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OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PORTION JUTE FIBER

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Abstract

Jute is biodegradable and it replenishes earth's nutrients. Jute and jute products are not only reserve the ecological degradation but also conserve environment and atmosphere as a whole. However, jute fiber is prone to fungal and microbial attack in humid condition leading to loss of strength and discoloration which maximizes biodegradability and environmental performance. To develop the rotting property, jute fiber were treated by CuSO 4. In this research work, raw and chemically treated jute fibers were characterized by mechanical and structural testing. Furthermore, the effects of treatments on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the fiber have been deliberated. Reaction parameters such as time and temperature have been investigated for all chemical treatments. Three different portions of jute fiber were treated by CuSO 4 to make rot retardant fiber. The physico-mechanical properties of the chemically treated jute fiber change according to the rot retardant chemical concentrations. In addition, the middle portion of the raw and treated jute fiber shows better mechanical as well as chemical bonding properties compared to the top and bottom portions. The SEM shows the fiber surface is converted into smoother with chemical concentration. Young's modulus of top and bottom portions of raw jute fiber is declined by 40.60% and 33.96% compared to middle portion respectively. The tensile strength and strain to failure of middle portion show higher value compared to the top and bottom portion of the raw jute fiber. After chemical treatment the different portion shows similar tensile properties. Though the mechanical properties are decreased due to chemical treatment the treated fiber can be used for longevity product where the decreased properties have no effect.
Bangladesh Journal of Physics, 13, 59-64, 2013
Corresponding Author: E-mail : sweetybjri@yahoo.com
OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PORTION JUTE FIBER
S. SHAHINUR1*, M. HASAN2 AND Q. AHSAN3
1Textile Physics Division, BJRI, Dhaka
2Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, BUET, Dhaka
3Department of Materials Engineering, University of Technical Malaysia, Malaysia
Received on 22.10.2012, Accepted for Publication on 17.06.2013
ABSTRACT
Jute is biodegradable and it replenishes earth’s nutrients. Jute and jute products are not only reserve
the ecological degradation but also conserve environment and atmosphere as a whole. However, jute
fiber is prone to fungal and microbial attack in humid condition leading to loss of strength and
discoloration which maximizes biodegradability and environmental performance. To develop the
rotting property, jute fiber were treated by CuSO4. In this research work, raw and chemically treated
jute fibers were characterized by mechanical and structural testing. Furthermore, the effects of
treatments on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the fiber have been deliberated.
Reaction parameters such as time and temperature have been investigated for all chemical
treatments. Three different portions of jute fiber were treated by CuSO4 to make rot retardant fiber.
The physico- mechanical properties of the chemically treated jute fiber change according to the rot
retardant chemical concentrations. In addition, the middle portion of the raw and treated jute fiber
shows better mechanical as well as chemical bonding properties compared to the top and bottom
portions. The SEM shows the fiber surface is converted into smoother with chemical concentration.
Young’s modulus of top and bottom portions of raw jute fiber is declined by 40.60% and 33.96%
compared to middle portion respectively. The tensile strength and strain to failure of middle portion
show higher value compared to the top and bottom portion of the raw jute fiber. After chemical
treatment the different portion shows similar tensile properties. Though the mechanical properties
are decreased due to chemical treatment the treated fiber can be used for longevity product where
the decreased properties have no effect.
Keywords: Mechanical properties, Biodegradability, Tensile properties, SEM.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently the natural fibers have found new area of application as reinforcement to replace the
glass fibers in composite manufacture. There is a wide variety of different natural fibers that can
be applied as filler in composites. Natural fibers are characterized by properties predisposing them
for use as reinforcement of composites, like low weight and excellent range of mechanical
properties. In this research work a new method of natural jute fiber pre treatment that is surface
S. SHAHINUR, M. HASAN AND Q. AHSAN
60
modification has been developed for rot retardant jute fiber. Apart from many advantages fiber for
composite based on natural fiber, application of rot retardant jute fiber for composite will bring
strong environmental benefits. After the analysis of all aspect of natural fiber use for composite
manufacture it can be concluded that it will be main direction of lingo-cellulosic fiber application
in the future, that can significantly improve the fiber production and industry [1]. Most of the
research has been done so far is concentrated on the fiber surface treatment. An enormous amount
of work has been conducted in the field of fiber modification [1-4]. With a view to investigate rot
retardant treated jute fiber, present work deals rot retardant treatment of jute fiber, structural as
well a physico-mechanical study of different portion (top, middle and bottom) of the treated jute
fiber.
