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GC-MS analyses of the volatiles of Houttuynia cordata Thunb
Abstract
GC-MS is the basis of analysis of plant volatiles. Several protocols employed for the assay have resulted in inconsistent results in the literature. We developed a GC-MS method, which were applied to analyze 25 volatiles (α- pinene, camphene, ß-pinene, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, myrcene, (+)-limonene, eucalyptol, trans-2-hexenal, γ-terpinene, cis- 3-hexeneyl-acetate, 1-hexanol, α-pinene oxide, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, decanal, linalool, acetyl-borneol, ß- caryophyllene, 2-undecanone, 4-terpineol, borneol, decanol, eugenol, isophytol and phytol) of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Linear behaviors for all analytes were observed with a linear regression relationship (r2>0.9991) at the concentrations tested. Recoveries of the 25 analytes were 98.56-103.77% with RSDs <3.0%. Solution extraction (SE), which involved addition of an internal standard, could avoid errors for factors in sample preparation by steam distillation (SD) and solidphase micro extraction (SPME). Less sample material (0.05g fresh leaves of H. cordata) could be used to determine the contents of 25 analytes by our proposed method and, after collection, did not affect the normal physiological activity or growth of H. cordata. This method can be used to monitor the metabolic accumulation of H. cordata volatiles.
... Monoterpenoids: artemisia alcohol, artemisiatriene, ascaridole, verbenol, (S)-dihydrocitronellol, isoborneol, isopulegyl acetate, isocitronellene, ipsdienol (2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol), camphene hydrate, ciscarveol, carvone, lavandulyl acetate, lavandulol, limonen-1,2-diol, limonene oxide, linalyl acetate, linalool oxide, menthol, myrtanol, nerol, perillol, pinocarvone, trans-piperitol, α-pyronene, terpinen-4-yl acetate, γ-terpineol, α-and β-terpinyl acetate, α-thujone, α-fenchyl acetate, fenchol, fenchone, 1,4-cineole, α-citral, citronellyl isovalerate [36]; (4E,6Z)-allo-ocimene, artemisia ketone, borneol, bornyl acetate, neo-verbenol acetate, geranyl acetate, geranyl propionate, geraniol, neo-dihydrocarveol, dihydrocarveyl acetate, isopinocampheol, camphene, campholenal, camphor, 2-carene, 3-carene, 4carene, D-limonene, β-linalool, linalyl butirate, cis-and trans-р-2-menthen-1-ol, р-menth-1-en-8-yl acetate, βmyrcene, myrtenol, neryl acetate, cis-and trans-β-ocimene, perillene, α-and β-pinene, trans-pinocarvyl acetate, cis-piperitol, β-sabinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, α-, β-and γ-terpinene, α-terpineol, (Z)-β-terpineol, 4-terpineol, α-terpinolene, tricyclene, α-thujene, 3-thujene, αphellandrene, α-fenchene, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, αcyclogeranyl acetate, β-cyclocitral, р-cymene, 2-р-cymenol, р-cymen-8-ol, 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol), isobornyl acetate, 6,7-epoximyrcene -in aerial and underground parts [51][52][53][54][55]; isoterpinolene, cis-L-carvyl acetate, transpinocarveol, β-phellandrene, α-cyclocitral, (Z)-citral, citronellyl acetate -in aerial part; acetyl borneol, cis-geraniol, α-pinene oxide, piperitone, rosefuran (α-naginatene), 1-terpinen-4-ol -in leaves [56][57][58][59]; р-menth-1en-8-ol, trans-sabinene hydrate -in leaves and inflorescences. ...
Introduction. The purpose of the review is to present new and summarized data on moprhology, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the Houttuynia cordata Thunb. ( Saururaceae ) , which is used in Asian folk medicine as a medical plant.
Text . Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Of the genus Saururaceae – a plant native to southeast Asia that grows in moist soil. In northeast India, it’s used extensively in cooking. Actively used in folk medicine.
Conclusion. The phytochemical analysis of the plant showed that composition of the plant includes ethereal oils, terpenoids, steroids, phenylpropanoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, glycosides, lignans/neolignans, flavonoids, phenanthrene derivatives, alkaloids, and other compounds. There is a review of content and distribution of the biomarker compounds as well as of study of extracts and various isolated compounds of wide range of biological activities including powerful antiviral properties (such as flavonoids) acting against a range of viruses (such as HSV-1, H1N1, and DENV) and such coronaviridaes as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Bioavailability of the plant raw materials, lack of toxicity, wide range of biological activities, and therapeutic potential require further target study of the Houttuynia cordata to determine the prospect of using of the herb as modern medicinal plant raw material.
