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Logic and conversation
... Conversational implicature concerns how well the speaker and the listener grasp what is being stated. Conversational implicature is an implied or extra message that allows the listener to infer the true meaning from what is stated by using the rules of effective conversation interaction (Grice, 1975). Conversational implicature, which refers to implied or explicit meaning that appears in a conversation, is included in the scope of forensic linguistics, which focuses on applying linguistic principles in legal and judicial contexts. ...
... Two types of Conversational Implicature according to Grice (1975): Generalized Conversational Implicature It occurs without needing a specific situation or setting (Grice, 1975). The specific context is unimportant in generalized conversational implicature (Chapman, 2005). ...
... Two types of Conversational Implicature according to Grice (1975): Generalized Conversational Implicature It occurs without needing a specific situation or setting (Grice, 1975). The specific context is unimportant in generalized conversational implicature (Chapman, 2005). ...
The politeness, dignity, serenity, and tranquillity should be reflected by the investigator without violence during the interrogation process. This study aims to identify the Forensic Conversational Implicature (FCI) found in a police interrogation of a murder case. A qualitative method with a philosophical approach was used, and Forensic Discourse Analysis was used as an analytical framework. A documentation study method was used to collect the data in the form of an interrogation video obtained from the Explore with Us YouTube channel. Utterances that are indicated as implicature are the data taken from the interrogation video, particularly in murder cases that happened in the U.S. In analyzing the data, deductive content analysis was applied. The results show that two types of FCI are found in this study, with particularized conversational implicature as the most dominant since it requires certain background knowledge and context to understand the investigator’s utterances. Meanwhile, generalized took second place as it does not require specific context knowledge to determine the additional conveyed meaning of several investigators’ utterances. Moreover, the reasons behind the realization of CI are under two themes, namely, gaining trust and humanity.
... Here, the recipient's inferential process plays a crucial role in the final interpretation, which may or may not align with the speaker's original intent. This type of ambiguity is deeply connected to the implicature phenomenon described by Grice in Logic and Conversation, where the speaker implies meaning through context and shared knowledge, rather than through explicit Statement [6]. Grice's theory of implicature, particularly the distinction between conventional implicatures and conversational implicatures, offers a framework for understanding how speakers and listeners navigate the grey areas between what is said and what is meant. ...
... "My manifest aim is to consider verbal exchange as a case or a special type of intentional and rational behavior [6]." ...
... propositions and rely on contextual cues rather than lexical triggers. Consider this example provided by Grice [6] A: "It seems Rossi doesn't have a girlfriend these days." B: "He has gone to New York many times recently." ...
This work aims to demonstrate that linguistic acts often constitute false executions, diverging from the established rules of a linguistic game or the maxims of cooperation. Enunciation, in this sense, relies heavily on assumptions of ambiguity and vagueness, functioning primarily through an indeterminate inferential mechanism. Were this not the case, we would be compelled to exclude from discourse a significant number of linguistic forms that deviate from established classifications. Drawing on Austin’s concept of illocutionary force and conditions of happiness, as presented in his Harvard lectures, and integrating Grice’s analysis of logic and conversation, particularly his focus on implicature, this study highlights how certain assertive-representative expressions—despite their scientific inaccuracy—can still induce behavioral changes in recipients. By examining the performative nature of language and the dynamics of inference, we aim to shed light on how speakers navigate these linguistic ambiguities, offering a more comprehensive understanding of communication’s practical functions in real-world contexts. In doing so, we challenge traditional boundaries of linguistic theory, suggesting that the role of inference and expectation is more central to communication than previously acknowledged.
... This study aims to analyze the differences and similarities in the verb systems of Indonesian and Korean from a semantic and pragmatic perspective. Using a qualitative descriptive method supported by Creswell's approach, the research examines verbs in both languages through the Prototype Theory (Rosch, 1978) and Pragmatic Theory (Grice, 1975;Brown & Levinson, 1987). Data were collected through literature reviews and document analysis, focusing on lexical analysis, categorization based on core and variant verbs, and contextual analysis based on politeness and social usage. ...
