functioning. As a step toward understanding such intergenerational influences, the present study investigates whether aggression exposure in the family-of-origin is associated with negative expectancies of romantic partner interactions when facing a challenging couple discussion. Rejection sensitivity is tested as a mediator of this association, and gender was explored as a potential moderator.
Method
Negative expectancies were assessed before a 10-minute discussion about desired changes in the relationship in a sample of young adult dating couples. To test the theorized relationship between variables, the study employed self-report measures of parent aggression, rejection sensitivity, and negative expectancies.
Results
Multilevel analyses showed that exposure to family-of-origin aggression was positively associated with negative expectancies about the upcoming change discussion task, even after controlling for dating aggression within the current relationship. Additionally, rejection sensitivity mediated the association between parent aggression and negative expectancies. Gender did not moderate these associations.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that individuals who experience aggression in their family-of-origin are more likely to anticipate negative interactions with their dating partner during young adulthood. Results also highlight rejection sensitivity as a key mechanism of this process. Taken together, these findings help to explain why some individuals have negative expectancies as they approach difficult discussions with a romantic partner, which may be a putative link in the intergenerational continuity of aggression.
... Szanse, zasoby i kręgi społeczne, w których urodziła się jednostka i nabywała wczesne doświadczenia, różnicują jej romantyczne przeżycia. Kiedy środowisko jest wspierające, łatwiejsze staje się nawiązywanie udanych relacji uczuciowych, ale im mniej było ono przyjazne, tym trudniej tworzyć satysfakcjonujący związek (C.M. Bryant, R.D. Conger, 2002;C.M. Bryant, 2006, za: B.R. Karney, M.K. Beckett, R.L. Collins, R. Shaw, 2007, s. 35-36). ...
... Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych analiz, także to, jak kształtują się relacje pomiędzy rodzicami i co oni mówią na temat bycia kobietą i mężczyzną w związku, wyznaczało punkt odniesienia przy porów-nywaniu własnej relacji oraz pełnieniu roli partnerki. Z kolei na znaczenie wzorów zachowań, mających swoje źródła we wczesnych etapach życia w relacji z osobami znaczącymi, i przejawianych w kolejnych etapach i w innych typach relacji, zwracają badacze wykorzystujący teorię przywiązania w wyjaśnianiu nawiązywania relacji uczuciowych przez adolescentów (C.M. Bryant, R.D. Conger, 2002;C.M. Bryant, 2006, s. 30, za: B.R. Karney, M.K. Beckett, R.L. Collins, R. Shaw, 2007, s. 35-36). ...
Książka powstała na bazie rozprawy doktorskiej poświęconej sensom i znaczeniom nadawanym przez adolescentki ich doświadczeniom bycia w związkach uczuciowych. W jej ramach zaplanowano i przeprowadzono badania teoretyczne eksploracyjne wykonane w schemacie badań jakościowych. Ich celem był opis i interpretacja sensów i znaczeń, co uzasadniało przyjęte podejście – Interpretacyjna Analiza Fenomenologiczna (IPA).
W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz wyodrębniono następujące nadrzędne ujawniające się tematy, wspólne dla całej grupy: edukacyjny, społeczny, uczuciowy i relacyjny aspekt bycia w związku, poczucie własnej wartości i asertywność oraz zakończenie trwania związku.
Po zakończonej pracy analitycznej podjęto refleksję na tym, jakie rozwojowe znaczenie mają nabyte przez respondentki doświadczenia. Natomiast do wyjaśnienia, z czego wynikały przyjmowane przez respondentki sposoby interpretacji stanów emocjonalnych, myśli, zachowań własnych i partnera oraz przebiegu trwania ich związków, posłużyła koncepcja „spostrzegania relacyjnego” W. Furmana i E. A. Wehner (1994), teoria miłości jako opowieści R. J. Sternberga (2001) i powiązane z nimi kategorie pojęciowe. Przeprowadzone analizy umiejscowiono także w szerszym kontekście rzeczywistości społecznej, zauważono, że w narracjach respondentek można odnaleźć elementy funkcjonujących w kulturze dyskursów o miłości.
... As adolescents enter adulthood, qualitative changes occur as they explore adult roles, acquire independence, and initiate adult-like dating relationships. Because of these more adult-like relationships, observational learning from interparental interactions may socialize young adults to behave similarly to their parents (Bryant & Conger, 2002). Thus, early adult, compared with adolescent, romantic interactions may be more like interparental interactions and thus perpetrating the intergenerational transmission of aggression. ...
... The overall small, albeit consistent, effect indicates that DA perpetration and victimization in early romantic relationships is explained by a variety of other factors (i.e., there is unexplained variance). Three specific areas, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics, have been examined as critical mediators in studies explaining the intergenerational transmission of DA (Bryant & Conger, 2002). Recent research has begun providing empirical support to indicate which other constructs may be important for understanding subsequent DA (Calvete, Fernández-González, Orue, & Little, 2018;Reyes et al., 2015). ...
Objective: As described by the intergenerational transmission and relationship continuity frameworks, witnessing aggression between one’s parents is theoretically related to aggressive experiences in subsequent dating relationships. This article aims to summarize this body of research to estimate the true effect of the association between interparental aggression and dating aggression (DA) in adolescents and young adults. Method: Using meta-analytic procedures, 70 records (98 unique samples) were synthesized to provide a global effect size of the association between witnessing interparental aggression and perpetration and victimization of DA in adolescence and young adulthood. A total of 36,874 individuals provided 336 effect sizes. Results: Consistent with prior meta-analyses with adults, the overall global effect was small (r = .164). A smaller association was present for psychological DA victimization compared with physical DA perpetration, physical DA victimization, and combined physical and psychological DA perpetration; there was no difference between physical DA perpetration and victimization or psychological DA perpetration and victimization. Witnessing both physical and psychological aggression by either fathers or mothers was more strongly associated with DA than witnessing paternal psychological aggression. The association was smaller for prospective reports of interparental aggression compared with retrospective report. Results were consistent across youth gender and age. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the importance of early interparental aggressive actions in understanding subsequent aggressive romantic interactions. Subsequent work should continue to investigate other factors that may further explain DA at these ages.
... The parental practices of authoritarian families are characterized as being coercive and imposed, and based on submission, obedience and control, with a low level of affection and involvement, expressed through cold and empathic communication. These findings suggest that adolescents from authoritarian families transfer this type of practice to their relationships with peers in the virtual environment [97] and consider direct and indirect forms of cyber-aggression to be acceptable [61,62,98,99]. ...
... These results are in line with those reported in previous studies [80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. In this sense, the results obtained here suggest that in the authoritarian style, based on coercion coupled with poor communication, the socialization of gender roles fosters greater assimilation of traditional patterns in which coercion and imposition are less censored traits in boys [98][99][100], resulting in aggression and hostile behaviours being perceived as legitimate or justifiable behaviours of "masculinity" [108,109]. Cyberaggression could partly explain why adolescent males tended to report that frequent Internet use affected their health [110]. ...
The objective of the present study is to analyse the relationships between parental socialization styles-indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative and negligent, school adjustment (social integration, academic competence and family involvement) and cyber-aggression (direct and indirect) in adolescents. Participating in this study were 1304 Spanish students of both sexes (53.1% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 13.87, SD = 1.33). Multivariate analyses of variance were performed. The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, school adjustment and cyber-aggression. It was observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed greater academic competence and greater family involvement. Additionally, the children from authoritarian families displayed greater involvement in direct and indirect cyber-aggression behaviours. The results obtained and their implications are discussed in the final section.
