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New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast
edited by Nadia Fava and Marisa García Vergara
New Scena rios for the Touri stic European Mari time Coast
N.Fava, M.García Vergara eds.
LIFE LONG LEARNING PROGRAMME, 2013-1-ES1-ERA10-74530
Universitat de Girona_Spain
M.Bosch, N.Fava, M.García
Sapienza, Università di Roma_Italy
F.Lambertucci, P.Posocco
Aalborg University_Denmark
T.Arvid Jaeger
Yeni Yüzyıl University_Turkey
E.Fikret, G.Yedekci Arslan, M.E.Somer
Univer sidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecn ologia_Portugal
M.L.Alves De Paiva Meneses De Sequeira, P.Santos Pedrosa
Coordinati on of the Intensive Programme
N.Fava and M.García Vergara
Support Students Staff
B.Burès, C.Gomèz Lopez, J.M.A.Requena Osete, M.Valencia Mar tinez
BOOK
Graphic Design
JMA.Requena Osete
Cover
Picture by E.Fikret
Revision English
M.J.Pratt
Website
daec.udg.edu/arquitectura-i-territori/?cat=6
Publishing
Documenta Universitaria
ISBN: 978-84-9984 -266- 0
D.L: GI 1862-2014
© of the photograp hs: to their authors
© of the text: their authors
All rights reserved.
Giro na 2014
CONTENTS
Foreword
New Scenarios for the European Maritime Coast
Nadia Fava, Marisa García, Manel Bosch
LOW IMPACT TOURISM
A New Approach for Sustainable Tourism in Turkey
Melek Elif Somer
Strategies for a Sustainable Tourism
Alessandra Battisti
An Architectural Approach to the Accesible Tourism in Turkey
Gülay Yedekçi Arslan
TOURISTIC TERRITORIES
Seaside Architectures of Josic, Candilis and Wood
Pisana Posocco
Rest and the Art of Workers’ Maintenance
Filippo Lambertucci
Architectonic Content of the
Pedras Salgadas Spa & Nature Park
Luísa Paiva Sequeira
Touristic New Typologies
Claudia Scipioni, Livia Sismondi
7
9
17
29
39
51
63
73
83
CASE STUDIES
MacroGROUP 1
Edited by Thomas Arvid Jaeger, Pisana Posocco, Gülay Yedekçi
Arslan
The Llafranc Ribbon
Giovanna Cafiero, Ana Mendes, Albert Mercader, Belinda Nors,
Alessandro Pia, Betül Tuncer
Wandering Paths
Rebaz Aswat Mohamad, Diogo Bento, Federica Montalti,
Mireia Rull Masdeu,
Ş
eyma Şimşek
Flocean
Merve Derya Arıbaş, Inês Faria, Pola Martí Batllori,
Rasmus Ø. Pedersen, Andrea Ramaccini, Melis Tuşta
MacroGROUP 2
Edited by Melelk Elif Somer, Filippo Lambertucci, Luisa Paiva
Relink Costa Brava
Yolanda Costa, Merve Korkut, Simon Malm, Marco di Palma,
Sevcan Sabanci, Victor Vasquez
Discovering Paths
Elif Durmuş, Marianne Kynde Hestbech, André Miranda, J. Alber-
to Peregrina Parera, Antonio Rosati, Kübra Serdaroğlu
Flip, Pitch and Transform
Büşra Nalbant, Christian Brugada, Livia Sismondo, Marissa
Matthiesen, Pedro Cardoso
MacroGROUP 3
Edited by Manel Bosch, Nadia Fava, Evci Fikret, Patrícia Pedrosa
Memory Path
Faruk Ay, Josep Esteve, Lelio di Loreto, Mia Nøhr Christensen,
Francisco Soares
Tiramilles
Bjarke Apollo-Andreasen, Gülistan Karakeçi, Poliana Leite, Clara
Pardo Gromaches, Claudia Scipioni, Mathias Soenderskov
The green network
Eduardo Aguilar, Bernat Bures, Gaia Elefante, Letizia Gorgo, Esra
Kaçar, Herin Rosanthan David
97
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99
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109
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d
119
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129
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131
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141
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151
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161
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163
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183
FOREWORD
Palafrugell, Spain
7
‘New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast’ is the title of the Lifelong Learning Pro-
gramme held on 14th-24th June 2014 at the University of Girona (Girona, Spain). This was an intensive
programme in architecture, urban planning, urban design, landscape, construction and tourism and
was funded by the European Union as part of its objective to produce innovative thinking to meet
the challenges of the new tourism modalities and behaviours in order to plan how to integrate the
territory into a low impact multi-scale territorial project.