... By employing Prototype Theory (Rosch, 1978) and Pragmatic Theory (Grice, 1975;Brown & Levinson, 1987), this research examines the lexical categorization, core meanings, and contextual variations of verbs in both languages. The study applies Miles and Huberman's (1994) model for data analysis, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. ...
... Some key concepts in pragmatic theory relevant to this study include: 1) Deixisthe use of words that depend on context, such as pronouns, time, or place references. 2) Implicatureimplied meaning that is not explicitly stated in the words used (Grice, 1975). 3) Politeness and Formalityhow verb choices reflect social relationships between speakers and listeners (Brown & Levinson, 1987). ...
This study aims to analyze the differences and similarities in the verb systems of Indonesian and Korean from a semantic and pragmatic perspective. Using a qualitative descriptive method supported by Creswell's approach, the research examines verbs in both languages through the Prototype Theory (Rosch, 1978) and Pragmatic Theory (Grice, 1975; Brown & Levinson, 1987). Data were collected through literature reviews and document analysis, focusing on lexical analysis, categorization based on core and variant verbs, and contextual analysis based on politeness and social usage. The data analysis process follows Miles and Huberman's (1994) model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that Indonesian has a more flexible verb system, where a single verb can convey multiple meanings depending on the context. In contrast, Korean verbs tend to be more specific and vary according to meaning changes and levels of politeness. These differences reflect the linguistic and cultural characteristics of both languages in understanding and using verbs.
... However, to accomplish this, such a construct needs to be precisely defined. The early development of pragmatics was significantly influenced by three key theories: Speech Act Theory (Searle, 1975), focusing on the actions performed through language, such as requests or apologies; Politeness Theory (Brown and Levinson, 1987), emphasizing the social importance of maintaining and safeguarding the 'face' or self-image of both the speaker and the listener during communication; and Grice's Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975), focusing on how speakers and listeners work together to understand the intended meaning of utterances, recognizing that what is implied often goes beyond the literal words spoken. These theories later informed the development of basic concepts in pragmatics, namely pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics (Leech, 1983). ...
... Necessary pre-expansion moves, such as accounts, were often included in single turns, and requests were typically made directly. This may be attributed to the busy nature of H's role (i.e., tutor), thus adhering to the cooperative principle of being brief (Grice, 1975). In contrast, T2 (equal power) saw an increase in shorter turns, especially at the higher proficiency levels (see Table 3). ...
As more students pursue international education, the ability to communicate effectively in English-speaking environments has become essential. This also includes understanding the social and cultural nuances of language use, or pragmatic competence, which requires effective teaching and assessment methods. Traditional pragmatic assessments often focus on specific speech acts and employ discourse completion tasks. However, these approaches may not fully capture the dynamic and context-dependent nature of pragmatic language use. This research aimed to contribute to the improvement of pragmatic assessment and teaching by examining how pragmatic competence is demonstrated by B2-C2 level language learners when making requests. To achieve this, the research analyzed the relationship between language production and learners’ context analysis in spoken interactions. Thirty international university students at B2-C2 levels participated in two role-play scenarios and subsequent interviews to explore how their language use reflected their understanding of the contexts. A mixed-methods approach was adopted for data analysis. Qualitative analysis was employed to explore the nuances of speech production and interview data, complemented by quantitative analysis of participants’ evaluations of perceived imposition. The findings revealed that as proficiency levels increased, students demonstrated a deeper understanding of the social context and were better able to adapt their speech accordingly.
... However, these approaches miss an important component of many human-robot collaborative tasks, which is that the language humans tend to use in everyday scenarios is inherently ambiguous. Human speakers assume that listeners possess prior knowledge, leading them to omit certain information for efficiency (Grice 1975;Sperber and Wilson 1986;Clark 1996;Dennett 1987;Gergely et al. 1995). Resolving this ambiguity depends on leveraging other sources of information (e.g., human internal goals and historical actions) that are partially observable to the robot. ...
... First, the human assumes sufficient prior knowledge about her hidden intentions (Dennett 1987;Gergely et al. 1995), which is based on the common sense knowledge that people tend to group similar items together when tidying up, and the observation that the human is gathering books. Second, people make trade-offs between accuracy and efficiency of communication (Grice 1975;Sperber and Wilson 1986;Clark 1996). This leads to the challenge of building AI agents that can follow efficient, ambiguous speech that people naturally adopt when giving directions. ...
