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Non-Native Tree Species for European Forests: Experiences, Risks and Opportunities
1
University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Vienna
Institute of Silviculture
Non-Native Tree Species
for European Forests:
Experiences,
Risks and
Opportunities
COST Action FP1403 NNEXT
Country Reports (2nd Edition)
Edited by:
Hubert Hasenauer, Anna Gazda, Monika Konnert,
Katharina Lapin, G.M.J.(Frits) Mohren, Heinrich Spiecker,
Marcela van Loo, Elisabeth Pötzelsberger
Non-Native Tree Species for European Forests: Experiences, Risks and Opportunities
2
Non-Native Tree Species
for European Forests:
Experiences, Risks
and Opportunities
COST Action FP1403 NNEXT
Country Reports
Joint Volume
2nd Edition
Edited by:
Hubert Hasenauer
Anna Gazda
Monika Konnert
Katharina Lapin
G.M.J. (Frits) Mohren
Heinrich Spiecker
Marcela van Loo
Elisabeth Pötzelsberger
2016, Vienna, Austria
Non-Native Tree Species for European Forests: Experiences, Risks and Opportunities
3
The COST NNEXT Country Reports are edited by the Institute of Silviculture
at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna.
COST NNEXT Country Reports are not subject to external peer review. The
responsibility for the content lies solely with the authors. Comments and
critique by readers are highly appreciated.
References:
Hasenauer, H., Gazda, A., Konnert, M., Lapin, K., Mohren G.M.J., Spiecker, H.,
van Loo, M., Pötzelsberger, E. (Eds.) 2016. Non-Native Tree Species for
European Forests: Experiences, Risks and Opportunities. COST Action
FP1403 NNEXT Country Reports, Joint Volume. 2nd Edition.
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Austria. 420 pages.
ISBN 978-3-900932-42-8 [Online publication]
Year of publication: 2016
Published by:
Institute of Silviculture,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
Peter-Jordan-Straße 82
1190 Vienna, Austria
Phone: 0043-1-47654-91300
e-mail: hubert.hasenauer@boku.ac.at
http://nnext.boku.ac.at
Cover photo:
One year old Paulownia tomentosa
University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Vienna
Institute of Silviculture
Non-Native Tree Species for European Forests: Experiences, Risks and Opportunities
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Non-Native Tree Species for European Forests: Experiences, Risks and Opportunities
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1. List the exotic forest tree species
S. ANDRAŠEV1, LJ. KEČA2,
S. ORLOVIĆ1, N. KEČA2, M. GRBIĆ22
SERBIA
1 Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Antona Čehova Street 13d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
2 Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava Street 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Forests in Serbia, based on the NFI (National Forest Inventory, 2009), cover an area of 2,252,400 ha,
which is 29.1% of the total area (7,748,400 ha). The northern part of Serbia, Vojvodina province, only
has 7.1% of forest cover and the rest of the Serbia has a forest cover of 37.6%.
Introduced, non-domestic or non-native tree species entered into the forest through intensive fores-
try or horticulture for various reasons. These species can also change the dynamics of natural forest
ecosystems and biodiversity functionality. Some introduced species can become problematic, invasive
(under the Convention on Biological Diversity).
Of the 68 species of trees in the forests of Serbia, so far there are 15 non-native species (including 27
species of clones) („Forests and climate changes“ 2007). The number of introduced species is certainly
much higher if we take the park and other non-forest areas into account, where these species grown
for decorative or other reasons.
Black locust participate in a volume of 3.1%. Euramerican poplar clones are present in a volume of
1.7%, and volume increment of 3.7%. Other tree species participate in the listed inventory elements
at 1% or less and, accordingly, their sustainability in forest resources. The total area covered with
introduced species is around 250,000 ha. According to the small relative share of introduced species
in Serbian forests, their presence is not an issue of strategic character. However, some of them (black
locust) should be monitored due to strong invasive potential.
