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On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground
... When the Earth's surface warms under the glare of sunlight, heat reflects outward in the form of infrared radiation and is captured by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The amount of heat the atmosphere traps is important because the trapped heat radiates back to the Earth's surface during the solar night, mitigating temperature differences between day and night (3)(4)(5). Life has adapted to the ranges of temperature that result. The problem we face is that the historical consumption of fossil fuels has increased the concentration of the predominant greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (5-9), and global temperatures are rising (10,11), as first recognized by Callendar (12,13). ...
... This scenario, with its average global temperature anomaly of 1.8°C (Table 1) 4 , would have catastrophic consequences. The consequences of scenarios that achieve climate neutrality in 2060, 2070, 2080, or by the end of this century (with temperature anomalies that rise to 1.9°C, 2.0°C, 2.2°C, and 2.5°C, respectively) are far graver 5 . ...
... In this case, the accumulated emission of CO 2 since 2030 is 18 Gt (19+18+...+2+1)/20 = 18 Gt x 9.5 = 171 Gt.4 In this scenario, an additional (34+32+30+ ... + 2) Gt = 2 Gt (1+2+...+17) = 17x18 Gt = 306 Gt CO 2 will accumulate since 2030, or 540 Gt + 306 Gt CO 2 = 846 Gt CO 2 since 2015, which corresponds to an average global temperature anomaly of 1.8°C(Table 1).5 Linear reduction of global CO 2 emissions to zero between the end of 2022 and the beginning of 2060 results in an accumulated CO 2 emission of 36 Gt (37+36+...+2+1)/38 = 666 Gt. ...
Global temperatures are rising. This paper demonstrates for the first time that the global temperature increase has not been linear but is exponential with a doubling time of about 25 years. Both the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of fossil fuels and the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have also risen exponentially, with a similar doubling time. The exponential trajectories of rising global temperature, carbon dioxide emission, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration support the idea that all three are entirely man-made. This analysis shows that during the past 70 years, the increasing use of fossil fuels results more from human activities than population growth, and that reducing the use of fossil fuels by 7.6% each year, the “7.6%-scenario”, can prevent annual global temperatures from surpassing pre-industrial temperatures by 1.6°C, a critical threshold to sustaining life on Earth.
... Indeed, the use of renewable energies becomes urgent, in order to slow down and stop the anthropogenic climate change, see e. g. IPCC (2012, p. 170) or Arrhenius (1896). Thereby, photovoltaics has an enormous potential, see e. g. ...
The development of renewable energy is essential for the future of our economy, society and climate. Hereby, photovoltaics has an enormous potential. Is it possible to improve its efficiency? In order to find an answer, students make a model experiment with light absorbed by LEDs. Thereby, they discover the Planck constant. With it, they propose multi junction photovoltaic cells providing a
significantly increased efficiency. Moreover, students find the same Planck constant in a diffraction experiment with electrons. Apparently, the Planck constant is a universal constant. Why is the Planck constant universal? In order to find an answer, students use the concepts of classical light waves and relativity. Thereby, they derive the fact of quantization as well as the universality of the quantization constant. Here, I present a learning process, by which learners can achieve essential
insights about photovoltaics and quantum physics in an exact manner. Thereby, students find essential questions directly by experiments. Using basic principles of physics, they achieve inspiring and xact results on their own, after an appropriate instruction. I present the learning process and a didactic analysis, so that you can directly use the concept for teaching. I tested the learning process in various learning groups, and I report about experiences.
... Dès 1896, un scientifique suédois avait prédit le lien entre l'augmentation des concentrations en gaz carbonique et le réchauffement des températures atmosphériques (17), théorisant ce qu'on appelle désormais 'l'effet de serre'. Cette théorie a été confirmée par plusieurs auteurs dès la première moitié du XXème siècle, avec la mise en évidence cette fois de la participation humaine (18)(19)(20). ...
En ce début de XXIème siècle, la question du développement durable, de l’écologie, du réchauffement climatique et de la préservation de l’environnement naturel planétaire devient de plus en plus omniprésente, dans chacun des aspects de notre vie quotidienne. Selon The Lancet Commissions : « le changement climatique est la plus grande menace sanitaire du 21ème siècle » (1). Il parait donc important de rappeler les liens entre l’environnement et la santé, car comme le dit si bien Eva Decotte, médecin généraliste des Hautes-Pyrénées et membre de la WONCA : « Pour être en bonne santé, l’humanité doit prendre autant soin de son environnement que d’elle-même. Les connexions multiples qui nous lient à notre environnement nous en rendent indissociables, et les bénéfices de la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique sont inestimables pour la santé humaine et la biodiversité. » (2). Ainsi, de nombreux auteurs suggèrent de recentrer la santé au cœur du problème climatique, afin de considérer le changement climatique tel un risque majeur et urgent menaçant la santé humaine. En ce sens, l’écologie et le développement durable devraient être une des priorités des médecins généralistes et des professionnels de santé en général, et ce dans un objectif de santé publique. (3–5) Et c’est bien ici ce qui nous intéresse, la santé étant le cœur de notre métier.
... And indeed, Svante Arrhenius, supported the idea that changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are the cause of the changes in temperature. Arrhenius (1896) stated: […], led me to make a preliminary estimate of the probable effect of a variation of the atmospheric carbonic acid on the temperature of the earth. As this estimation led to the belief that one might in this way probably find an explanation for temperature variations of 5-10 °C, I worked out the calculation more in detail and lay it now before the public and the critics. ...
Quantification of the greenhouse effect is a routine procedure in the framework of hydrological calculations of evaporation. According to the standard practice, this is made considering the water vapour in the atmosphere, without any reference to the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which, however, in the last century has escalated from 300 to about 420 ppm. As the formulae used for the greenhouse effect quantification were introduced 50-90 years ago, we examine whether these are still representative or not, based on eight sets of observations, distributed in time across a century. We conclude that the observed increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration has not altered, in a discernible manner, the greenhouse effect, which remains dominated by the quantity of water vapour in the atmosphere, and that the original formulae used in hydrological practice remain valid. Hence, there is no need for adaptation due to increased CO2 concentration.
... Aber auch ein Wissen um planetare Folgen, ja sogar Hochzeiten planetarischen Denkens, gab es schon lange vor den 1970er-Jahren. Schon um die Jahrhundertwende berücksichtige Svantje Arrhenius (1896) industrielle Emissionen in seiner Berechnung der Kohlendioxidkonzentration in der Atmosphäre, und sowjetische Physiker träumten schon in den 1920ern von der Regulation des Erdklimas durch Veränderung der Ozeane (Russ 2022). Dieses Wissen um diese Eingebundenheit menschlichen Lebens hat die Industrialisierung nicht aufgehalten. ...