For AI agents to be helpful to humans, they should be able to follow natural language instructions to complete everyday cooperative tasks in human environments. However, real human instructions inherently possess ambiguity, because the human speakers assume sufficient prior knowledge about their hidden goals and intentions. Standard language grounding and planning methods fail to address such ambiguities because they do not model human internal goals as additional partially observable factors in the environment. We propose a new framework, Follow Instructions with Social and Embodied Reasoning (FISER), aiming for better natural language instruction following in collaborative embodied tasks. Our framework makes explicit inferences about human goals and intentions as intermediate reasoning steps. We implement a set of Transformer-based models and evaluate them over a challenging benchmark, HandMeThat. We empirically demonstrate that using social reasoning to explicitly infer human intentions before making action plans surpasses purely end-to-end approaches. We also compare our implementation with strong baselines, including Chain of Thought prompting on the largest available pre-trained language models, and find that FISER provides better performance on the embodied social reasoning tasks under investigation, reaching the state-of-the-art on HandMeThat.
... However, this does not include the echoic approach of Relevance Theory, which recognizes parodic irony as involving pretense. Grice (1975) initially posited that irony is intimately linked to the expression of a negative attitude or judgment. Moreover, Grice (1975) suggested that irony involves pretense, and acknowledging this pretense outright would diminish its effect. ...
... Grice (1975) initially posited that irony is intimately linked to the expression of a negative attitude or judgment. Moreover, Grice (1975) suggested that irony involves pretense, and acknowledging this pretense outright would diminish its effect. Grice's view explains irony as an implicature, particularly as a violation of the cooperative principle's maxim of quality, which states not to assert falsehoods. ...
... The pragmatics of language correspond to "the use that is made of language by integrating the context" in which it is uttered [60]. During a conversation, the addressee seeks to understand the meaning communicated by the speaker's utterance (which often goes beyond the literal meaning) and does so by means of inferences [41]. Pragmatic abilities enable the interpretation of the meaning communicated by an utterance, taking into account the context of enunciation. ...
... In the false-belief test, the test question is ambiguous. According to the principle of cooperation [41], in a conversation, the recipient of a message seeks to understand the interlocutor's expectations in order to respond to them in the best possible way. To grasp the communicative intention of the interlocutor, the recipient will make inferences, based on the utterance and the context. ...
Theory of mind is commonly assessed with the false belief task, which involves attributing a false belief to a character. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders are said to perform less well on this test than typically developing children or children with intellectual disabilities. This might suggest a deficit in theory of mind in autism, but this idea is currently being challenged. Other skills seems to be involved in the false-belief task, such as language pragmatics, the ability to interpret language in context. Indeed, the test question is ambiguous: it can lead to different interpretations. Failure could therefore be due to a difference in interpretation between the child and the experimenter. For people with limited pragmatic language skills (such as people with autism or typically developing children under 4), the pragmatic ambiguity of the test question could be an obstacle to success, even if they are otherwise able to attribute a false belief to others. Nevertheless, changing the context could improve performance: the test question, usually asked by an adult experimenter, could become less ambiguous when asked by a NAO robot presented as an ignorant student (mentor-child paradigm). 26 children with autism (and 24 children with intellectual disabilities) passed the false-belief task with a human or with a robot, in order to assess whether they perform better in this new context. The results show no improvement in performance with this paradigm, but children with ASD may have been distracted by the robot during the test, which would have diminished their success.
... Pragmatic inferences are based on the communicative principles used by a speaker within a conversation. One such principle relates to informativeness and posits that cooperative speakers should strive to offer as much information as is relevant to a dialogue (Grice 1975). Consider a scene with two toy dinosaurs: both dinosaurs have a shared feature-for example, a bandanna-and one has an additional, unique feature-for example, a headband (Frank and Goodman 2014). ...
