ArticlePDF Available

OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PORTION JUTE FIBER

Authors:
Sweety Shahinur at Bangladesh Jute Research Institute
Sweety Shahinur
Mahbub Hasan at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Mahbub Hasan
Qumrul Ahsan at University of Asia Pacific
Qumrul Ahsan
  • University of Asia Pacific
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

Jute is biodegradable and it replenishes earth's nutrients. Jute and jute products are not only reserve the ecological degradation but also conserve environment and atmosphere as a whole. However, jute fiber is prone to fungal and microbial attack in humid condition leading to loss of strength and discoloration which maximizes biodegradability and environmental performance. To develop the rotting property, jute fiber were treated by CuSO 4. In this research work, raw and chemically treated jute fibers were characterized by mechanical and structural testing. Furthermore, the effects of treatments on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the fiber have been deliberated. Reaction parameters such as time and temperature have been investigated for all chemical treatments. Three different portions of jute fiber were treated by CuSO 4 to make rot retardant fiber. The physico-mechanical properties of the chemically treated jute fiber change according to the rot retardant chemical concentrations. In addition, the middle portion of the raw and treated jute fiber shows better mechanical as well as chemical bonding properties compared to the top and bottom portions. The SEM shows the fiber surface is converted into smoother with chemical concentration. Young's modulus of top and bottom portions of raw jute fiber is declined by 40.60% and 33.96% compared to middle portion respectively. The tensile strength and strain to failure of middle portion show higher value compared to the top and bottom portion of the raw jute fiber. After chemical treatment the different portion shows similar tensile properties. Though the mechanical properties are decreased due to chemical treatment the treated fiber can be used for longevity product where the decreased properties have no effect.
Content uploaded by Sweety Shahinur
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sweety Shahinur on Oct 17, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Bangladesh Journal of Physics, 13, 59-64, 2013
Corresponding Author: E-mail : sweetybjri@yahoo.com
OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PORTION JUTE FIBER
S. SHAHINUR1*, M. HASAN2 AND Q. AHSAN3
1Textile Physics Division, BJRI, Dhaka
2Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, BUET, Dhaka
3Department of Materials Engineering, University of Technical Malaysia, Malaysia
Received on 22.10.2012, Accepted for Publication on 17.06.2013
ABSTRACT
Jute is biodegradable and it replenishes earth’s nutrients. Jute and jute products are not only reserve
the ecological degradation but also conserve environment and atmosphere as a whole. However, jute
fiber is prone to fungal and microbial attack in humid condition leading to loss of strength and
discoloration which maximizes biodegradability and environmental performance. To develop the
rotting property, jute fiber were treated by CuSO4. In this research work, raw and chemically treated
jute fibers were characterized by mechanical and structural testing. Furthermore, the effects of
treatments on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the fiber have been deliberated.
Reaction parameters such as time and temperature have been investigated for all chemical
treatments. Three different portions of jute fiber were treated by CuSO4 to make rot retardant fiber.
The physico- mechanical properties of the chemically treated jute fiber change according to the rot
retardant chemical concentrations. In addition, the middle portion of the raw and treated jute fiber
shows better mechanical as well as chemical bonding properties compared to the top and bottom
portions. The SEM shows the fiber surface is converted into smoother with chemical concentration.
Young’s modulus of top and bottom portions of raw jute fiber is declined by 40.60% and 33.96%
compared to middle portion respectively. The tensile strength and strain to failure of middle portion
show higher value compared to the top and bottom portion of the raw jute fiber. After chemical
treatment the different portion shows similar tensile properties. Though the mechanical properties
are decreased due to chemical treatment the treated fiber can be used for longevity product where
the decreased properties have no effect.