TABLE 1: List of non-native tree species available at forest inventory plots within the
latest forest inventory period (2004-2006), for which the area, trees, wood volume and
increment could be estimated.
Black locust was previously introduced to the sites of almost all tree species up to the belt of broad-
leaves and conifers, and the largest homogeneous areas are located on the Deliblato Sands and the
Subotica Sands and fragmentarily at different sites, especially those under erosion risk.
All three regeneration forms are present, coppice forests dominate and cover 88.4% of the area, natu-
rally high stands occupy 8.2% and artificially established stands 3.4 %. Stand density is the highest in
artificially established stands in which it amounts to 1,360 trees per ha, in high forests it is 846 trees
per ha, and in coppice forests 1,109 trees per ha. These forests are characterized by relatively low
values of the main production indicators, with an average volume of 60 m3 ha–1 and volume increment
2.8 m3 ha–1. Still, their significance in the reclamation of areas under erosion risk and their pioneer
function in site rehabilitation is indisputable.
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FIGURE 1: Percentage of non-native tree species in relation to the total forest cover area.
FIGURE 2: Proportion of
non-native tree species at
the national forest inven-
tory plots with and without
forest cover in the backg-
round (left and right).
Taking into account the five-year age class intervals, it can be concluded that in black locust state
forests, the dominant stand ages are 1—30 years. The structure of age classes is also similar in private
black locust forests, the age of the dominant stands is 1—25 years.
The significance of black locust in our forests has already been emphasized. However, the problem is
that it is mainly left to spontaneous regeneration, often without taking care of the number of genera-
tions. For this reason, after several production cycles, the species loses the initial properties, particu-
larly regarding the productivity by quantity and quality.
The dominant part of the inventory are well preserved stands (81.2%), insufficiently stocked forests
cover 17.0%, and devastated forests cover 1.8% of the area. The qualitative difference of the above
categories is also supported by the difference in the values of the main production indicators. Pure
stands cover an area of 74.2% and mixed stands cover 25.8%. Average volume and volume increment
are higher in pure stands.
Black locust trees individually attain diameters of up to 70 cm, but 89.2% of total volume consists of
small-diameter wood. Therefore, black locust is a significant species used for small technical timber
and timber for village purposes, taking into account the technical characteristics.
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B) MANAGEMENT COSTS (FROM ESTABLISHMENT UP TO PRUNING)
Black locust:
• artificial establishment by seedling with chipping stumps – 2,000 EUR/ha
• natural establishment by sprouts from root with extraction of root from previous generation – 1,000 EUR/ha
Hybrid poplar:
• complete land preparation with chipping stumps – 4,500 EUR/ha
• land preparation without chipping stumps – 3,000 EUR/ha
Douglas fir:
• artificial establishment by seedling – 2,500 EUR/ha
A) PROPERTIES, TIMBER PRICES AND MARKETS FOR THE WOOD
Black locust
Black locust timber can be used in many ways in the industry (mining, construction and furniture) or
in agriculture (post and pole wood) and black locust stands are the main basis for apiculture and ho-
ney production. Traditional products are produced, such as firewood, saw timber, pit-props, parquet,
railway sleepers, vineyard poles and props, sawn and round-wood framing in agricultural building,
fence-posts, etc.; or relatively new products, such as barrel staves and barrels for wine, structural
wood for construction purposes (e.g. glue-laminated structures, agricultural building frames made
of round timber), furniture moulding, furniture components, particle board, fiberboard and pallets,
glue-laminated railroad switch sleepers, badge components and case components.
Timber prices (based on prices of Public company “Vojvodinašume”):
logs of black locust:
F, d > 35 cm 90 €/m3
I class, d = 25 ÷ 35, cm 75 €/m3
II class, d = 20 ÷ 25, cm 55 €/m3
wood for mines:
d = 16 ÷ 24 cm, length 1,5 ÷ 7 m, 42 €/m3
d = 9 ÷ 15 cm, length 1,5 ÷ 5 m, 38 €/m3
thin round-wood:
d = 15 ÷ 19 cm, length > 2 m, 47 €/m3
poles for power lines:
length > 9 m, 105 €/m3
length > 6 ÷ 9 m, 85 €/m3
poles for fruit trees and vineyards:
length > 2 m, 23 €/m3
fuelwood:
I class 40 €/m3
II class 25 €/m3
2. The economic value
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* Based on data in Forest management plans.