An Intensive Programme is a short term (10 days) study programme designed to bring together
students and professors from higher educational institutions in the EU with a view to increasing the
quality and the volume of multilateral cooperation between higher educational establishments in
Europe.
Around fifty diploma and graduate students, along with nine professors from the four universities
partnering the programme (Universitat de Girona, Univesità de la Sapienza, Rome, Aalborg Universi-
ty, Aalborg, Yeni Yüzyil University, Istanbul, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias,
Lisbon), took part in the intensive course.
The topics of the IP have since been incorporated into the teaching and research programmes of the
partner schools, and assume an experimental and innovative design approach. Prior learning was
fundamental for the success of the charrete, where students were required to share their multicultural
academic knowledge on the issue of tourism.
Sea Path, Palafrugell
9
NEW SCENARIOS FOR THE
EUROPEAN MARITIME COAST
Nadia Fava, Marisa García, Manel Bosch
The aim of the “New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast” Intensive Programme1 held
at the University of Girona in conjunction with the Univesità de la Sapienza, Rome, Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Yeni Yüzyil University, Istanbul, and the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnolo-
giats, Lisbon, was to create a European interdisciplinary platform to meet the challenges of the new
European tourist modalities and behaviours and to plan how to integrate the territory in a sustainable
project and whose results could be presented to the local society and public administration.
After years of tourism expansion and development on the European coastline (predominantly in the
Mediterranean countries), it would now seems to be appropriate to consider the economic, social,
environmental sustainability of the current situation. New tourist destinations, new products for tou-
rists, at prices which would have been unthinkable some years ago, compete with what established
tourism has on offer.
In fact, the coastline and ports have tended to be looked at primarily as an economic resource, but
we can also observe the recent emergence of new dynamics involving a re-evaluation of the sea, the
seascape, the maritime landscape, and maritime tourism, in which architecture and urbanism could
reflect a possible equilibrium between the economics and the new trends of the tourist exploitation
of the maritime heritage and its resulting inexorable damage, and perhaps consider a requalification
of the urban place, the restoration of the natural environment along the waterfront, recovering lands-
cape values, and their spatial multifunctionality.
New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast
10
With the globalization of the tourist industry, the consumer expects products that are ever more ex-
clusius and singulars. Thus, within a more integrated vision of tourism vision and image culture, both
quality and difference would appear to be what is being demanded.
Fifty-two students and nine professors participated in the 10 days of workshops where low impact
tourism theory provided the backdrop to the strategic study case: Palafrugell. Palafrugell is a small
town on the Catalan seaboard in the north of Spain and is one of the better conserved coastal areas
of the Costa Brava as well one of the most characteristic and distintive. The area itself constitutes
a main town (Palafrugell) and three coastal villages: Calella, Llafranc and Tamariu. Almost 4 kms of
farmland separate the three villages from Palafrugell itself. In the past, the municipality was mostly
concerned with developing only ‘sea and beach’ tourism, but now their main concern is how to de-
centralize, amplify, and diversify the tourism offered. The main issue suggested by the students’ and
professors’ charrete were: 1) to exploit the agricultural and forestry land that connects Palafrugell
and the coast as an opportunity for a new form of tourism, one that could be shared by the local
inhabitants as well and 2) to look to the sea, the beach and the coastal walkway as a starting point to
develop a strategy for new types of water and coastal front use and contact.