Zusammenfassung
Diverse ökologisch orientierte Entwürfe der jüngeren soziologischen Theorie betrachten die Moderne als eine Gesellschaftsform, für die eine strikte Trennung von Natur und Gesellschaft konstitutiv ist. Nicht selten schließt sich daran die Forderung an, diese Trennung durch Einsicht in Kontinuitäten zu unterlaufen. Anhand einer Rekapitulation des modernen Diskurses um den Begriff der Energie zeigt der Artikel dagegen, dass die Vorstellung der Moderne als anti-ökologische Gesellschaftsform zu kurz greift: Sie unterschlägt, dass das „Herausarbeiten“ des modernen Menschen aus der Natur immer auch bedeutete, Gesellschaft selbst als naturbedingt, bisweilen gar als natürliche, zu begreifen. In einer historisch-soziologischen Analyse der Energiewirtschaft wird daran anschließend gezeigt, dass diese zwar eine reale Trennung zwischen natürlicher und menschlicher Arbeit vollzieht und verdinglicht, dabei jedoch eine darunterliegende Verbundenheit unterstellt. Denn die Realisierung dieser Trennung beruht gerade nicht auf der Vorstellung, Gesellschaft sei das Andere der Natur. Vielmehr folgten Wissenschaftler und Ingenieure der klassischen Moderne einer „produktivistischen Ökologie“, der zufolge Gesellschaft erst in ihrer energetischen Gattungsentwicklung zu ihrer natürlichen Bestimmung findet. Diese Vorstellung verliert seit den 1970er-Jahren an Überzeugungskraft. Wenn aber die ökologische Frage heute nicht nur in der Geschichte gescheiterter Trennungen, sondern auch in der Geschichte einer ökologischen Bestimmung des menschlichen Lebenszwecks steht, so das Resümee, dann bedarf es neben einer Kritik des ökologischen Denkens womöglich auch eines positiven Begriffs von energetischer Verdinglichung.
... Climate change research has been led since 1896 with Svante Arrhenius founding paper 65 . Since then, the volume of scientific literature on climate change has been increasing rapidly. ...
Many higher education institutions around the world are engaged in efforts to tackle climate change. This takes place by not only reducing their own carbon footprint but also by educating future leaders and contributing valuable research and expertise to the global effort to combat climate change. However, there is a need for studies that identify the nature of their engagement on the topic, and the extent to which they are contributing towards addressing the many problems associated with climate change. Against this background, this paper describes a study that consisted of a review of the literature and the use of case studies, which outline the importance of university engagement in climate change and describe its main features. The study identified the fact that even though climate change is a matter of great relevance to universities, its coverage in university programmes is not as wide as one could expect. Based on the findings, the paper also lists the challenges associated with the inclusion of climate change in university programmes. Finally, it describes some of the measures which may be deployed in order to maximise the contribution of higher education towards handling the challenges associated with a changing climate.
... El cambio climático actual es un proceso de anormal calentamiento térmico de la troposfera terrestre generado por la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes, principalmente, de la combustión de fuentes de energía fósil (IPCC, 2022). Este fenómeno, se institucionaliza, oficialmente, a finales de los años ochenta del pasado siglo, aunque desde finales del siglo XIX algunos autores ya señalaban la relación entre la presencia de CO 2 en la atmósfera terrestre y su posible efecto en la temperatura del aire (Arrhenius, 1896). La solución principal para esta cuestión es evidente: disminuir la presencia de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera. ...
The 21st century is the century of environmental sustainability and the fight against climate change. Climate change will condition public policies and private actions throughout the world to achieve the objective of reducing emissions enhanced in international agreements (Kyoto, Paris). The objective of this article is to carry out a review of the already verified effects of climate change in the Mediterranean region, as well as the adaptation and mitigation measures in the short-medium term to face global warming, such as the adaptation of urban spaces (local scale), and the improvement of teaching about this phenomenon. According to the 2030 Agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals, specifically n.13 (“Action for the climate”), it establishes two main actions that countries must complete by 2030: the approval of laws and mitigation and adaptation plans, and the implementation of educational programs.
... "Is the mean temperature of the ground in any way influenced by the presence of heat-absorbing gases in the atmosphere?", and he tried to quantify the effect of the CO2 and associate it with the ice-ages in the planetary climate history, Arrhenius (1896) [18]. The official − Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approved − CO2 greenhouse effect hypothesis states that: ...
Greenhouse effect and climate change
... "Is the mean temperature of the ground in any way influenced by the presence of heat-absorbing gases in the atmosphere?", and he tried to quantify the effect of the CO2 and associate it with the ice-ages in the planetary climate history, Arrhenius (1896) [18]. The official − Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approved − CO2 greenhouse effect hypothesis states that: ...
In the last decade fundamental theoretical equations were developed for describing and understanding the global average radiative equilibrium state of the Earth-atmosphere system. It is shown that using the well-established laws of radiation physics the key climate parameters of the planet can be deduced theoretically, from purely astrophysical considerations and some plausible assumptions on the material composition of the planetary surface and the structure of the atmosphere. It is also shown, that the Earth-atmosphere system is in radiative equilibrium with a theoretical solar constant, and all global mean flux density components satisfy the theoretical expectations. The greenhouse effect predicted by the Arrhenius greenhouse theory is inconsistent with the existence of this radiative equilibrium. Hence, the CO2 greenhouse effect as used in the current global warming hypothesis is impossible. The greenhouse effect itself and the CO2 greenhouse effect based global warming hypothesis is a politically motivated dangerous artifact without any theoretical or empirical footing. Planet Earth obeys the most fundamental laws of radiation physics .
... In 1986, Svante Arrhenius [8] developed a climate model revealing the relationship between atmospheric CO 2 and temperature change. His model demonstrated that atmospheric CO 2 increases geometrically, which in turn leads to a nearly arithmetic progression of temperature change. ...
