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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1
Investigation of Ergonomics Design of Car Boot for Proton Saga (BLM)
and Perodua (Myvi)
KA Shamsuddin1, SF Hannan2, TAA Razak3, KS Shafee4
1 Lecturer, Mechanical Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysian Spanish Institute (MSI), Malaysia
2 Lecturer, Mechanical Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysian Spanish Institute (MSI), Malaysia
3 Lecturer, Mechanical Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysian Spanish Institute (MSI), Malaysia
4 Lecturer, Mechanical Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysian Spanish Institute (MSI), Malaysia
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Abstract – Ergonomics is as study of human posture. It
concentrated on how to achieve mental and physical
comfort. This is a new principles, methods and data drawn
from a multi sources to develop engineering system in which
human play a significant role. In performing ergonomics
study, human variability is used as a design parameter. The
term success in ergonomics is measured by improved
productivity, efficiency, safety, acceptance of the resultant
system design and improved quality of human life. This
project will concern itself primarily with the ergonomics of
car boot specially Proton (BLM) and Perodua (MYVI). The
anthropometry study of car boot is one of the most
referenced aspects for the ergonomics design process and
this project focus on the hand gripping and dimension of car
boot with a human body statically and dynamically. This
study is to correlate car boot handle dimension to comfort
factors by mean of measuring and survey as well as using
ergonomic software.
Key Words: Ergonomics Design and Analysis,
Anthropometry, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment,
Human Posture Construction.
1. INTRODUCTION
Ergonomics is a study of human posture. It
concentrated on how to achieve mental and physical
comfort. It is also known as human factors engineering,
the science of designing machines, products and system to
maximize the safety, comfort and efficiency. The
ergonomics studies are performed by ergonomist. They
draw the principles of industrial engineering, psychology,
anthropometry (the science of human measurement), and
biomechanics (the study of muscular activity) and all of
these information are adapted in designing a product and
workplace by considering people sizes and shapes, and
their physical strength and limitations. In the studies of
ergonomics, human and their products are viewed as one
unit and the ergonomics mixes the abilities of human and
machines (Jastrzebowski1857).
Ergonomics is new principles, methods and data drawn
from a multi sources to develop engineering system in
which human play a significant role. In performing an
ergonomics studies, human variability is used as a design
parameter. The term success in ergonomics is measured
by improved productivity, efficiency, safety, acceptance of
the resultant system design and improved quality of
human life (Kroemer & Kroemer-Albert 2001). The
importance of the relationship between humans and tools
as it was realized in early development of the product
(Christensen 1986).
There is a hierarchy of goals in ergonomics. The
fundamental task is to generate tolerable working
conditions that do not pose known dangers to human life
or health. When this basic requirement is assured, the next
goal is generate acceptable conditions upon which the
people involved can voluntarily agree according to current
scientific knowledge and under give sociological,
technological and organizational circumstances. The final
goal is to generate optimal conditions which are so well
adapted to human characteristics, capabilities and desires.
That physical, mental and social well-being is achieved.
The multitude of different consumer goods which we
encounter in our daily lives safe and comprehensible
operation is also included under ergonomics.
In our present civilized world, ergonomics in many
different form as general ergonomics, micro-ergonomics
and multitude of different consumers goods. The most
important field of application is general ergonomics in
technical system such as mechanical engineering and road
vehicle, air craft and marine vessel engineering. In
principle, ergonomics is the study of people and their
work. Objective of ergonomics is to optimally match
labour and work environment to human being.
The anthropometry study of car boot is one of the most
referenced aspects for the ergonomics design process and
this project focus on the hand gripping and dimension of
car boot with a human body statically and dynamically.
The aim of this work is to study customer satisfaction as
the passenger or driver to compare car boot dimension to
comfort factors by mean of measuring and survey as well
as using ergonomics software and to recommend the best
dimension of car bot in aspect of anthropometric data
percentile.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2
The human factor aspect of designing automobiles design
is considering car boot handle. It is a method to provide
comfort for driver and occupant. Other purpose or to
provide alternative solution and proposals, to ensure the
legal requirements and to ensure all domestic
requirements are met. This study is to correlate car boot
handle dimension to comfort factors by mean of
measuring and survey as well as using ergonomic
software.
