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Counterbalancing global media frames with nationally colored narratives: A comparative study of news narratives and news framing in the climate change coverage of five countries
Abstract
This study disentangles national and transnational influences on international journalism by distinguishing convergent issue framing from nationally specific narrative in news texts. In a comparative quantitative content analysis of the newspaper coverage in five democratic countries (Brazil, Germany, India, South Africa, and USA) during four UN climate change conferences from 2010 to 2013 both textual-visual framing and narrative features were studied simultaneously for the first time. The narrative dimension consisted of variables that gauge (a) the degree of narrativity in an article, (b) the type of narrative (i.e. stories of catastrophe, conflict, success etc.), and (c) narrative roles of victims, villains and heroes. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify both the prevailing issue frame in an article and its dominant narrative. Results show that issue frames converge more strongly across countries while narratives are more closely related to the cultural context and political particularities of each country. Investigating issue frames and narratives concurrently helps to reveal country-specific patterns of narrative coloring even for the same issue frame.
... It is expected that some press releases use a narrative writing style more heavily than others since some press releases will only state the results and conclusions of a scientific study whereas others pay attention to who conducted the research and describe the emotions of the scientists involved. We thus consider narration to be a gradual concept, in which press releases contain narrative elements in varying degrees that can be measured as 'degree of narrativity' [Lück, Wessler, Wozniak & Lycarião, 2018;Wozniak, Lück & Wessler, 2015]. ...
... To code story tone, we did not only want to look at if a story was positive, negative or neutral, but also wanted to have an idea if 'doom and gloom' language was used in the communication of ocean science. Hence, we followed the approach of Lück et al. [2018] and Wozniak et al. [2015], and coded besides a positive, negative and neutral tone, also an alarmist/fatalistic or excited/passionate tone when the text used superlatives or 'doom and gloom' language resembled by words like 'crisis' or 'disaster'. ...
... Moreover, both datasets showed a general degree of narrativity of 1.8 on a four-point scale, indicating that press officers use similar narrative writing styles for both topics. The degree of narrativity in press releases is relatively high compared to climate change news stories, which show a degree of narrativity ranging from 1.15 to 1.75, depending on the country [Lück et al., 2018]. This high degree of narrativity in press releases might be explained since almost all press releases mentioned how scientists conduct research, causing personalization to be almost always present. ...
To understand how scientific institutions communicate about ocean climate change and ocean plastic research, 323 press releases published between 2017 and 2022 were analyzed. A clustering method revealed 4 ocean climate change- and 5 ocean plastic frames that were analyzed qualitatively. Ocean plastic was presented as a biological and health issue, placing an emphasis on solutions and society's obligation to implement them. Ocean climate change was framed as environmental and socio-economic problem, highlighting politics' responsibility for mitigation. Narratives were only used to personify science and represent scientists, indicating that future press releases could include more social dimensions to engage audiences in ocean issues.
... Examples: Nisbet (2009) described a Social progress frame and O'Neill et al. (2015) identified an Opportunity frame focusing on re-imaging the way we live. Pan et al. (2019) and Lück et al. (2018) described a Sustainable (energy) frame; Rebich-Hespanha et al. (2015) found an Alternative energy and energy prices frame that includes visuals of nuclear, wind, or other alternative/ emission-free energy sources. ...
... Usually representing conflicting parties/individuals and their viewpoints; hence, stresses the points of divergence between opponents. (2018), Feldman et al. (2017), O'Neill et al. (2015), and Lück et al. (2018). ...
... an Environmental consequences, Disaster, Public health, or National security frame, Lück et al. (2018) found a Global warming victims frame, and Pan et al. (2019) described an Apocalypse frame. ...
In line with the urgency of problems related to climate change, studies on the framing of this issue have flourished in recent years. However, as in framing research overall, a lack of definitions complicates the synthesis of theoretical/empirical insights. This systematic review contrasts trends of framing in climate change communication to those observed in reviews of communication research overall and harnesses framing’s power to bridge perspectives by comparing frames across different frame locations (i.e., frame production, frame content, audience frames, and framing effects), as part of the wider cultural framing repository. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches of content analysis, this review draws on 25 years of peer-reviewed literature on the framing of climate change (n = 275). Among the findings, we observe that research has not made use of framing’s bridging potential. Hence, the conceptual (mis)fit between frame locations will be discussed, and directions for future research will be given.
... Sen (2008) também aborda essa discussão ao problematizar como uma política de desenvolvimento que se baseia apenas na prerrogativa do crescimento econômico como prerrogativa de promoção de equidade social e negligencia os direitos individuais dos cidadãos em possuir qualidade de vida e de acessar bens ambientais primários, como ar limpo e água limpa. ...
... Acserald (2004) nomeia esses territórios como "áreas de sacrifício", nos quais a população local é obrigada a pagar pesados tributos que atingem diretamente suas condições de vida. Sen (2008) também chama atenção para como esse cenário se manifesta de maneira perversa, na medida em que impõe às pessoas pobres inúmeras limitações de acesso aos recursos básicos para se alimentarem, terem acesso às condições básicas de saúde, além de ficarem impossibilitadas de morarem em locais seguros, com educação de qualidade e ocuparem empregos decentes. Acserald (2002) afirma que a denúncia da realidade dessa desigualdade ambiental expõe a desigualdade de distribuição das partes de um meio ambiente de diferentes qualidades e injustamente dividido. ...
... Dessa maneira, a soberania é sempre relativa (JAGUARIBE, 1979). Marini (2008) Vigevani e Cepaluni (2016), por outro lado, propõem uma noção política de autonomia, enquanto "um instrumento de salvaguarda contra os efeitos mais nocivos do sistema internacional" (VIGEVANI; CEPALUNI, 2016, p. 16). Uma ferramenta diante da estratificação do sistema internacional. ...
... Hence, framing effects result from both textual and visual elements. Lück et al. (2016) identified four multimodal frames across four countries. The Global Warming Victims frame is the one most prominently emphasizing consequences of climate change, without introducing remedies. ...
... They offer large space for long explanatory stories about complex issues that are not always part of day-to-day news reporting. For sample selection, we started by concentrating on democratic countries to ensure comparability of media systems (see also Lück et al. 2016). We also decided to focus on countries with global power, high emissions, and/or that treat the topic controversially, making climate change coverage more likely (see also Brüggemann and Engesser 2017). ...
... Our initial idea to include the frame element moral evaluation (Entman 1993) as a single category was altered during the inductive coding process. Based on our experiences and insights from narrative analysis (e.g., Wozniak, Lück, and Wessler 2015;Lück et al. 2016;Wessler et al. 2016), we decided to not only consider moral evaluations but also instrumental evaluations (of a future vision, or an act/solution) and emotional aspects (e.g., fear, beneficial, scary). Evaluations can then be seen as cross-cutting because they can relate to problem definitions, causal attributions, and treatment recommendations. ...
Modeling future pathways is essential for climate research, and such climate futures are also an integral part of media coverage on climate change. However, research on media’s framing of climate change has only sparsely investigated future visions, although media effect studies assume that characteristics of climate futures, including their visual representation, can motivate people to act. Hence, in this study, we analyzed the multimodal media framing of climate futures. The qualitative content analysis considered leading news magazine cover stories on climate change (N = 62) from 1980 to 2019 in India, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We identified three multimodal frames: While Global Doom and Local Tragedies were dominant in the early years, a new frame has recently emerged and focuses more prominently on a Sustainable Future. This
analysis thus witnessed a shift from apocalyptic climate futures to a more diverse and potentially empowering reporting.
... Climate journalists do use narratives (Lück et al. 2016); this strategy, however, is also employed by climate change deniers keen to invent and/or present alternative stories. Conspiracy narratives, Haltinner and Sarathchandra (2018) note, can become powerful cognitive coping mechanisms in light of challenging or confusing information: a category that unequivocally includes climate change. ...
... Because narrative establishes particularly persistent perceptions, its use in communicating uncertainty presents the possibility that narratives around something like climate policy (around which there is not scientific consensus) could lastingly sway audiences toward a position that is not in line with ongoing, non-static science; "persuasion toward science policy may be more justifiable… where there is a clearly supported outcome than… where values become more contested" (Dahlstrom and Ho 2012, p. 604). Narratives tend to incorporate dramatization, emotionalization, and personalization (Lück et al. 2016), making the study of emotional appeals salient to narratives in climate science (and uncertainty) journalism. ...
Research in climate science and its communication has splintered into myriad siloed branches in recent decades, presenting challenges and opportunities to explore and consolidate knowledge on climate science, its ethical communication, and the public’s reception of it. A “temperature check” is imperative to compile research highlighting successful, ethical communication strategies to continue pursuing, as well as deleterious ones to avoid (and remedy lingering effects of), and chart future directions for the field. This conceptual paper aims to trace the contours of comprehension, and especially remaining uncertainties, among three key stakeholders: climate scientists, climate change journalists, and the U.S. public. Mapping where each stands can uncover gaps between them, and highlight remaining uncertainties around communicating ethically, effectively, and comprehensively, given the nature of climate science, audience psychosocial characteristics, traditional journalistic ethics, and politicization of the issue. These are salient targets for communication and research alike.
... Individuals may not be motivated to change if the change is not observed at the societal level, for example, by the presence of street activities [49]. Solution journalism only increases positive attitudes but does not encourage behavior [50,51]. ...
