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Cualidades Nutricionales del Alga Dunaliella salina como un Suplemento Alimenticio
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Dunaliella salina is a green microalgae found mainly in environments with high salt concentrations and is known for its antioxidant activity due to its ability to accumulate high amounts of carotenoids. D. salina accumulates betacarotene, lutein and zeaxanthin and due of this is used in food industry for obtaining food supplements for the benefits acquire for its antioxidant capacity in the protection against free radicals and the prevention of the carcinogenesis.
The main aim of this research was to evaluate the value of the microalgae culture Dunaliella salina as a food supplement, in flask and prototype cultivator in laboratory conditions. The strain used was isolated in Coclé Province, Panama Republic. Cultivation of D. salina in laboratory was performed in flask and in a semi-continuous raceway prototype reactor in indoor conditions. Later, the pigments accumulates by this microalgae were determined by spectrophotometry in the flask culture and by HPLC in raceway culture. The pigments mainly accumulate by the microalgae were lutein and β-carotene, also as zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and α-carotene, which allow the elaboration of healthy food supplements.
Keywords: Dunaliella salina, β-carotene, carotenoids, massive culture, microalgae, food supplement.
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Dunaliella salina es una microalga que se caracteriza por soportar condiciones de cultivo extremas, ya que es capaz de producir ciertos compuestos orgánicos, como los carotenoides, que le confiere la capacidad de fotoprotección. Las salinas de Araya y Coche representan zonas geográficas con potencial de explotación para el cultivo de esta microalga, por brindar factores estresantes, como altas intensidades de luz y salinidad, entre otros; que son capaces de inducir la producción de carotenoides. Para el presente estudio se utilizaron como biomasa de partida, cultivos unialgales de D. salina, cepa Araya y cepa Coche, con densidades celulares conocidas, cultivadas bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio (26ÚC, fotoperiodo 12:12, iluminación de 10000 lux y aireación constante de 200 ml.min-1) y una salinidad de 200 UPS. Para la selección del mejor sistema de extracción de carotenoides totales se utilizaron tres mezclas de solventes (acetona/agua, acetona/metanol y tetrahidrofurano/etanol), en tres proporciones distintas (50/50, 70/30 y 90/10) y se evaluaron basándose en el contenido de carotenoides totales que éstas lograron extraer, resultando acetona/metanol 90/10 el mejor sistema de solventes, para ambas cepas. La separación e identificación de los carotenoides totales y β-caroteno se realizó mediante cromatografía de capa fina, CCF, y cromatografía de columna, CC, lográndose agrupar las fracciones según los factores de reparto de cada eluato y comparación de los R f con los de un patrón comercial de β-caroteno. El posterior análisis de las fracciones provenientes de la separación por CC, mediante HPLC permitió cuantificar el contenido de β-caroteno presente en las mezclas de carotenoides totales extraídos de cada cepa, resultando D. salina, cepa Coche, la mayor productora de β-caroteno (54,3%, con relación al contenido de carotenoides totales). ABSTRACT: Dunaliella salina is a microalga which, due to its ability to produce photoprotective organic compounds such as carotenoids, is able to withstand extreme conditions. The salt beds of Araya and Coche, due to stress factors such as high salinity and light intensity and other factors that induce carotenoid production, are potentially exploitable for the cultivation of this microalga. For this study, unialgal populations of both Coche and Araya strains of D. salina of known cell density, cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions (26ÚÚC, photoperiod 12:12, illumination of 10,000 lux, constant aeration of 200 ml.min-1 , and a salinity of 200 UPS) were used as the starter biomass. Three solvent mixtures (acetone/ water, acetone/methanol, and tetrahydrofurane/ethanol) in three proportions (50:50, 70:30, and 90:10) were used to select the best system of total carotenoid extraction, acetone/methanol 90:10 resulting the most high-yielding solvent system for both strains. Separation and identification of total carotenoids and â-carotene was done using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC), grouping the samples according to each eluate, and comparing them to the R f of commercial â-carotene. The subsequent analysis of the fractions from the CC separation allowed for quantification of the â-carotene present in the total carotenoid content of each strain, Coche resulting the most high-yielding (54.3%).