Keywords: Mechanical properties, Biodegradability, Tensile properties, SEM.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently the natural fibers have found new area of application as reinforcement to replace the
glass fibers in composite manufacture. There is a wide variety of different natural fibers that can
be applied as filler in composites. Natural fibers are characterized by properties predisposing them
for use as reinforcement of composites, like low weight and excellent range of mechanical
properties. In this research work a new method of natural jute fiber pre treatment that is surface
S. SHAHINUR, M. HASAN AND Q. AHSAN
60
modification has been developed for rot retardant jute fiber. Apart from many advantages fiber for
composite based on natural fiber, application of rot retardant jute fiber for composite will bring
strong environmental benefits. After the analysis of all aspect of natural fiber use for composite
manufacture it can be concluded that it will be main direction of lingo-cellulosic fiber application
in the future, that can significantly improve the fiber production and industry [1]. Most of the
research has been done so far is concentrated on the fiber surface treatment. An enormous amount
of work has been conducted in the field of fiber modification [1-4]. With a view to investigate rot
retardant treated jute fiber, present work deals rot retardant treatment of jute fiber, structural as
well a physico-mechanical study of different portion (top, middle and bottom) of the treated jute
fiber.
2. METHODOLOGY
The jute fibers were collected from the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Faridpur
regional station, Bangladesh. The supplied jute fiber was Corchorus capsularis L. The aspect ratio,
Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the jute used were 75, (19-26) GPa and (200-400) MPa
respectively. The whole jute fiber was cut into three different (top, middle and bottom) portions.
For rot retardant treatment the three portions of jute fiber were treated by 4%, 8% and 20% copper
sulfate (CuSO4) at room temperature whereas Na2CO3 is used as catalyst. Cu content of rot
retardant jute was measured by Iodometric method. Tensile testing was carried out using an
Instron universal testing machine (Model no 3369) by varying gauge length (5 mm, 15 mm, 25
mm and 35 mm). The cross-head speed and load cell used were 5 mm/min and 5N respectively.
Initially single treated and control jute fibers from top, middle and bottom portions were chosen
randomly, which were cut down to a particular length. The diameter of single fiber was measured
using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tensile strength was calculated using these
following formulas
Tensile Strength, (1)
Where F max is maximum force, A is cross sectional area of the fiber.
Cross sectional area (2)
Where, d is diameter of the fiber. Young’s modulus was measured from the stress/strain curve. For
each gauge length 15 samples were taken and there average values were showed in graphical form.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Copper (Cu) content was measured due to variation of mechanical properties for control and rot
retardant (RR) jute fiber. The Cu content of the rot retardant middle portion jute fiber was higher
compared to the top and bottom portion as shown in Figure 3.1 (a). With increasing chemical
concentration, the Cu content increased linearly (Figure 3.1 (b)) because the adsorption of Cu was
pH dependent. The adsorption increased as the pH increased from 2 to 5. However, Cu adsorption
was still excellent at pH 2.0. Due to coating of Cu on the treated fiber, the mechanical properties
changed. At 30%RR, the Cu content did not increase compared to 20%RR. That is why the
20%RR was optimized due to cost effectiveness. The fibers of middle portion are mature enough
OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
61
whereas the top fibers are immature while bottom fiber is over mature. For this the cellulose
content of middle portion is higher compared to top and bottom portion. As a result the –OH group
[7] of cellulose of middle portion is higher. And due to this free hand the amount of Cu coating is
higher in the middle portion. With the increase of chemical concentration, the surface became
smoother as observed from the SEM images of Figure 3.2. Due to increase of coating properties
with the concentration of CuCO3, the treated top, middle and bottom portion of fibers gradually
became smoother.
Fig. 1. Copper (Cu) content of jute fiber at (a) different portions and (b) various chemical concentrations.
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of (a) control and (b) 20% RR treated jute fiber.