... Constructive journalism is a new direction of future change for journalism to encourage collective action in society [70,71]. However, several other studies have also shown that a positive or negative tone has little effect on audience views [48,49,51]. The current research is in line with these studies, in that the tone does not have to be strictly positive or negative but must be optimal in conveying information to the public to have an impact on denialism. ...
... For example, while there are clear differences between regions, there is striking similarity in the temporal patterns of peak climate news interest that is episodic and is predominantly driven by managed climate moments-for example, Earth Day celebrations, release of key climate reports such as those of the IPCC, climate Conference of the parties (COPs), and so on (Painter & Schäfer, 2018;Wolling & Arlt, 2017). This trend is strikingly clear at regional levels but can also be observed from country-level studies (Hase et al., 2021;Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017). Importantly, there is surprising conformity in how policy episodes such as IPCC reports or COP meetings are covered in developing and industrialized countries (Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017;Wang & Downey, 2023). ...
... This trend is strikingly clear at regional levels but can also be observed from country-level studies (Hase et al., 2021;Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017). Importantly, there is surprising conformity in how policy episodes such as IPCC reports or COP meetings are covered in developing and industrialized countries (Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017;Wang & Downey, 2023). ...
Global media coverage of climate change has grown consistently—although unevenly—over recent years. While major differences exist in how much attention is paid to climate coverage in different parts of the world, how climate is discussed has been noticeably uniform and the major thrust of the “climate communication agenda” remains recognizably “global” in that it is driven by the more mature media markets in the North and especially by the narratives coming out of international climate institutions (e.g., the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], climate Conference of the parties [COPs] international nongovernmental organizations [NGOs], and think tanks). Building on the recent experience of the 2022 floods in Pakistan, this essay argues that with the advent of what we are calling the age of adaptation, climate reporting is likely to shift rapidly from mostly explaining why climate change is important (and generally convergent broad ideas about what might be done about it) to reporting on localized climate impacts (and often divergent preferences on how to allocate responsibility and evaluate the cost of those consequences). This will, we argue, make global media narratives on climate change not only more complex and more contentious, but also more honest.
... For example, while there are clear differences between regions, there is striking similarity in the temporal patterns of peak climate news interest that is episodic and is predominantly driven by managed climate moments-for example, Earth Day celebrations, release of key climate reports such as those of the IPCC, climate Conference of the parties (COPs), and so on (Painter & Schäfer, 2018;Wolling & Arlt, 2017). This trend is strikingly clear at regional levels but can also be observed from country-level studies (Hase et al., 2021;Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017). Importantly, there is surprising conformity in how policy episodes such as IPCC reports or COP meetings are covered in developing and industrialized countries (Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017;Wang & Downey, 2023). ...
... This trend is strikingly clear at regional levels but can also be observed from country-level studies (Hase et al., 2021;Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017). Importantly, there is surprising conformity in how policy episodes such as IPCC reports or COP meetings are covered in developing and industrialized countries (Lück et al., 2016;Painter, 2017;Wang & Downey, 2023). ...
... Frame analysis research has scrutinized many areas of scientific communication (Nisbet & Scheufele, 2009), with a major research interest in mass media climate change messages (Li & Su, 2018;Lück et al., 2018;Shehata & Hopmann, 2012 (Leiserowitz, 2006). Gamson et al. (1992) wrote that media discourse allows for "competing constructions of reality" (i.e., frames) ...
... messages (i.e., those intended to spark preparation/ adaptation for the inevitable increase in temperatures) specifically in influential North American newspapers from 1993-2013. They found 271 articles that had adaptation content, with the majority of these focusing on the need to adapt instead of reporting actual preparations(Ford & King, 2015).Lück et al. (2018) coded newspaper coverage in five democratic countries, including the U.S., using a cluster frame analysis resulting in four frames called global warming victims, political dispute, sustainable energy, and common sense (p. 1646).The frame elements were coded according toEntman (1993) on the dimensions of problem definition (i.e., consequ ...
Climate change will have an increasing impact on agriculture through both on-farm weather impacts and the impact of related regulation. However, many farmers, while perceiving the climate as changing, do not believe in a fundamental component of climate change, its anthropogenic (i.e., human-caused) nature. This presents challenges as farmers need to bolster their operations against climate change and occupy a seat at the regulatory table to represent the diverse needs of agriculture. Because agricultural magazines have been established as a widely utilized source of information for farmers, this study investigated the nature of the coverage of climate change in 271 articles from three agricultural magazines from 2000-2020. Through a quantitative content analysis, we determined the articles frames, the sources, and the determined cause of climate change. This analysis revealed the dominant frame of scientific certainty, followed by political, conflict, and scientific uncertainty. The most frequently used sources were university scientists/Extension, followed by government officials and government research organizations. Articles were most likely to not mention the cause of climate change. This study contributes to the burgeoning research efforts to communicate this contentious topic and encourage adoption of climate smart agricultural practices.
... The methodological flexibility shown by framing studies is also significant when analysing all kinds of issues: from specific subjects such as electoral campaigns or the image of a leader (Sahly et al. 2019;Louie and Viladrich 2021) to long-term problems such as climate change, social protest, the refugee crisis, or cases of sexual harassment (Lück et al. 2018;Ahmed et al. 2019;Starkey et al. 2019), from very different techniques and designs. In general, framing studies are characterised by proposing a great diversity of models of content analysis of the informative or political message (Matthes and Kohring 2008), while surveys and experimental designs have had less application up to a few years (Brugman and Burgers 2018;Banks et al. 2021). ...
... These are medium-term social problems and not current affairs. Among these issues is climate change, which is allowing the development of comparative studies between countries (Lück et al. 2018) or long-term ones over time (Stecula and Merkley 2019). Other equally relevant issues are, first, the construction of the Euro crisis in five EU countries (Joris et al. 2018); second, the definition of sexual harassment uncovered in the #MeToo campaign in four different national contexts (Starkey et al. 2019); third, the degree of informative independence in the coverage of the Covid-19 pandemic (Milutinović 2021). ...
Framing studies remain a powerful line of research in political communication. However, in recent years, coinciding with the emergence of social media, theoretical and operational advances have been detected, as well as a significant reorientation of its research agenda. The interaction between media and platforms such as Twitter or Facebook has built a clearly hybrid communicative environment and profoundly transformed the organization of public debate. This is the case, especially, with processes such as the setting of the public agenda or the construction of interpretive frames. Based on a systematic review of the international reference literature (2011–2021), this article analyses the influence of social media on the evolution of framing studies. Moreover, specifically, the beginning of a new stage of digital development is contextualized, and a triple research impact is explored. The main contributions of the text are that it (1) identifies advances in the theoretical and empirical organization of these studies; (2) explores its reorientation of content towards a greater balance between the analysis of media and political frames; and (3) reviews the recent experimental development of effects studies. Finally, the main challenges for future research in this field are detailed.
... Identifying message frames allows for subjective, methodological analysis of the nature of news discourse. Lück et al., 2018;Shehata & Hopmann, 2012). Climate change messages in particular have undergone frame analysis due to the fact that climate change's consequences can seem invisible and far away (Applebome, 2010), despite the current and approaching consequences of increasing temperatures. ...
Climate change will have an increasing impact on agriculture through both on-farm weather events and climate-related initiatives. However, many farmers, while perceiving the climate as changing, do not believe in climate change’s anthropogenic (i.e., human-caused) nature which could prevent farmer buy-in for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Because agricultural magazines have been established as a widely utilized source of information for farmers and media coverage has been shown to relate to perceptions through the agenda setting process, this study investigated the nature of the coverage of climate change articles from three agricultural magazines from 2000-2020 (N = 271). Through a quantitative content analysis, we determined the articles’ frames, sources, proposed economic impact of climate change, recommended action or proposed solution, determined cause of climate change, and logic (convinced or skeptical). This analysis revealed the dominant frame of the articles were scientific certainty, followed by political, conflict, and scientific uncertainty. The most frequently used sources were university scientists/Extension, followed by government officials and government research organizations. Articles were most likely to not mention the cause or economic impact of climate change. Articles tended to mention carbon sequestration more than other potential behaviors. The articles mostly portrayed a convinced logic about climate change. This study serves as a cultural artifact of the nature of climate change coverage in agricultural magazines and contributes to the burgeoning research efforts to best communicate this contentious topic to agriculturalists and encourage adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices.
... Moreover, comparing these message types parallels studies of episodic frames, which focus on individual stories, and thematic frames, which present broader context and social meaning (Boukes, 2022;Springer & Harwood, 2015). Narrative messages, which include anecdotes and stories, align with episodic frames (Lück et al., 2018), whereas numerical messages, which provide statistical information, correspond to thematic frames (Kazoleas, 1993). Thus, this study treats narrative and numerical message types as narrative and numerical frames, respectively, to compare their effects. ...
This study examined the paths through which the news frames of particulate matter (PM) influence support for governmental policies aiming to address PM. It also explored the mediating effects of anxiety and risk perception in the relationship between news frames and policy support, as well as the moderating effects of media exposure and psychological distance on the PM news framing effect. Based on an experimental design (N = 676), two groups of news frames were prepared for comparison: a narrative frame group and a numerical frame group. The results showed no significant differences in anxiety or risk perception between the two groups. Further, no significant mediating effects of anxiety or risk perception were found in the process through which PM news frames influence support for governmental policies. However, media exposure significantly moderated the effect of the narrative frame: With high (low) media exposure, the narrative frame positively (negatively) influenced policy support through risk perception. Moreover, when the level of psychological distance was low, the narrative frame positively influenced policy support through risk perception. This study contributes to the literature on news framing of PM by integrating cognitive and emotional mechanisms in forming policy attitudes.