1.1 Objective
The main objective of this paper is to:
i. To study customer’s satisfaction of both Proton Saga
BLM and Perodua Myvi’s car boot handle.
ii. To compare car boot’s handle dimension by measuring
and survey using ergonomics software.
iii. To recommend the best dimension of car boot in term
of anthropometry data percentile.
1.2 Scope and Limitation
In this project there are two scopes that need to be focus
on. The first thing is to focus on ergonomic and safety for
vehicle car boot handle for Proton Saga (BLM) and
Perodua (MYVI). By means, the comfort of car’s user and
also their safety. The second scope of this project is
anthropometry survey only focuses for those who drives
and ride Proton Saga (BLM) and Perodua (MYVI).
There are three limitations of this project which is car
selection, ergonomic software and measuring equipment.
For car selection, this project only focuses on Proton Saga
BLM (1.3) and Perodua MYVI (1.3). Second limitation is
ergonomics software; there is few ergonomics software
that exists. Lastly, the measuring equipment is to measure
dimension of human body which is head, hand, leg and
others.
1.3 Problem Statement
There will always be a need well-designed hand tools.
Most tasks at work and private lives involves grasping,
holding, turning, pressing and many other manipulations
done with our digits on objects held between the thumb
and four fingers and the palm of the hand. Good handle
design is important at work and in all kinds of daily
activities for items that are efficient to use and safe. A car
boot handle is an attached mechanism used to open or
close a car boot.
Hand force depends on the combined effect of intrinsic
and extrinsic muscle. Intrinsic muscles and their tendons
are completely contained in the hand whereas extrinsic
muscles are located in the forearm they extend their
tendons across the wrist join to the hand with it digits.
Most intrinsic muscles contributes to finely controlled
action of the digits, whereas the extrinsic muscle primarily
generate large force for moving the whole hand about the
wrist joint and for exercising the individual digits.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Ergonomics or human factors is the scientific discipline
concerned with the understanding of interactions among
humans and the others elements of a system and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to optimize human well-being
and overall system performance.
It focused on the study of human fit and decreased fatigue
and discomfort through product design. The application of
scientific principles, methods and data drawn from variety
of disciplines to the development of the engineering
system in which people play a significant role. Among the
basic disciplines are psychology, cognitive science,
physiology, biomechanics, applied physical anthropometry
and industrial system engineering.
Ergonomics can be an integral part of design,
manufacturing and use. Knowing how the study of
anthropometry, posture, repetitive of motion and
workspace design affects the user is critical to a better
understanding of ergonomics as they relate to end-user
need.
The reason that every system is life needs ergonomics is to
ensure that our knowledge of human characteristics is
brought to bear on practical problems of people at work
and in leisure. In many case, humans can adapt to
unsuitable conditions, but such adaptation lead often to
inefficiency, errors, unacceptable stress and physical and
mental cost.
There is a hierarchy of goals in ergonomics. The
fundamental task is to generate “tolerable” working
conditions that do not pose known dangers to human life
and health. When this basic requirement is assured, the
next goal is to generate “acceptable” conditions upon
which the people involved can voluntarily agree, according
to current scientific knowledge and under given
sociological, technological and organizational
circumstance.
The final goal is to generate “optimal” conditions which
are so well adapted to human characteristics, capabilities
and desires, that physical, mental and social well-being is
achieved. The multitude at different consumer goods
which we encounter in our daily lives, save and
comprehensible operation is also included under
“ergonomics”. Specifically, ergonomics also called human
factor or human engineering in United Stated may defined
as the study of human characteristic for the appropriate
design of the living and work environment.
3. METHODOLOGY
In order to meet the objective, two passenger cars are
selected to be measured in order to investigate for the
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3
dimension parameters that contributed the automotive
ergonomics consideration. Car selected are Proton Saga
(BLM) and Perodua (MYVI). Cars users input will be taken
into account from questionnaire that are intended to seek
user’s preference in term of ergonomics. Through
dimension measurement and CAD data will be analyzed.
Virtual comfort measurement will be made to use for
comfort and clearance study to 95% men and 5% women
population. The end, result will report on the finding from
surveys, measurement and analysis.
3.1 Questionnaire
The survey was meant to get the general idea of
satisfaction for each car boot handle. Only questionnaire
could be asked to make it easier for them to answer all
questions. From the surveys form, the answers are divided
into five categories from scales 1 to 5 which is consists
very comfort, comfort, moderate, discomfort and very
discomfort. The survey was evaluated by 100 respondents
which are UniKL students, PTSB students and people
around Kulim.