3.1. Mechanical properties
The tensile properties of control jute fiber are shown in Figure 3.3. From the figure, it seems that
the middle portion had higher Young’s modulus, tensile strength and strain to failure compared to
the top and bottom portions. The non cellulosic component e.g. lignin and hemi-cellulose also play
an important role in determining mechanical properties of the fiber. The fiber of bottom portion is
over mature and their surface is rough, however the middle portion contain smooth surface
compared to the bottom portion due to sufficient amount of cellulose and lignin. On the other hand
the top portion fibers are immature to bear the load and contain low amount of cellulose. Another
important thing is that the bottom portion contains more defects and non homogeneities compared
S. SHAHINUR, M. HASAN AND Q. AHSAN
62
to the middle and top portion. As mentioned by Bledski and Gassan [8], the longer the stressed
distance of the natural fiber is, the more non homogeneities and defect points will be in the
stressed fiber segment, weakening the structure. Thus strength and strain to failure decreased with
increasing gauge length. However the situation is reverse for Young’s modulus. The Young’s
modulus increased with increase of gauge length. The strength decreased with gauge length due to
the presence of more flows and defect in longer gauge length fiber that make the probability of
failure larger. Fibers with longer gauge length have larger surface area, which indicates more
surface defects as compared to short gauge length.
Fig. 3. (a) Young’s modulus (b) tensile strength and (c) strain to failure of three portions of control single jute
fiber.
The Young’s modulus decreased by 25% and 37.48% in case of top and bottom portion compared
to the control middle portion. The tensile strength decreased 66% in case of top and bottom
portion compared to the middle portion. This is due to more pores present in case of bottom
portion and immaturity of top portion fiber. Individually 4%RR top, middle and bottom portion
exhibited approximately similar results in case of tensile strength property (Figure 3.4 (a)). Similar
results are also observed in case of 8%RR and 20%RR top, middle and bottom portions jute fiber
(Figures 3.4 (b) and (c)). The coating property of the rot retardant is concentrations dependent. In
case of 4%RR, the coating of the chemical is similar in case of top, middle and bottom portions.
So their tensile properties became similar. Due to this, similar result were obtained in case of
8%RR and 20% RR top, middle and bottom portions individually. Although the trends are
different for different chemical concentration, but top, middle and bottom portion shows similar
trend and value. There is a large variation in Young’s modulus after chemical treatment within
middle and bottom portions. But the Young’s modulus of top portion is increased by 42.47%
compared to raw jute top portion.
OUTCOME OF ROT RETARDANT TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
63
Fig. 4. Tensile strength of top, middle and bottom portions with (a) 4%RR, (b) 8%RR and (c) 20%RR
concentrations.
As cellulose and lignin of three portions of raw jute fiber are varied, the tensile properties are also
varied. But after chemical treatment there is a coating of chemical [9]. May be the mechanical
properties are guided by that coating material. As a result, there is no such abrupt variation in
mechanical properties of different portion compared to raw jute fiber.
After rot retardant treatment, the strain to failure became quite similar for different concentrations.
With the increase of chemical concentration the strain to failure increased (Figure 3.5 (c))
compared to the control fiber in case of bottom portion. The increase of strain to failure with the
chemical concentration may be due to the increase in amorphous component of jute fiber [10].
However in the case of top and middle portions (Figures 3.5 (a) and (b)), the strain to failure
decreased compared to the control fiber. The strain to failure of treated jute fiber is increased by
19.41% in case of middle portion compared to the raw jute. In contrast, the strain to failure of top
and bottom portions are increased by 12.87% and 13.57% respectively compared to raw jute.
S. SHAHINUR, M. HASAN AND Q. AHSAN
64
Fig. 5. Strain to failure of (a) top, (b) middle and (c) bottom portions rot retardant jute fiber.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In case of raw jute fiber middle portion shows better mechanical properties than top and bottom
portion. After rot retardant treatment the top and bottom portion tensile strength and strain to
failure is increased as well as decrease in case of middle portion. After rot retardant treatment
Young’s modulus of top, middle and bottom portion have become almost equal.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Zimniewska, M. Waldyka and J. Mankowski, Int. seminar on strengthening of collaboration for
juta, kenaf and allied fibers Research Development (IJSG, Dhaka) (2011).
[2] S. Shahin, M.Phil Thesis (Department of Chemistry, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh) (2005).
[3] A. Bismarck and I. A. Askargorta, Journal of Springer link 23(5), pp 872 (2002).
[4] P. O. Olesen and D. V. Plakett (Plant Fibre Laboratory, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Copenhagen, Denmark) (1999).