The genus Dunaliella is a halotolerant microalgae are common in hypersaline environments. Additionally, different species of Dunaliella can accumulate significant amounts of valuable fine chemicals such as carotenoids, glycerol, lipids, vitamins, minerals and proteins. Modified Johnsons medium is widely used for growing Dunaliella species, however, without air supplement the growth of algae was slow. The new medium was designed based on the modified Johnsons medium with altering the concentration of MgSO 4 , NaHCO 3 and addition of NaVO 3 and elimination of MgCl 2. This medium was named as, Ramaraj medium. Pure cultures of Dunaliella species were isolated from the salt soil samples namely, KU07, KU08, KU11, KU13 and KU16. All the isolated strains grew fast in Ramaraj medium. Among these isolates the growth curve of KU11 was taken for comparing the two media. The growth of KU11 was faster and better in Ramaraj medium than in the modified Johnsons medium in all the different NaCl concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M). The result showed that Ramaraj medium is useful for culturing of Dunaliella species.
This report presents the results of an analysis of the technological and market developments in the field of micro-algal production systems, especially for food and feed products. Based on literature search and on interviews and survey to experts, the report provides the current state-ofthe- art of microalgae as systems for producing food/feed products and discusses the future challenges for Europe to become a key player in this field.
Halophilic representatives of the genus Dunaliella, notably D. salina and D. viridis, are found worldwide in salt lakes and saltern evaporation and crystallizer ponds at salt concentrations up to NaCl saturation. Thanks to the biotechnological exploitation of D. salina for β-carotene production we have a profound knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of the alga. However, relatively little is known about the ecology of the members of the genus Dunaliella in hypersaline environments, in spite of the fact that Dunaliella is often the main or even the sole primary producer present, so that the entire ecosystem depends on carbon fixed by this alga. This review paper summarizes our knowledge about the occurrence and the activities of different Dunaliella species in natural salt lakes (Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea and others), in saltern ponds and in other salty habitats where members of the genus have been found.
Algae are some of the fastest growing organisms in the world, with up to 90% of their weight made up from carbohydrate, protein and oil. As well as these macromolecules, microalgae are also rich in other high-value compounds, such as vitamins, pigments, and biologically active compounds, All these compounds can be extracted for use by the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries, and the algae itself can be used for feeding of livestock, in particular fish, where on-going research is dedicated to increasing the percentage of fish and shellfish feed not derived from fish meal. Microalgae are also applied to wastewater bioremediation and carbon capture from industrial flue gases, and can be used as organic fertilizer. So far, only a few species of microalgae, including cyanobacteria, are under mass cultivation. The potential for expansion is enormous, considering the existing hundreds of thousands of species and subspecies, in which a large gene-pool offers a significant potential for many new producers. Completely revised, updated and expanded, and with the inclusion of new Editor, Qiang Hu of Arizona State University, the second edition of this extremely important book contains 37 chapters. Nineteen of these chapters are written by new authors, introducing many advanced and emerging technologies and applications such as novel photobioreactors, mass cultivation of oil-bearing microalgae for biofuels, exploration of naturally occurring and genetically engineered microalgae as cell factories for high-value chemicals, and techno-economic analysis of microalgal mass culture. This excellent new edition also contains details of the biology and large-scale culture of several economically important and newly-exploited microalgae, including Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, Nannochloropsis, Nostoc, Chlorella, Spirulina,Haematococcus, and Dunaniella species/strains. Edited by Amos Richmond and Qiang Hu, each with a huge wealth of experience in microalgae, its culture, and biotechnology, and drawing together contributions from experts around the globe, this thorough and comprehensive new edition is an essential purchase for all those involved with microalgae, their culture, processing and use. Biotechnologists, bioengineers, phycologists, pharmaceutical, biofuel and fish-feed industry personnel and biological scientists and students will all find a vast amount of cutting-edge information within this Second Edition. Libraries in all universities where biological sciences, biotechnology and aquaculture are studied and taught should all have copies of this landmark new edition on their shelves. This edition first published 2013
There is increasing interest in naturally produced colorants, and microalgae represent a biotechnologically interesting source due to their wide range of colored pigments, including chlorophylls (green), carotenoids (red, orange and yellow) and phycobiliproteins (red and blue). However, the concentration of these pigments, under optimal growth conditions, is often too low to make microalgae-based pigment production economically feasible. In some Chlorophyta (green algae), specific process conditions such as oversaturating light intensities or a high salt concentration induce the overproduction of secondary carotenoids (β-carotene in Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco and astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis (Flotow)). Overproduction of all other pigments (including lutein, fucoxanthin and phycocyanin) requires modification of gene expression or enzyme activity, most likely combined with the creation of storage space outside of the photosystems. The success of such modification strategies depends on an adequate understanding of the metabolic pathways and the functional roles of all the pigments involved. In this review, the distribution of commercially interesting pigments across the most common microalgae groups, the roles of these pigments in vivo and their biosynthesis routes are reviewed, and constraints and opportunities for overproduction of both primary and secondary pigments are presented. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