TABLE 2: Structure of costs in major felling in sample plots
Weymouth pine:
• artificial establishment by seedling – 2,500 EUR/ha
Poplars belong to the most productive tree species in Serbia. Production complexity of poplar wood
requires rational and well-planned management.
Conventional poplar growing in Serbia on the area of about 4,000 ha (area along the Sava River) is
characterized by high costs of plantation establishment, as it is common to use the technology of full
ground and soil preparation with a lot of working operations. Costs can be reduced by finding out the
solution in the field of soil preparation for afforestation and choice of working operations, which show
a higher level of economic efficiency in the future. It will influence the cost-revenue ratio of poplar
cultivation and possibly also the price of the product, i.e. logs for further wood processing.
Forest Management Plans prescribe rotation periods of 25 years in poplar plantations and thus a cer-
tain time major harvest - the main income in the cultures of clone poplars. Major cuts in plantations
of clone poplars belong to the group of clean felling i.e. removing all trees from the selected area.
Marking of trees for cutting in restoration is carried out along the border line that is included in the
area of clean cut. Harvesting is realized at a time when there is no risk of sudden arrival of high water,
to effectively protect produced assortments during floods. When performing cuts one must take care
that felled trees don’t intersect and the stump height does not exceed ¼ of diameter. Cutting of felled
timber is adapted to market conditions to achieve maximum financial effects (greater participation of
technical wood in relation to the physical, waste is minimized) and performed by a qualified person.
Harvesting is carried out with chainsaws, but lately the harvester is used. Felling workers are teams
of two loggers and a chainsaw. The distance between the parties is twice the height of the mean stand
tree. The wood is transported on forest roads, in the shortest possible time, to forest stock where
wood material is housed in an accessible place and safe from flooding.
Structure of costs of major felling in cultures of clone poplars in Ravni Srem is composed of two seg-
ments of direct costs. These are costs of felling and work up and the second are costs of extracted
assortments. The costs of felling and work up are related to chainsaw (consumption of fuel, motor oil,
chain oil, cutting sets, etc.) and labour force (direct labour costs of loggers, etc.). The second segment
consists of the costs of extraction of produced assortments.
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TABLE 3: Structure of costs in major felling in sample plots
Source: KEČA Lj., PAJIĆ S., 2010; KEČA, Lj., KEČA N., 2014, Special plan for researched and authors’ calculations, original
Technical wood is exported to the forest road by a machine (expenses of machine forwarder), while
the meter cellulose carries the costs of loading, unloading and stacking (expenses machines - trac-
tors and manpower - loader). In addition to these direct costs overhead expenses must be conside-
red, i.e. personal incomes of professional staff (forestry engineers and technicians) that are directly
related to the activity of forest utilization.
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A) BIOTIC/ABIOTIC
Spread of pathogens and pests to native species and ecosystems, influence on ability to control the
species...etc.
Pathogens:
● Poplar sp: Melampsora spp., Cryptodiaporthe populea,
● Broadleaved: Neonectria coccinea - Fagus sp., Ophiostoma spp., Armillaria spp. – Quercus rubra,
● Robinia pseudoacacia: Phoma pseudoaccaciae,
● Juglans nigra: Brenneria nigriuens,
● Fraxinus americana & Acer negundo,
● Pseudotsuga taxifolia: Rhabdoclyne pseudotsugae,
● Pinus strobus: Cronartium ribicola,
Insects:
● R. pseudoacacia: Phyllonorycter robiniella, Parectopa robiniella, Obolodiplosis robiniae,
● Populus sp.: Pemphigus spirothecae, Sciapteron tabaniformis, Cosus cosus,
● Pseudotsuga taxifolia: Hylastes ater.