... Transactional models of development emphasize the long-term impact of experiences in the family of origin to social experiences in other ecological settings later in life (Sameroff, 1975). Specifically, the development of early adult romantic relationships model (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Conger et al., 2000) hypothesized that relationships with parents would be the main predictor for the development and quality of romantic relationships. Parents who monitor and discipline their children in an effective manner promote positive family interactions and inhibit negative behaviors (Patterson, 1982), which are important for future relationships skills, such as conflict management and regulation of negative affect. ...
... These findings support previous studies showing that individuals bring their own unique developmental histories into current partner relationships (Salvatore et al., 2011;Waldinger & Schulz, 2016). Specifically, early nurturing relationships with parents affect future partner relationships as far-reaching as into late life by promoting conflict resolution skills (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Conger et al., 2000). Previous longitudinal studies have shown direct associations between parentϪadolescent conflict and partner relationship quality at ages 25 and 37 (Overbeek et al., 2007) and between deviant peer engagement and later aggression toward a partner and sexual coercion (Capaldi et al., 2001;Ha et al., 2016). ...
Using coercive strategies to resolve conflicts with romantic partners has toxic effects on relationships. Coercion predicts relationship dissatisfaction, instability, and intimate partner violence. The early adult romantic relationships model hypothesizes that such strategies first emerge within the family and continue to affect romantic relationships into adulthood. We tested whether adolescent antisocial behaviors and deviancy training with peers mediated between early disruptive parenting and adult romantic relationship coercion. Furthermore, we tested the impact of trauma in this longitudinal model. We studied 230 adults in committed relationships, whom we initially recruited and studied when they were age 11. We collected videotaped observations with friends (when participants were ages 16–17) and with intimate partners (when participants were ages 28–30). As hypothesized, disruptive parenting predicted antisocial behaviors and deviancy training with friends in adolescence, which in turn predicted coercion within intimate adult relationships. Moreover, disruptive parenting in early adolescence also directly predicted romantic partner coercion 15 years later. No significant effects were found for trauma. Findings suggest the promise of promoting healthy adult intimate relationships through early relationships with parents and friends.
... A focus on predictors of adult life satisfaction is especially warranted for adolescents because they are able to evaluate their own educational choices and have some degree of agency to shape the trajectory of their own lives (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006); yet they are still largely influenced by their family environment, parenting practices, and parental beliefs and expectations (Neto, 1993;Zhang & Leung, 2002). Although life satisfaction is acknowledged to be an important goal in children's developmental path, studies have rarely been conducted to investigate the long-term influence of parental expectations on children's life satisfaction (Bryant & Conger, 2002). Thus, the present study was designed to longitudinally examine possible direct and indirect paths linking adolescent and parent predictors to subsequent life satisfaction outcomes in adulthood. ...
... Each child has different expectations and perceptions of his or her abilities and may have dissimilar life experiences and life outcomes over time, depending on the expectations of his or her parents and the surrounding context (Entwisle & Hayduk, 1978). As such, one's life satisfaction in adulthood is likely to be influenced by both parents' and children's interactions and processes that take place during adolescence and the transition to adulthood (Bryant & Conger, 2002). ...
... It appears that experiences in the family of origin can have a relationshippromotive or relationship-inhibiting effect on young adults who are not involved in a romantic relationship (see also Bryant & Conger, 2002). It might be that these individuals are influenced by their parents' marital experiences because it is their most salient model of a romantic relationship. ...
... Few studies on romantic relationships have explicitly focused on the developmental period of emerging adulthood, as data collection often begins when couples get married. As Bryant and Conger (2002) argued, less is known about the developmental roots of romantic relationship formation. Our study contributes to the literature by improving the understanding of what influences emerging adults' beliefs toward romantic life, relationship expectations, and marital intentions. ...
This study, based on a sample of 572 individuals, verified the impact of parental divorce on beliefs toward marriage and divorce, expectations of future relationship success, and marital intentions among single and romantically involved emerging adults. Findings revealed that, in comparison with singles from divorced families, singles from intact families were more likely to report positive views of marriage and to believe that divorce is avoidable. Conversely, beliefs toward marriage and divorce of romantically involved individuals were similar, whether these latter grew up in intact or nonintact families. Finally, for all emerging adults, relational beliefs were associated with relationship expectations and marital intentions.
... To do so, we developed the Reasons for Being Single (RBS) scale. The RBS included 11-items that we generated based on the findings from Study 1 and the literatures on young adults' romantic attitudes and beliefs (Byers et al., 2016;Cobb et al., 2003;Spielmann et al., 2013;Watkins & Beckmeyer, 2020), the desirability of romantic involvement (Adamczyk, 2017;Apostolou et al., 2019;Beckmeyer & Cromwell, 2019;Girme et al., 2016;Jamison & Beckmeyer, 2020), and models of young adult romantic development (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Shulman & Connolly, 2013;Willoughby & James, 2017). ...
Objective
We explored how young adults discussed their experiences with singlehood and their reasons for being single.
Background
Despite singlehood being normative during young adulthood, less research has focused on the diversity of singlehood compared to that of romantic involvement.
Method
In Study 1, 35 young adults participated in in‐depth qualitative interviews about their romantic histories. We explored singlehood meanings and reasons in the context of their relationship histories. In Study 2 we used data from 155 single young adults to explore the factor structure, internal reliability, and initial validity of the Reasons for Being Single (RBS) scale, which we developed for this study.
Results
In Study 1 we found that singlehood is not simply the time in‐between relationships, but represents its own, unique aspect of romantic development. In Study 2, our analyses indicated that the RBS was comprised of three subscales: (a) self‐defeating reasons, (b) self‐enhancing reasons, and (c) lack of interest. Self‐defeating reasons were negatively associated with young adult well‐being, whereas self‐enhancing and lack‐of‐interest reasons were positively associated with young adult well‐being.
Conclusion
Singlehood, like other aspects of young adults' romantic lives, is a diverse and varied experience. Singlehood is also neither an entirely positive nor entirely negative experience. Yet, framing singlehood more positively may aid well‐being.
Implications
Within relationship education, being single should be treated as a diverse experience. Helping single young adults gain clarity around why they are single and identify their romantic goals may increase the efficacy of relationship education efforts.
... While past studies have explored contributions of family-of-origin later in life , none have explored primarily Hispanic sample populations as this pilot study has. According to the DEARR model, family-of-origin experiences have an important influence with romantic relationship outcomes later in life (Bryant & Conger, 2002). For this pilot study, over 40 emerging adults were asked about their family-of-origin experiences, their trust and relationship with their parents back then and currently, as well as their dating experiences and openness to share with their parents. ...
The brain alone is a complex organ in which all sensory, intellectual, emotional, and intuitive
perceptions take place. Today, one of the research challenges in teaching-learning science is the answer to the
question of how much the application of findings from neuroscience studies on learning can be effective in
improving the quality of education. Where are the overlaps between the language of neuroscience and the
science of teaching-learning? While previous teachings have emphasized the importance of schemas or mental
formats as a new learning infrastructure, cognitive neuroscience looks at how knowledge, insight, and
experience are processed in the brain and how neural connections in the brain provide new learning. The
information encoded in the hippocampus can form schemas reliably in institutionalized neocortical networks.
How can these mechanisms be used to improve education, especially architecture education? The current insights from the basic and applied research of cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and teaching learning science research promise a change in educating architects. This article introduces the commonalities of neuroscience, cognitive studies, and architectural education.
Keywords: Cognitive neuroscience, Architecture education, Schema, Teaching, Learning
... While past studies have explored contributions of family-of-origin later in life , none have explored primarily Hispanic sample populations as this pilot study has. According to the DEARR model, family-of-origin experiences have an important influence with romantic relationship outcomes later in life (Bryant & Conger, 2002). For this pilot study, over 40 emerging adults were asked about their family-of-origin experiences, their trust and relationship with their parents back then and currently, as well as their dating experiences and openness to share with their parents. ...