Climate projections using data driven machine learning models acting as emulators, is one of the prevailing areas of research to enable policy makers make informed decisions. Use of machine learning emulators as surrogates for computationally heavy GCM simulators reduces time and carbon footprints. In this direction, ClimateBench [1] is a recently curated benchmarking dataset for evaluating the performance of machine learning emulators designed for climate data. Recent studies have reported that despite being considered fundamental, regression models offer several advantages pertaining to climate emulations. In particular, by leveraging the kernel trick, regression models can capture complex relationships and improve their predictive capabilities. This study focuses on evaluating non-linear regression models using the aforementioned dataset. Specifically, we compare the emulation capabilities of three non-linear regression models. Among them, Gaussian Process Regressor demonstrates the best-in-class performance against standard evaluation metrics used for climate field emulation studies. However, Gaussian Process Regression suffers from being computational resource hungry in terms of space and time complexity. Alternatively, Support Vector and Kernel Ridge models also deliver competitive results and but there are certain trade-offs to be addressed. Additionally, we are actively investigating the performance of composite kernels and techniques such as variational inference to further enhance the performance of the regression models and effectively model complex non-linear patterns, including phenomena like precipitation.
... Governing bodies like IEA (International Energy Agency) and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) [9] call for urgent action. The IEA has recently devised an ambitious net-zero emission pathway [10] that guides the transition toward achieving a carbon-neutral future [11]. ...
Climate projections using data driven machine learning models acting as emulators, is one of the prevailing areas of research to enable policy makers make informed decisions. Use of machine learning emulators as surrogates for computationally heavy GCM simulators reduces time and carbon footprints. In this direction, ClimateBench [1] is a recently curated benchmarking dataset for evaluating the performance of machine learning emulators designed for climate data. Recent studies have reported that despite being considered fundamental, regression models offer several advantages pertaining to climate emulations. In particular, by leveraging the kernel trick, regression models can capture complex relationships and improve their predictive capabilities. This study focuses on evaluating non-linear regression models using the aforementioned dataset. Specifically, we compare the emulation capabilities of three non-linear regression models. Among them, Gaussian Process Regressor demonstrates the best-in-class performance against standard evaluation metrics used for climate field emulation studies. However, Gaussian Process Regression suffers from being computational resource hungry in terms of space and time complexity. Alternatively, Support Vector and Kernel Ridge models also deliver competitive results and but there are certain trade-offs to be addressed. Additionally, we are actively investigating the performance of composite kernels and techniques such as variational inference to further enhance the performance of the regression models and effectively model complex non-linear patterns, including phenomena like precipitation.
... The main "globalizer" of glacial cycles is CO2, while methane and N2O contribute together to the radiative forcing of 500 glacial cycles about 1/3 of CO2. Interestingly, the role of CO2 in glacial cycles was proposed by Svante Arrhenius (Arrhenius, 1896) well before Milankovitch published his first paper. Although Milankovitch was not enthusiastic about Arrhenius's theory, it is generally accepted now that both the Milankovitch astronomical theory and Arrhenius' CO2 theory represent two crucial ingredients of the theory of glacial cycles. ...
In recent decades, numerous paleoclimate records and results of model simulations provided strong support to the astronomical theory of Quaternary glacial cycles formulated in its modern form by Milutin Milankovitch. At the same time, new findings revealed that the classical Milankovitch theory is unable to explain a number of important facts, such as the change of the dominant periodicity of glacial cycles from 41 kyr to 100 kyr about one million years ago. This transition was also accompanied by an increase in the amplitude and asymmetry of the glacial cycles. Here, based on the results of a hierarchy of models and data analysis, a framework of the extended (generalized) version of the Milankovitch theory is presented. To illustrate the main elements of this theory, a simple conceptual model of glacial cycles was developed using the results of an Earth system model CLIMBER-2. This conceptual model explicitly assumes the multistability of the climate-cryosphere system and the instability of the “supercritical” ice sheets. Using this model, it is shown that Quaternary glacial cycles can be successfully reproduced as the strongly-nonlinear response of the Earth system to the orbital forcing, where 100 kyr cyclicity originates from the phase-locking of the precession and obliquity-forced glacial cycles to the corresponding eccentricity cycle. The eccentricity influences glacial cycles solely through its amplitude modulation of the precession component of orbital forcing, while the long time scale of the late Quaternary glacial cycles is determined by the time required for ice sheets to reach their critical size. The postulates used to construct this conceptual model were justified using analysis of relevant physical and biogeochemical processes and feedbacks. In particular, the role of climate-ice sheet-carbon cycle feedback in shaping and globalization of glacial cycles is discussed. The reasons for the instability of the large northern ice sheets and the mechanisms of the Earth system escape from the “glacial trap” via a set of strongly nonlinear processes are presented. It is also shown that the transition from the 41 kyr to the 100 kyr world about one million years ago can be explained by a gradual increase in the critical size of ice sheets, which in turn is related to the gradual removal of terrestrial sediments from the northern continents. The implications of this nonlinear paradigm for understanding Quaternary climate dynamics and the remaining knowledge gaps are finally discussed.
... In line with this study, it becomes clear that the radiation cooling at the surface seems unrealistically overestimated. Since 1896, it has been assumed that the surface of the earth emits infrared at radiation flux close to 390 W m −2 , similar to a blackbody at its thermal equilibrium temperature 288 K in vacuum, based on a model atmosphere that is physically separated from the surface [2,3]. Nevertheless, it could be argued that the widely used assumption cannot be justified in the presence of the isothermic gaseous atmosphere that is physically attached to the surface. ...
... Importantly, humanity is facing an unprecedented climate emergency and climate change that is a threat to civilization (Ripple et al 2022;Steel et al. 2022). Svante Arrhenius (1896Arrhenius ( , 1906 already predicted that an increase of CO 2 in the atmosphere would lead to global warming. The oil industry has been aware of the dangerous environmental effects of CO 2 released through the use of fossil fuels since at least the late 1960s (Robinson and Robbins 1968) and from then on has effectively run a denialist campaign (e.g., Raymond 1997). ...
... The parameters are fitted using the Maximum Likelihood Estimate technique (Easterling et al., 2016). ln(CO) 2 is used as a single co-variate since it has long been recognized to dominate the world mean temperature projections (Arrhenius, 1896) and allows us to use a common co-variate for all models without introducing any internal variability . ...
Climate change is a challenging and yet a humbling insight provided by science. While the global warming train has left the station with a more than 1K rise in the global mean temperature, we need to ask ourselves the question of what kind of future is up ahead, and what climate łsurprisesž we have in store? This thesis is a contribution to better quantifying and understanding the global response of extreme daily precipitation intensities to anthropogenic climate change.