... A couple of studies were conducted under the banner of media coverage of climate change in India, but their size and scale were marginalized only for some specific events, moreover, the duration and space of coverage for said events were for a short period, however, climate coverage increased noticeably in last 20 years (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). In the Indian context, most research work was concentrated on limited news samples, over a small period, on the coverage of particular incidents, for instance, the IPCC report released (2007), the Copenhagen climate change conference (2009), or events of a similar nature (Lück et al., 2018;Mittal, 2012;Painter & Ashe, 2012). Additionally, some of the research studies in India were conducted on a pre-established set of topics like risk management, responsibility issues, or scientific-centered subjects like climate justice, or simply the volume of media coverage, without classifying primary themes, were among the center of gravity (Billett, 2010;Jogesh, 2012;Mittal, 2012;Painter & Ashe, 2012). ...
Aim of the Study: This research investigates how the South Asian media covers climate-related issues. Countries in this region are highly vulnerable to climate risks, many are ranked among the top ten most climate-vulnerable nations, the study focuses on three South Asian countries- Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh- analyzing the climate change coverage in leading English-language newspapers. It explores media coverage patterns, climate framing, and the influence of international reports publication on climate reporting. Methodology: Researchers by using the content analysis technique examined climate coverage and climate framing in the three South Asian countries i.e. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh were selected in the current study with one leading English newspaper, i.e. Dawn, Time of India, and The Daily Star. Over a two-year period (April 4, 2021-April 3, 2023), all news stories and editorials from three leading South Asian English-language newspapers-Dawn (Pakistan), The Times of India (India), and The Daily Star (Bangladesh)-were collected and analyzed, with a total sample size of N = 1238. Findings: The content analysis results of three newspapers revealed significant variations in climate reporting across South Asia. During the two-year period from April 2021 to March 2023, The Times of India had the highest number of climate-related publications (52.2%), and overall news articles (76.98%) significantly outnumbering editorials (23.02%). Notably, after the release of the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report,709 news items and editorials were published (57.27%), compared to 529 (42.73%) before its release. Among the different frames used, the Attribution of Responsibility‖ frame was the most prominent, appearing in 452 stories (36.51%). Conclusion: The study indicates that there are significant variations in climate reporting in South Asian Press. Results provide compelling evidence that the IPCC's AR6 has significantly influenced climate-related coverage in South Asian newspapers.
... Multiple studies differentiate specificities in national climate change media coverage. Lück et al. (2018), for instance, conduct a comparative quantitative content analysis of the climate change newspaper coverage in five countries and describe the influences of global trends of homogenization in journalism as well as cultural particularities on newspaper coverage. Yun et al. (2014) focus instead on one particular national context, the South-Korean one, and show the dominance of a "climate as economic opportunity" framing in the country's climate coverage in journalistic media. ...
Frame analysis is a popular methodological paradigm to investigate how climate change is reported in the media, how it is negotiated by political actors, and perceived by publics. Its scope of application extends across various academic disciplines and transcends traditional boundaries of research such as those between quantitative and qualitative methods. Recent transformations of the media landscape have a strong influence on how frame analysis is conducted and how it is used to investigate climate change communication. Online data mining and computational methods have now become increasingly mainstream to investigate discursive elements in online media. Scholars have highlighted the potential, but also the risks associated with sophisticated computational methods, such as machine learning, increasingly used in the context of frame analysis. This advanced review gathers the scientific literature on computational frame analysis for analyzing climate change communication and discusses ways of dealing with associated risks and caveats by incorporating ideas from Science & Technology Studies (STS) and other stances of critical scholarship. Recommended ways forward include combining methods, practicing theoretical interdisciplinarity, infrastructuring reflexivity in research constellations, and embracing transparency, documentation, and accessibility of methods.
This article is categorized under: The Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge
Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication
Climate, History, Society, Culture > Technological Aspects and Ideas
... Dabei werden in der politischen Kommunikation verschiedene Narrative verwendet. Politische Narrative prägen die menschliche Wahrnehmung von politischer Realität und haben somit Einfluss auf politisches Handeln (Patterson & Monroe, 1998 (Lück, Wessler, Wozniak, & Lycarião, 2018;Schwarze, 2006). Narrative prägen, wie Menschen ihre Umgebung wahrnehmen und diese Eindrücke in eine kohärente Vorstellung ihrer Realität überführen (Hammack & Pilecki, 2012;McComas & Shanahan, 1999;Patterson & Monroe, 1998 Shenhav, 2006). ...
Diese empirische Studie untersucht, welche Narrative die politische Kommunikation zu Klimaschutz und Wirtschaftsförderung während der Coronapandemie von März bis August 2020 bestimmen. Die Grundlage bilden Theorien zur
Bedeutung und Funktion von politischen Narrativen sowie Konzepte zum Zusammenwirken von Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, z.B. das Konzept der Green Economy. Es wurden zwei Annahmen formuliert: Akteure aus dem Wirtschaftsbereich verwenden häufiger Narrative, die Wirtschaftsförderung und Klimaschutz als
schwer zu vereinbaren darstellen (Annahme 1). Akteure aus dem Klimaschutzbereich verwenden häufiger Narrative, in denen die Bewältigung der Wirtschaftskrise nach Corona und der Klimaschutz als Einheit dargestellt werden (Annahme 2). Diese Annahmen wurden anhand von Experteninterviews mit Wissenschaftler:innen, Politikern und verschiedenen Interessensvertreter:innen sowie einer Medienanalyse von 45 Medienbeiträgen von März bis Juni 2020 überprüft. So konnten dreizehn politische Narrative identifiziert werden, von denen fünf Klimaschutz und Wirtschaftsförderung verbinden (z.B. Gestärkt
aus der Krise hervorgehen), während fünf Wirtschaftsförderung priorisieren (z.B. Eins nach dem anderen) und drei Klimaschutz (z.B. Corona hat gezeigt, Systemwechsel ist nötig). Die Annahmen konnten teilweise bestätigt, jedoch viele Narrative nicht zweifelsfrei einer politischen Denkrichtung zugeordnet werden. Die identifizierten Narrative knüpfen inhaltlich an bestehende Konzepte zur Beziehung zwischen Klimaschutz und Wirtschaft an (z.B. das Konzept der Green Economy). Zukünftige Studien können aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen zu verbindenden Narrativen untersuchen, wie Narrative eingesetzt werden können, um zwischen kontroversen Positionen in einem Diskurs zu vermitteln.
... Different countries typically possess disparate climate change narratives and frame characteristics in their discussions, which are rooted in cultural, social, and political particularities (Lück et al., 2018). ...
This study integrates agenda setting and framing theory to explore the transmission of climate change frames between newspapers and Twitter in the US and the UK. A set of computational methods was applied to identify five prevailing climate change frames—cause, impact, action, real, and hoax—in 230,000 tweets and 20,000 news articles from 2016 to 2021. At the cross-national level, a symmetrical relationship was found on Twitter between the US and the UK, which indicates their mutual influence on social-media discussions of climate change. Within each country, the US news media had a stronger agenda-setting influence on public climate change discussions on Twitter, whereas news coverage and social-media discussions in the UK were relatively isolated. The use of the cause frame in the US media coverage often led to the presence of the hoax, action, impact, and cause frames in Twitter conversations, whereas the action frame in the UK media coverage led to the presence of the hoax, real, and impact frames in Twitter discussions. The findings have implications for the dynamics of framing processes that shape public attention and the understanding of climate issues cross-nationally.
... When prioritizing climate change at the public level, an assessment of media frames on climate change in four climate change conferences, the most common media frames included: 'global warming victims,' 'political dispute,' 'sustainable energy,' and 'common sense'. Despite the commonality, the contextual diversity across different countries have led to multiple interpretations (Lück, Wessler, Wozniak, & Lycarião, 2016). There is a good development in terms of the enhanced focus on the risks posed by climate inaction, which will ultimately contribute to greater understanding and awareness (through media) among the stakeholders and the public regarding the need for climate change interventions (Schafer, 2015). ...
Though the role of media in climate change messaging has been understood in academic and public spheres, limited studies have been conducted and published, especially in the context of Nepal. A review of 65 readings highlights increased focus on behavior change communication than media advocacy, lack of innovation scope in funded media projects, absence of empirical research. The study recommends comprehensive study climate change reporting through framing and factor analysis to identify reasons and incentives.
... Such frames paint negative scenarios and, in many cases, do not contain references to appropriate response actions (e.g. Feldman et al., 2017;Hart & Feldman, 2014; for a multimodal assessment, see Lück et al., 2018;Wessler et al., 2016). These frames make up a large share of journalistic reporting on climate change and it is commonly assessed that, granting that they may raise attention in audiences, they do not motivate people to act on climate change (e.g. ...