... Both are important volatile components of H. cordata [14,16]. Yang et al. [17] analyzed 25 volatile compounds in H. cordata by GC-MS, including α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, (+)-limonene, γ-terpinene, decanal, linalool, β-caryophyllene, and 2-undecanone. Asakawa et al. [18] analyzed volatile compounds in different parts of the H. cordata plant. ...
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is a medicinal and edible plant that has been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and direct injection, combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to identify the volatile compounds in H. cordata. Extraction from different parts of the plant using different extraction techniques for the identification of volatile compounds were determined. A total of 93 volatile components were analyzed in the leaves, stems, rhizomes, and whole plant samples of H. cordata. The leaves contained more (Z)-3-hexenal, β-myrcene, (Z)-β-ocimene, and (4E,6E)-allo-ocimene; the stems contained more geranyl acetate and nerolidol; and rhizomes contained more α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, 2-undecanone, and decanoyl acetaldehyde. Among them, the essential oil extracted by HS-SPME could produce more monoterpenes, while direct injection could obtain higher contents of aliphatic ketones, terpene esters, sesquiterpenes, and was more conducive to the extraction of 2-undecanone and decanoyl acetaldehyde.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (H. cordata) is a well-known folk traditional Chinese medicine that is renowned for its use in the management of inflammatory respiratory diseases and pneumonia. Its essential oils have demonstrated their anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro, however, their in vivo biological effects via inhalation have not been elucidated.
Aim of the study
This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammation and toxicology of H. cordata essential oil-containing formulation, H16 aerosol in vivo.
Materials and methods
A laser diffraction particle size analyser and a Next Generation Impactor were used to measure the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the H16 aerosol. The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the H16 aerosol were evaluated in the xylene-evoked ear oedema and Brewer’s yeast-induced fever models, respectively. The biological safety of the H16 aerosol was evaluated by acute toxicity and local toxicity tests in animal models.
Results
Our data showed that the MMAD of the bioactive aerosol was 3–5 μm, which implied tracheal and pharyngeal deposits. Significant anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects were also observed in the animal models treated with H16 aerosol. The maximum tolerable dose of H16 in rats was >2.5 mL/kg. Irritation was not found on respiratory tract mucosa in the local toxicity test.
Conclusions
Taken together, the present study suggested that H16 could be delivered in the form of aerosol and possessed its antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. This study provides a new perspective for the development of a new herbal aerosol therapy and herbal modernization.
Houttuynia cordata is a medicinal and edible plant with a wide biological interest. Many parts were discarded due to various modes of consumption, resulting in resource waste. In this study, a comprehensive study was conducted on various edible indicators and medicinal components of Houttuynia cordata to understand its edible and medicinal value. The edible indexes of each root, stem, and leaf were determined, and the metabolites of different parts were investigated using the headspace solid-phase micro-extraction technique (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The differential metabolites were screened by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and clustering analysis. The results of the study showed that the parts of Houttuynia cordata with high edibility values as a vegetable were mainly the roots and leaves, with the highest vitamin C content in the roots and the highest total flavonoids, soluble sugars, and total protein in the leaves. The nutrient content of all the stems of Houttuynia cordata was lower and significantly different from the roots and leaves (p < 0.05). In addition, 209 metabolites were isolated from Houttuynia cordata, 135 in the roots, 146 in the stems, 158 in the leaves, and 91 shared metabolites. The clustering analysis and OPLS-DA found that the parts of Houttuynia cordata can be mainly divided into above-ground parts (leaves and stems) and underground parts (roots). When comparing the differential metabolites between the above-ground parts and underground parts, it was found that the most important medicinal component of Houttuynia cordata, 2-undecanone, was mainly concentrated in the underground parts. The cluster analysis resulted in 28 metabolites with up-regulation and 17 metabolites with down-regulation in the underground parts. Most of the main components of the underground part have pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and antiviral, which are more suitable for drug development. Furthermore, the above-ground part has more spice components and good antioxidant capacity, which is suitable for the extraction of edible flavors. Therefore, by comparing and analyzing the differences between the edible and medicinal uses of different parts of Houttuynia cordata as a medicinal and food plant, good insights can be obtained into food development, pharmaceutical applications, agricultural development, and the hygiene and cosmetic industries. This paper provides a scientific basis for quality control and clinical use.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Houttuynia cordata Thunb., a plant belonging to the family of Saururaceae, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1500 years. Because of its various pharmacological activities, it was widely used as antipyretic, detoxification, anti-inflammatory drugs. Houttuynia cordata (HC) injection was prepared using contemporary methods to extract effective components from H. cordata Thunb. However, the adverse event reports of HC injection are accumulating remarkably with the HC injection clinical applications increased. Previous studies demonstrated that the major side effects of HC injection were anaphylactoid reactions. Our work might shed the light on the role of Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in modulating drug-induced anaphylactoid reactions.