[5] S. Shahinur, Q. Ahsan, M. Hasan and S. Jafrin, 3rd Intl. Conf. on Structure, Processing and Properties
of Materials, (Dhaka) Proceedings ID E 32 (2010).
[6] S. Shahinur, Q. Ahsan and A. K. M. Mahabubuzzaman, Int. Conf. on Magnetism and Advanced
Materials (Dhaka, Bangladesh) Proceedings ID NC-19, pp 238, (2010).
[7] B. Singh, M. Gupta and A. Verma, Polymer Composites 17(6), pp 910 (1996).
[8] A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, Progress of Polymer Science 24(2), pp 221 (1999).
[9] F. Khan and S. R. Ahmad, Polymer Degradation and Stability 52, pp 335 (1996).
[10] J. Gassan and A. K. Bledzki, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71(4), pp 6230 (1999).
... Numerous authors have studied the material properties of various natural fibers by conducting experiments [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Some of the reported studies show that not only the length (short, medium, and long) of a fiber but also the segment (top, middle, or bottom) from where the fiber specimen has been collected may affect its material properties [11][12][13][14]. ...
... Numerous authors have studied the material properties of various natural fibers by conducting experiments [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Some of the reported studies show that not only the length (short, medium, and long) of a fiber but also the segment (top, middle, or bottom) from where the fiber specimen has been collected may affect its material properties [11][12][13][14]. In particular, a fiber gradually becomes slender in the direction of bottom to medium to top [13][14]17]. ...
... Some of the reported studies show that not only the length (short, medium, and long) of a fiber but also the segment (top, middle, or bottom) from where the fiber specimen has been collected may affect its material properties [11][12][13][14]. In particular, a fiber gradually becomes slender in the direction of bottom to medium to top [13][14]17]. This slenderness may cause a change in the material properties. ...
Quantifying the Uncertainty Associated with the Material Properties of a Natural Fiber
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2017
Nowadays, natural fibers have earned a great deal of attention because they help produce eco-products. Since natural fibers grow naturally and their microscopic structures cannot be controlled, their material properties exhibit a great deal of variability. This variability or uncertainty must be known beforehand to ensure the reliability of a natural-fiber-based product. In this article, we use a widely used natural fiber collected from a plant called jute to perform the tensile tests, and, then, to determine the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. We also quantify the uncertainty associated with abovementioned material properties using both statistical and logical approaches. Finally, we describe the design implications (while designing structure elements using jute fibers) of the quantified uncertainty.
View
... The surface morphology of the top, middle, and cutting portions was found different according to their thickness that was due to variation of the jute fiber maturity. The top fiber was immature, middle fiber was properly matured, and cutting portion was overmatured [11] (Figure 2). There were less pores and voids on the top portion fiber surface as compared to the surfaces of middle and cutting portions. ...
... This was due to the higher cellulose content of the middle portion [13]. One important thing is that middle portion fibers were matured, whereas the top and cutting portions were immature and overmature, respectively [11]. The tensile strength and strain to failure for all portions decreased with span length. ...
... On the other hand, Young's modulus increased with span length as found in previous research [10,11]. ...
Characterization on the Properties of Jute Fiber at Different Portions
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2015
Natural fibers are environment-friendly, biodegradable, nonabrasive, and less costly and exhibit high initial modulus and high moisture absorption. However, they have nonuniformity in their mechanical, physical, chemical, and thermal properties at different portions. For this reason, long jute fiber was cut into three different portions and subsequently characterized using single fiber tensile test, differential scanning calorimetric, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy according to top, middle, and cutting portions. The crystallinity and moisture content were measured by XRD data and moisture absorption test of the different portions of the raw jute fiber, respectively. The middle portion had better mechanical, thermal, chemical, and crystalline properties compared to the other two portions of the jute fiber. The diameter gradually became thinner from cutting to top portions. Thus the middle portion of jute fiber would be the better choice while being used as reinforcement in composites.