... For instance, what might appear to be effects of speaker meaning in computing informativeness might instead arise from a comparison of what the speaker has said to other possible lexical alternatives without actually considering the speaker's intention or mental state. In contrast to this perspective, our data support the position that pragmatic inference involves mentalizing-a position at the heart of classic pragmatic models (Grice 1975;Sperber and Wilson 1986)-and cohere with other evidence pointing to close links between various pragmatic phenomena and ToM abilities in both adults and children (Fairchild and Papafragou 2021;Gollek and Doherty 2016;Matthews et al. 2018;Brosseau-Liard et al. 2015;Sabbagh and Baldwin 2001;among others). ...
Children can acquire novel word meanings by using pragmatic cues. However, previous literature has frequently focused on in‐the‐moment word‐to‐meaning mappings, not delayed retention of novel vocabulary. Here, we examine how children use pragmatics as they learn and retain novel words. Thirty‐three younger children (mean age: 5.0, range: 4.0–6.0, 21 girls; 85% White) and 33 older children (mean age: 7.5, range: 6.1–9.2, 16 girls, 66% White) participated. During learning, the sound‐meaning mapping was either readily available (Direct Mapping condition) or required pragmatic inference (Inference condition). Children's word retention was tested immediately after learning and after 10–15 min of delay. Across both conditions, children performed similarly during learning. There were no significant differences between conditions for either immediate recall or retention in younger children. Importantly, retention (but not immediate recall) in older children demonstrated a significant advantage for the Inference over the Direct Mapping condition. Word retention in the Inference condition was predicted by age and mediated by children's ToM ability. We conclude that children can successfully acquire and retain meanings via pragmatic inference; moreover, the effects of active pragmatic computation on meaning retention grow with development. Such a developmental difference in meaning consolidation is possibly mediated by children's developing ToM skills.
... It would seem that (in a situation where a man that measures 1.80 is considered not to be small) it could be argued that we are in front of a violation of the maxim of quality (Grice 1975). In that said context, it would be obvious that the person would be stating something false, which would render the reading of 50 ironic (Grice 1975, p 53). ...
Expressive morphology, on the one hand, has been analyzed in Linguistics since the eighties. It has been analyzed as different from ordinary morphology. Slurs, on the other hand, have been studied since the beginning of the 21st century. They have been studied in relation to their pejorative content and their descriptive content. Their interaction has to be analyzed. This paper deals with slur formation in Rioplatense Spanish, which has not yet been studied. Specifically, it deals with how the expressive suffix-ito can form new slurs, such as cieguito (‘blind.DIM.MASC’) and how the expressive suffix is attached to already formed slurs, such as putito (‘faggot.DIM.MASC’). It defends that there should be two-ito suffixes: a mixed one which involves size or degrees, and a pure one that allows us to form new slurs and intensify old ones.
... The fact that what speakers mean frequently goes beyond the exact meaning of what they say, is a fundamental aspect of human communication. Pragmatics is often viewed as a type of intention recognition that entails inferentially reconstructing the meaning that the speaker had in mind and wanted to convey, beyond the literal meaning of an utterance (Grice, 1975;Levinson, 2000). ...
... Betrachtet man die Arten von Ausdrücken, die zur Bildung von UR anregen (häufige, konventionelle, alltägliche Ausdrücke), gehen wir davon aus, dass die Hauptfunktion die Deautomatisierung der Kommunikation sein könnte. Die unkonventionellen Repliken erfüllen nicht die Erwartungen des Gesprächspartners und verletzen die Grice'sche Konversationsmaxime der Relevanz (Grice 1975). Čermák (2001, 95) schenkt den UR keine besondere Aufmerksamkeit; allerdings ordnet er diese Einheiten den sogenannten "polypropositionalen intersubjektiven Phrasemen" zu, womit er sie mit den zweigliedrigen Phrasemen, insbesondere den zweigliedrigen Grüßen, gleichsetzt. ...
In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Gebrauch von Synsemantika in einem besonderen Typ phraseologischer Einheiten, den sog. unkonventionellen Repliken. Dabei handelt es sich um eine nicht erwartete, nicht adäquate und dadurch unkonventionelle Reaktion auf die vorausgegangene Äußerung (hier als Stimulus bezeichnet) eines Gegenübers. Unser Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Funktion der Synsemantika sowohl in den einzelnen phraseologischen Bestandteilen von unkonventionellen Repliken als auch auf ihrer Funktion in den Stimuli, auf die diese Repliken unmittelbar folgen.