2. METHODOLOGY
The jute fibers were collected from the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Faridpur
regional station, Bangladesh. The supplied jute fiber was Corchorus capsularis L. The aspect ratio,
Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the jute used were 75, (19-26) GPa and (200-400) MPa
respectively. The whole jute fiber was cut into three different (top, middle and bottom) portions.
For rot retardant treatment the three portions of jute fiber were treated by 4%, 8% and 20% copper
sulfate (CuSO4) at room temperature whereas Na2CO3 is used as catalyst. Cu content of rot
retardant jute was measured by Iodometric method. Tensile testing was carried out using an
Instron universal testing machine (Model no 3369) by varying gauge length (5 mm, 15 mm, 25
mm and 35 mm). The cross-head speed and load cell used were 5 mm/min and 5N respectively.
Initially single treated and control jute fibers from top, middle and bottom portions were chosen
randomly, which were cut down to a particular length. The diameter of single fiber was measured
using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tensile strength was calculated using these
following formulas
Tensile Strength, (1)
Where F max is maximum force, A is cross sectional area of the fiber.
Cross sectional area (2)
Where, d is diameter of the fiber. Young’s modulus was measured from the stress/strain curve. For
each gauge length 15 samples were taken and there average values were showed in graphical form.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Copper (Cu) content was measured due to variation of mechanical properties for control and rot
retardant (RR) jute fiber. The Cu content of the rot retardant middle portion jute fiber was higher
compared to the top and bottom portion as shown in Figure 3.1 (a). With increasing chemical
concentration, the Cu content increased linearly (Figure 3.1 (b)) because the adsorption of Cu was
pH dependent. The adsorption increased as the pH increased from 2 to 5. However, Cu adsorption
was still excellent at pH 2.0. Due to coating of Cu on the treated fiber, the mechanical properties
changed. At 30%RR, the Cu content did not increase compared to 20%RR. That is why the
20%RR was optimized due to cost effectiveness. The fibers of middle portion are mature enough
OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
61
whereas the top fibers are immature while bottom fiber is over mature. For this the cellulose
content of middle portion is higher compared to top and bottom portion. As a result the –OH group
[7] of cellulose of middle portion is higher. And due to this free hand the amount of Cu coating is
higher in the middle portion. With the increase of chemical concentration, the surface became
smoother as observed from the SEM images of Figure 3.2. Due to increase of coating properties
with the concentration of CuCO3, the treated top, middle and bottom portion of fibers gradually
became smoother.
Fig. 1. Copper (Cu) content of jute fiber at (a) different portions and (b) various chemical concentrations.
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of (a) control and (b) 20% RR treated jute fiber.
3.1. Mechanical properties
The tensile properties of control jute fiber are shown in Figure 3.3. From the figure, it seems that
the middle portion had higher Young’s modulus, tensile strength and strain to failure compared to
the top and bottom portions. The non cellulosic component e.g. lignin and hemi-cellulose also play
an important role in determining mechanical properties of the fiber. The fiber of bottom portion is
over mature and their surface is rough, however the middle portion contain smooth surface
compared to the bottom portion due to sufficient amount of cellulose and lignin. On the other hand
the top portion fibers are immature to bear the load and contain low amount of cellulose. Another
important thing is that the bottom portion contains more defects and non homogeneities compared
S. SHAHINUR, M. HASAN AND Q. AHSAN
62
to the middle and top portion. As mentioned by Bledski and Gassan [8], the longer the stressed
distance of the natural fiber is, the more non homogeneities and defect points will be in the
stressed fiber segment, weakening the structure. Thus strength and strain to failure decreased with
increasing gauge length. However the situation is reverse for Young’s modulus. The Young’s
modulus increased with increase of gauge length. The strength decreased with gauge length due to
the presence of more flows and defect in longer gauge length fiber that make the probability of
failure larger. Fibers with longer gauge length have larger surface area, which indicates more
surface defects as compared to short gauge length.