The results illustrate new images for tourism in these areas. They review some past arguments for
renovating the architecture of tourism; such as how city, countryside and tourism interrelate, the rela-
tionship between structure and changeable architecture and finally the passage from the one iconic
image (sand and sea) to a new brand image that is more disperse and sustainable.
THREE PAST IDEAS FOR THE NEW TOURISM FRONTIERS
City countryside and tourism: ‘Logis et Loisirs’, CIAM V, Paris 1937
The architectural debate on mass leisure came about as a result of the CIAM V- ‘Logis et Loisirs’, Paris
1937. The theme of mass leisure then went on to become an explicit issue in the international archi-
tectural forum and was related to a new notion of city and country, of urban and rural, one that would
radically depart from the traditional binary opposition2. Moreover, it challenged the prevailing notions
of the ‘vacation’ as a practice of the elite and introduced a more democratic model for vacations.
At this congress Le Corbusier, J.M. Sert, C. van Estereren, A. Aalto, among other well-known architects,
participated recalling and explaining the experience of the first mass tourism projects during the thirties.
In France and Spain in particular, the development of mass tourism largely took place during the so-called
“thirty glorious years” of economic growth and the related rise of mass consumption and the introduction
of the welfare state. It was during these years that for the first time ever leisure became an important and
undeniable social fact3. In the first instance, Le Corbusier’s 1937 pronouncement was that, “’Dwelling and
Leisure’ seen as an obligation of society towards everybody, becomes a direct ancillary (prolongement)
of public services” illustrates how the introduction of the paid vacations (congés payés)rapidly forged a
new understanding of leisure and vacations, where urban and rural are defined as interrelated and inter-
dependent categories4. The arguments for this interdependency are not based on an abstract theoretical
construct, but rather on a set of social and political intentions geared to generate a practice of mass
leisure as one of the aspect of the emerging society of welfare and mass consumption. In the conclusion
it is stated that the city should help to increase rural area wellbeing which in turn feeds, physically and
spiritually, the urban area 5.
In the other reports, summarized in the “Commission resolution”6, attention centred on how leisure or-
ganization was required for harmony in society and as a space for the relationships between the different
needs. In fact the Polish delegate, S. Sirkus, highlighted diverse leisure needs: the urban citizen asks for
the countryside and the people from the countryside wish to go to a more technology advanced place7.
11
Between structure and ephemeral architecture:
“Planning and Design for Leisure”, George Candillis, 1972
After the post-war experience in tourism architecture, but mostly after his large experience in tou-
rism planning architecture8, the planner and architect G. Candillis wrote the second most pivotal
text/manual in the field, less axiomatic than the CIAM text and with a more experimental attitude,
even if the departure point was that which had been stated during the V CIAM, 1937 in the pre-war
architecture debate.
In his book Candillis reveals his attitude to this topic. According to Candillis, tourism projects were
the opportunities to research the role and meaning of one of the mass practises that was considered
representative of the emerging welfare society and the following phenomena of mass consumption9.
The book has a short forward describing the basic assumption and four chapters on different ways of
assembling architectonic modules for generating holiday resorts for the worker of various types and
quality. The final chapter in his book deals with planning.
For the architect, tourism is not only a temporar y activity, but also its requirements can vary between
different social classes. Candillis’ idea is that a clear planning organization10 facilitates possible archi-
tectural experimentation in the use of changeability during the year, as well with the passing of time,
without losing its global image. Territorial tourism planning would appear to be the first step for a
successful result.
In fact, in his last chapter dealing with planning, the author states that tourism planning needs ‘to
have a territorial strategy, in order to avoid the same pitfalls and mistakes as the Costa Brava has
made, where anarchy, confusion, promiscuity, isolation and a lack of ser vices are the main characte-
ristics11.
G. Candillis explains that it is ‘unimaginable to transform an entire region only from the point of view
of leisure. We must be able to anticipate and guarantee the continuity of the daily life of the local
people. Problems of symbiosis, the ability to adapt and spontaneity are what define the character of
the regional assessment planned for mass entertainment12.
