Chapter

10. The rise of supermarkets in twentieth-century Britain and France

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  • Hult International Business School San Francisco Campus United States
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... Ese año, las 8 mayores empresas suponían solo el 12% de las ventas totales, aunque el grado de concentración era muy superior a nivel subsectorial. servicios logísticos y a la automatización de la gestión de los nuevos almacenes centrales, dotados con equipos de escaneo (Lescent-Giles, 2005). ...
... Los modelos de autoservicio, con los que se revolucionó la distribución, se habían iniciado en Estados Unidos en vísperas de la Primera Guerra Mundial y se difundieron en este país durante el periodo de entreguerras. En la inmediata segunda posguerra se produjo un rápido proceso de americanización del comercio alimentario en Europa occidental(SCHRÖTER, 2008;SHAW, LOUISE & ANDREW, 2004;LESCENT-GILES, 2005). ...
Article
This article reflects on how changes in the Spanish food system have been instrumental in changing the availability and consumption of foods in the twentieth century. We designed several stages in the study and examined several sectors that have experienced major changes. The first stage refers to the first decades of the twentieth century, prior to the Spanish Civil War, and immediately after the war; the second spans from the early fifties to the beginning of the seventies; and the third go from then until the end of the century. Throughout the first three quarters of the century there were major innovations in agriculture and industry, in contrast to a very poor traditional retail distribution system. In the fourth sections of the article, major changes that occurred during the last quarter of the century in food distribution and growing control over the food chain are analyzed in relation to the rapid expansion and increasing concentration of large-scale retail distribution. These changes affected traditional buying habits and consumption shifting food expenditures towards higher-quality, healthier, processed and personalized goods; as well as increasing food consumption outside the home.
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Resumen En el contexto de los escasos estudios histórico-económicos existentes sobre la implantación de la moderna distribución alimentaria en España, en este trabajo se analizan las principales transformaciones de dicha distribución en Aragón durante el último medio siglo (1960-2010), los cambios habidos en las formas comerciales, tanto mayoristas como minoristas, y la decadente evolución del capital comercial local ante el creciente protagonismo de los grandes grupos de distribución minorista. El fuerte proceso de concentración empresarial e internacionalización del sector fue especialmente intenso desde los años noventa, cuando se aceleraron las fusiones empresariales y la casi desaparición del capital local junto a la creciente implantación empresarial en Aragón de la gran distribución minorista. El caso aragonés muestra una notable y pronta presencia de la inversión extranjera (1967-1976) en las principales empresas locales y la tardía implantación de los grandes grupos. El sector en Aragón, crecientemente localizado en Zaragoza, se ha especializado en el formato de los supermercados.
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On the basis of an analysis of the retailing of dairy products in Spain from 1960 onwards, it is argued that the rise of supermarkets was conditioned by developments taking place in the food system, and not just by macro-scale socioeconomic change. Upstream, supermarket expansion depended on dairy processors’ capacity to push raw milk out of the consumer market. Downstream, the expansion was favoured by the transition towards a demand pattern that featured little aggregate dynamism and much product diversification. This case suggests that a food chain perspective might contribute to the historical study of the retail sector, especially by making the study of conditional causality more systematic.
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