This paper investigates the liminal characteristics of the museums' in-between spaces as the cultivating context of the cultures and civilizations. Liminality is a term borrowed from anthropology to interpret the features of the museums` in-between spaces. Such mentality considers border spheres and in-betweens as transitional spaces, which transform these joints from merely functional elements of separation and connection into areas of numerous potentials of becoming and engendering. This metamorphosis will create a third space. This research aims to question the features of the space that may enhance the liminal characteristics of the in-between spaces of the museums as the potential spaces of encounter and contact zones. In the current semi-experimental research, liminality's social and psychological status is considered a contributing attribute of the space. This concept is investigated by asking for selected architects` feedback regarding the observed liminal
space by combining the semantic differentiation method with a bipolar adjective questionnaire set according to liminal characteristics and an open interview. Successful in-between spaces were evaluated as transitional, layered, temporal, and dynamic, with qualities such as integration, metamorphosis, and uncertainty. It was
concluded that the museum's successful liminal spaces are the ones that motivate continuing the journey through the museum while encouraging the visitors to interact with each other and engage with the body of the museum.
Keywords: Semantic evaluation, Liminality, Museum`s in-between spaces
... According to BFST, a triangular structure of patterns, themes, and positions (roles) are passed down to the next generation via projection from parent to child (Bowen, 1978). Thus, family-oforigin experiences may determine the adult offspring's beliefs about romantic relationships (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Lusterman, 2005;. This may lead them to repeat their parents' mistakes in adulthood (Camp, 2016). ...
This study investigated the effects of a father’s infidelity on his
adult daughter’s experience of family and romantic relationships.
The participants of this study were 13 women aged
between 22–37 years. Their experiences were elicited through
semi-structured interviews. MAXQDA−20 was used to assist in
analyzing the data. The analysis revealed three main themes
and associated sub-themes: family of origin, the effects of the
father’s infidelity, and romantic relationships. The daughters
tended to replicate the same patterns in their romantic relationships
as those in their family of origin. Having experienced
parental infidelity during their childhood, the daughters model
their mothers and form relationships with partners similar to
their fathers. That is, their fathers’ affairs lead to intergenerational
trauma transmission for these women.
... Bowen argued that as long as individuals do not examine and correct the relationship behaviors that they have passed on from previous generations, they will probably repeat these behaviors in their couple relationships (Gladding, 2011). In summary, young adults can shape their own relationship behaviours by observing their parents' marriages (Amato & Booth, 2001;Bryant & Conger, 2002;Fincham et al., 2012;Sergin & Flora, 2005). Therefore, SPMC can help young adults to take a step towards marriage with strong foundations by raising awareness of their experiences and behaviours about couple relationships in line with the information stated. ...
The purpose of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate a premarital counselling programme based on a systemic approach (SPMC). The Couple Relationship Scale (CRS) was used as a data collection tools. We randomly selected 24 participants from Turkish university students who scored low on the CRS subscales and agreed to participate in the study. We provided the experimental group with eight sessions of SPMC. The control group did not receive any intervention at all. We used quantitative data to determine the change in participants’ couple relationships and qualitative data to determine their views about SPMC and their personal awareness. Analysis shows that SPMC had an effect on the experimental group in terms of the communication, romance-sexuality, conflict resolution, and acceptance of differences subscales scores. Follow-up indicated that the effect of the SPMC was still measurable 12 and 24 weeks after the completion of SPMC. The obtained results are discussed on a theoretical basis.
... While past studies have explored contributions of family-of-origin later in life , none have explored primarily Hispanic sample populations as this pilot study has. According to the DEARR model, family-of-origin experiences have an important influence with romantic relationship outcomes later in life (Bryant & Conger, 2002). For this pilot study, over 40 emerging adults were asked about their family-of-origin experiences, their trust and relationship with their parents back then and currently, as well as their dating experiences and openness to share with their parents. ...
Proceedings of International Conference on Social and Education Sciences
© 2022 Published by the ISTES Organization - www.istes.org
ISBN: 978-1-952092-39-8
Editors: Dr. Mack Shelley, Dr. Valarie Akerson, & Dr. Ismail Sahin
Conference: International Conference on Social and Education Sciences (IConSES)
Dates: October 13-16, 2022
Location: Austin, TX, United States
Web: www.iconses.net
... Similarly, the research conducted by Muench and Landrum (1994) on 40 single university students on the relationship between dynamics of family origins and attitudes attributed to marriage revealed that expressiveness which means open and direct communication in the family of origin was associated with positive attitudes toward marriage. Family of origin communication style has been linked with romantic relationship quality in late adolescence (Bryant & Conger, 2002). ...
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the role of family of origin functioning and perceived parenting styles in explaining the meanings that individuals attribute to the concept of heterosexual marriage in a Turkish sample. Method: One hundred seventy-five Turkish individuals reached by online-sampling were included in the study. In the data analysis, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted.Fındıngs: Analysis results showed that while the predictivity of affective responsiveness, communication, behavioral control, and roles dimensions of the family of origin functioning were found significant, it was seen that emotionally depriving mother/father, normative mother/father, exploitative/abusive father, belittling/criticizing father, and conditional/achievement father perceptions shape the concept of marriage. Conclusıon: This study showed that the elements related to the family of origin system and perceived parenting styles play a role in the formation of meanings that individuals attribute to heterosexual marriage.
... Without connection need satisfaction, a sense of emotional security, or observation of any loving and affectionate interactions between parents in early family experience, adolescents from disengaged families are less likely to have a positive outlook of life or be optimistic when facing stress (Baumeister & Leary, 1995;Davies & Woitach, 2008;Heinonen et al., 2004;Ibrahim et al., 2016). From the opposite point of view, positive family experience in early years that either in parent-child interactions (e.g., experiencing more involvement with at least one parent) or in interparental interactions (e.g., their later life, especially for goal-oriented self-regulation (e.g., perseverance) and interpersonal relationships (e.g., connectedness) (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Lamb, 2010;Borkowski et al., 2002;Moilanen et al., 2018;Waters et al., 2018). On the other hand, only adolescents from cohesive families (not collaborative families) had higher levels of happiness than adolescents from coupled-centered and disengaged families. ...
With studies primarily focusing on family risk factors on adolescent maladjustment, less is known about positive family processes that facilitate adolescent positive development. This study aimed to identify different configurations of parental involvement and interparental affection during early childhood from a person-centered approach and examine their long-term implications on adolescent positive functioning at age 15. In a sample of 495 2-parent families (53.3% boys; mothers: 42.0% White, 24.7% Black, 27.4% Hispanic, 5.9% other; family income: Median = $42,500), both parents reported interparental affection and their involvement with the child at the child’s age 1 and 5, respectively. Adolescents reported their engagement, perseverance, optimism, connectedness, and happiness at age 15. Six profiles of early family processes were identified via the latent profile analysis, including Child-Centered (13.3%; average to high parental involvement and low interparental affection), Distressed Mother (14.5%; low mother involvement and mothers perceiving less affection from fathers), Collaborative (9.9%; relatively more mother involvement with the child and relatively more fathers’ affection toward mothers), Cohesive (36.0%; high parental involvement and high interparental affection), Couple-Centered (19.6%; low parental involvement and high interparental affection), and Disengaged (6.7%; low parental involvement and low interparental affection) families. At age 15 (after controlling for family demographics), adolescents in Child- Centered families reported more engagement, adolescents in Cohesive families reported more happiness, adolescents in Cohesive and Collaborative families reported more perseverance and connectedness, and adolescents in Disengaged families reported the lowest optimism. Results highlight that different family configurations during early childhood have differentiated implications on adolescent positive functioning
... First, it may be that individuals more invested in a romantic relationship at 19 years old are characterized by stronger social skills or a relational model open to intimacy that they acquired early in their development and that they then generalized to their close relationships. Several theoretical models clearly represent the continuity that exists between the relationship experienced with parents in childhood, friendships, and romantic relationships (p.ex., Bryant & Conger, 2002;Collins & Sroufe, 1999). ...