... There are illustrative studies on the discursive environment for climate and energy policies in the EU itself (Dupont, 2019;Bain and Chaban, 2017), Germany (Osička et al., 2020;Kleinen-von Königslöw et al., 2019;Lück et al., 2018;Schäfer and Nisbet, 2018), Finland (Lyytimäki and Tapio, 2009), France (Greenland, 2019), Sweden (Ölausson, 2010;Berglez and Lidskog, 2019;Olausson, 2014) and pre-and-post-Brexit United Kingdom (UK) (Bushell et al., 2017;Roselle et al., 2014;Soutar and Mitchell, 2018;Ruiu, 2021;Ganowski and Rowlands, 2020;Norton and Hulme, 2019). Meanwhile, climate and energy communication and evolving narratives in the EU member states from the Central and Eastern European countries are less covered in scientific literature, focusing mainly on the Czech Republic (Lehotský et al., 2019;Osička et al., 2020), Lithuania (Rabitz et al., 2021), Poland (Osička et al., 2020;Kundzewicz et al., 2019, Ż uk andSzulecki, 2020) and in a recent study, Latvia (Kleinberga, 2022). ...
Political elites over the world face considerable challenges in getting societies into climate change mitigation and adaptation activities. The process is even more complicated by complex media ecologies, into which official strategic narratives are modified and contested. This study explores the media narratives on climate change and their alignment with the official political narrative in a country located on the European Union's eastern border – Latvia, analysing the representation of climate change by the four most popular digital Latvian news platforms in Latvian and Russian languages. Observing that recognition and international cooperation narratives dominate, this study concludes that media only partially project the official political narrative, which focuses on opportunities from climate change. By considering multiple perspectives of scientists, politicians, society and businesses, the media provide an arena of contestation. At the same time, the media narratives lack a domesticated alternative on climate change that is fundamental for an action-encouraging discursive environment. As a result, the image of climate change as a geographically distant, internationally addressed, negotiated and contested phenomenon persists, yet the role of Latvian actors remains unspecified. Illuminating the climate change strategic narrative projection in Latvia, this study complements the research on climate change media coverage in Central and Eastern Europe and provides insights into the communication challenges the region faces.
... The findings suggest that newspapers framed the climate change narrative around the themes such as international cooperation, the government's opposition to climate change effects, and demanding climate justice. Furthermore, Lück, Wessler, Wozniak andLycarião [2018, p. 1645], in their comparative study, found that media in Brazil frames climate change as a "hopeful struggle", signifying the urgency of the situation while instilling hope, however in the U.S., India, Germany, and South Africa, media predominantly covers climate change in an "ongoing conflict" frame. ...
News media is one of the main sources of information for many people around the world on climate change. It does not only increase awareness among the public but also have the potential to sensitize people toward climate change impacts. Till date, few studies focus on media coverage of climate change in the low-income countries such as Pakistan which is among the top ten countries impacted by global warming. This study used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling and analyzed 7,655 climate change-related news articles published between 2010 and 2021 in three Pakistani English newspapers. Our results suggest that climate change coverage in Pakistan has substantially increased over the years, however, the focus has generally been on "climate politics", "climate governance and policy", and "climate change and society". Evolution of different themes and its potential implications on people are discussed.
... Recently, there has been an increasing interest in promoting narrative communication and storytelling in fields such as science communication (Lidskog et al. 2020;Taddicken & Reif 2020;Kaul et al. 2020), corporate social responsibility reporting (Coombs 2019;Boukes & LaMarre 2021), and (environmental) journalism (Lück et al. 2018;Smith 2005). Behind these research interests are public expectations that storytelling will have persuasive effects on audiences. ...
This chapter presents the results of a field experiment conducted in the attempt of closing the research gap on SusTelling effects. The study explored the effects of text-based storytelling among adults aged 18–24 years on situational interest, personal consumption-related, and sustainability-related engagement intentions. In addition, the study investigated interactions with personal characteristics, such as affinity for sustainability and level of education. This chapter starts with a description of the research problem, which highlights the lack of knowledge on how storytelling can activate participation in social transformation processes. It then reports on the field experiment and two follow-up group discussions, conducted to explore the hypothesized effects. Results showed no differences concerning the effects of SusTelling journalistic texts and classic reporting style on the dependent variables. These results confirm earlier studies that storytelling effects are strongly influenced by the characteristics of the participants, the communication medium, and the reception situation. Different interpretations of the results are described at the end of this chapter, followed by recommendations for future research.
... Lück et al. [131] approached the victim-villain-hero constellations in a comparative quantitative analysis of the newspaper coverage in five countries. They found two patterns. ...
The way people perceive climate change scientific evidence becomes relevant in motivating or demotivating their climate actions. Climate change is one of the most publicized topics globally, and media has become an important “validator” of science. Therefore, science has become more exposed to criticism. Even when most scientists, decision makers, and laypeople agree on the robust evidence of climate science, there is still room for disagreement. The main aim of this paper is to reveal how climate change knowledge generated by science is perceived by the laypeople and to observe a possible gap between them. The study answered two questions “What are the main contrasting climate change topics in the scientific literature?” and “What are Romanian and Belgian participants’ perceptions of these topics?”. A qualitative approach was chosen for data analysis, using Quirkos software. The present cross-country study showed commonalities and differences of views between the two groups of participants regarding six climate change topics. Divergent perceptions among Belgians and Romanians came out, for example, within the theme “The heroes, villains, and victims of climate change.” Thus, whereas Belgians considered all people, including themselves, responsible for climate change, Romanians blamed mostly others, such as big companies, governments, and consumers. Additionally, both groups stated that climate change existed, but contrary to Belgians, Romanians voiced that climate change was often used as an exaggerated and politicized topic. The analysis revealed that perceptions about climate change, its causes, and its impacts are social constructs with a high degree of variability between and within the two national groups. The study argued that the cleavages between scientific literature and people’s views were blind spots on which a participatory approach was needed to better cope with climate change challenges.
... Previous research has investigated these transnational issues by comparing the news content from two or more countries. Issues such as environmental concerns (Duan & Takahashi, 2017;Liobikienė et al., 2017;Olive & Delshad, 2017), nuclear weapons (Jang, 2013), climate change (Konieczna et al., 2014;Lück et al., 2018;Shehata & Hopmann, 2012), migration/immigration (Cooper et al., 2021;Di Renzo, 2017;Lawlor, 2015), war and conflict (Camaj, 2010;Pantti, 2013;Zhang & Hellmueller, 2017), social justice (Akhavan-Majid & Ramaprasad, 1998;Elena, 2016;Harlow & Johnson, 2011), and the economy (Kaiser & Kleinenvon Königslöw, 2017) have been studied. ...
Donald Trump’s most notorious promise before and during his presidency was the construction of a border wall. The issues surrounding new construction of Donald Trump’s border wall (both physically and rhetorically) are complex and the outcomes are difficult to predict. The study examines how Trump’s border wall was framed in online newspaper publications of the international border cities of San Diego, California and Tijuana, Mexico, and in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Specifically, the study employs a comparative framing analysis using the John Agnew’s (2008) theoretical lens of borders as equivocal spaces of dwelling that bring about both benefit and harm — the standard of a decent life. The analysis revealed the frames of: Mexico will pay for the wall; DACA as leverage; political contention; protest and dissention; environmental impact; immigration package; separation and divisiveness; safety and security; and economic consequences. A majority of the content published in the U.S. was produced locally, however, most of the content published in Mexico was from news agencies, except for the opinion pieces that were locally produced for outlets on both side of the border.
... According to their analysis, a story can be built by connecting events in a dramatic account (dramatization), by focusing on the emotional interpretation (emotionalization), through the examination of the role of selected humans through personalization, or by complementing through fictional or hypothetical episodes (fictionalization). In a globalised media culture, coverage of mega-issues usually ref lects a standardised, homogenised content production, while interpretation ref lects national and socio-cultural typologies (Mancini, 2008;Lück et al, 2016). ...
Very few contemporary television programs provoke spirited responses quite like the dystopian series Black Mirror. This provocative program, infamous for its myriad apocalyptic portrayals of humankind's relationship with an array of electronic and digital technologies, has proven quite adept at offering insightful commentary on a number of issues contemporary society is facing. This timely collection draws on innovative and interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks to provide unique perspectives about how confrontations with such issues should be considered and understood through the contemporary post-media condition that drives technology use.
... In addition, Fridays for Future's core message is couched in intergenerational terms and could thus potentially transcend national borders more easily. By contrast, the narratives offered in the usual COP coverage around the globe (Lück, Wessler, Wozniak, & Lycarião, 2018) are not nearly as gripping. Still, it remains to be seen whether this new environmental movement can grow to become a convincing policy advocate in addition to being a powerful moral entrepreneur. ...
Research has shown how unpremeditated events can influence media attention and media framing. But how do staged political events influence patterns of news coverage across countries, and are such changes sustainable beyond the immediate event context? We examined whether the UN climate change conferences are conducive to an emergence of a transnational public sphere by triggering issue convergence and increased transnational interconnectedness across national media debates. An automated content analysis of climate change coverage in newspapers from Germany, India, South Africa, and the United States between 2012 and 2019 revealed largely event-focused reporting. Media coverage quickly returned to preconference patterns after each conference. References to foreign countries showed almost no relationship to the climate change conferences’ coverage. We found similar results for the effects of the Fridays for Future movement. The significance of these events lies less in long-term changes in media reporting but more in short-term attention generation and coordinated message production.