3.2 RULA Analysis
RULA or Rapid Upper Limb Assessment is a survey
method for ergonomics investigation of workplace where
work related upper limb disorders report. RULA is a well-
established, fully validated method for scoring postures
that is used worldwide. RULA is a screening tool that
assesses biomechanical and postural loading on the whole
body with particular attention to the neck, trunk and
upper limbs. RULA assessment needs a little time to
complete and scoring generate an action list which
indicated the level if intervention is required to reduce the
risk of injury due to physical loading on the operator
(McAtamney & Corlett, 1993).
RULA was developed to investigate the exposure of
individual workers to risk factors associated with work
related upper limb disorders. Part of the development
took place in the garment-making industry where
assessment was made of operators who performed task
including cutting while standing at the cutting block,
machining using on a variety of sewing machines, clipping
and inspection operators also packing. RULA was also
developed through the evaluation of the postures adapted,
forces required and muscle action.
RULA was developed without the need for proposal
equipment. This provided the opportunity for a number of
investigators to be trained including the assessment
without additional equipment expenditure. In the
investigator only requires a clipboard and pen. RULA
assessment can be done in confined workplace without
disruption to the workplace. RULA aimed to make a rapid
measurement on neck and upper-limb in mainly sedentary
task. Positions of individual body segments will be
observed and the more there is a deviation from the
neutral posture the higher will the score of each body part
be. In ergonomics studies, RULA analysis becomes a part
of important task to be considered.
Table-1: Scoring for RULA (McAtamney & Corlett 1993)
3.3 Ergonomics Analysis in CATIA
CATIA is computer aided design software developed by
Dassault Systemes. This software consist basic and
advanced engineering design and analysis and was
included with Ergonomics Design and Analysis (EDA)
module. Based on the human builder, the ergonomics
analysis could be performed effectively. Using CATIA
software, we could easily generate the RULA analysis. The
data from RULA analysis can be used in analyzing
ergonomics and thus helps in design process. Other than
that, CATIA can be used to evaluate Lift-Lower Analysis,
Push Pull Analysis and Carry Analysis. By implementing
and using the ergonomics facilities, CATIA is generated the
ergonomics design processes are defined by four sub
modules:
a. Human Builder
Human Builder provides very accurate simulation
of human and interaction with product to ensure they will
operate naturally in a workplace tailored to the task. This
module specifically focuses on creating and manipulating
digital human for “first level” human-product interaction
analysis. This module can define and create the probable
user of the product of system that is in fact the human
operator represent by a manikin. To define a new user, the
new manikin command must be selected taking into
consideration the product or system where the manikin
will be implemented. The human interface then has to
define. The module allowed percentile (%) for human
body dimension corresponding to the problem worker’s
body dimension by considering Gauss normal distribution.
b. Human Measurement Editor
Human Measurement Editors specifically focuses on
creating detailed digital humans for advanced human
factors analysis and global target audience
accommodation. This module allows the designer to
personalize the manikin. There are two possibilities for
the variable action. The designer can be either tape the
variable value or adjust it. The second possibility is better
because the variable value cannot exceed the limits
determined by the manikin construction. After
establishing the manikin’s type and dimension, user must
choose the work position by correct manipulation of the
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 4
object. The Forward Kinematics command allows the user
to move the different body segment easily and directly.
The posture edition command makes it possible to modify
the manikin’s body segments by selecting them form an
additional list. Finally, the correct posture established.
c. Human Posture Analysis
Human Posture Analysis permits user to quantitatively
and qualitatively analyse all aspects of manikin posture.
This module allows the designer to develop the posture
analysis after manikin definition is complete. By using the
posture analysis command, the designer can edit the
angular limits of some human body (manikin) segment.
After all the angular limitations for the entire human body
segment have been analysed, the user has to evaluate the
posture. The system can easily establish the global score of
the posture and the score for some details corresponding
the different manikin segment position.
d. Human Activity Analysis
This module enables development of dynamic strain
analysis for an adopted position of work activity. In this
context user can evaluate the tiredness degree for a
human operator that lift a weight with a particular
frequency. The user can also determine the maximum
weight that can be pushed or pulled by human operator.