View
... This was due to the higher cellulose content of the middle section cotton stalk fibres [14]. The middle section fibres were matured whereas the top and root area fibres are immature and over mature, respectively [15]. Generally, the strength and stiffness of plant fibres depend on the cellulose content and the spiral angle which the bands of microfibrils in the inner secondary cell wallmake with the fibre axis. ...
... The tenacity of the fibres was slightly higher than the tenacity of flax fibres which is approximately 55cN/tex [17]. The middle section fibres were mature whereas the top and root area fibres are immature and over mature, respectively [15] this made middle section fibres stronger. The middle section fibres had elongation of 1.35%. ...
Extraction and characterisation of the mechanical properties of cotton stalk bast fibres
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • May 2016
Cotton stalks are a waste by-product of cotton farming and a problem to dispose of as they tend to harbour parasites such as pink bollworm. The stalks are normally disposed of by burning, which contributes to the emission of harmful greenhouse gases which pollute the environment. Cotton stalks were collected from Umguza region in Zimbabwe which is located 53km from Bulawayo town. The stalks were subjected to retting for 3 weeks and there after fibre extraction carried out by means of manual decortication. The fibres were then subjected to a number of tests such as tensile strength, moisture regain, linear density, density and fibre length measurement test. The fibres were characterised according to their position relative to the cotton stalk and segmented as fibres from the top section, middle section and bottom section. The test results from characterisation of the fibres were analysed using SPSS statistical software. The cotton stalk fibres have a light brownish colour and the fibre length was approximately 8.18cm. The moisture regain of the fibres was highest with fibres extracted from the root area having regain of 11.14%, fibres from the top half had moisture regain of 10.68% and fibres from the bottom half of 10.20%. The diameter of the cotton stalk fibres is 0.23mm which is similar to the diameter found in sisal fibres. The fibres have an elongation of 1.5%. The fibre yield from the cotton stalks is 23%. The cotton stalk fibres have density of approximately 1.45g/cm 3 .These fibres have possibility in various application which include fibreboards, for wall partitions, furniture applications and ceiling boards to replace solid wood materials.
View
... And that PBF 3 obtained the lowest crystallinity index results as shown in Table 2. The crystallinity index was intrinsic to each portion of papaya bast fibers (top, middle, and bottom) this was because the papaya bast fibers of each bast portions (PBF 1, PBF 2, and PBF 3) exhibit different stages of maturity (chemical compositions of papaya tree fiber cell), thus, primary and secondary cell walls consist of cellulose and lignin respectively, while lamella contains lignin and hemicellulose [27,75]. Therefore, as the chemical nature of hemicellulose is similar to that of cellulose, they can form a strong noncovalent bond mainly in PBF 2. On the other hand, hemicellulose, being extremely hydrophilic as shown in Table 2, can form a hydrated gel-like network with pectin, which is necessary to promote tenacity [1,83]. ...
Physical & mechanical and chemical properties on papaya tree bast fibers from different portions
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
This paper aims to investigate the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of papaya tree bast fibers (Carica papaya L) from different portions. Papaya bast fibers (PBFs) were extracted from the boiling process in three different portions of bast (PBF 1, PBF 2, and PBF 3). The physical properties of papaya bast fibers obtained were relative density 820–1130 kg/m³, count 14–22 Tex, diameter 600–767 µm, and wettability 78 to 86°. The mechanical properties were determined by strain (0.8–1.5%), tenacity (10.2–23.1 cN/Tex), tensile strength (4.4–7.8 MPa), Young's modulus (5.2–5.5 MPa) and specific modulus (5–6) through single fiber tensile test. Chemical properties were evaluated using FEG-SEM which showed a strong presence of cells in PBF 1, PBF 2, and PBF 3. FTIR and X-ray analysis proved that PBFs are rich in cellulose with a crystallinity index of 59.2%—67% of PBF 1 to PBF 3. The results revealed variations in the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of PBFs among different portions. The papaya bast fibers showed properties, such as lightweight, porous, and mechanical properties, which are similar to other bast fibers, which are usually used in the manufacture of composites and applied in the packaging (food industry). In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of papaya bast fibers from different portions. These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential applications of papaya bast fibers and serve as a foundation for future research and development in this field.