... The necessity for analytic techniques suitable to explore large-scale multilingual text collections has never been more pressing in communication research. Not only are we confronted with an exponential growth of digital communication traces on the Web and social networking sites all over the world, speaking in a multiplicity of languages (e.g., Lazer et al., 2009); but following the rise of transnational networks and globalized cross-border communication (Castells, 2008;Volkmer, 2014), communication on digital media is increasingly diluting linguistic barriers, as the same issues are debated in many locales and multiple languages at once Lück et al., 2018). ...
The goal of this paper is to evaluate two methods for the topic modeling of multilingual document collections: (1) machine translation (MT), and (2) the coding of semantic concepts using a multilingual dictionary (MD) prior to topic modeling. We empirically assess the consequences of these approaches based on both a quantitative comparison of models and a qualitative validation of each method’s potentials and weaknesses. Our case study uses two text collections (of tweets and news articles) in three languages (English, Hebrew, Arabic), covering the ongoing local conflicts between Israeli authorities, settlers, and Palestinian Bedouins in the West Bank. We find that both methods produce a large share of equivalent topics, especially in the context of fairly homogenous news discourse, yet show limited but systematic differences when applied to highly heterogenous social media discourse. While the MD model delivers a more nuanced picture of conflict-related topics, it misses several more peripheral topics, especially those unrelated to the dictionary’s focus, which are picked up by the MT model. Our study is a first step toward instrument validation, indicating that both methods yield valid, comparable results, while method-specific differences remain.
... The concept is discussed in communication research, linguistics, and political science. It has been studied with respect to interpersonal communication, regional language features, agenda setting, and mass media influence(Wlezien 2005, Dolezal et al. 2014, Hasse et al. 2014, Hettler 2014, Budge 2015, Hädicke 2016, Lück et al. 2016, Brouwer et al. 2017).It can be conceptualised from varying perspectives as '[i]n some cases, however, it simply is not clear what scholars mean (e.g.,Epstein and Segal, 2000). "Salience" is used but not defined. ...
The aim of the paper is to analyse the contextualisation of the parliamentary citizenship discourse by using descriptive time-series analysis and linguistic context analysis to detect salience effects of immigration on individual actors’ speech and parties’ linguistic and ideological contextualisation on Bundesebene. Following the research questions regarding (dual) citizenship, the paper at hand examines parliamentary debates between 1996 and 2016 in Germany. Protocols from the German Bundestag are examined. The database and software infrastructure are taken from PolMineR and the offered corpus GermaParl. The results suggest that the total Immigration rate is highly correlated with the speech frequencies of used terms referring to Foreigners´ Policy and to a lesser degree with citizenship aspects as well. In addition, they imply a high salience effect on parliamentary discourse through the total immigration rate. Single aspects of naturalisation and asylum application have to be considered. Between parliamentary parties, there are significant convergences in linguistic contextualisation of citizenship issues. However, divergent viewpoints exist regarding dual citizenship and the compulsory option model, as well as its ideologic framings.
... The literature highlights that the media 'negotiate' the meaning of climate change with interest groups when framing the problem (Lück et al., 2018). This has been connected to their dependency upon external financial support that might influence their content (Edwards and Cromwell, 2006). ...
This article explores British newspaper descriptions of the impact of climate change across three time periods. It shows a reduction in representing the consequences of climate change as ‘out of human control’. It also shows a decrease in adopting alarming and uncertain descriptions within the centre-left group, whereas mocking the effects of climate change is a peculiarity of right-leaning narratives. The complexity of climate narratives produces a variety of representations of the consequences of climate change, which in turn might increase ‘uncertainty’ in public understanding of climate change.
... Contemporary climate change communications research, engendering scientific disciplines from environmental sociology and risk communication over science communication and mass media studies up to linguistics, primarily draws on discourse analysis and framing theory (i.e. Olausson 2009;Lück et al. 2018). Studies have assessed fluctuations in coverage volumes over time (i.e. ...
This article investigates the presence of domestic-international linkages in the Lithuanian mass media discourse on climate change. We apply the domestication framework which distinguishes three types of framing climate change in the media: as a domestic issue disconnected from its global dimensions, as a global issue disconnected from the geographic location in which news is being produced and consumed, and as an issue that links together the domestic and international levels. We estimate a Correlated Topic Model for a dataset of 583 Lithuanian news articles published between 2017 and 2018. Classifying the resulting topics as respectively associated with either type of domestication, we find that domestic-international linkages (‘extroverted domestication’) accounts for roughly half of the latent semantic structure of our corpus, while the disconnected globalized perspective on climate change (‘counter-domestication’) accounts for a third. We conclude that the Lithuanian mass media discourse on climate change is strongly internationalized and suggest potential avenues for the further development and application of the domestication framework.
A global challenge, which seeks to maintain knowledge from the Western as the universal knowledge marginalizes the Global South epistemologically, ontologically, historically and culturally. Against this milieu, this chapter focusses on the ontological and epistemological exiled elderly rural readers in the Global South’s reading of the mediation of a tabloid written in minority language isiNdebele, uMthunywa’s online coverage of climate change. The importance of this chapter lies in that it brings forth the intersection of digital spheres and authorized audiences in liberating knowledge about climate change, which challenges the current rendition of bourgeoisie-centric order. Using the indigenous theory and encoding and decoding model of communication as theoretical toolkits, the chapter examines the meaning given to the paper’s online coverage of climate change. Additionally, it examines readers’ perceptions of whether Western remedies characterizing the paper’s coverage of climate change are effective in subverting the phenomenon. In meeting its objectives, the chapter employed in-depth interviews with purposively sampled Filabusi-based elderly readers. The chapter fleshes out that the understanding of climate change issues by rural folks in Filabusi is characterized by de-colonial overtones. The study’s participants’ views are poised at delinking from Euro-modern scientific explanations of climate change while insisting that the phenomenon is culturally and traditionally located in indigenous practices. They reveal that traditional customs and practices are the only remedy towards solving climate change. All in all, the chapter shows that the decolonial reading of digitized information aids in the thwarting of Western ideologies which have relegated the Global South to the peripheries of knowledge creation.
A growing body of literature suggests that the platformization of the public sphere is eroding the public debate, thus potentially leading to the fragmentation of the public sphere. While there exists mounting evidences supporting this perspective there also exists a substantial body of literature that suggests otherwise. Within this realm of mixed evidence, studies on climate change visibility play a prominent role, presenting findings that both weaken and reinforce the fragmentation hypothesis. To investigate this matter in a context conducive for a fragmented public sphere, we collected a longitudinal (2014-2022) and cross-platform (Instagram, Facebook and Twitter) dataset (n=794.281) and correlated it with a secondary database on the press coverage of climate change in Brazil (n=3.490). Our analysis reveals a robust positive correlation between these datasets, indicating that the Brazilian public sphere retains the capacity to interconnect various arenas of visibility. We argue that this finding is particularly significant, given that it emanates from a case characterized by circumstances favoring a high degree of public sphere fragmentation. Consequently, our discovery lends support to a less pessimistic assessment of the influence of platformization on political communication within the deliberative system.
This study examines the frame-building process regarding climate change in Indonesia, an emerging country in the Global South that produces significant carbon emissions and is one of the nations most affected by the climate crisis. Through a quantitative content analysis of press releases from the Indonesian government and environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and media coverage of climate change, this study identifies three frames promoted by policy actors and five frames used by in-house journalists from print and online media organizations in Indonesia. A comparison of these frame sets shows that journalists often use frames on climate change that are not promoted by either political actors or NGOs. Nevertheless, the government is the most important source for journalists on climate change reporting. Next, a second step investigates how different contextual conditions influence the collaboration between journalists and their sources in the frame-creation process to examine it in more detail. Hence, this study relies on the hierarchy of influence (HI) and intereffication (IE) models. To this end, journalists, academics, and PR officers from Indonesia’s government organizations, environmental NGOs, and palm oil lobby organizations are interviewed. The results show that organizational structure, financial resources, and personal networks influence how successfully PR officers disseminate their frames, while journalists’ frame selection is influenced by their media affiliations, routines, professional experience, and interests. This study also discusses how macro conditions in Indonesia influence these micro- and meso-level processes, such as the social system and distinct cultural and historical contexts.
Climate change’s causal factors, impacts, and solutions cross borders in various respects. Thus, journalism must do the same to present a global outlook in climate reporting. Journalists must cross borders to give a global perspective and link it to local contexts to connect to their audiences and stimulate climate action. This chapter reviews the concept of a global journalistic outlook and cross-border journalism in the context of climate change, describes examples of the practice of cross-border journalism in climate reporting, outlines the challenges faced by journalists, and offers a future agenda for the field.
This chapter looks at the topics that appear most often in cross-border coverage. We define topics as the main subjects of a discourse. Focusing on cross-border investigative journalism networks, we evaluated 119 different projects according to the main topic, news values, starting point of the investigation, and timeframe. In more than 55 percent of our sample, the projects involved more than two journalistic partners. The projects mostly dealt with systemic failure in a continuous, open-ended perspective, not with single terminated events. Business crime was a prominent topic, closely followed by ecological destruction. The projects share the characteristic that their focus is on negativism, harm, and damage. Future research should include smaller (bi-national) and non-investigative collaborations for comparison.