The purpose of this study was to examine change in four features of best friendship quality (intimacy, companionship, reliable alliance and conflict) from age 19 to 30 by gender and investment in romantic life. To this end, 363 participants (58% women) were asked about the quality of the relationship with their best friend and their level of investment in romantic life at ages 19, 20, 21, 22, 25 and 30. Latent growth curve analysis revealed a slight increase in reliable alliance and companionship and a slight decrease in intimacy in the early 20s followed by a steeper drop for these three features (quadratic trajectories), while conflict declined linearly. Women reported higher levels of intimacy and companionship and less conflict than men did at 19 years old. Also, their intimacy diminished throughout their 20s, slightly at first but more strongly thereafter. For men, it was lower early on and remained stable afterwards. Finally, investment in romantic life at age 19 was associated with change in intimacy levels shared with their best friend. This study confirms that features of best friendship quality change differently from one another during emerging adulthood and demonstrates the influence of gender and investment in romantic life on these changes.
... Furthermore, the history of relationship patterns in parents' families of origin (Bryant & Conger, 2002), and life stressors and social supports outside the nuclear family, also contribute to the parents' and children's well-being (Conger et al., 2000). And finally, risk and protective factors within the family are closely linked with external sources of stress and support. ...
TRUE Dads, a federally funded Responsible Fatherhood intervention, aims to strengthen three of men's key roles in the family: (1) as fathers, building and maintaining positive engagement with their child; (2) as partners, maintaining a positive relationship with their co‐parent; and (3) as providers, through fostering employment and economic self‐sufficiency. A feature of the program is that low‐income fathers and their co‐parenting partners participate together in 6 3‐hour group workshops, followed by optional participation in an additional 6 3‐hour workshops. Fathers in the intervention condition were offered a chance to participate in a 2‐week employment program. 1,042 co‐parenting teams were recruited and randomly assigned to TRUE Dads’ group intervention (60%) or a no‐treatment control group (40%). In analyses of single measures, one year after study entry, compared with no‐treatment controls, TRUE Dads program participants reported fewer depressive symptoms, less destructive couple communication and domestic violence, and increased employment for fathers. Using expanded latent variable measures of core constructs, Structural Equation Modeling revealed indirect effects of the intervention, in which reductions in both parents’ negative symptoms and destructive couple communication were associated with (a) reductions in negative parenting qualities and children's behavior problems and (b) increases in fathers’ economic self‐sufficiency. Reducing parents’ personal distress and improving relationship quality between co‐parents appears to be important to enhancing fathers’ positive family engagement. From a family policy perspective, the results suggest that integration rather than separation of healthy marriage, responsible fatherhood, and employment programs could provide synergistic power to programs designed to strengthen low‐income families.
... The bulk of the research that examines the impact of contextual stress on marital quality focuses on economic pressures (Karney & Bradbury, 2005;see Falconier et al., 2016 for a review). Supported by several theoretical perspectives historically used to explain the transmission of stress to marital quality (e.g., family stress model, Conger & Elder, 1994;family stress theory, McCubbin & Patterson, 1983; stress transmission; Story & Bradbury, 2004), a variety of economic pressures have been linked to negative marital outcomes (e.g., marital instability, marital dissatisfaction, negative marital behaviors, and a diminished capacity for productive marital problem-solving) across racially diverse samples (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Cutrona et al., 2003;Helms et al., 2014;Karney & Bradbury, 2005;Masarik et al., 2016). Theoretical perspectives supporting this work assert that contextual stress impacts relationship functioning via spouses' subjective experiences of pressure that undermine the capacity for positive marital functioning resulting in downturns in marital satisfaction. ...
Previous research examined links from economic and cultural adaptation pressures to marital satisfaction and marital behavior. Results generally suggested a negative association between these sources of pressure and marital outcomes. However, the extant research is lacking given its inattention to the extent to which husbands and wives experience varying patterns of interrelated pressures and the differential links between patterns of economic and cultural adaptation pressures and marital outcomes. Using latent profile analysis, we identified four distinct patterns of economic and cultural adaptation pressures, underscoring the diversity in experiences among a seemingly homogeneous population of low-income Mexican immigrant couples. Furthermore, differences in marital satisfaction and marital negativity were identified, highlighting how varying patterns of pressures are differentially linked to marital quality.
... Social learning theory suggests that adult children may make similar romantic decisions as their parents (Amato & DeBoer, 2001;Amato & Patterson, 2017). Specifically, parental role modeling is related to the intergenerational transmission of union instability (i.e., ITUI; Amato & Patterson, 2017;Bryant & Conger, 2002). ITUI has been linked to the transmission of individual characteristics (e.g., warm-supportive vs hostile/coercive interaction style) and relationship skills (e.g., communication) across generations Dush et al., 2018). ...
Important decisions about romantic relationships are often made during adulthood, but the foundations for healthy relationships begin during childhood. Romantic development is related to experiences in the family of origin such as parenting, parents’ romantic history, and patterns of interaction within families. In order to better understand how this process unfolds into adulthood, we used relationship history interviews from 35 young adults (ages 24–40) to explore the mechanisms through which parents influence their children’s romantic development. We used Applied Thematic Analysis to guide our secondary analysis of relationship histories data. The findings suggest adult children internalize and apply the examples of parents whom they perceive to be good role models. When parents are seen as poor role models, young adults engage in trial and error as they look for partners that will help them avoid their parents’ mistakes and/or they commit to a partner at a young age to form a family of their own. Adult children also seek love, affirmation, and support from their romantic partners when they feel those things were lacking from their parents. We explore implications of these findings for future research on romantic development.
... Likewise, marital discord, negativity, and divorce in an individual's family of origin has been linked to an increased likelihood of negative marital outcomes (e.g., Cui & Fincham, 2010;Story et al., 2004), maladaptive marital expectations (Steinberg et al., 2006) and poor marital adjustment (see Sabatelli & Bartle-Haring, 2003). Pro-relationship behaviors like productive problem solving, for example, are learned and repeated in children's later romantic relationships, which then promotes successful outcomes in these later unions (Bryant & Conger, 2002). The research on the influence of family-of-origin dynamics on marital quality is mixed, however, with some studies finding no association between more distal or retrospective reports of childhood experiences and current relationship satisfaction (Williamson et al., 2013). ...
How partners handle conflict may be transmitted across generations and contribute to relationship quality. Using a sample of 220 newlywed couples (N = 440) we examined the associations between destructive family-of-origin conflict patterns and discrepancies in current conflict behaviors (e.g., conflict engagement, withdrawal, negative problem solving) with marital quality. Destructive conflict mediated the relationship between destructive family-of-origin conflict and subsequent marital quality. We found actor and partner effects for the association between destructive conflict behavior and marital quality. Moreover, discrepancies in spousal use of negative problem solving was associated with lower marital quality for husbands, although we found limited evidence of partner discrepancy overall.
... Observational data of couple and family interactions and ratings of outcomes by independent evaluators (e.g., teacher ratings of youth outcomes) would provide another useful lens into family and youth functioning. Fourth, although we considered a broad set of six child outcomes that were only moderately correlated, there are several other youth outcomes that we did not assess that are also influenced by couple dynamics, including children's own romantic relationships (e.g., Bryant & Conger, 2002) and children's physical health (e.g., Troxel & Matthews, 2004). Future research examining indirect effects in these domains, particularly as youth transition into later adolescence and early adulthood, could highlight other clinically meaningful outcomes. ...