It can be concluded that the costs are present in the first six years of establishment of plantation. The
main aim is to form the plantation as well as to decrease annual costs for use and maintenance of a
plantation (1-5 years), annual incomes from the plantation (schematic thinning in 6th year, income
from non-wood products, technical logs of second class and cellulose wood), to pure annual benefits
from invested object at the end of rotation, to capital costs (amortization, interest rates, etc.), to in-
vestment profit (KEČA et al. 2010). Preparation of the ground and soil for afforestation is the most
expensive operation in this production cycle (KEČA et al. 2014) (Table 2).
Previous data are based on a small growing area of poplar plantations near the Sava river (about
4,000 ha). These sites are not optimal for growing poplar trees.
4. Key risks (biotic/abiotic, economic) for the exotic species
A) PROVENANCE TRIALS FOR EXOTIC TREE SPECIES (ONLY ENUMERATION)
There is a large and important provenance trial with Douglas firs. In addition, there are experimental
plots with red oak, Sitka spruce, grand fir, etc.
B) LOCAL NETWORKS
There is local network of experimental fields in poplar plantations of different clones regarding their
productivity, thinning operations, protections, etc.
C) KEY PUBLICATIONS, KEY DATABASES AND REPORTS RELATED TO THE EXOTIC TREE SPECIES
The publications on non-native tree species listed on the References part of this report.
3. Research activities
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Fast growth, some of them are invasive species, etc. Black locust is an excellent species for honey
production, afforestation on terrains of low productivity such as sandy terrains or those under eros-
ion risk.
Black locust is also one of the most suitable tree species for establishing environmentally valuable
and recreational plantations. The aim is to encourage the development of a natural environment: an
integrated landscape made up of forests, agricultural fields, and shelter-belts. Afforestation with black
locust will be an important part of any strategy to improve the environment and quality of life of the
population.
A) CURRENT TYPES OF SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS (OR MORE GENERAL: FOREST MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEMS) IN USE FOR THE MAIN EXOTIC TREE SPECIES
Black locust:
Black locust afforestation and artificial regenerations can be established with seedlings. The most po-
pular planting spacing for black locust in Serbia is 3 m by 1 m, requiring 3,300 seedlings per hectare.
In a wider sense it can be said that 2,500—4,000 seedlings per hectare are required for the artificial
establishment of stands.
Black locust stands can be regenerated by coppice (from root suckers), as well as after clear cutting
previous stands. In young stands of coppice origin, a cleaning operation should be carried out to adjust
spacing when the stands are 3—6 years old and should reduce stocking to less than 5,000 stems per
hectare.
The black locust is a fast-growing tree species, which, up to the age of 10—15 years, is able to quickly
close canopy openings caused by tending operations, but the closure is much slower in later years.
This knowledge is used as a base for planning tending operations, cleaning in period of 5—10 year,
and one or two thinning’s in a later period. Based on forest management plans, thinning should be
done in the period from 10—20 years, depending on site condition. On better site conditions, a second
thinning is planned in a period of about 25 years.
The objective of tending is to produce a high proportion of good quality saw-logs from stands of yield
class I and II; some saw-logs and a high proportion of poles and props from stands of yield class III and
lV; and poles, props and other small-dimension industrial wood from other yield stands.
Other species:
● Hybrid poplar: production cycle of 25 years, clear cutting, artificial establishment by seedlings with
278—400 seedlings per hectare.
● Douglas r: production cycle of 60 years, clear cutting, artificial establishment by seedlings with
2.500 seedlings per hectare.
● Weymouth pine: production cycle of 40 years, clear cutting, artificial establishment by seedlings with
2.500 seedlings per hectare
5. Non-economic advantages/disadvantages
6. Management systems
B) ECONOMIC
Economic risk is tightly connected to biotic/abiotic risk due to their significance.