The chapter outlines the state of research regarding the specific characteristics of cross-border journalism content. It starts with a broad definition of cross-border journalism, briefly introducing the various producers of cross-border content. This includes transnational and global media, national media that transnationalize their reporting, foreign correspondents, and especially cross-border collaborative journalism networks. The chapter then discusses the specific characteristics of those actors in terms of their goals and approaches regarding transnational reporting and summarizes the extant research on the features of their journalistic products, specifically the degree of transnationality in their content as well as other particularities.
Age, rarely examined in journalism studies, became salient in 2018 in Malaysia when a 92-year-old, Mahathir Mohamad, unexpectedly became the world’s oldest elected head of state, and he named a 25-year-old, Syed Saddiq, to his cabinet. A content analysis of 1,376 stories published worldwide revealed that journalists treated the ages of the two men infrequently, similarly, and cautiously. Variance occurred with Hofstede’s collectivism-individualism dimension of the publications’ national bases, and in the application of descriptive adjectives, which changed with the election. Overall, the judicious treatment of age shows support for the journalistic objectivity norm.
The mass media are important actors in the conceptualization of the problems and possible solutions related to climate change. They have an opportunity to master the agenda and formulate it not only in all importance and complexity but also in the diversity of aspects to be included for proper understanding of the climate change concept by the public. In doing so they build on existing agendas by policymakers, scholars, and other actors, but also have their agency to be exercised in all responsibility and by specific knowledge. The overall task for media is to build a consistent and coherent narrative that will serve as a base for understanding current issues. However, analysis of Latvian media shows that a vast number of publications tend to speak about climate change in general terms, without being devoted to a particular domain of issues. The results on the dynamics of publication and reach of the audience of the content can be interpreted by discerning three general groups of climate change-related issues. The first group of related issues is mentioned more in connection with political agenda (e.g. COP26). The second group of issues (emissions, green energy, carbon neutrality/decarbonization) are proposed by industries and businesses dealing with them but are rather little known to the general public. Opposite, the third group includes keywords like environmental protection, protection of nature, and natural diversity that are familiar to most people; they have a stable place but are not very popular in the content of media.
This conceptual paper reviews four dimensions of the climate change (CC) debate concerning perception, framing, and political and economic dimensions of CC. It attempts to address the question posed by sociological research as to what can be done to reduce the social forces driving CC. In doing so, it attempts to uncover mechanisms that delay or prevent the social change required to combat CC. Such mechanisms call into question the Ecological Modernization Theory's assumption that modern societies embrace environmental sustainability with no radical intervention to change the social, political, and economic order. It specifically considers how the representation of CC as a distant phenomenon, in both temporal and physical terms, might contribute to social disengagement. A reflection on the interdependencies among science, political economy, media, and individual perceptions guides this paper. All these social forces also shape the CC discourse in diverse ways according to the evolution of the phenomenon over time (in scientific, but also in political and economic terms) and in relation to its spatial dimension (global/national/local). The variety of climate discourses contributes to increasing political uncertainty; however, this is not the only factor that generates confusion around the CC. Multiple and contrasting information might trigger a “blaming/empowering game” that works at various levels. This mechanism simultaneously promotes the necessity for sustainable development and perpetuates “business as usual‐oriented” practices. Implementing sustainable development is therefore constantly undermined by a difficulty in identifying “heroes” and “devils” in the context of CC.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to fill the gap by researching the direct effects of media and personal characteristics on online participation in climate change, indirect effects when mediated by interpersonal communication and personal characteristics as predictors of media communications as sources of information about climate change.
Design/methodology/approach
A structured questionnaire is distributed to collect data about the uses of communication sources and online responses toward climate change by using a quota sampling technique. The structural equation modeling by using Smart PLS 4 is used to explore the effects’ size.
Findings
Small levels of direct and indirect effects are found. Direct effects are found in online newspapers, YouTube, television news, personal relevance toward climate change and political interest in online participation in climate change. Indirect effects are found of WhatsApp on online climate participation through interpersonal communication. Personal relevance toward climate change has motivated respondents to take information about climate change from Facebook. Climate skepticism is found among respondents who have received information from television news/talk shows, printed newspapers and WhatsApp.
Practical implications
University teachers in Pakistan will have to work on educational strategies to increase the knowledge of university students about energy generation through carbon and renewable energy sources.
Originality/value
The results of this study highlight the communicative-cultural dimensions of online discourse about climate change in the context of the less-researched country of Pakistan. This is the first study of researchers’ knowledge that comprehensively defines the digital media ecology in the context of climate change considering Pakistan.
The lack of research on climate communication in the countries of the Global South is a frequently criticized research gap. This study addresses this problem by investigating the framing of climate change in eight print and online media outlets in Indonesia, the biggest emerging country in Southeast Asia. It identified three frames using cluster analysis: the “climate impact and science” frame, the “climate politics” frame, and the “climate action” frame. Further analyses revealed that print and online media used these frames selectively, as they relied on different news sources (national and international) and gave voice to various actors. These findings demonstrate the organizational influence on climate reporting. Furthermore, the study discovered that climate adaptation strategies were almost absent in the media coverage despite the urgency of this topic for the Indonesian public. Why the media ignore this important aspect needs to be investigated in future research focused on frame-building processes.
Análise sociológica sobre os fatores que contribuem para a eficácia simbólica da visibilidade do jornalismo ambiental, tomando-se como parâmetro temporal as três maiores conferências mundiais: Estocolmo (1972), Rio 92 e Rio+20. O recorte analítico inclui quatro fatores predominantes e recorrentes no período e que explicam tal eficácia: (a) os pacotes interpretativos que guiam a opinião pública; (b) a lógica de intermedia ou efeito de consonância de agenda, que propiciou a capilarização da cobertura, a partir da influência de um veículo sobre os demais; (c) a noção de jornalismo como sistema social perito e sua racionalidade técnica calcada na expertise das fontes; (d) a conversação civil e a educação difusa resultantes da ampliação da agenda. O resultado da combinação desses fatores é a inserção social dos temas ambientais no cotidiano. A metodologia combina análise documental e revisão sistemática de estudos sobre sociologia do jornalismo ambiental, história das ideias ecológicas e ciências sociais do ambiente.
Television has the potential to be a vector for mainstream audiences to learn about climate change and feel motivated to act. Comedic framings of climate change, while well-studied in television news and late-night comedies, remain under-explored in scripted television comedies. The goal of this study was to use frame analysis to understand temporal trends in climate comedy and analyze how the framing of climate change in comedy impacts action. I analyzed 134 episodes of television comedies that aired between 1990 and 2020, identifying eight emergent themes from the coding. There were temporal trends existing in the data, particularly a decrease in the use of ‘false positive’ frames of climate change and an increase in nihilistic framings. There were few positive frames of climate change, particularly those that promote action. Television has the potential to further both knowledge and action through comedies, but this potential remains largely unrealized.
This study analyzes the news media coverage of floods in a major flood-prone state of India, Bihar. Although news media helps shape public perception and political actions, little analysis of this means of communication has been conducted in India. Major topics and issues discussed during the coverage of Bihar floods in years 2013, 2017, and 2019 were provision of food, shelter, and health facilities, failure of the transportation system, waterlogging in urban areas, and failure or management of embankments. There was no skepticism on whether climate change was real. Political parties took contradictory positions: the ruling party attributed floods to a changing climate but other parties, and news media, emphasized the lack of disaster mitigation actions and were uninterested in climate change. This study suggests that it is more important to prepare for disaster mitigation actions around the major issues discussed and communicate them to the public. Media should become a major stakeholder by questioning the authorities about disaster preparations prior to the monsoon season and communicating mitigation actions to the public once disaster has struck, and help both public and government to better manage and mitigate the disaster.
This study examined the various ways in which Danish news media represented digital media as a problem over a period of three years. We present data from a content analysis of 263 newspaper articles and chi-squared analyses identifying associations between worries, voices, culprits, and those responsible for solving problems. We find professionals significantly responsible for framing problems with screen time in terms of mental health issues and addiction, while the broader discourse is one of, for example, time theft, video game addiction, and issues in schools. Technologies are often diffused using “screens” to describe a broad palette of devices/applications, are represented as responsible for distractions while the technology industry is held culpable for effects on social relations and addictive behaviors. We discuss how patterns in media coverage and expert use affects public understandings, and the overall findings that while technologies are represented as responsible for particular problems, the “screen” discourse is a space in which arguments shift between technologies, problems, and authorities.
This review article addresses the need for systematic in-depth reflection on how narratives are used in scholarly climate change literature and synthesizes ten years of research literature between 2009 and 2019. Firstly, the analysis results show that the research field of climate change narratives is scattered yet complementary, as scholarly literature addresses the content of all three working groups’ assessment reports of the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Secondly, the analysis of narrative conceptualizations identifies three themes on the whats, whens, and hows of narrative: transmission, perspectives, and practices, embodied and entangled. On the basis of the analysis, this article concludes with a discussion of the potential of climate change narratives to nuance the emergency rhetoric of climate change communication and simultaneously argues that a plurality of theoretical perspectives in research on climate change narratives has the power to create the transformative change needed to address the sustainability and climate challenges outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel des Diskurses über nationale Einheit in Deutschland und Südkorea die Formation transnationaler Öffentlichkeiten entlang langwelliger politischer Streitthemen. Hierbei wird erforscht, inwieweit eine ähnliche politische Herausforderung zweier Staaten der Formation einer transnationalen Öffentlichkeit förderlich ist. Diskutiert werden die Befunde einer qualitativen Analyse von Frames in der Berichterstattung südkoreanischer und westdeutscher Leitmedien über den Prozess der deutschen Einheit von 1989 bis 1991. Hier zeigt sich eine hohe Kongruenz der Berichterstattung bezogen auf Themenaspekte, Diskursverlauf und Deutungsmuster. Sichtbar werden auch klare Einflüsse des jeweiligen Mediensystems, insbesondere im Hinblick auf einen stark ausgeprägten politischen Parallelismus in Südkorea.