The ergonomics study use four type of analysis which is
RULA Analysis, Lift/Lower Analysis, Push/Pull Analysis
and Carry Analysis. The analysis starts by establishing the
initial and final position of the move. Then, the tiredness
degree can be evaluated by using NIOSH 1981 based on
the tiredness degree analysis in the case of weight lift
using symmetric move of both hands without turning the
superior part of the body, with a maximum average of
75cm. NIOSH 1991 is an extended method of the first
where applied in the case of weight lifted but allowed user
to determine the tiredness degree depending on the length
of the movement.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to find the result, SPSS Statistic Tools used to
perform data entry and analysis and to create tables and
graphs. SPSS is capable of handling large amounts of data
and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and
much more. SPSS is commonly used in the Social Sciences
and in the business world. From the surveys result, the
answer are divided onto 5 categories form scale 1 to 5
which consist very comfort, comfort, moderate, discomfort
and very discomfort. The survey was evaluated by 100
respondents which is divided 50 respondents are the Myvi
user and other 50 respondents are the Saga BLM user. The
surveys were meant to get the general idea of satisfaction
for each car boor handle.
4.1 Cronbach’s Alpha and Mean
Cronbach’s Alpha (α) is a coefficient of internal
consistency. It is commonly used as an estimate of the
reliability of a psychometrics test for a sample of
examines. Here are the results of cronbach’s alpha based
on surveys questionnaire that have been made. The table
shows the value of cronbach’s alpha of respondent rating.
And the Mean of respondent’s rating are calculated and
put into the table below with the result of Cronbach’s
Alpha.
Table-2: Cronbach’s Alpha Scoring
Table-3: Mean and Cronbach’s Alpha of Responding
Rating
4.2 Bar Chart Rating
Based on figure 1(a), the bar charts above represent four
statements of car boot handle. Users of Perodua Myvi are
satisfying with the car boot handle, no big issue about
Myvi’s car boot handle. The car boot handle are desirable.
The users or Myvi have no problem with their car boot
handle. For figure 1(b), the bar charts showed the
statements of car boot handle for Proton Saga BLM. 8% of
respondents are very discomfort with the car boot handle
at the same time no respondent choose very discomfort.
The design of the handle is the factor respondents choose
very discomfort. While open the car boor of Saga BLM, a
key or need to use the button inside the car meaning that
this is the problem for users.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5
Figure-1(a): Bar Chart of Perodua Myvi Car boot handle
Figure-1(b): Bar Chart of Proton Saga Car boot handle
Since users of Myvi mostly a female, only small percent of
female know about how to handle car and what
ergonomics is so can conclude that this result may be
affected by emotion. Since the survey was conducted only
in local area, the result may not accurate. Compared to
Saga BLM user which is users is a man so that the result is
more rational.
Figure-3: RULA Analysis using CATIA for Proton Saga
BLM
Figure-4: RULA Analysis using CATIA for Perodua
Myvi
Figure 3 and 4 are the result of RULA Analysis using
CATIA. By place the manikin and edit. From the result of
RULA Score, both car boot handle need to have further
investigation is needed and changes may be required,
which mean this analysis’s final score of RULA Analysis are
4.
4.3 Bar Chart Rating
The result in table 4 came from the Ergonomics Design
Analysis using Human Posture Analysis. This CATIA
software can calculate the scoring by refer to the manikin
and the car boot. Final score of both car boot handle is 4
which mean further investigation is needed and changes
may be required.
Table-5: Rating score using RULA analysis in term of
RULA analysis score using worksheet (Concept rating 0-7
based on RULA scoring)
Based on RULA analysis of the existing design, all of them
acceptable score for the ergonomics. So both of the
passenger cars Proton Saga BLM and Perodua Myvi can be
conclude as desirable car. Here also can be said that
current car boot handle was suitable and comfortable
because it fulfil the ergonomics required for users.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6
For RULA Assessment Worksheet show that the car boot
handle for Proton Saga BLM and Perodua Myvi get 4 final
score which is further investigation is needed and changes
may be required.
5. CONCLUSION
This project can be further study upon safety aspect as
well as ergonomics study. This is because, ergonomics is
not only term for comfortable but also as safety aspect and
styling also can be included. As recommendation, this
project can be further study upon safety aspect as well as
ergonomics study. This is because, ergonomics is not only
term for comfortable but also as safety aspect and styling
also can be included.
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[4] Hansen, L. S. (2007). Applied Catia V5.
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