The words droughts and floods resonate across our disastrous history and our uncertain collective future. Anticipating, mitigating and adapting to such disasters remains a challenge to our shared humanity. In this thesis, I assess future changes in meteorological dry and mostly wet extremes on regional and global scales. The investigation is primarily based on global projections and more idealised climate change experiments conducted in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The future changes described in the thesis are mostly based on the highest emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5), which maximises the signal-to-noise ratio, but presumably, provides an unfavourably bleak picture of our future climate (although large model uncertainties can lead to a strong overlap between projections derived from moderate to high-emissions scenarios). In the lead of the 6th Assessment Report of IPCC, future changes in extremes are also investigated at different global warming levels. The extremes considered include the annual maximum daily precipitation intensities (RX1DAY) and meteorological droughts described as consecutive dry days and their annual maximum numbers (CDD).
Using some idealised atmosphere-only experiments with the CNRM-CM6-1 and a few other climate models which participated in a CMIP subproject, I first distinguish the various timescales of the annual mean and daily precipitation responses to an abrupt quadrupling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, espe- cially the fast response to CO2 increase from the slower response to the gradual and uniform versus non-uniform components of the global ocean warming. The response of the dry meteorological extremes is particularly complex and involves multiple timescales and processes which can be highly model-dependent.
Even though most CMIP6 models qualitatively agree on the idealized re- sponse of RX1DAY to a CO2 increase, I quantify the related uncertainties in a high- emission scenario using a large subset of CMIP6 models and a large ensemble of a single model. The study pays particular attention to both model uncertainties, and the irreducible uncertainties related to internal climate variability. The results illustrate an upper bound of the inter-model spread and estimate a large spread. However, there is a robust enhancement of extreme precipitation with more than 90% of models simulating an increase in the precipitation extremes. I also provide a 5–95% confidence range for projected RX1DAY values at the end of the 21st cen- tury and highlight the regions (only 17% of the globe surface) where the changes may not be consistent with the widely used assumption of a Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate of ≈7%/K when scaled by concomitant changes in global mean surface temperature.
Finally, I investigate the changes in the seasonality of precipitation extremes, focusing on Europe and the potential contribution of regional changes in atmo- spheric circulation. My analysis documents a sharper seasonal cycle of extreme precipitation and a shift in its seasonality. To better understand the mechanisms that cause the change in seasonality, I analyse the possible role of different synop- tic circulation types (CTs) in regulating the frequency of extremes across different seasons. By using a simple decomposition technique, I further explore the role of the projected changes in the CT frequencies to the previously assessed changes in the RX1DAY seasonality and the associated inter-model spread.
... One of the primary sources of pollution is that which comes from greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing industry (Chamberlin 1899). Arrhenius (1896) consider that the large-scale burning of fossil fuels is responsible for raising temperatures, which causes irreversible damage to nature. Likewise, Schneider (1989) and Akalpler and y Shingil (2017) indicate that gases from the manufacturing industry destroy the ozone layer, which has gradually recovered in recent years. ...
Manufacturing is one of the primary sources of environmental pollution due to the emission of polluting gases and waste generation. This research aims to examine the manufacturing industry’s effect on an environmental pollution index in nineteen Latin American countries using non-linear methods. The youth population, globalization, property rights, civil liberties, the unemployment gap, and government stability moderate the relationship between the two variables. The research has a temporal coverage between 1990 and 2017 and uses threshold regressions to verify the hypotheses. In order to obtain more specific inferences, we group countries according to the trade block and geographic region to which they belong. Our findings indicate that manufacturing has limited explanatory power for environmental pollution. This finding is supported by the fact that the manufacturing industry in the region is scarce. In addition, we find a threshold effect on the youth population, globalization, property rights, civil liberties, and government stability. Consequently, our results highlight the importance of institutional factors in designing and applying environmental mitigation mechanisms in developing regions.
... At the start of the 20th century, environmental issues entered the international and intergovernmental arena for the first time, and climate change was discussed as a theoretical scientific approach (Arrhenius, 1896;Crawford, 1997). ...
According to UNFCC (2022), COP27 resulted in countries delivering a package of decisions that reaffirmed their commitment to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The package also strengthened government action to cut greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the inevitable
impacts of climate change and boosted the support of finance, technology and capacity building needed by developing countries. The cover decision, known as the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan, highlights that a global transformation to a low-carbon economy requires investments of at least USD 4-6 trillion a year.
Delivering such funding will require a swift and comprehensive transformation of the financial system and its structures and processes, engaging governments, central banks, commercial banks, institutional investors and other economic actors.
This discussion paper presents the author’s viewpoint on COP27 in Egypt. Evidence-based on constructive analysis was collected, as the researchers worked with academic institutions and led specialized workshops hosted by the National Institute of Governance and Sustainable Development (NIGSD). Attendees came from
different backgrounds, such as industry, students, and academics. The researchers observed the COP27 event via newspapers, social platforms and conversations online with the local government and academics. This paper aims to provide critical views on COP27 and open dialogue for future avenues between government, businesses and policymakers. Using a conversation derived from masters’ workshops hosted by NIGSD, Al Maktoum College of Higher Education, and other providers to form a catalyst for further actions.
... The Nobel Prize winner Svante Arrhenius (1859Arrhenius ( -1927 predicted more than a century ago that a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 concentration would result in a temperature increase of approximately + 5-6 °C (Arrhenius, 1896). Surprisingly, his rough estimate is greater but not significantly different from the + 2.0-4.5 °C rise currently anticipated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007a). ...
Primary economic activity, notably agriculture, is heavily reliant on the environment and weather; therefore, climate change has a significant impact on this sector. It is crucial to recognize and give priority to the regions and communities that are mostly at risk at the subnational level as the effects of climate change continue to worsen and put strain on the agricultural sectors and livelihoods of many industrialized and developing countries. This overview provides some basic information about current understanding on agriculture, climate change, and society. It introduces the concepts of agriculture and climate change and conceptualizes the part of books part. This chapter reviews the relevant literature to the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity and aims to provide a global-scale overview of all relevant impacts, to inform a wider assessment of the climate risks to global agriculture and society specially in developing nation. While farmers are often flexible in dealing with weather variability from time to time, there is still a high degree of adaptation to the local climate in the form of established infrastructure, local agricultural practice, and personal skill. Therefore, climate change can be expected to affect agriculture, potentially threatening established aspects of the agricultural system but also providing opportunities for improvement.KeywordsAgricultureClimate changeSocietyAdaptation issuesVulnerability
... The first to propose an analysis of the impact of carbon dioxide variation in the atmosphere based on calculations is the Swedish professor Svante Arrhenius [2]. It involves several scenarios of reducing or increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ...