As the public draws most of its information on scientific issues from the media, studies of media coverage of climate change have proliferated. Here, we analyze whether newspapers in developing countries frame climate action as an adaptation or mitigation issue. Mitigation refers to activities to reduce or prevent carbon emissions whereas adaptation refers to activities to adjust economic and social systems to the effects of climate change. To this end, we conduct a comparative quantitative analysis of climate change news framing in newspapers from two carbon locked-in developing countries: Nigeria and Turkey. Our first research question is whether newspapers in the two countries frame climate change as a mitigation or adaptation issue. Our second research question is whether there is a relationship between the use of foreign sources and the use of a mitigation frame. We find more adaptation framing in Nigerian newspapers whereas adaptation and mitigation frames are more evenly seen in Turkish newspapers. We also find that the use of foreign sources in news with a climate action frame is negatively correlated with the use of an adaptation frame in our sample. Our findings improve understanding of the factors shaping climate change communication in developing countries.
Autonomes Fahren ist eine Technologie von hoher gesellschaftlicher Relevanz, die aufgrund verschiedener Risiken und Vorteile aus diversen Blickwinkeln betrachtet werden kann und muss. Dazu zählen auch ethische Debatten über die künftige Anwendung und Ausgestaltung der Technologie, nicht zuletzt begründet durch den ersten tödlichen Unfall eines selbstfahrenden Autos 2016. Der Medienberichterstattung kommt dabei eine besondere Relevanz zu, Debatten über komplexe Themen aufzugreifen und anzustoßen. Aus diesem Grund untersucht dieser Beitrag die deutsche Berichterstattung anhand von 540 Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenartikeln zum Thema im Zeitverlauf von 2014 bis 2017. Nach dem Framing-Ansatz von Entman (1993) in Verbindung mit Matthes und Kohring (2008) werden vier Frames identifiziert: (1) technologischer Fortschritt, (2) Ambivalenz-Frame, (3) Regulierung der Technologie und (4) wirtschaftlicher Nutzen. Der Fokus der Berichterstattung liegt insgesamt auf technischen und wirtschaftlichen Vorteilen, ethische sowie Sicherheitsbedenken werden kaum diskutiert. Auch nach dem ersten tödlichen Unfall finden sich nur leichte Veränderungstendenzen.
This study examines the interrelations between journalists and communication practitioners from environmental NGOs. Taking the annual UN climate change conferences as a case in point we show that the exceptional circumstances of these events foster a temporary blurring of the professional boundaries between both actor groups that partly results in a joint production of interpretations. Based on 78 semi-standardized interviews with journalists and NGO representatives we identify four distinct coproduction networks that pair particular types of journalists and NGO communicators. Our analysis shows that (a) the journalistic beat, (b) the type of media journalists work for, (c) journalists' and NGOs' perceived target audiences as well as (d) the NGOs' strategic orientation towards either lobbying or popular mobilization are decisive for the formation of these networks. Our study helps to systematically explain message production in a transnational context and provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between journalism and public relations.
This paper presents a multimodal research design for the standardized content analysis of climate change coverage in print media. The concepts of framing, narration, and visual representation are integrated into a single coding instrument that can be applied to large-scale media samples from different countries. The proposed research design combines existing measures and novel operationalization. Intercoder reliability scores are reported from a pretest covering newspaper material from Germany, India, South Africa, and the USA. Most variables can be reliably applied across these very different countries, with some exceptions in the more exploratory narrative segment of the analysis. The paper also shows how a multimodal approach to coding climate change coverage can help to avoid potentially one-sided interpretations based on single-mode approaches.
This paper examines the impact of using narratives to frame a political issue on
individuals’ attitudes. In an experiment, we asked participants to read either narrative
or informational news articles that emphasized the potential economic benefits or
environmental consequences associated with shale gas drilling. Results indicated
both news formats (narrative vs. informational) and frames (environmental vs.
economic) had significant immediate effects on issue attitudes and other responses;
narrative environmental news had a significantly greater impact than informational
environmental news. Cognitive responses and empathy were significant partial
mediators of narrative impact. Environmental narratives also had a more significant
impact on individuals’ delayed issue attitudes.
Tables and figures Foreword Friedhelm Neidhardt Preface Glossary Part I. Introduction: 1. Two related stories 2. Historical context 3. Methods Part II. Major Outcomes: 4. The discursive opportunity structure 5. Standing 6. Framing Part III. Representing Different Constituencies: 7. Representing women's claims 8. Representing religious claims 9. Representing the tradition of the left Part IV. The Quality of Abortion Discourse: 10. Normative criteria for the public sphere 11. Measuring the quality of discourse 12. Metatalk 13. Lessons for democracy and the public sphere Methodological appendix References Index.
A content analysis of 2,422 political news stories from national and regional newspapers examines the different ways in which the hard-news paradigm has been adopted in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, France, and Italy between the 1960s and 2000s. The study traces how hard news practices diffused differently across borders, and how they have been combined with elements of interpretation and opinion over time. This process has led to the formation of three distinct news cultures. Conclusions are drawn for a broader understanding of the evolution of news journalism and the appropriate classification of Western media systems.
The main purpose of this study was to shed light on methodological problems in the content analysis of media frames. After a review of 5 common methods, we will present an alternative procedure that aims at improving reliability and validity. Based on the definition of frames advanced by R. M. Entman (1993), we propose that previously defined frame elements systematically group together in a specific way. This pattern of frame elements can be identified across several texts by means of cluster analysis. The proposed method is demonstrated with data on the coverage of the issue of biotechnology in The New York Times. It is concluded that the proposed method yields better results in terms of reliability and validity compared to previous methods.
Framing has grown into a thriving approach to analyze media content and effects. Research on frame building is less well developed. In particular, journalists' contributions to shaping the frames in the news deserve further analysis. This article conceptualizes these contributions to creating news frames: Journalistic framing practices are situated on a continuum between frame setting and frame sending. Journalists frame their articles more or less in line with their own interpretations. The challenge for research is to identify the conditions that determine the degree of journalistic frame setting. The article therefore identifies mechanisms and factors that play a role in determining to what degree journalistic frame enactment takes place.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, during the peak of the cold war, communist journalists had a significant presence in Brazilian conservative papers. They even held high-ranking positions. Newspaper owners were aware of their political orientations, but they did not seem concerned. In fact, some of those communist journalists enjoyed high professional prestige. An unusual symbiotic relationship has developed between conservative publishers and their communist employees. This article discusses such relationship in light of the modernization of Brazilian newspapers that started in the 1950s. To modernize their newspapers, publishers needed to rely on journalists' ability to deal with the news as a technical, industrial product. Journalists with communist sympathies provided skilled work and were willing to be loyal and disciplined in the newsrooms. They had their own reasons for working in the “big press.” The American rhetoric of professional journalism provided a common language for communist journalists and conservative publishers to work together. The Brazilian case has important lessons for analyzing the adaptation of the American model of professional journalism in different national settings.
Rhetorical scholarship criticizes melodrama for its tendency to simplify and reify public controversies and valorizes the comic frame as an ethically superior mode of rhetoric. These judgments are rooted in the discipline's reliance on Burkean categories, a reductionist conception of melodrama, and an implicit assumption that social unification should be the telos of rhetoric. In response, this essay advances a concept of melodrama as an integrated set of rhetorical appeals. It uses examples of environmental rhetoric to illustrate how the inventional resources of melodrama can transform public controversies and oppose dominant discourses that rationalize or obscure threats to the quality and existence of life on Earth. Based on these arguments, the essay endorses a sophistic critical perspective that foregrounds timeliness as the primary ground for rhetorical judgment and refuses to treat any rhetorical frame as inherently superior to another.
This paper analyzes the perceptions of journalists in São Paulo, Brazil's main media hub, concerning media roles, ethics and foreign influences on journalism and compares them with perceptions held by American and French journalists. American and French models of journalism have influenced Brazilian journalism at different points in time. The study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to illustrate that Brazilian journalists embrace a particular pluralistic view regarding their role in society and appear to be very tolerant of controversial journalistic practices. While most of them believe they emulate the American model, some critics interviewed for this study suggest that these journalists have developed a caricature of American journalism and lack a clear perspective on how to deal with foreign journalistic influences.