Fig. 3. (a) Young’s modulus (b) tensile strength and (c) strain to failure of three portions of control single jute
fiber.
The Young’s modulus decreased by 25% and 37.48% in case of top and bottom portion compared
to the control middle portion. The tensile strength decreased 66% in case of top and bottom
portion compared to the middle portion. This is due to more pores present in case of bottom
portion and immaturity of top portion fiber. Individually 4%RR top, middle and bottom portion
exhibited approximately similar results in case of tensile strength property (Figure 3.4 (a)). Similar
results are also observed in case of 8%RR and 20%RR top, middle and bottom portions jute fiber
(Figures 3.4 (b) and (c)). The coating property of the rot retardant is concentrations dependent. In
case of 4%RR, the coating of the chemical is similar in case of top, middle and bottom portions.
So their tensile properties became similar. Due to this, similar result were obtained in case of
8%RR and 20% RR top, middle and bottom portions individually. Although the trends are
different for different chemical concentration, but top, middle and bottom portion shows similar
trend and value. There is a large variation in Young’s modulus after chemical treatment within
middle and bottom portions. But the Young’s modulus of top portion is increased by 42.47%
compared to raw jute top portion.
OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
63
Fig. 4. Tensile strength of top, middle and bottom portions with (a) 4%RR, (b) 8%RR and (c) 20%RR
concentrations.
As cellulose and lignin of three portions of raw jute fiber are varied, the tensile properties are also
varied. But after chemical treatment there is a coating of chemical [9]. May be the mechanical
properties are guided by that coating material. As a result, there is no such abrupt variation in
mechanical properties of different portion compared to raw jute fiber.
After rot retardant treatment, the strain to failure became quite similar for different concentrations.
With the increase of chemical concentration the strain to failure increased (Figure 3.5 (c))
compared to the control fiber in case of bottom portion. The increase of strain to failure with the
chemical concentration may be due to the increase in amorphous component of jute fiber [10].
However in the case of top and middle portions (Figures 3.5 (a) and (b)), the strain to failure
decreased compared to the control fiber. The strain to failure of treated jute fiber is increased by
19.41% in case of middle portion compared to the raw jute. In contrast, the strain to failure of top
and bottom portions are increased by 12.87% and 13.57% respectively compared to raw jute.
S. SHAHINUR, M. HASAN AND Q. AHSAN
64
Fig. 5. Strain to failure of (a) top, (b) middle and (c) bottom portions rot retardant jute fiber.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In case of raw jute fiber middle portion shows better mechanical properties than top and bottom
portion. After rot retardant treatment the top and bottom portion tensile strength and strain to
failure is increased as well as decrease in case of middle portion. After rot retardant treatment
Young’s modulus of top, middle and bottom portion have become almost equal.
REFERENCES
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[3] A. Bismarck and I. A. Askargorta, Journal of Springer link 23(5), pp 872 (2002).
[4] P. O. Olesen and D. V. Plakett (Plant Fibre Laboratory, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Copenhagen, Denmark) (1999).
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of Materials, (Dhaka) Proceedings ID E 32 (2010).
[6] S. Shahinur, Q. Ahsan and A. K. M. Mahabubuzzaman, Int. Conf. on Magnetism and Advanced
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[8] A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, Progress of Polymer Science 24(2), pp 221 (1999).
[9] F. Khan and S. R. Ahmad, Polymer Degradation and Stability 52, pp 335 (1996).
[10] J. Gassan and A. K. Bledzki, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71(4), pp 6230 (1999).
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S. Shahin, M.Phil Thesis (Department of Chemistry, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh) (2005).
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