View
... Control jute fiber absorbed more moisture as compared to the rot-retardant-treated jute fiber in normal water, 10% NaCl solution and 10% HCl solution. The absorption trend is as follows Control>4%RR>8%RR>20%RR.This is because chemical treatment removed lignin and hemi-cellulose from the surface of natural fibers (Shahinur, Hasan, and Ahsan 2013). This may be attributed to the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and aromatic rings in the lignin. ...
Effect of Rot-Retardant Treatment on Properties of Jute Fibers
Article
  • Oct 2016
Jute natural fiber is gradually replacing traditional glass fibers as reinforcement in composites due to their higher specific modulus and lower specific gravity. For reducing rotting properties of jute fiber, rot-retardant treatment was conducted on different portions of the fiber. The rot-retardant jute fibers were characterized by tensile test, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermal and water absorption tests. The tensile properties improved in the middle portion as compared to the top and bottom portions and deteriorated after rot-retardant treatment. The diameter gradually increased from top to middle and then to bottom portion after treatment. The crystalinity index was found higher for bottom portion. Thermal properties of jute fiber also improved as compared to the control jute fiber. The rot-retardant--treated jute fiber may find satisfactory and desirable application in our house hold accessories.
View
Thesis Quantification of uncertainty of material properties and its application Sweety Shahinur
Thesis
Full-text available
  • Mar 2018
The material(s) used to produce a component or product often determine(s) its economic, functional, and sustainable characteristics. On the other hand, there are different types of materials (metals and alloys, composites, natural materials, plastics, ceramics, and foams), and each type consists of a large number of members. Therefore, selecting an optimal material for a given component or product is not only an important problem but also a difficult one to solve. Usually, the entities called material indices (MI) are used to solve a material selection problem. MI is a function that consists of some of the material properties (mechanical properties, electrical properties, magnetic properties, and sustainability properties) and applicable only to a machine element (e.g., beam). In real-life, a component cannot be characterized by a single machine element; it is a combination of several machine elements (e.g., a combination of beam, plate, and column). Therefore, there is uncertainty regarding the material indices themselves while selecting an optimal material in a real-life setting, i.e., a material index-free procedure makes a material selection process a more pragmatic one. In addition, the data regarding a material property (e.g., data regarding the tensile strength) exhibits a great deal of variability. Therefore, uncertainty associated with the data of material properties needs to be quantified before starting the process of selecting an optimal material either by a material index-based procedure or by any other means. Based on the abovementioned contemplation, one of the objectives of this thesis is to shed some light on the uncertainty quantification of material properties. The other objective is to develop a material selection model that does not depend on any material indices. Accordingly, the following chapters have been incorporated in this thesis. Chapter 1 describes the background of the thesis and reports a literature review on the uncertainty, material selection methods. It also describes the experimental works for determining the properties of the relevant materials. Chapter 2 describes the mathematical entities needed to define the uncertainty in statistical, xvi probabilistic, and possibilistic means. In addition, the mathematical entities needed for the formal computation while selecting a material is also described. Chapter 3 shows the experimental results regarding the mechanical properties, namely, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and stain to failure of a natural material called Jute. The uncertainty associated with the properties mentioned above has been quantified by using the statistical, probabilistic, and possibilistic approaches. It has been found that out of the three approaches, the possibilistic approach quantifies the uncertainty more reliably. Therefore, when one uses a material property for making a decision, its uncertainty can be put into the formal computation using a possibility distribution (e.g., a triangular fuzzy number) rather than using a probability distribution (e.g., Weibull distribution) or statistical approach. Based on this conclusion, the uncertainties associated with the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, density, CO2 