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• Good-quality coppice forests (well stocked, healthy, with well-shaped stems) composed predomi-
nantly of economically valuable species (beech, oaks, valuable broadleaves) on good-quality sites. In
such stands, conversion of coppice forests into high forests was applied by prolonging the rotation
intensive tending (thinning) and by securing the natural regeneration of coppice forests by genera-
tive methods;
B) CURRENT SILVICULTURAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS (INCLUDING PRACTICAL ISSUES SUCH AS RE-
GENERATION, ETC.)
Black locust:
Based on research by VUČETIĆ (2009), ANDRAŠEV et al (2014b) and ANDRAŠEV et al (2015a), it
was found that the stand of black locust are untended and have a significantly greater number of
trees than the modelled tended stands. Studies have found twice the number of trees than in model-
led-driven stands, which caused higher volume per hectare, but also smaller diameter of trees, and
less financial utilization of trees. Middle breast height diameters in such stands are 3—5 cm less, but
volume increased to over 80%.
An additional consequence of untended black locust stands is a highly biological differentiation of
trees. Biological classes, allocated on the basis of height and mutual position of the crowns, indicating
that trees fall behind in growth (II and III crown class) accounted for 35.3% in the 17 year old stand
and 58.3% in stand 39 years old of generative origin. This is a consequence of the lack of tending mea-
sures (ANDRAŠEV et al. 2014). In the vegetative origin, only 41% of 31 year old black locust stands
were in the upper storey, which caused the mean diameter to be 56% of modelled stands for that site
class (ANDRAŠEV et al. 2015).
Increased participation of black locust trees with I stem quality can only be expected in cultures es-
tablished with a known genotype (KERESZTESI 1983). The research results are consistent with the
above and show that, in the studied stands, 213—306 trees per hectare have a trunk with I stem qua-
lity, which enables the production of so-called „industrial wood“. The research results show that in the
thinned stands, the total number of trees decreased by more than 70 %, and the number of trees with
I stem quality decreased by 30 %. In thinned stands, more than 200 trees per hectare had diameters
above 20 cm, of which more than 60 trees per hectare were thicker than 30 cm, as opposed to the
unthinned stands where 175 trees per hectare are thicker than 20 cm, and only 6 trees per hectare
are thicker than 30 cm (ANDRAŠEV et al 2015).
Another problem with black locust stands is the great share of coppice stands, which occupies 88,4
% of all black locust stands (BANKOVIĆ et al 2009). Many of these stands were established by spon-
taneous regeneration, often without taking care of the number of generations. For this reason, after
several production cycles, the species loses the initial properties, particularly regarding the produc-
tivity by quantity and quality.
In order to increase the value of black locust stands, conversion to generative origin stands has been
planned. This is the same as many other tree species in Serbia, as beech, sessile oak, Hungarian oak,
Turkey oak.
Taking into account the high representation of coppice forests in Serbia at that time, and their he-
terogeneity from the biological and economic aspects, it was necessary to first classify the forests
into categories (classes) according to the main site and stand characteristics, forest economic value
and general management conditions. As a result, coppice forests were classified into four categories
(JEFTIĆ 1967):
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A) SPECIES ECOLOGY AND GROWTH PATTERNS
Black locust:
Black locust is a nitrogen-fixing legume and is useful, but underutilized for lumber, poles, wood fibre,
land reclamation, beekeeping, fuel and forage. It grows very rapidly survives droughts and severe
winters, tolerates infertile and acidic soils and produces livestock feed nutritionally equivalent to
alfalfa. Commercial feed production, as silage, hay or leaf meal, appears feasible.
Black locust requires well-drained soils with adequate moisture if the associated nitrogen-fixing rhi-
zobium bacteria are to thrive. That is why soil preparation (total or partial) to improve aeration and
the water regime of the soil and inter-row cultivation are necessary.