... The importance of the atmosphere, in particular, the greenhouse gases, in making our planet habitable by maintaining a livable temperature was first understood by Svante Arrhenius (Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1903) [7]. One of the most fundamentally important steps towards the development of a comprehensive general circulation model of the atmosphere [8] was the development of the one-dimensional, single-column radiative-convective model of the atmosphere with positive feedback effect of water vapour [9] which Syukuro Manabe (Nobel Laureate in Physics in 2021) realised was an excellent conceptual tool to study the greenhouse effect. ...
The Earth’s climate system consists of numerous interacting subsystems varying over a multitude of time scales giving rise to highly complicated spatio-temporal climate variability. Understanding processes occurring at different scales, both spatial and temporal, has been a very crucial problem in numerical weather prediction. The variability of climate, a self-constituting system, appears to be organized in patterns on large scales. The climate networks approach has been very successful in detecting the spatial propagation of these large scale patterns of variability in the climate system.
In this thesis, it is demonstrated using climate network approach that climate variability is organized in patterns not only at larger scales (Asian Summer Monsoon, El Niño-Southern Oscillation) but also at shorter scales, e.g., weather time scales. This finds application in detecting individual tropical cyclones, characterizing binary cyclone interaction leading to a complete merger, and studying the intraseasonal and interannual variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon.
Finally, the applicability of the climate network framework to understand forecast error properties is demonstrated, which is crucial for improvement of forecasts. As correlated errors can arise due to the presence of a predictable relationship between errors of different regions because of some underlying systematic or random process, it is shown that error networks can help to analyze the spatially coherent structures of forecast errors. The analysis of the error network topology of a climate variable provides a preliminary understanding of the dominant source of error, which shows the potential of climate networks as a very promising diagnostic tool to study error correlations.
... Conceptual models for understanding aspects of the climate system have existed for >100 years. In the late 19th century Arrhenius made one of the first climate projections using the existing understanding of the heat-trapping effect of CO 2 and a simple model describing the energy balance of the Earth [11]. His model suggested that a doubling of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would warm global surface temperatures by 5-6°Cremarkably, only slightly more than modern estimates [1]. ...
For each assessment cycle of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), researchers in the life sciences are called upon to provide evidence to policymakers planning for a changing future. This research increasingly relies on highly technical and complex outputs from climate models. The strengths and weaknesses of these data may not be fully appreciated beyond the climate modelling community; therefore, uninformed use of raw or preprocessed climate data could lead to overconfident or spurious conclusions. We provide an accessible introduction to climate model outputs that is intended to empower the life science community to robustly address questions about human and natural systems in a changing world.
... Extreme weather events in the past few decades have sparked discussion about significant future global warming caused by human economic activity (Sorokhtin, 2007). For the first time, this problem began to be discussed by scientists as early as the 19th century (Arrhenius, 1896), and it began to rise more actively in the 70s-90s of the 20th century. During the discussion among scientists, there were both adherents of the idea that it is worth fighting greenhouse gases, and those who were against it. ...
Abstract. The Kyoto Protocol has become a promising component for solving one of the most urgent and discussed problems by scientists – air pollution. Therefore, it remains important to consider what has actually been achieved over the 17 years of the treaty; what effects (environmental
or economic) prevail as a result of its action. In this research, special emphasis is placed on the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on certain regions, such as Europe, Asia, America and others. Thus, the purpose of the work is to demonstrate how this agreement influenced the development of countries in certain regions, what consequences it led to and how effective it turned out to be. The following research methods were used in the work: statistical, graphic, historical, modelling and forecasting. While writing the work, it was demonstrated what advantages and disadvantages the Kyoto Protocol has as a document for protecting the external environment. In addition, the authors described the main environmental benefits and economic losses from this agreement. The research has demonstrated that the Kyoto Protocol does reduce CO2 emissions in some regions and likely reduces the rate of growth in others. However, a general decline in industrial development was observed in the countries participating in the agreement. The authors conclude that it is currently impossible to say with certainty how effective this agreement will be, but its adverse political and economic consequences will be far less than the environmental benefits. In addition, regional features of the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on the development of local countries were considered. The work allows for a new perspective on the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol and provides new answers to questions about the usefulness of this document and the rationality of implementing its terms.
... Later, in 1896, Svante Arrhenius [2] calculated how much the temperature of the surface of the Earth would increase when the CO 2 concentration increased. Even today his theory is still the basis of most climate studies around the world. ...
Ophiolite obductions in the tropics are coeval with Phanerozoic glaciations. The exposure of mafic and ultramafic rocks is thought to trigger cooling by increasing global weatherability. However, each Palaeozoic icehouse also coincides with a δ¹³C increase of 3−5‰, interpreted as an increase in organic carbon burial, not weatherability. Here we provide a framework that explains the tectonic forces behind Palaeozoic glaciations through increased organic carbon burial caused by the weathering of mafic and ultramafic lithologies in ophiolites. To evaluate the leverage ophiolite obduction has over organic carbon burial, we couple a mineral weathering model with a carbon box model. We show that the weathering of (ultra)mafic rocks can substantially enhance the preservation of organic carbon through the formation of high-surface-area smectite clays. The heightened organic carbon burial induced by an idealized ophiolite obduction causes ocean δ¹³C to increase by ~3.7‰. The temporal evolution and magnitude of our modelled δ¹³C excursion approximates Palaeozoic records. We present an analysis of shale geochemistry, which shows a correlation between ultramafic provenance and total organic carbon. Our results indicate that high-surface-area clays, formed during weathering of (ultra)mafic lithologies, exert a major control over Earth’s long-term carbon cycle.
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations driven by anthropogenic precursor emissions are an environmental hazard scientifically similar to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and global climate change; however, the tropospheric ozone issue lacks the generally accepted, international assessment efforts that have greatly informed our understanding of the other two. Here, we briefly review those successful science-into-policy approaches and outline the elements required to conduct a similar process for tropospheric ozone. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to establish a conceptual model to fully understand the underpinning science, useful policy metrics, and motivating international policy forums for regulating anthropogenic ozone production over the hemispheric and global scales, thereby expanding beyond the traditional regional, air basin approach that has dominated air quality regulatory philosophy to date.