Objective: This study examined the effects of the Protecting Strong African American Families (ProSAAF) prevention program on children’s outcomes more than 2 years after enrollment, including direct effects of the intervention and indirect effects through couple functioning and parent–child relations. Method: Three hundred forty-six African American couples with an early adolescent child participated; all families lived in rural, low-income communities in the southern United States. Families were randomly assigned to ProSAAF or control conditions and completed four waves of data collection. Couples reported couple functioning at baseline (Wave 1) and at 9-month follow-up (Wave 2), and parent–child relations at 17-month follow-up (Wave 3). Children reported their conduct problems, affiliation with deviant peers, substance use, sexual onset, depressive symptoms, and self-control at 25-month follow-up (Wave 4). Results: Path analyses indicated significant indirect effects of ProSAAF on children’s outcomes through improvements in couple functioning and better parent–child relations. There were no significant direct effects of the intervention on children’s outcomes or significant indirect effects through couple functioning alone. Conclusions: This couple-focused prevention program has positive indirect effects on several child outcomes through the intervening processes of promoting improvements in couple functioning and better parent–child relations. These findings provide cautious optimism regarding the possible benefits of couple-focused programming on participants’ children while suggesting ways in which future couple-focused interventions could yield stronger effects on these youth.
... Control variables. On the basis of prior literature and frameworks on emerging adult romantic development (e.g., Bryant & Conger, 2003;Furman & Collibee, 2014;Shulman & Connolly, 2013), we included six control variables in the present study. Analyses controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity (white non-Hispanic or other race/ethnicity), sexual identity (heterosexual or lesbian, gay, bisexual), level of education, and sensation seeking with the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (four items; Stephenson et al., 2003; = .59). ...
Objective: Our objective was to use multiple romantic relationship dimensions to identify a typology of emerging adult romantic relation- ships.
Background: Emerging adult romantic relationships vary in terms of their relational dynamics, emotional and physical intimacy, and commitment. Understanding the diversity in emerging adult romantic relationships is crucial for developing effective relationship education for emerging adults as they make decisions about their romantic partnerships.
Method: Using data from 396 romantically involved but unmarried emerging adults, we used cluster analysis to identify a typology of romantic relationships based on relational dynamics (i.e., warmth and support and negative interactions), relationship duration, consolidation (i.e., number of nights and percentage of free time spent together), and commitment (i.e., likelihood of marrying partner).
Results: The results indicated five types of relationships: (a) happily consolidated (30.8%), (b) happily independent (18.9%), (c) exploratory (17.9%), (d) stuck (23.0%), and (e) high intensity (9.3%). Demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, current cohabitation, and cycling within the current relationship varied between the relationship types.
Conclusions: There appear to be meaningful and important variations among the types of romantic relationships that emerging adults pur- sue. The associations between relationship type and well-being depends on the interplay between relational dynamics, consolidation, and commitment.
Implications: Individuals in different types of relationships may require targeted interventions to help them move out of problematic relationships or to help them build skills for developing and maintaining relationship quality. Suggestions for each type of relationship are provided.
... La relation parent-enfant occupe une place prépondérante parmi les facteurs qui peuvent influencer l'émergence des relations amoureuses et la présence de sexualité dans ces relations (Bryant & Conger, 2002). Le contexte amoureux reflèterait ainsi les changements amorcés dans la relation parent-enfant au début de l'adolescence (Furman & Collins, 2009). ...
Parenting practices can encourage or impede the emergence of sexuality in romantic relations of adolescents. However, we know very little about the characteristics of romantic relations in which adolescent partners are sexually active. The first objective of this study was to examine the links between parental control, the secrets of adolescents and conflict in the parent-child relationship at the start of adolescence, and the emergence of sexuality and romantic relations in the adolescent environment. The second objective was to determine whether there was a difference in terms of the quality and duration of their relation among adolescent couples who had a complete sexual relation. A sample of 296 adolescents (61% girls) took part in annual evaluations from the ages of 13 to 17. Parental variables were measured at 13, 14 and 15 years of age; characteristics of romantic relations at 16, and the maintenance of that relation at 17. The results indicate that adolescent couples who are sexually active at 16 report greater conflict in relations with their parents, marked by weaker control at the start of adolescence. In addition, they were with their partner for a longer time and were more likely to continue the relationship during the following year. They report greater intimacy but also more conflict. It appears the transition toward active sexuality strengthens the relation between the partners but also leads to a certain tension for the couple.
... Some scholars have connected poor marital satisfaction with higher chances for relationship dissolution (Coontz 2007;Previti and Amato 2004) and subsequent negative effects on health and wellness of those terminating the relationship (Amato and Kane 2011;Carr and Springer 2010) and to negative educational, income, and relationship outcomes of their descendants (Amato 2000) up to three generations after the relationship dissolution (Amato and Cheadle 2005). On the contrary, satisfied and stable relationships have been linked to higher levels of personal well-being (Bryant and Conger 2002), social and personal life, including one's physical and mental health (Bachand and Caron 2001;Heene et al. 2007;Hughes and Waite 2009;Williams and Umberson 2004), including military couples (Lewis et al. 2012), and the mental, psychological, and physical health of the couples' children and adolescents (Barrett and Turner 2005;Carr and Springer 2010;Sweeney 2007). While relational satisfaction has been found to be an important indicator of relational health in the United States, studying satisfaction-or a culturally equivalent construct-in another country (e.g., Russia) may yield meaningful insights into another culture that could simultaneously give perspective on US conceptualizations of satisfaction as well as provide a foundation for cross-cultural studies. ...
The commonly used double translation method fails to provide evidence for cross-cultural equivalence of instruments used in multicultural research thus increasing measurement error-variance. This study exemplified the rigorous acculturation steps needed to negate this cross-cultural error-variance by verifying cultural appropriateness and psychometric equivalence between the instruments. Through application of a cutting-edge adaptation methodology, we created a Russian version of the 16-item Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI; Funk and Rogge in J Fam Psychol 21:572–583, 2007) that is semantically, idiomatically, experientially, conceptually, and linguistically equivalent to the original scale. Next, using the data from 406 Russian-speaking respondents, we employed parallel and exploratory factor analyses to explore the factorial structure of the adapted version subsequently named CSI-16(Russian). Internal reliability and convergent validity with another measure used frequently in Russian scholarship were high. Additionally, results suggested that couples’ satisfaction—when assessed as a unidimensional phenomenon—is similar across the two cultures in spite of linguistic, cultural, and socioeconomic differences between the cultures. The CSI-16(Russian) can be used in comparative cross-cultural studies with sufficient assurance of high convergent linguistic reliability and psychometric similarity with the original CSI scale.
... One study reported that child behavioral problems (e.g., expulsion from school, troubles with law) were related to greater parental perceptions of ambivalence toward the child (Kiecolt et al., 2011). Overall, these data are consistent with models highlighting the critical importance of the early family environment in shaping social and behavioral processes that can facilitate or impede relationship functioning (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002;Uchino, 2009aUchino, , 2009b. ...
The protective influence of social relationships on health is widely documented; however, not all relationships are positive, and negative aspects of relationships may be detrimental. Much less is known about the relationships characterized by both positivity and negativity (i.e., ambivalence). This article provides a theoretical framework for considering the influence of ambivalent relationships on physical health, including reasons why ambivalence should be considered separately from relationships characterized as primarily positive (supportive) or primarily negative (aversive). We introduce the social ambivalence and disease (SAD) model as a guide to understanding the social psychological antecedents, processes, and consequences of ambivalent relationships. We conclude by highlighting gaps in the literature and features of the SAD model that may serve as a guide to future research on potential health-relevant pathways of ambivalent relationships.