footprint, recycle fractions, and water usages of 197 types of Aluminum alloys, 45 types of Titanium alloys, and 30 types of Magnesium alloys are represented by possibility distributions, as reported in Chapter 4. In addition, a decision model is also developed in Chapter 4 to select an optimal material out of the three alternatives namely, Aluminum, Titanium, and Magnesium alloys. In this decision model, the objective functions (e.g., maximize tensile strength, minimize CO2 footprint, and so on) are set by the possibility distributions, too. Three of the possibility distributions (i.e., objective functions) are for maximizing the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and recycle fractions, respectively, and the other three are for minimizing the density, CO2 footprint, and water usages. The compliance between the possibility of distribution of a material property of a type of alloys (e.g., possibility distribution of the tensile strength of Aluminum alloys) and the possibility distribution of the corresponding objective function (e.g., possibility distribution of maximizing the tensile strength) are used to make a decision. It is found that the decision model selects an optimal material even though the material properties are uncertain and the underlying material indices are not known. In Chapter 5 discusses the implications of this study in eco-product development. It also describes how the stakeholders (research organizations and researchers, designers, producers) should interact centering the material related decision making processes. Finally, Chapter 6 provides the concluding remarks of this thesis
View
Effect of Rot-, Fire-, and Water-Retardant Treatments on Jute Fiber and Their Associated Thermoplastic Composites: A Study by FTIR
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2021
Natural renewable materials can play a big role in reducing the consumption of synthetic materials for environmental sustainability. Natural fiber-reinforced composites have attracted significant research and commercial importance due to their versatile characteristics and multi-dimensional applications. As the natural materials are easily rotten, flammable, and moisture absorbent, they require additional chemical modification for use in sustainable product development. In the present research, jute fibers were treated with rot-, fire-, and water-retardant chemicals and their corresponding polymer composites were fabricated using a compression molding technique. To identify the effects of the chemical treatments on the jute fiber and their polymeric composites, a Fourier transformed infrared radiation (FTIR) study was conducted and the results were analyzed. The presence of various chemicals in the post-treated fibers and the associated composites were identified through the FTIR analysis. The varying weight percentage of the chemicals used for treating the fibers affected the physio-mechanical properties of the fiber as well as their composites. From the FTIR analysis, it was concluded that crystallinity increased with the chemical concentration of the treatment which could be contributed to the improvement in their mechanical performance. This study provides valuable information for both academia and industry on the effect of various chemical treatments of the jute fiber for improved product development.
View
  • Jan 2010
  • 238
  • S Shahinur
  • Q Ahsan
  • A K M Mahabubuzzaman
S. Shahinur, Q. Ahsan and A. K. M. Mahabubuzzaman, Int. Conf. on Magnetism and Advanced Materials (Dhaka, Bangladesh) Proceedings ID NC-19, pp 238, (2010).
  • Jan 1999
  • 221
  • A K Bledzki
  • J Gassan
A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, Progress of Polymer Science 24(2), pp 221 (1999).
  • Jan 2002
  • 872
  • A Bismarck
  • I A Askargorta
A. Bismarck and I. A. Askargorta, Journal of Springer link 23(5), pp 872 (2002).
Int. seminar on strengthening of collaboration for juta, kenaf and allied fibers Research Development
  • Jan 2011
  • M Zimniewska
  • M Waldyka
  • J Mankowski
M. Zimniewska, M. Waldyka and J. Mankowski, Int. seminar on strengthening of collaboration for juta, kenaf and allied fibers Research Development (IJSG, Dhaka) (2011).
  • Jan 1996
  • POLYM COMPOSITE
  • 910
  • B Singh
  • M Gupta
  • A Verma
B. Singh, M. Gupta and A. Verma, Polymer Composites 17(6), pp 910 (1996).
  • Jan 1996
  • POLYM DEGRAD STABIL
  • 335
  • F Khan
  • S R Ahmad
F. Khan and S. R. Ahmad, Polymer Degradation and Stability 52, pp 335 (1996).
  • Jan 2005
  • S Shahin
S. Shahin, M.Phil Thesis (Department of Chemistry, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh) (2005).
  • Jan 1999
  • J APPL POLYM SCI
  • 6230
  • J Gassan
  • A K Bledzki
J. Gassan and A. K. Bledzki, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71(4), pp 6230 (1999).