This chapter deals with the fundamental concept of a “process” in Industrial Ecology (IE), which is a connecting point in the interdependent flows of inputs and outputs, including waste and emissions. A process is featured by mass balances between inputs and outputs and is assumed to exhibit constant returns to scale. Examples of actual processes are shown, from crop cultivation, fertilizer (ammonia), livestock, fish farming, metals (iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al)), and cement. This chapter also considers household food consumption as a process, where inputs (food) are converted into outputs (human waste and emissions) to gain insight into the environmental impacts of food consumption. The global cycling flow of major elements–carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)–is discussed to highlight their significance in understanding environmental impacts. Finally, the basic idea of Input-Output analysis (IO) is introduced as a quantitative representation of the interdependence among processes that emerge through the flow of inputs and outputs among them.
Humankind and, in general, all life on earth, face a fundamental sustainability crisis. We have realized many decades ago that both our sources and our sinks on our planet are limited. International treaties have been adopted, panels have been formed and assessments have been published. Yet, almost all nations regularly fail to comply with their goals. Many potential barriers to swift actions exist, and sustainability in its many facets reveals complex interdependencies and rebounds. Humankind relies on an infrastructure in terms of energy supply, housing, and others, which take decades to change. At the same time, we face tipping points, which describe an irreversible acceleration of degradation of our fundamental life’s resources. This concerns not only the climate crisis, which is visible in so many nations with floods and heat waves and a surge of new temperature extremes and costs due to mitigation and adaptation. No, the problem also lies in a set of planetary limits, including a terrifying loss of agricultural soil, an increasing level of acidity in the oceans, enhanced nitridation, and loss of biodiversity and natural habitats. In this situation, it appears obvious, that scientists, meaning all scientists beyond our representatives in international panels, need to respond. We need to inform ourselves across the disciplines and disseminate available information into society. We need to spell out that a transformation of society is required combining technological advances and a change in lifestyle with a reduction in demand for our planet’s sources and sinks.
Background : Climate change, increasing recognition of institutionalized discrimination, and the COVID-19 pandemic are large-scale, societal events (ie, forces of change) that affect the timing, settings, and modes of youth physical activity. Despite the impact that forces of change have on youth physical activity and physical activity environments, few studies consider how they affect physical activity promotion. Methods : The authors use 2 established frameworks, the ecological model of physical activity and the youth physical activity timing, how, and setting framework, to highlight changes in physical activity patterns of youth in North America that have resulted from contemporary forces of change. Results : North American countries—Canada, Mexico, and the United States—have faced similar but contextually different challenges for promoting physical activity in response to climate change, increasing recognition of institutionalized discrimination, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovative applications of implementation science, digital health technologies, and community-based participatory research methodologies may be practical for increasing and sustaining youth physical activity in response to these forces of change. Conclusions : Thoughtful synthesis of existing physical activity frameworks can help to guide the design and evaluation of new and existing physical activity initiatives. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are encouraged to carefully consider the intended and unintended consequences of actions designed to respond to forces of change.
Economic growth is dependent on the amount and quality of energy available. Due to rising concerns about sustainability and geopolitical instability, governments have to plan energy management and corresponding economic policies more consciously. We live in a period of energy scarcity, and the European continent is in the midst of an unprepared energy dilemma. On the continent, there is consensus that the system must move forward with renewables. Due to the fact that the technology has not yet reached its optimal efficiency, there are legitimate concerns among decision-makers about whether using reusable energy sources would limit economic progress. This thesis aims to examine the relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in a historical and geographical context. The research focuses on 32 European countries in the period between 2004 and 2020, using panel data about renewable energy ratio, GDP per capita, and other economic development related variables in a time fixed effect regression analysis. I found a Kuznets-type of relationship with a U shape between renewable energy ratio and real GDP per capita. The results show that industrial performance, financial development, and trade openness correlates negatively with the reusable energy ratio. At the same time, the degree of R&D expenditure affects the ratio positively. These findings have ramifications for environmental policy planning. The necessity for EU authorities and national governments to move to cleaner energy technology is emphasised in this report. The area should undertake a paradigm change from conventional energy based on fossil fuels to renewable energy.
This is modified late draft, published with revisions as:
Barker T. and Fisher J. (2019). Ecosystem health as the basis for human health. Chapter 19 in Selendy J.M.H (editor), Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Changing Environment: Challenges, Interventions and Preventive Measures. Second edition, Wiley-Blackwell and Horizon International, Hoboken and Chichester.
Carbon sequestration is vital for mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. The Earth's climate is rapidly changing due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, necessitating urgent action to offset GHG releases. Soil carbon sequestration is a promising approach, with degraded and agricultural soils having significant potential to reduce CO2 levels. Soils globally can retain twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and vegetation combined, influenced by climate and edaphic factors. Agricultural practices, such as land-use changes and residue management, impact soil carbon stocks and quality, enhancing food security and sustainable agriculture. Developing carbon sequestration technologies is crucial, including abiotic techniques like CO2 injection into oceans, geological strata, mineral carbonation, and biotic techniques that provide cost-effective and immediate solutions. Both options are complementary and can mitigate climate change risks. Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion, have raised atmospheric CO2 concentrations, causing global warming and adverse impacts. Effective strategies are needed to reduce emissions and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. This chapter comprehensively explores carbon sequestration, encompassing its definition, mechanisms, advantages, and limitations, emphasizing its significance in combating climate change and providing a comprehensive understanding of its potential.
A pesar de que el vapor de agua (vH2O) en la atmósfera representa apenas cuatro diezmillonésimas del contenido de agua planetaria, es responsable del 60% del efecto invernadero y de un 10% del transporte de calor de los trópicos hacia latitudes mayores, o del 50% de la transferencia de calor de la superficie de la Tierra a la atmósfera. Además, el vH2O interactúa en retroalimentación positiva con otros gases de efecto invernadero, por lo que es importante revisar su papel en el cambio climático global, retroalimentación que se presenta en casi todos los cambios climáticos.
Aquí se hará una revisión de la literatura relevante respecto al origen de la atmósfera y del vH2O enella, de las tendencias observadas recientemente de la humedad troposférica y de la baja estratosfera y se hará mención de los efectos de la urbanización en la climatología hígrica local. Se revisarán las propiedades radiativas del vH2O, de su contribución a la termodinámica y la dinámica atmosféricas, y se describirán los principales escenarios de cambio climático en cuanto
a las futuras concentraciones de la humedad atmosférica. En suma, se glosa una serie de resultados de investigaciones que responden preguntas trascendentes sobre el papel del vH2O en los cambios climáticos antropogénicos a escala global y a escala urbana.