... Conceptually, our findings point to the importance of adaptive balancing of self-definition and relatedness in making successful developmental transitions. Higher self-criticism or immature dependency probably hamper the confidence for competent involvement in, and handling of a relationship (Arnett, 2004;Bryant & Conger, 2002;Donnellan et al., 2005). ...
In recent years, an increasing number of young adults have difficulties making a smooth transition to adulthood in becoming romantically committed and balancing romantic commitments and other aspects of life. The present study was conducted on a sample of 100 Israeli emerging adults (54 males) who were followed from age 23 to 34 years. The study examined the role of personality attributes (dependency, self-criticism), parental support, and reflectivity concerning own family of origin in making a smoother transition to mature romantic engagement. Greater achievement of romantic goals and greater mastery in balancing family and work demands were predicted by low dependency or low self-criticism (assessed at age 23) and a high level of reflectivity (assessed at age 29). The distinctive role of reflectivity with regard to own family script and personality attributes for a smoother romantic transition in adulthood is discussed. In addition, the possible implications of the findings for intervention are also discussed.
... Interactional continuity should also influence the quality of individuals' romantic relationships. By fostering a higher CKS, IRD can impair the formation and stability of a supportive romantic relationship, which involves consideration of one's actions on one's partner, ability to negotiate conflict effectively and without violence, delay of gratification and reciprocity, and regard for many conventional norms (including remaining faithful to one's partner, keeping one's word, being predictable and so on, e.g., Bryant & Conger 2002). Thus, IRD can augment the development of schemas that foster conflict and distrust in relationships. ...
Recent studies evince that interpersonal racial discrimination (IRD) increases the risk of crime among African Americans and familial racial socialization fosters resilience to discrimination's criminogenic effects. Yet, studies have focused on the short-term effects of IRD and racial socialization largely among adolescents. In this study, we seek to advance knowledge by elucidating how racialized experiences—in interactions and socialization—influence crime for African Americans over time. Elaborating Simons and Burt's (2011) social schematic theory, we trace the effects of childhood IRD and familial racial socialization on adult offending through cognitive and social pathways and their interplay. We test this life-course SST model using data from the FACHS, a multisite study of Black youth and their families from ages 10 to 25. Consistent with the model, analyses reveal that the criminogenic consequences of childhood IRD are mediated cognitively by a criminogenic knowledge structure and socially through the nature of social relationships in concert with ongoing offending and discrimination experiences. Specifically, by increasing criminogenic cognitive schemas, IRD decreases embeddedness in supportive romantic, educational, and employment relations, which influence social schemas and later crime. Consonant with expectations, the findings also indicate that racial socialization provides enduring resilience by both compensating for and buffering discrimination's criminogenic effects.
... Family-of-origin communication style has also been linked with romantic relationship quality in late adolescence (Bryant and Conger 2002). Children living in high conflict families involving hostility, negativity, and contempt have poorer relationship outcomes (Dennison et al. 2014). ...
Using data from 11,339 youth participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this study explored the influence of cohesion within the family of origin and family structure during adolescence on the number of adult romantic relationships. Multiple regression analyses were performed using Mplus (Version 7.3; Muthén and Muthén in Mplus User’s Guide, 5th Ed, Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, 2007) finding adolescent family cohesion was positively associated with marriage and negatively associated with cohabitation. However, race/ethnicity and parental marital status provided meaningful context for these findings. Family cohesion was only linked with marital transitions for White adolescents. In addition, family cohesion only reduced cohabitation for participants whose parents were married during adolescence. Results point to the importance of socialization and modeling in families where parents are married, as well as in families who are demographically more likely to be married. Implications for couple and family therapists are discussed.
... Thus, children may learn strategies for communication and conflict resolution from interactions with their parents. That is, when parents are abusive, it may make it difficult to establish healthy romantic relationships as an adult, above and beyond the effect from children observing aggressive interactions (Bryant & Conger, 2002). ...
Objective:
This prospective, longitudinal investigation examined psychological violence across generations. We examined how parent psychological violence experienced during adolescence influenced the stability of one's own intimate partner psychological violence perpetration across time and how psychological violence is related to harsh parenting in adulthood.
Method:
Data came from 193 parents and their adolescent who participated from adolescence through adulthood. Parental psychological violence was assessed in early adolescence. Partner violence was assessed in late adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Harsh parenting to their offspring was assessed in adulthood.
Results:
Parent psychological violence in early adolescence was associated with one's own intimate partner psychological violence in late adolescence. Partner psychological violence was stable from emerging adulthood to adulthood. Moreover, parental violence was also related to their own harsh parenting in adulthood.
Conclusions:
Findings suggest that children exposed to parental psychological violence during adolescence may have greater difficulty developing acceptable behaviors in their own romantic relationships over time, as well as parenting their own child in adulthood. Findings highlight the importance for clinicians and policy makers to develop and utilize effective educational and preventive interventions designed toward not only adolescent behaviors, but also that of the parent. Understanding how the family environment impacts current and long-term functioning is important in helping stop the cycle of violence across generations.
... Although interpersonal hostility may be influenced or exacerbated by a history of childhood emotional maltreatment, we cannot draw causal conclusions about the development of interpersonal hostility in our crosssectional sample, in which we measure hostility and relationship outcomes simultaneously. Furthermore, we assessed hostility on a dyadic level, consistent with numerous theories of romantic relationships (Bryant & Conger, 2002;Karney & Bradbury, 1995) that emphasize the presence of interpersonal hostility as a marker of relationship health and stability; interpersonal hostility has been identified as a predictor of relationship problems among married couples (e.g., Roberts, 2000) and emerging adults in dating relationships (Conger, Cui, Bryant, & Elder, 2000). Thus, we conceptualized interpersonal hostility in the current study as a relationship-based contextual factor that may moderate the associations of childhood emotional maltreatment and later relationship satisfaction; specifically, the relational vulnerabilities that may be present among emotionally maltreated individuals are more likely to undermine relationship satisfaction in the context of interpersonal hostility. ...
The aims of the current study were to use dyadic data analysis to examine the associations of history of childhood emotional maltreatment to current relationship satisfaction among young adult romantic partners as moderated by the effects of hostile behavioral observations within these romantic couples. Our sample included 52 young adult romantic dyads recruited from a large southeastern university. Current relationship satisfaction and history of childhood emotional maltreatment were obtained via self-report; behavioral interactions were rated on a behavioral coding system to determine level of dyadic hostility. Results revealed a significant interaction effect: Females’ history of childhood emotional maltreatment significantly predicted relationship satisfaction for women at low or average (but not high) levels of dyadic hostility. Our findings suggest that for young women, romantic relationship satisfaction is compromised by their own history of emotional maltreatment, particularly when the couple’s conflict resolution style is characterized by low to average levels of hostility.
In this research, we developed and validated a measure of couple-based reported behavior interactions (RBI). Specifically, Study 1 was designed to describe the development of the scale and to examine its reliability; Study 2 (N = 222), was designed to examine factors that could differentiate men and women. Additionally, we tested if women's behaviors could predict their partner's behavior. Results from the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a three-factor structure for couples' RBI which were labelled: Social Companionship and Affective Behavior Interactions (SAI) (Factor 1), Fulfilling Obligations and Duties of the Partner (FOD) (Factor 2) and Openness in the Relationship (OR) (Factor 3). In linear regression analyses, there was a significant difference between men and women in the second factor, which represents behaviors associated with fulfilling the responsibilities of a partner. On the other hand, neither the SAI factor nor the OR factor showed any distinct gender differences. The SPSS PROCESS analysis revealed that women's Social Companionship and Affective Behavior Interactions (Factor 1), and Openness in the Relationship (Factor 3) significantly predicted their male partner's behaviors. The relationship duration significantly moderated the association between women's and men's behaviors for both factors. Results are discussed in light of the need for a broader understanding of romantic behavioral interactions.