A theory of cyclical patterns in media coverage of environmental issues must account for more than intrinsic qualities of the issues themselves: Narrative factors must be considered. A content analysis of The New York Times and The Washington Post stories from 1980 to 1995 shows how media construct narratives about global warming and how these narratives may influence attention cycles. Empirically, the frequency of newspaper coverage shows cyclical attention to global warming. The content analysis further reveals that implied danger and consequences of global warming gain more prominence on the upswing of newspaper attention, whereas controversy among scientists receives greater attention in the maintenance phase. The economics of dealing with global warming also receive greater attention during the maintenance and downside of the attention cycle. The discussion offers a narrative explanation and suggests the outcome of the “master story” of global climate change may discourage future attention to global warming.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – comprised of top climate scientists from around the globe – has reached consensus that human activities have contributed significantly to global climate change. However, over time, the United States has refused to join concerted international efforts – such as the Kyoto Protocol – to curb human activities contributing to climate change. US newspaper and television media constitute key influences among a set of complex dynamics shaping information dissemination in this politicized environment. Mass-media coverage of climate change is not simply a random amalgam of newspaper articles and television segments; rather, it is a social relationship between scientists, policy actors and the public that is mediated by such news packages. This paper demonstrates that consistent adherence to interacting journalistic norms has contributed to impediments in the coverage of anthropogenic climate change science. Through analysis of US newspaper and television coverage of human contributions to climate change from 1988 through 2004, this paper finds that adherence to first-order journalistic norms – personalization, dramatization, and novelty – significantly influence the employment of second-order norms – authority-order and balance – and that this has led to informationally deficient mass-media coverage of this crucial issue. By critically scrutinizing US print and television media as a ‘public arena,’ we improve understanding of how journalistic activities have shaped interactions at the interface with climate science, policy and the public.
Narrative is the basic mode of human interaction and a fundamental way of acquiring knowledge. In the rapidly growing field of health communication, narrative approaches are emerging as a promising set of tools for motivating and supporting health-behavior change. This article defines narrative communication and describes the rationale for using it in health-promotion programs, reviews theoretical explanations of narrative effects and research comparing narrative and nonnarrative approaches to persuasion, and makes recommendations for future research needs in narrative health communication.
Personal narrative embeds the expertise of subordinated groups in stories that seldom translate into public debate. The authors describe a community writing project in which welfare recipients used personal narratives to enter into the public record their tacit and frequently discounted knowledge. The research illustrates the difficulties and possibilities - rhetorical, emotional, and material - of constructing narratives that "cross publics.".
The annual Climate Change Conferences (COPs) held under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are global staged political media events that regularly provide occasions for contesting the framing of global warming in media coverage around the globe. This study assesses which professional group involved in communicating the COPs – journalists, government spokespeople, and representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) – is most successful in seeing their visual framing conceptions represented in mainstream print media coverage. Our analysis combines data from 44 semi-structured interviews with actors from these groups conducted on-site the COPs in Doha, Qatar (2012) and Warsaw, Poland (2013) with a content analysis of climate change news published in newspapers from five democratic countries around the world. Results show a relative prevalence of NGO-preferred visual framing in COP coverage. Through providing powerful pictures of symbolic actions civil society actors can prevail in the visual framing contest under certain conditions, but it is much harder for them to circumvent the usually strong statist orientation of mainstream news media in sourcing textual messages.
Taking the global climate-change summits (the COP process and particularly the Copenhagen 2009 COP15 summit) as a point of departure, this article looks at the dynamics of a momentarily articulated transnational journalistic field. Based on a comparative study of summit coverage across the world, the article identifies two broad positions shared by many journalists and newspapers. On one hand, journalists took an active part in constructing and mediating a normatively based, cosmopolitan discourse that demanded a conclusive, multilateral agreement. On the other hand, journalism produced a detached and partly nationally grounded discourse of power realism. This article also looks at how these shared and rival positions opened space and opportunities for journalists to criticize and scrutinize their domestic political actors on the issue of climate change. Finally, the study argues that despite its cosmopolitan moments and reflexivity, journalism was part of a potential change of tone in climate-change coverage in which the plausibility of a multilateral agreement and the legitimacy of transnational organizations (such as the UN) may have been seriously undermined, at least in the short run.
This article presents a general framework for deconstructing and classifying conflict news narratives. This framework, based on a nuanced and contextual approach to analyzing media representations of conflict actors and events, addresses some of the weaknesses of existing classification schemes, focusing in particular on the dualistic approach of the peace journalism model. Using quantitative content analysis, the proposed framework is then applied to the journalistic coverage in the Israeli media of three Middle-Eastern conflicts: the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the conflict surrounding Iran's nuclear program, and the Syrian civil war. The coverage is examined in three leading news outlets – Haaretz, Israel Hayom, and Ynet – over a six-month period. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, the article identifies four characteristic types of narratives in the examined coverage. These include two journalistic narratives of violence: one inward-looking, ethnocentric narrative, and one outward-looking narrative focusing on outgroup actors and victims; and two political-diplomatic narratives: one interactional, and one outward-looking. In addition to highlighting different constellations of points of view and conflict measures in news stories, the identified clusters also challenge several assumptions underlying existing models, such as the postulated alignment between elite/official actors and violence frames
This paper presents the first fully integrated analysis of multimodal news frames. A
standardized content analysis of text and images in newspaper articles from Brazil,
Germany, India, South Africa, and the United States covering the United Nations
(UN) Climate Change Conferences 2010–2013 was conducted using a subset of
photo-illustrated articles (n = 432) as well as the entire conference coverage (n =
1,311). In the photo-illustrated articles, four overarching multimodal frames were
identified: global warming victims, civil society demands, political negotiations,
and sustainable energy frames. The distribution of these global frames across the
five countries is relatively similar, and a comparison of frames emerging from the
national subsets also reveals a strong element of cross-national frame convergence.
This is explained by the news production context at global staged political events,
which features uniform media access rules and similar information supplies, as well
as strong interaction between journalists from different countries and between
journalists and other actors. Event-related frame convergence across vastly different
contexts is interpreted as one mechanism by which truly transnational media debate
can be facilitated that can potentially serve to legitimize global political decisions. In
conclusion, perspectives for future qualitative and quantitative multimodal framing
research are discussed.
This paper addresses the issue of narrative influence on knowledge acquisition in science education. Special characteristics of narratives and of narrative processing are compared to characteristics and processing of traditional expository educational materials. This paper goes beyond the existing literature on processing of media presentations that combine narrative and educational contents. Effects of four distinctive narrative features - dramatization, emotionalization, personalization, and fictionalization - are discussed with regard to their influence on single steps in knowledge acquisition (interest, attention, elaboration, and representation) to explain the superiority of narratives over expository material found in some studies. The need for a model describing the complex relationships between the effects of the single narrative characteristics on knowledge acquisition is proposed.
The article critically reviews a central premise behind existing research on European and Scandinavian television news: that, in the 1980s and 1990s climate of deregulation and intensified competition, narrative has come to dominate television news reports. It is argued that in order to understand more precisely what this "conquest of narrative" entails, one needs to explore further not just narrative, but also non-narrative textual modes in reports. With a basis in rhetorical text type theory, this article argues that the traditional "inverted pyramid" structure may be considered as a composite mode of description. Following from this, analyses of news reports from the main newscast of the Norwegian public service broadcaster, NRK, are presented to support the argument that developments feature a spread of narrative modes, new modes of description, and new interrelations between description and narrative. The article situates these changes in the context of the institution of journalism, from the objectivism of the "news paradigm" towards a more individualized and empathic ideal, extolling the virtues of "storytelling".
Media discourse and public opinion are treated as two parallel systems of constructing meaning. This paper explores their relationship by analyzing the discourse on nuclear power in four general audience media: television news coverage, newsmagazine accounts, editorial cartoons, and syndicated opinion columns. The analysis traces the careers of different interpretive packages on nuclear power from 1945 to the present. This media discourse, it is argued, is an essential context for understanding the formation of public opinion on nuclear power. More specifically, it helps to account for such survey results as the decline in support for nuclear power before Three Mile Island, a rebound after a burst of media publicity has died out, the gap between general support for nuclear power and support for a plant in one's own community, and the changed relationship of age to support for nuclear power from 1950 to the present.
Despite a large array of work broadly concerned with the cultures of news production, studies rarely attempt to tackle journalism culture and its dimensional structure at the conceptual level. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to propose a theoretical foundation on the basis of which systematic and comparative research of journalism cultures is feasible and meaningful. By using a deductive and etic approach, the concept of journalism culture is deconstructed in terms of its constituents and principal dimensions. Based on a review of the relevant literature, the article proposes a conceptualization of journalism culture that consists of 3 essential constituents (institutional roles, epistemologies, and ethical ideologies), further divided into 7 principal dimensions: interventionism, power distance, market orientation, objectivism, empiricism, relativism, and idealism.
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During the project, the research team also attended several United Nations (UN) climate change conferences, where they talked to experts from media, NGOs, and delegations and learned a lot about different perspectives and arguments
- Lück
During the project, the research team also attended several United Nations (UN) climate
change conferences, where they talked to experts from media, NGOs, and delegations and
learned a lot about different perspectives and arguments (Adolphsen and Lück, 2012; Lück
et al., 2015).
Other publications from the authors engage in more detail in investigating country-specific framing, offering more explicit insights and further reflections on the role of visual elements and event-related frame convergence across vastly different contexts
- Wessler
Other publications from the authors engage in more detail in investigating country-specific
framing, offering more explicit insights and further reflections on the role of visual elements
and event-related frame convergence across vastly different contexts (Wessler et al., 2016;
Wozniak et al., 2016).
- Ytreberg E