To quantify the relative contributions of Arctic sea ice and unforced atmospheric internal variability to "warm Arctic, cold East Asia" (WACE), this study analyses three sets of large-ensemble simulations carried out by the Norwegian Earth System Model with a coupled atmosphere-land surface model, forced by seasonal sea ice conditions from preindustrial, present-day, and future periods. Each ensemble-member within the same set uses the same forcing but with small perturbations to the atmospheric initial state. Hence, the difference between the present-day (or future) ensemble-mean and the preindustrial ensemble-mean provides the ice-loss-induced response, while the difference of the individual members within the present-day (or future) set is the effect of atmospheric internal variability. Results indicate that both present-day and future sea ice loss can force a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation with a WACE pattern in winter. The magnitude of ice-induced Arctic warming is over four (ten) times larger than the ice-induced East Asian cooling in the present-day (future) experiment; the latter has a magnitude that is about 30% of the observed cooling. Sea ice loss contributes about 60% (80%) of Arctic winter warming in the present-day (future) experiment. Atmospheric internal variability can also induce a WACE pattern with comparable magnitudes between Arctic and East Asia. Ice-loss-induced East Asian cooling can easily be masked by atmospheric internal variability effects because random atmospheric internal variability may induce warming with larger magnitude. Observed WACE pattern occurs as a result of both Arctic sea ice loss and atmospheric internal variability, with the former dominating Arctic warming and the latter dominating East Asian cooling. Article Highlights: Both present-day and future Arctic sea-ice loss can force a negative winter Arctic Oscillation which has larger magnitude in the future case. If only sea ice and atmospheric internal variability were considered, the former may contribute to more than 60% of winter Arctic warming .Compared to Arctic sea ice loss, atmospheric internal variability could contribute to more than 70% of the East Asian cooling. A pattern of Arctic warming with comparable magnitude of East Asian cooling is more likely induced by atmospheric internal variability
The Eocene-Oligocene transition (ca 40-33 Ma) marks a transformation from an ice free to an ice-house climate mode that is well recorded by oxygen stable isotopes and sea surface temperature proxies. Opening of the Southern Ocean gateways and decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide have been hypothesised as possible triggers of the major climate shift during the Cenozoic. However, the identification of the driving mechanisms remains controversial and it depends on a better understanding of how the different environmental changes correlate to each other. In this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal variation in export productivity using biogenic Ba (bio-Ba) from different Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites in the Southern Ocean, focusing on possible mechanisms that controlled them as well as correlation of export productivity changes to changes in the global carbon cycle. We document two significant SO region high export productivity late-Eocene events (ca. 37 and 33.5 Ma) that are correlated to pronounced changes in global atmospheric pCO2. We propose that paleoceanographic changes that followed Southern Ocean gateway openings, along with more variable increases in circulation driven by episodic expansion and decline of the Antarctic ice sheet, drove enhanced SO export production in the late Eocene through basal Oligocene. These factors may have driven the episodic reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and contributed to Antarctic glaciation during the Eocene-Oligocene transition.
Science is founded on a method based on critical thinking. A prerequisite for this is not only a sufficient command of language but also the comprehension of the basic concepts underlying our understanding of reality. This constraint implies an awareness of the fact that the truth of the World is not directly accessible to us, but can only be glimpsed through the construction of models designed to anticipate its behaviour. Because the relationship between models and reality rests on the interpretation of founding postulates and instantiations of their predictions (and is therefore deeply rooted in language and culture), there can be no demarcation between science and non-science. However, critical thinking is essential to ensure that the link between models and reality is gradually made more adequate to reality, based on what has already been established, thus guaranteeing that science progresses on this basis and excluding any form of relativism.
The climate sensitivity of the Earth and the radiative climate feedback both change over time due to a so-called “pattern effect”, i.e., changing patterns of surface warming. This is suggested by numerical climate model experiments. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) influences surface warming patterns as it redistributes energy latitudinally. Thus, this ocean circulation may play an important role for climate-feedback change over time. In this study, two groups of members of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phases 5 and 6 abrupt4xCO2 experiment are distinguished: one group showing weak and the other strong feedback change over time. It is found that both groups differ significantly in the AMOC response to 4xCO 2 . Therefore, experiments with a slab-ocean model (SOM) with quadrupling of the CO 2 concentration are performed where the AMOC change is mimicked by changing the ocean heat transport. It is found that in the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropics the CMIP model group differences can be qualitatively reproduced by the SOM experiments, indicating that the AMOC plays an important role in setting the surface warming pattern. However, in the tropics and especially in the Southern Hemisphere other explanations are necessary.