Black locust grows naturally over a wide range of soils and topography. The species does best on
moist, rich, loamy soils or those of limestone origin. Black locust is very sensitive to poorly drained
or compact plastic soils. Excessively dry sites are also poor for the species. Yellow, brown, or red-
dish-brown subsoils without pronounced mottling are better than gray, bluish-gray, or yellow subsoils
mottled any colour. Silt loams, sandy loams, and the lighter textured soils are superior to clay, silty
clay loams, and the heavier soils.
Black locust is a medium-sized tree, generally 12 to 18 m in height and 30 to 76 cm in diameter. On
better sites, it may reach 30 m in height and 122 cm or more in diameter. The bole of open grown
trees is usually short and separates into several stout branches at 3 to 5 m, but in stands on good sites
the bole is often clear and straight.
Other species:
As regards the introduction of the Douglas fir and Weymouth pine, we can say that the main (global)
problems in connection with a process of the conifer’s introduction and the existing degraded forest
reconstruction were as follows (KRSTIĆ & STOJANOVIĆ 1998/99):
• Defining the clear and precise professional terminology
• Defining, adjusting and adopting the criteria for the assessment of the degree of degradation, based
on the decisive recognized parameters;
• Determination and classification of coppice and degraded forests;
• Choice of optimum methods of improvement, depending on the degree of degradation and on forest
type;
• Establishing the policy of improvement priority;
• Adoption of the national policy of forest management supported by legislation.
7. General assessment of growth performance
• Coppice forests of medium quality on good sites, which by their composition, value and yield capa-
city are not in harmony with the high production potentials of the site everywhere. The conversion
was achieved by introducing conifers, primarily on sites with extremely poor stands, i.e. by creating
mixed broadleaf coniferous forests of high economic value,
• Severely depleted and devastated coppice forests in favourable soil conditions, and often also in fa-
vourable orographic conditions. The conversion was performed by the reconstruction of the existing
forests, i.e. by the substitution of species or by the establishment of intensive coniferous plantations;
• Extremely poor coppice forests (various scrub and brushwood formations) on poor quality sites.
Because of the absence of elementary conditions for a profitable forest production, such forests
should be left to spontaneous development, and they should be treated as protection forests.
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The black locust is shade intolerant and is not found in dense woods except as a dominant tree. With
sufficient room, its rapid growth rate enables it to compete successfully with more shade tolerant
trees. Natural reproduction of the black locust is primarily vegetative through root suckering and
stump sprouting; sprout vigour usually increases, following top removal by cutting.
Black locust ordinarily produces a shallow and wide-spreading root system that is excellent for soil
binding but is also capable of producing deep roots. In the arid southwest, trees may develop vertical
roots from 6.1 to 7.6 m long. This deep rooting ability may explain why black locust can grow in arid
lands much drier than its native range. Radial root spread is about 1 to 1.5 times tree height.
B) GROWTH AND YIELD IN MONOCULTURE, YIELD INCREASE OVER NATIVE SPECIES
Black locust:
Black locust is a fast-growing tree species whose growth depends on site conditions.
ANDRAŠEV et al. (2014a) have presented the elements of growth of black locust trees and stands in
15 permanent sample plots on chernozem soil type, as the most common soil type in Vojvodina, at the
age of 21-68 years. Based on stratigraphic of the profile, the soils in all the investigated locations be-
long to the type of chernozem, according to the classification ŠKORIĆ et al. (1985), within which two
subtypes were distinguished: subtype (A) on loess and loess like sediments (9 profiles) and subtype (B)
on calcerous aeolian sand (6 profiles). On such soil, the determined black locust stands of vegetative
origin of the first generation with a full canopy reached various medium and upper heights within the
same age class. The differences are greater in lower age classes (20—25 years), in which differences in
medium and upper height are up to 10 m. Compared to the proportional height curves of RÉDEI et al.