... Terciptanya implikatur dalam sebuah percakapan berarti terdapat pernyataan suatu hal secara tidak langsung. Grice (1975: 43) mengungkapkan bahwa implikatur mencakup beberapa pengembangan teori yang berhubungan antara ekspresi makna penutur dan implikasi suatu tuturan. Secara jelas Grice membagi dalam dua macam implikatur, yaitu (1) implikatur konvensional, dan (2) implikatur percakapan. ...
Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Apa saja jenis pelanggaran maksim kuantitas dan implikasi tindak tutur dalam persidangan kasus pembunuhan di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat? (2) Apa saja jenis pelanggaran maksim kualitas dan implikasi tindak tutur dalam persidangan kasus pembunuhan di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat? (3) Apa saja jenis pelanggaran maksim relevansi dan implikasi tindak tutur dalam persidangan kasus pembunuhan di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat? dan (4) Apa saja jenis pelanggaran maksim cara dan implikasi tindak tutur dalam persidangan kasus pembunuhan di Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat? Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik telaah pustaka, teknik simak dan teknik catat.
... Tra i contributi scientifici più significativi di Bruno Bara nel corso degli anni è di particolare rilievo quello della Pragmatica cognitiva, ovvero lo studio degli stati mentali delle persone impegnate in uno scambio comunicativo, con specifico riferimento all'idea che la comunicazione umana sia un'attività cooperativa tra agenti sociali che costruiscono congiuntamente e intenzionalmente il significato della loro interazione (Bara, 1999;Bara et al., 2016). In questa prospettiva, la comunicazione è un'azione sociale utilizzata per influenzare e modificare gli stati mentali altrui e il principale stato mentale coinvolto in tale processo è l'intenzione comunicativa, ovvero l'intenzione di comunicare un significato più l'intenzione che tale intenzione venga riconosciuta dall'interlocutore (Grice, 1975;Bara, 2010). La natura ricorsiva di questo processo rende chiaro perché l'analisi dei processi coinvolti in uno scambio comunicativo non possa limitarsi allo studio dei processi neurocognitivi di codifica e decodifica di parole e frasi generate dagli attori implicati in uno scambio comunicativo, ma deve includere i processi inferenziali coinvolti nella comprensione delle reciproche intenzioni comunicative. ...
Circa venticinque anni fa Bruno Bara coniava il termine Neuropragmatica, un neologismo utile a richiamare l’attenzione su un’area di studi allora non ancora consolidata e finalizzata a indagare le correlazioni tra i processi mentali coinvolti nella comunicazione, in particolare nell’attribuzione di intenzioni comunicative, e le aree cerebrali associate a tali processi. Il presente lavoro intende delineare le ricerche condotte con Bruno in questo ambito, discutendo in particolare il modello dell’Intention Processing Network proposto dal nostro gruppo di ricerca, secondo il quale un insieme di aree cerebrali è coinvolto in modo specifico e differenziato nella comprensione di diversi tipi di intenzione, comprese le intenzioni comunicative. Verranno inoltre analizzate prove indipendenti e convergenti con il modello proposto provenienti da diversi paradigmi sperimentali, tra cui gli studi di neuroimaging (in particolare gli studi sull’elaborazione narrativa, sull’elaborazione pragmatica e sulle interazioni unidirezionali), lesionali, neurodegenerativi e di stimolazione cerebrale. Le ricadute di tali risultati verranno in ultimo discusse alla luce di un approccio pragmatico alla comprensione delle azioni e in relazione al ruolo chiave delle abilità di Teoria della Mente nell’elaborazione di intenzioni comunicative.
... However, as a manipulation check, participants were asked about these base rates immediately before the critical trials for the drug. Participants might have inferred that these base rates were important (after all, why else ask about them; Grice, 1975) and therefore made special effort to use early base rates with a drug for future judgments of that drug. Even without this inference, recalling the feedback trials would likely make them more memorable than trials that required no recall (Roediger and Karpicke, 2006). ...