Aim of the study
We aimed to investigate the role of the mouse Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B2 (Mrgprb2) (the orthologous gene of human MRGPRX2) in anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection.
Materials and methods
Mrgprb2 related anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection were investigated by histamine/β-hexosaminidase releasing, mast cell degranulation, and hind paw swelling assays by using a Mrgprb2 knockout mouse model. Furthermore, the transcriptomic profiles of the anaphylactoid reaction induced by HC injection was analyzed by RNA sequencing.
Results
Mice without Mrgprb2 exhibited significantly decreasing in mast cell degranulation, serum histamine release, and hind paw swelling degrees. The RNA sequencing results indicated that Mrgprb2 could play a pivotal role in HC injection induced anaphylactoid reaction mediated by mTOR/AMPK pathway. Intriguingly, our results showed that Mrgprb2 might involve in Compound 48/80 induced anaphylactoid reactions mediated by Reelin/E-cadherin axis, which suggested different roles of Mrgprb2 in anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection and C48/80.
Conclusion
Our studies reported effects and underlying mechanisms of Mrgprb2 in the anaphylactoid reaction induced by HC injection.
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (“Yu-Xing-Cao”), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has long been used to treat various diseases. However, detailed information regarding the chemical constituents of H. cordata aqueous extract is lacking, and the molecular basis of its beneficial effects on muscle is unknown. To investigate these points, in this study, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) in positive and negative ion modes to profile and identify the major constituents of H. cordata water extract. A total of 63 peaks were identified based on mass and fragmentation characteristics, including 29 organic acids and their glycosides, 17 flavonoids, 7 volatiles, 4 pyrimidine and purine derivatives, 2 alkaloids, 2 amino acids, 1 isovanillin, and 1 coumarin. The total flavonoid and polyphenol contents of the extract were 4.77 and 139.15 mg/ml, respectively, by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The cytoprotective activity of H. cordata aqueous extract was evaluated using C2C12 cells treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce oxidative challenge. The TNF-α induced decrease in cell viability was reversed by treatment for 48 h with the extract; moreover, superoxide dismutase activity was increased while reactive oxygen species level was decreased. These results provide molecular-level evidence for the antioxidant effect of H. cordata extract and highlight its therapeutic potential for the treatment of muscle injury or diseases caused by oxidative stress.
Endophytic fungi usually establish a symbiotic relationship with the host plant and affect its growth. In order to evaluate the impact of endophytic fungi on the Chinese herbal medicinal plant Houttuynia cordata Thunb., three endophytes isolated from the rhizomes of H. cordata, namely Ilyonectria liriodendra (IL), unidentified fungal sp. (UF), and Penicillium citrinum (PC), were co-cultured individually with H. cordata in sterile soil for 60 days. Analysis of the results showed that the endophytes stimulated the host plant in different ways: IL increased the growth of rhizomes and the accumulation of most of the phenolics and volatiles, UF promoted the accumulation of the medicinal compounds afzelin, decanal, 2-undecanone, and borneol without influencing host plant growth, and PC increased the fresh weight, total leaf area and height of the plants, as well as the growth of the rhizomes, but had only a small effect on the concentration of major secondary metabolites. Our results proved that the endophytic fungi had potential practical value in terms of the production of Chinese herbal medicines, having the ability to improve the yield and accumulation of medicinal metabolites.
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