(2014), which imply an equal ratio of mean heights from different site classes for the same age, the
investigated stands can be classified into five height classes according to mean heights. This indicates
variability of the chernozem soil type according to the ŠKORIĆ et al. (1985) classification and the need
for more detailed development and production research in black locust stands on this type of soil. On
the subtype chernozem on loess and loess like sediments, the recorded mean heights ranged from
73—110%. On average, 88.9% of the heights in site class I (RÉDEI et al. 2014) or sediments belong to
height classes I—IV, which was significantly higher (p = 0.032) than in the stands on the subtype of
chernozem on calcerous aeolian sand, where they achieved a mean height of 59—85%, on average
74.4% of the heights in height class I according to RÉDEI et al. ( 2014) or belong to height classes II—V.
The above indicates that the characteristics of the parent substrate, as one of the main factors of soil
formation, significantly affect the production differentiation of black locust stands.
Based on this research, as well as research of VUČETIĆ (2009), STAJIĆ et al (2011), ANDRAŠEV et al
(2014b, 2015a, 2015b), we can conclude that black locust in Serbia achieved an average, mean height
which falls into III—IV site classes by RÉDEI et al (2014), but can reach mean heights (over 25 m at
age of 40 year) significantly higher than the height of I site class. These are similar to their native
condition in North America.
Wood volume of black locust stands is in the range from 50 to over 450 m3ha-1 at the age of 30—40
years depend on site and stands condition. Lower wood volume of 50-60 m3ha-1 can be found in
degraded stands on poor site conditions, where stands are of vegetative origin in fourth and higher
generation. Wood volume higher than 400 m3ha-1 can be found on the high productive stands and
compared to RÉDEI et al (2014). These volumes are much greater than the volumes of I site index
classes.
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8. Options explored to establish mixtures of exotic and native species
Other species:
Reaching the dimensions of the basic elements of growth at the age of 30 years in some experiments
show that plantations of the studied species (Pinus strobus, Pinus nigra, Pinus silvestris, Larix europaea,
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Quercus rubra, Picea sitchensis, Abies grandis etc.) have the characteristics of fast
growing establishments, where significant dimensions of trees and timber volume per hectare can be
achieved in a very short period of time (VUČKOVIĆ & STAJIĆ 2008). According to these authors, at the
age of 30, the Pinus strobus reaches the highest volume, i.e. 601 m3 per hectare, suggesting its great
potential for wood production and biomass. This species is followed by Abies grandis with 436 m3 per
hectare and Larix europaea with 365 m3 per hectare.
As a particularly important species for afforestation, these authors emphasized Querqus rubra. This is
mainly because of its unique productive and ecological potential, quality wood, ability of a successful
natural regeneration, possibility of growth and achieving of satisfactory dimensions on poorer soils
and high potential for reclamation of degraded habitats. This is true for the Douglas fir because of its
high potential of wood production and quality.
As a conclusion, it can be noted that in many cases the artificially established stands, according to the
dynamics of growth, achieved dimensions and overall visual appearance, which exceed the yield and
growth table data for the best site classes. This is characterized by a rapid and significant increase in
the production of timber. It is particularly important that the realized wood volume of these plan-
tations is several times higher compared to the possible wood volume of degraded forests, in whose
stead they were raised, which highlights their economic and ecological potential.
There are new volume tables for hybrid clones in the Vojvodina province, which are used in manage-
ment planning. For black locust, tariffs from the Srem region are used in practice. For Douglas fir,
tariffs of fir (common fir) are used, and for Weymouth pine tariffs of Scots pine are used.
C) LIST OF RELEVANT NATIONAL STUDIES, EXPERIMENTS, AND DATABASES
Given in the References part of this report.
D) ANTICIPATED ROLE OF EXOTS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
In general, there is no relevant research on the role of exotic species under climate change and their
reactions to possible variations of climate in Serbia.
The overall scientific opinion is the following: All types of tree species, and thus also exotics, should
be returned to their potential sites and habitats, because most of them are most resistant to the ef-
fects of various adverse factors in these conditions, including adverse changes in climatic conditions.