The author carries on to say that, ‘during the holiday period providing continuity for the daily life of
the inhabitants who live in those regions normally must be guaranteed’13.
From fragmentation to sequences:
C.Sitte, K.Lynch and R.Venturi
In this section we move on to the tourism topics which relate mostly to the construction of a new
promotional image that will ultimately have the power, along with other factors such as the socioe-
conomic and political situation of a country, to construct the city for its visitors. Such ideas can be
seen to various degrees in Celebration, Florida, a city invented entirely out of the possible wishes and
desires real city users in places like Paris, London, Venice and Barcelona, among others, might have.
From these experiences it seems that The territories of visitors include an explanation and new map
to guide visitors and at the same time reference points representative of the entire territories have
been constructed. Practitioners and scholars14, speaking about cities, talk about the “brandified”
metropolis, where the city itself becomes or is transformed into its own imitated, deformed image.
In the contemporary era, the perception and image of the city have been objects of studies since the
middle of the nineteenth century, with interest expanding to the rules that governed the gestalt prin-
New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast
12
ciples in a large number of fields of knowledge. An example of this trend in architecture and urban
planning is Camillo Sitte’s book15 which focuses on the correct control of the perception of an urban
environment as the conceptual framework for shaping urbanity and providing a sense of belonging.
The methodology proposed by C. Sitte and followed by R.Unwin16 and C.Bulls17, can be defined as
“discrete”. In fact, the author proposes urban planning projects that first, after an exhaustive analysis,
have to identify the best places for the location of public spaces, define the city’s images, and sub-
sequently define the overall structure of the city.
In the 1960s, as a response to some of the results of the modern movement, new research with a
different focus began into the image of the city and territories in the United States. On the one hand
Kevin Lynch’s18 studies, at MIT in Boston, which underlined the need to find principles of orientation
in the city based on two principle qualities and which in some manner had to encompass the entire
structure: ‘legibility’, which is essentially the ease with which people understand the layout of a place:
in other words the pattern of the city, and ‘imageability’, which is the quality in a physical object that
gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image or memory in any given obser ver.
On the other hand, R. Venturi19 with his book “Learning from Las Vegas” tries to individuate the rules
and patterns and the meaning of the tourist-oriented casino city. The city is projected as a strip,
just like a movie strip, and it has taken in account the sequences and the mutual relationships of the
different images.
C. Sitte, K. Lynch and R. Venturi all arrive to a similar conclusion, in which it is evident that if the
perception and the construction of the image of the territory is one of the main objectives of urban
planning then it must be carried out in segments, by zones, that represent the various images that
the tourist can appreciate. The idea it seems to be clear: the “continuum” of the medieval city or the
abstract repetition of the functional city does not respond to these criteria.
THE NEW IMAGES OF TOURISM
The students’ projects develop, speak of itineraries, of routes from one place to another with little in-
tervention and with various functional ‘stops’ to discover, rediscover, listen, interpret, and understand
the territory. They articulate a transaction to a more widespread cross-section of the tourism discipline.
In Europe on the whole, planning policies on tourism, at least in the territorial and urban policies, are
tending to be included in overall planning.
The charrete results give the impression that the architecture of tourism has uncovered new ways to
describe the city and territory, using concepts such as liquid20, diffuse and porous21 which move the
interpretative model from a hierarchical up-down image to a bottom-up mental picture of the territor y.
In Europe touristic policies, in the urban and regional level planning, are tending to be included in the
overall planning. In this context tourism appears to be one of the strategies for valuing the material,
cultural and natural heritage of the territory according to the residents’ needs.
In Europe it looks as if there was to be an era of creating new resort cities or thematic vacation parks
but now the context is changed. The tourism industry is dealing with how to recuperate or reconvert the
huge stock of unsold vacation homes, how to preser ve the natural and cultural environment as well as
how to stimulate the local economy, culture and welfare.