Peyzajlar, Dünya'nın oluşumundan bu yana sürekli olarak evrim ve değişim göstermektedir. Peyzaj, Türkiye'de ölçeği itibari ile sıklıkla kentsel sistemlerde açık yeşil alanlar ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ancak evrimsel ekoloji ve sistem ekolojisi basamaklarına göre heterojen ekosistemlerin bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu peyzajlar çok geniş bölgeleri kapsayan ölçeğe sahiptir. Bu ölçek Avrupa Peyzaj Sözleşmesi (APS)'nde de geçen kır, kent, turizm, sanayi, bozulan alanlar olmak üzere belirgin ve köklü peyzaj dönüşümlerine neden olan antropojen etki ve peyzajlar arasındaki devingen yapıyı oluşturmaktadır. Antropojen etkinin kökenini oluşturan tarımsal devrimi kompanse eden biyosfer, 21. yüzyılda sanayi devriminin oluşturduğu yükü telafi edemeyen bir iklim krizi ile karşı karşıyadır. Ülkelerin bir araya gelerek ortaya koydukları emisyon taahhütleri 'iklim eylemlerinin politik nafileliği' altında ezilmektedir. Bunun kökeninde ise demir kanunu olarak geçen ve ülkelerin emisyon azaltımları nedeni ile ekonomik büyümelerinden feragat edememe ikileminin bulunduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Ekonomik yapı, karbon medeniyetlerinin oluşturduğu tüketim alışkanlıkları ile şekillenmektedir. Özellikle karbon temelli ekonomik analizlerde öngörülemeyen ve toplumsal esneklik ile ifade edilen pek çok araştırma konusu insan davranışları ve tüketim alışkanlıklarının değişkenliğine bağlıdır. Buna paralel bir şekilde ekonomik kalkınmasını tamamlayan ülkelerin iklim krizine aldıkları önlemler ve söylemler ile gelişmemiş veya gelişmekte olan ülkelerin iklim eylemleri arasında göz ardı edilemeyecek değişkenlikler söz konusudur. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, karbon medeniyetlerini oluşturan toplumsal yapının iklim krizi, Maslow ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisi ve hedonizm bağlamında irdelenmesidir. Dolayısı ile hem insan ölçeğinde iyi yaşamı (well-being) barındıran peyzajların yönetilmesinde hem de küresel iklim değişikliği bağlamında insan davranışlarının kökenine inmek, iklim krizini bireysel ve kitlesel olarak yönetebilmenin önünü açan bir eğilim sergilemektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: İklim değişimi, peyzaj, karbon, ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisi, hedonizm. Abstract The landscapes have been continually evaluated and changing ever since the formation of the planet Earth. The landscape is often associated with open green spaces in urban systems in Turkey from the viewpoint of its scale. However, landscapes formed by the combination of heterogeneous ecosystems based on evolutionary and systems ecology stages have a scale that covers vast regions. This scale creates the dynamic structure between anthropogenic impact and landscapes by causing significant and radical landscape transformations in rural, urban, touristic, industrial, and degraded areas, as mentioned in the European Landscape Convention (ELC). The biosphere, which compensated for the agricultural revolution that was the root of the anthropogenic effect, is faced with a climate crisis that cannot offset the burden of the industrial revolution in the 21st century. The emissions commitments put together by countries are being crushed by the 'political futility of climate action.' It can be said that the root of this is the dilemma of not being able to waive their economic growth due to emission reductions, which is known as the iron law. The economic structure underlying economic growth and fed by capitalism is shaped by consumption habits created by carbon cultures and human behaviors. Numerous carbon-based studies are based on the variability of human behaviors and consumption habits, which are unpredictable and are expressed as social flexibility. Similarly, there are undeniable variations between the measures taken and statements made against the climate crisis by countries that have completed their economic development and the climate actions of underdeveloped or developing countries. Therefore, the motivation for this study is to investigate the social structure that forms carbon cultures in the context of the climate crisis and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Consequently, getting to the root of human behaviors, both in managing landscapes that protect well-being on a human scale and in the context of global climate change, will reveal a tendency that paves the way for the individual and mass management of the climate crisis.
Tibor Faragó, 2023: „Deteriorating and saving our planetary environment”.
Academic Publisher (Budapest) 344 p. ISBN 978-963-454-900-0; e-ISBN 978-963-454-857-1
(Main text is in Hungarian; majority of hundreds of quotes are in English.)
(Academic Publisher is owned by the Wolters Kluwer and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
(Title of the book in Hungarian: „Planetáris környezetünk veszélyeztetése és megmentése”)
The e-book is on the website of the publisher (available for license holders):
https://akademiai.hu/ptudx00416-planetaris-kornyezetunk-veszelyeztetese-es-megmentese.html
The author’s version is available from the e-Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences:
http://real.mtak.hu/161139/
and it is also uploaded to the e-libraries of two universities (ELTE, BCE):
https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/handle/10831/85753/ http://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/7961/
Abstract
Our common planetary home is affected by various hazardous environmental processes resulting from human activities. Such processes became gradually global during the past century and include especially the environmental releases of toxic heavy metals, hazardous chemicals and waste, atmospheric emissions of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases. Their consequences have significant impacts on the living conditions of present and future generations. The author of this book presents the emergence and escalation of these environmental problems, the history of their recognition, the development of the international scientific and political cooperation, their most essential outcomes, including the various multilateral programmes and agreements. Based on the extensive review and analysis of these issues, the main conclusions and lessons are also drawn. (The book includes hundreds of literature references and pertinent quotes from many authors and international documents.) Another book of the author (its printed version) was published about a year ago and it was about the “environmental globalisation”, i.e. on the globalisation process and its general interrelated socio-economic and adverse environmental aspects:
Tibor Faragó, 2022: „Our common environment and the globalization”
Academic Publisher (Budapest) 216 p. ISBN 978-963-454-765-5
(Main text is in Hungarian; majority of hundreds of quotes are in English.)
(Title of the book in Hungarian: „Közös környezetünk és a globalizáció: árnyak és remények”)
The e-book is on the website of the publisher (available for license holders):
https://akademiai.hu/ptudx00345-kozos-kornyezetunk-es-a-globalizacio.html
The author’s version is available from the e-Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences:
http://real.mtak.hu/133300/ and it is also uploaded to the e-libraries of two universities (ELTE, BCE)
How did one of the major ecological problems remain largely overlooked in a field of science that is proud of its multidisciplinarity? This paper reflects on how a blindspot was formed between geopolitical spheres of political ambitions and consequently research agendas, resulting in the inadequate response to a threat that has been referred to as 'climate change's evil twin'. Ocean acidification's complexity lies in the fact that it has land-based sources and ocean-based effects, yet no framework -legal or otherwise- exists to address this. This publication proposes solutions to bridge the gap in order to save the oceansphere from severe crisis.
Earth’s planetary albedo shows a remarkable hemispheric symmetry. We assess to what extent CMIP models symmetrize the hemispheric clear-sky albedo asymmetry and what the role of clouds is for this. Following Voigt et al. (2014) we calculate a reference TOA reflected solar radiation considering the masking of clear-sky asymmetry by symmetric cloud contributions. We use the approach of Donohoe and Battisti (2011) to estimate this benchmark and to separate surface, aerosol and cloud contributions to the compensation of this benchmark. In CERES, tropical clouds enhance the reference asymmetry while extratropical cloud asymmetries balance the reference asymmetry and the additional asymmetry introduced by tropical clouds. CMIP multi-model means show similar results as CERES. Clouds compensate reference asymmetries by 85% (CMIP3), 65% (CMIP5) and 78% (CMIP6) as compared to 98% for CERES. Spatial distributions of hemispheric differences indicate clear improvements across the CMIP phases. Remaining all-sky reflection asymmetries predominantly result from too small partly compensating cloud asymmetries: A too weak enhancement of the reference asymmetry in the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific is accompanied by a too weak compensation by extratropical clouds. Thus, tropical clouds and extratropical storm track regions are largely responsible for the compensation of hemispheric clear-sky asymmetries in CERES and CMIP, and for remaining biases in the GCMs. An unexpected result is the magnitude of model biases in the clear-sky asymmetries, which potentially condition systematic cloud biases. Experiments testing cloud-controlling factors influencing hemispheric asymmetry could help to understand what drive hemispheric cloud differences.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.