One thing is sure, this issue is quite complicated and should be treated from different aspects.
Similar as for the previous mentioned issue, we can conclude that there is not too much relevant re-
search and experience with different mixtures and possible yield increase in mixtures.
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Experiments were established with the aim of learning relevant information regarding silvicultural
and growth behaviour and relations in forests stands that are composed of exotic and native tree
species. Afforestation of clear forest areas and afforestation of Other Wooded Lands (OWL), a natural
succession for increasing forest cover in Serbia, also very rare for afforestation in forest stands.
Black locust:
In Serbia, black locust is rarely found in mixed stands because of renewal and its large coppice power,
rapid growth in youth, so that it already creates a closed canopy where other tree species have no
opportunities for survival in 5—6 years. However, in these stands individual trees or groups of trees,
which are aggressive species such as Ailanthus altissima, Acer negundo, Amorpha fruticosa can be found.
For these reasons, research in mixed stands of non-native tree species are rare. Here, it is worth
mentioning the ongoing research in the stand of hybrid poplar (clone Pannonia) and black locust
(ANDRAŠEV et al 2015c) on the soil type fluvisol, sandy form, in which the poplar reached low growth
elements of trees and stands. In these studies at the age of 10 years, which is one third of the pro-
duction cycle, the volume of poplar trees was determined to be 52—104 m3 ha-1, and the volume of
black locust trees in the lower storey amounted to 96 to 158 m3 ha-1. In order to maintain justification
of two light-demanding tree species by the end of the production cycle of 30 years, thinning with
selective character was done in the lower storey in order to foster the growth of selected black locust
trees for tending.
9. Key aspects for comparison of performance of exotic and native species
10. Impact of exotic tree species on ecosystems
11. Public perception
Same impact as other species. Increasing of biological diversity of the country, increasing of genofond,
consuming CO2, etc.
Same impact as other species. Increasing of biological diversity of the country, increasing of genofond,
consuming CO2, etc.
Key aspects:
• Potentially better growth characteristics and higher yield of exotic tree species in the appropriate
rotation than native tree species, especially in contrast to coppice stands and other degraded stands.
• Better utilization of soil properties and space in some cases (a special kind of mixture).
• Enhancement of species, dimensional and structural diversity in forest.
The economic aspect is the main factor on productive sites. On less productive sites or sites, which are
marginal, the protective role of species is the significant factor.
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12. Legal restrictions
11. Public perception
Black locust is known as an invasive tree species, so public perception is negative in accordance with
that fact. However, black locust is also known as a tree species, which grows in dry conditions, which
could be promising in light of climate change.
Douglas fir and Weymouth pine are established on mountain regions on small areas and public percep-
tion is negligible.
The Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE) launched the first Serbian monitoring of
public perception towards forests and forestry (project financed by the Serbian Ministry of Education
and Science, 2011—2015). This monitoring was based on a survey conducted via telephone on a re-
presentative sample of the Serbian 18+ population and the main results show that more than 2/3 of
citizens is certain about the existence of fast growing species in Serbia (poplars in the first place). One
half of them believe that planting these species could highly contribute to climate change mitigation.
(Source: STEVANOV, ORLOVIC, KLASNJA; Poplar Commission 2012)
There are not legal restrictions on growing non-native tree species. However, almost all state forests
(except forest in National parks) are certified, so increasing the area of non-native species at the ex-
pense of native species is not allowed. Increasing the area of non-native species is possible in special
cases, at sites, which are not covered by forest vegetation, with the approval of the Ministry of Agri-
culture, Forestry and Water Management.
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
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10.2298/GSF1410009A; ISSN: 0353-4537. (in Serbian with English summary)
ANDRAŠEV S., RONČEVIĆ S., BOBINAC M. (2014b): Elements of growth and structure of black locust cultures on chernozem in
the area Deliblato sands. Poplar, 193/194: 129-146. UDK: 582.736(497.113 Deliblato). ISSN: 0563-9034. (in Serbian with English
summary)
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