The present prospective, longitudinal study of 193 young adults (85 men, 108 women, M = 20.7 years old) and their partners in ongoing romantic relationships in 1997 was initiated in 1989, when the 193 target youths were in the 7th grade. On the basis of the model for the development of early adult romantic relationships (DEARR; C. Bryant & R. D. Conger, in press), the authors hypothesized that interactional processes in the family of origin would predict interpersonal skills by the target youths, which would be positively related to the early adult couple's relationship quality. Observational ratings showed that nurturantinvolved parenting in the family of origin predicted behaviors by the target youth to a romantic partner that were warm, supportive, and low in hostility. These competent behaviors of the target youth were positively associated with relationship quality for the early adult couple and also mediated or explained the connection between parenting and relationship quality.
The present prospective, longitudinal study of 193 young adults (85 men, 108 women, M = 20.7 years old) and their partners in ongoing romantic relationships in 1997 was initiated in 1989, when the 193 target youths were in the 7th grade. On the basis of the model for the development of early adult romantic relationships (DEARR; C. Bryant & R. D. Conger, in press), the authors hypothesized that interactional processes in the family of origin would predict interpersonal skills by the target youths, which would be positively related to the early adult couple's relationship quality. Observational ratings showed that nurturant–involved parenting in the family of origin predicted behaviors by the target youth to a romantic partner that were warm, supportive, and low in hostility. These competent behaviors of the target youth were positively associated with relationship quality for the early adult couple and also mediated or explained the connection between parenting and relationship quality.
El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es analizar la influencia de variables individuales (perdón, venganza, soledad, autoconcepto y ansiedad social), familiares (estilos de socialización familiar, dimensiones parentales), escolares (ajuste escolar) y grupales (tipo sociométrico) en la expresión de la violencia y victimización entre iguales en adolescentes. En el Estudio 1, se examina el vínculo entre la victimización
escolar y la violencia escolar, teniendo en cuenta la motivación de venganza, la evitación y la benevolencia. Además, se explora el efecto moderador del género. Los resultados muestran que la victimización se relaciona en sentido positivo con la violencia escolar de manera directa e indirecta, a través de la motivación de venganza. También, la victimización se relaciona con las motivaciones de evitación y benevolencia, aunque estas no se asocian con la violencia escolar. El análisis multigrupo indica diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chicos y chicas en la relación entre victimización y benevolencia. En el Estudio 2, se analiza las relaciones existentes entre el perdón, entendido como una baja motivación de venganza y de evitación y una alta motivación de benevolencia, la soledad, y la victimización escolar en función del género en adolescentes. Los resultados constatan que los alumnos más victimizados presentaron mayor motivación de venganza y de evitación, así como una mayor percepción de soledad emocional y menor evaluación subjetiva de su red social. Además, los resultados obtenidos en indicaron que ser chico, tener 11 y 13 años, tener una elevada soledad emocional y una elevada motivación de evitación fueron los indicadores más importantes de la victimización escolar. En el Estudio 3, se estudia la relación existente entre la motivación de venganza, evitación y benevolencia, y la violencia escolar en adolescentes, en función del tipo sociométrico en el aula. Los hallazgos revelaron que el alumnado rechazado revela una mayor motivación de venganza y una mayor implicación en la conducta de violencia reactiva, mientras que el alumnado preferido manifiesta una mayor predisposición hacia la benevolencia y una menor implicación en conductas violentas.
En el Estudio 4, se examina el rol de la comunicación familiar, el autoconcepto familiar y escolar en la motivación de venganza en adolescentes. Los hallazgos sugieren que la comunicación familiar no se asocia con la motivación de venganza de manera directa, pero si indirecta a través del autoconcepto familiar y escolar. En el Estudio 5, se examina la relación existente entre las prácticas de socialización parental (implicación/aceptación) versus (severidad/imposición) y la victimización escolar, considerando el posible rol mediador de la ansiedad social. Además, se examina el efecto moderador del género del adolescente. Los resultados hallazgos apoyan la función mediadora de la ansiedad social y sugieren que, en dicha relación, las prácticas educativas de los padres potencian o inhiben dominios relevantes de la
ansiedad social (miedo a la evaluación negativa, evitación y ansiedad social en nuevas situaciones, y evitación y ansiedad social experimentada en general), unos síntomas que son a su vez importantes predictores de la victimización escolar (relacional, física y psicológica). Sin embargo, no se encuentran diferencias significativas en función del género del adolescente. En el Estudio 6, se observa las relaciones entre los estilos de socialización parental, el ajuste escolar (integración social, competencia académica e implicación familiar) y la ciberagresión (directa e indirecta) en función del género en
adolescentes. Los resultados mostraron relaciones significativas entre los estilos de socialización parental, el ajuste escolar y la ciberagresión. Se constata que los adolescentes de familias indulgentes y autorizativas mostraron una mayor competencia académica y mayor implicación familiar. Además, los hijos de familias autoritarias mostraron mayor implicación en conductas de ciberagresión de tipo directo e indirecto.
[The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the influence of individual (forgiveness, revenge, loneliness, self-concept, and social anxiety), family (socialization styles, parental dimensions), school (school adjustment), and group (sociometric type) variables on the expression of violence and victimization among peers in adolescents. Study 1 examined the link between school victimization and school violence, taking into account the motivations of revenge, avoidance, and benevolence. Moreover, it explores the moderator effect of gender. The results show that victimization is positively related to school violence directly, and indirectly through the motivation for revenge. In addition, victimization is related to the motivations of avoidance and benevolence, although these motivations are not associated with school violence. The multigroup analysis indicates statistically significant differences between boys and girls in the relationship between victimization and benevolence. Study 2
analyzes the existing relationships between forgiveness, understood as a low motivation for revenge and avoidance and a high motivation for benevolence, loneliness, and school victimization, depending on the gender of the adolescents. The results show that the most victimized students present a higher motivation for revenge and avoidance, as well as a greater perception of emotional loneliness and a lower subjective evaluation of their social network. Furthermore, the results indicate that being a boy, being between 11 and 13 years old, and having a higher level of emotional loneliness and high avoidance motivation were the most important indicators of school victimization. Study 3 examines the relationship between the motivations of revenge, avoidance, and benevolence and school violence in
adolescents, depending on the sociometric type in the classroom. The findings revealed that the rejected students had a greater motivation for revenge and greater involvement in the behavior of reactive violence, whereas the preferred students showed a greater predisposition to benevolence and less involvement in violent behaviors. Study 4 examines the role of family communication and family and school self-concept in the motivation for revenge in adolescents. The findings suggest that family communication is not directly associated with the motivation of revenge, but indirectly through family and school self-concept. Study 5 examines the relationship between parental socialization practices, (involvement/acceptance) versus (severity/imposition), and school victimization, considering the possible mediator role of social anxiety. Moreover, it examines the moderator effect of the adolescents’
gender. The findings support the mediator role of social anxiety, and they suggest that, in this relationship, the parents’ educational practices strengthen or inhibit relevant domains of social anxiety (fear of negative evaluation, avoidance and social anxiety in new situations, and avoidance and social anxiety experienced in general), symptoms that, in turn, are important predictors of school victimization (relational, physical, and psychological). However, no significant differences are found depending on the