The projects presented by the students in fact have avoided designing a plan for an architectural Palafru-
gell as an international icon, but rather they suggest the construction of an experiential network capable
of linking the local territory and the local qiality with different cultures and all framed within the concept
of low impact, sustainable, responsible, high-quality tourism.
13
NOTES
1 Ref: Life Long Learning Programme 2013-1-ES1-ERA10-74530
2 Sert, L., Giédion, S., Le Corbusier et al. (1937). Logis et loisirs: 5e congrès CIAM (pp. 17-18). Boulogne-sur-Seine: Architecture
d’aujourd’hui.
3 Avermaete, T. (2005).
Another Modern: The Post-War Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods
. Rotterdam: NAi,
cop.
4 Avermaete T. (20/07/2014). Acculturation of the Modern: Mass Tourism, Consumer Culture and the Work of Candilis-Josic-
Woods. Retrieved from www.alvaraalto.fi%2Fconferences%2Funiversal%2Ffinalpapers%2Ftom.avermaete.rt f&ei=8WzXU8S9KP-
CY1AXYnIGYAQ&usg=AFQjCNHwXGOip0JcV-yPAVMRCk8VIaTdCQ&sig2=sMdEwPJ0CkX7vtEKUOaLeQ
5 Sert, L., Giédion, S., Le Corbusier et al. (1937). Logis et loisirs: 5e congrès CIAM (pp. 119). Boulogne-sur-Seine: Architecture
d’aujourd’hui.
6 Id., p. 118
7 Ibid., p. 48
8 Between the 1956-1970 Candilis-Josic-Woods partnership realises around 90 tourist projects in a time span of 24 years.
9 Tom Avermatee, (2005) and Izol Emilia, Marez López, (2014) have largely analy zed the Candillis ideas on tourism, its dif ferences
with the CIAM assertions and its legacy of Jaf fre Dumazedir thought.
Marez López, I.E. (2014).
Movimiento moderno y los proyec tos de las estaciones turísticas de Languedoc-Roussillon: La Grande-
Motte y Port Leucate-Barcarès
, PhD Thesis. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de C atalunya.
10 For example in the Leucate-Bacares case, the main scheme is composed of a long a main road that connects and str uctures
all the touristic cluster-villages that had built up an unambiguous grid of construc tion.
11 Candillis, G. (1973).
Arquitectura y urbanismo del turismo de masas
. Barcelona: G. Gili.
12 Id. P. 129
13 Idíd. P. 129
14 Zukin, S. (2010). Naked city: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places , Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, cop.
Ashworth, G.J.and Kavaratzis, Mihalis(eds.) (2010). Towards effective place brand management: Branding European Cities and
Regions, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; Dinnie, K.(2010). City Branding: Theory and Cases. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:
Palgrave Macmillan
15 Sitte, C.(1889). Der Städtebau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen. Wien: Verlag von Carl Graeser.
16 Unwin, R.(1909). Town Planning in Practice. An Introduction to the Ar t of Design Cities and Suburbs. London: T. Fischer.
17 Buls, C. (1893). Esthetique des villes. Bruxells: Bruyant.
18 Lynch, K.(1960). The Image of the City. Boston, Cambridge: MIT Press.
19 Venturi, R., Izenour ,S., Scot t Brown, D.(1977). Learning from Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form.
Boston: MIT Press.
20 Pié i Ninot, R. , Rosa Jiménez, C. J. (2013), Turismo líquido. Barcelona: Instituto Hábitat, Turismo, Territorio a través de Inicia-
tiva Digital Politècnica (UPC): Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Màlaga: Universidad de Málaga.
21 Bernardo, S. (2011). La ville poreuse: un projet pour le grand Paris et la métropole de l’après-Kyoto. Genève: Métispress es. ;
Déotte, J.-L. (2013). La ciudad porosa : Walter Benjamin y la arquitectura. Santiago de Chile: Metales Pesados.
New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast
14
Llafranc, Palafrugell
15
LOW IMPACT TOURISM