adolescents’ gender. Study 6 shows the relationships between parental socialization styles, school adjustment (social integration, academic competence, and family involvement), and cyber-aggression (direct and indirect), depending on the adolescents’ gender. The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, school adjustment, and cyber-aggression. The findings showed that the adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed higher academic competence and greater family involvement. In addition, children from authoritarian families showed more involvement in direct and indirect cyber-aggression behaviors
Bu araştırmanın amacı, İlişki Doyum İndeksi’ni (İDİ-4) Türkçe’ye uyarlamaktır. Araştırmaya romantik ilişkisi bulunan toplam 670 birey (517 kadın, %77.2; 153 erkek, %22.8) katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaşları, 18 ile 59 arasında (Ort = 25.66; ss = 8.12) değişmiştir. İlişki süreleri 1 ay ile 444 ay arasında değişmiş (Ort = 57.33, ss = 78.48) ve medyan ilişki süresi 24.5 ay olarak hesaplanmıştır. Demografik Bilgi Formu, İlişki Doyum İndeksi, Algılanan Romantik İlişki Kalitesi Ölçeği ve Öznel Zindelik Ölçeği veri toplama araçları olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, İDİ-4’ün tek faktörlü orijinal yapısının Türk toplumunda doğrulandığını ve ölçüt-bağıntılı geçerliğe sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Cronbach alfa ve test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayıları sırasıyla .93 ve .71 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçme değişmezliği test sonuçları, İDİ-4’ün faktör yapısının ve yüklerinin medeni duruma göre ölçme değişmezliğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, araştırma bulguları, İDİ-4’ün Türkiye’deki çiftlerde romantik ilişki doyumunu ölçmede kısa, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğuna ilişkin kanıtlar sunmaktadır.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, İlişki Doyum İndeksi’ni (İDİ-4) Türkçe’ye uyarlamaktır. Araştırmaya romantik ilişkisi bulunan toplam 670 birey (517 kadın, %77.2; 153 erkek, %22.8) katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaşları, 18 ile 59 arasında (Ort = 25.66; ss = 8.12) değişmiştir. İlişki süreleri 1 ay ile 444 ay arasında değişmiş (Ort = 57.33, ss = 78.48) ve medyan ilişki süresi 24.5 ay olarak hesaplanmıştır. Demografik Bilgi Formu, İlişki Doyum İndeksi, Algılanan Romantik İlişki Kalitesi Ölçeği ve Öznel Zindelik Ölçeği veri toplama araçları olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, İDİ-4’ün tek faktörlü orijinal yapısının Türk toplumunda doğrulandığını ve ölçüt-bağıntılı geçerliğe sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Cronbach alfa ve test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayıları sırasıyla .93 ve .71 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçme değişmezliği test sonuçları, İDİ-4’ün faktör yapısının ve yüklerinin medeni duruma göre ölçme değişmezliğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, araştırma bulguları, İDİ-4’ün Türkiye’deki çiftlerde romantik ilişki doyumunu ölçmede kısa, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğuna ilişkin kanıtlar sunmaktadır.
In this research, to what extent the perceived parenthood style of emerging adults who are involved in a romantic relationship (flirt, dating, engagement) with the opposite gender at least 6 months in Turkey between the ages of 19-26 directly and via personality traits predict relationship satisfaction is studied. The data of the study was gathered from 417 emerging adults. Data was evaluated implementing independent sampling t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Bootstrap based on Regression according to the objectives of this study. In this study, when the research variables were examined according to gender, differences in emotional instability dimension and relationship satisfaction. According to the results in the relationship between acceptance perceived from the mother and relationship satisfaction in emerging adulthood, the mediation effect of emotional instability is revealed to be statistically important. Also, in the relationship between acceptance perceived from the father and relationship satisfaction in emerging adulthood, the mediation effects of emotional instability and openness to experience are seen to be statistically important. The direct and total effect of strict supervision and control on relationship satisfaction are seen to be statistically unimportant and that the personality features are not mediating in this relationship.
Objective
To explore emerging adults' beliefs about their ability to end romantic relationships and to identify demographic, personality, and romantic experience factors associated with breakup beliefs.
Background
Although, ending relationships is a key component of emerging adult romantic development, research suggests that breakups tend to be protracted and painful. Little is known about what individual skills might be relevant in making breakups smoother for both members of a couple.
Method
Using a cross‐sectional design and drawing from an existing survey panel, 948 emerging adults completed an online survey about their romantic experiences and health outcomes.
Results
Most participants perceived that they can carry out breakup‐related tasks; they reported knowing when to break up, being able to do so appropriately, being able to accept it when someone breaks up with them, and not delaying breaking up. However, a sizable proportion of participants (23.5% to 47.1% depending on the item) reported that they lacked the skills necessary to end romantic relationships. Beliefs about the ability to end relationships were most consistently associated with emerging adults' general self‐efficacy.
Conclusion
Although most emerging adults in the sample appeared confident in their abilities to break up, a sizeable minority indicated that they lacked key skills to end relationships.
Implications
Relationship education programs for emerging adults generally do not focus on relationship dissolution. Yet our findings suggest that some emerging adults may need opportunities to build skills that will help them exit relationships that are unhealthy, unsatisfying, or out of sync with their individual goals.
This research explored whether experiences with warmth in middle childhood are linked to increased levels of positive affect, decreased levels of negative affect, and decreased levels of disagreeable interactions in text-message communication in adolescence. Participants included 218 children (and their parents and peers) who were on average 10.04-years-old ( SD = 0.43) in the 4th grade. In addition to being observed interacting with their parents and friends in the 4th thru 7th grade, participants were provided with BlackBerries configured to capture all incoming and outgoing text-message communication at the end of the 9th, 10th, and 11th grades. Results suggest that observed expressions of warmth are primarily relationship-specific. Further, greater exchanges of warmth within the parent–child and friend–child relationships predicted lower levels of negative affect and duplicity within digital communication.
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, beliren yetişkinlerin evliliğe yönelik işlevsel olmayan inançlarını tanımlamak amacıyla Evlilik İlişkisi İnançları Ölçeği'ni (EİİÖ) geliştirmek ve geçerlik ve güvenirliğini incelemektir. Çalışma grubu, 551 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin geçerliğini belirlemek için yapı ve ölçüt geçerliği kullanılmıştır. Yapı geçerliğini sınamak üzere açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, beşli likert tipi derecelendirmeye sahip ölçme aracının 21 madde ve dört alt boyuttan oluştuğunu göstermiştir: Kök Aileye Bağımlılık (8 madde), Ben-Biz Dengesi (5 madde), Duygu Yönetimi (4 madde) ve Cinsel Hayat (4 madde). Ölçüt geçerliğini yorumlamak için Pearson korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmış ve EİİÖ ile İlişki İnançları Ölçeği'nden alınan puanlar arasında orta düzeyde pozitif ilişki (r= .40) bulunmuştur. İç tutarlılığı saptamak amacıyla hesaplanan Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayılarının ölçeğin alt boyutları için 0.48-0.76 arasında değiştiği, ölçeğin tümü için ise 0.82 olduğu görülmektedir. Bulgular, EİİÖ'nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Romantik ilişkiler, yakın ilişkiler, beliren yetişkinlik, işlevsel olmayan inançlar.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop the Marriage Relationship Beliefs Scale to identify the dysfunctional beliefs for marriage of emerging adults and examine the validity and reliability of the scale. The study group consists of 551 university students. Construct and criterion validity were used to determine the validity of the scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine construct validity. The results of the study indicated that the five-point Likert-scale consisted of 21 items and four factors: Root Family Dependency (8 items), I-We Balance (5 items), Emotion Management (4 items) and Sexual Life (4 items). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to interpret the criterion validity and a moderate positive correlation (r= .40) was found between the Marriage Relationship Beliefs Scale and the Beliefs of Relations Scale. The Cronbach's Alfa internal consistency coefficients vary between 0.48-0.76 for subscales of the scale and 0.82 for entire scale. The results show that the Marriage Relationship Beliefs Scale is a valid and reliable scale.
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