Graphs can help people arrive at data-supported conclusions. However, graphs might also induce bias by shifting the amount of evidence needed to make a decision, such as deciding whether a treatment had some kind of effect. In 2 experiments, we manipulated the early base rates of treatment effects in graphs. Early base rates had a large effect on a signal detection measure of bias in future graphs even though all future graphs had a 50% chance of showing a treatment effect, regardless of earlier base rates. In contrast, the autocorrelation of data points within each graph had a larger effect on discriminability. Exploratory analyses showed that a simple cue could be used to correctly categorize most graphs, and we examine participants’ use of this cue among others in lens models. When exposed to multiple graphs on the same topic, human judges can draw conclusions about the data, but once those conclusions are made, they can affect subsequent graph judgment.
... And that is justified as the speaker wants to leave a distance for the hearer to accept or refuse the idea (Black, 2006). Grice (1975) proposes his principles and he simply names it as Cooperative Principle, in which he presents four maxims: ...
Speech act theory is one the most important theories in linguistics in general and pragmatics in particular. The first part of the research is concerned with the theoretical background of speech acts while the second part is concerned with data analysis and conclusions then the references used in this research. The current study deals with the theory of speech acts that has been proposed by Austin and developed by Searle. The study focuses on the use of speech acts through baby songs. It is an Analysis of macro and auxiliary speech acts which is presented by van djik.In this study, six famous baby songs are utilized to be the data of analysis and finally Grice maxims are tackled in this study.
... Понятие семантического шума можно увязать с критериями успешной коммуникации, сформулированными в 2004 году британским философом Полом Грайсом [4]: ...
... Los argumentos más usados se refieren a la supuesta vulneración del principio de economía lingüística, que parece ser una línea roja para estos grupos de lingüistas. Como hemos señalado en otra parte (López Flamarique y Romera, 2025), sin negar la existencia de este principio, propuesto por el lingüista francés Martinet en 1964 como uno de los motores del cambio lingüístico, con posterioridad la lingüística también ha puesto de manifiesto la existencia de otros principios necesarios para la comunicación, por ejemplo, la necesidad de evitar la ambigüedad o la de respetar las normas sociales que exigen que las expresiones lingüísticas también deben transmitir respeto y jerarquía entre quienes participan en la interacción (Grice, 1975). Por lo tanto, podemos decir que el principio de economía lingüística, aunque importante, no siempre resulta ser ni lo único, ni lo prioritario para una comunicación exitosa. ...
Este estudio analiza las percepciones y actitudes de profesorado de Lengua Castellana y Literatura de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) hacia el lenguaje inclusivo en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra. Basado en un enfoque mixto, se recopilaron datos de profesorado de tres centros educativos con distintos niveles de participación en un programa de coeducación. Los resultados evidencian una polarización de posturas: mientras que un grupo minoritario defiende una perspectiva tradicionalista que considera el lenguaje como neutral y rechaza las modificaciones inclusivas, la mayoría de quienes participan identifica el potencial transformador del lenguaje inclusivo para visibilizar desigualdades y fomentar la equidad. Destaca la participación en programas de coeducación como influencia positiva en las actitudes hacia estas prácticas, aunque persisten retos en su implementación diaria. El estudio abunda en la necesidad de formación para superar resistencias y consolidar el lenguaje inclusivo como herramienta educativa y de cambio social.
... With the direct object in (11b), the speaker does not specify which stories he is referring to, he does not provide sufficient information to help the hearer identify the referred entity. Following the Grice (1975)'s Cooperative Principle, he violates the maxim of quantity, leading to implicature. In the meaning negotiation, the hearer may ask the question: Isimà bà ndéngé ndé? "Which kind of stories?". ...
This analysis deals with the semantic roles of direct and indirect objects in Embosi, a Bantu language spoken in the northern part of the Republic of Congo. Downing and Locke's (2006) integrated approach guides the work. The investigation, within Embosi grammar, reveals that direct objects attest the key thematic roles of affected, instrument, patient, phenomenon, and theme, while indirect objects systematically testify the roles of recipient and beneficiary. The work also proves the semantic ambiguity in direct objects within the roles of affected, patient and theme. The study looks at how syntax and semantics interact to show the double object construction using ditransitive verbs and the preposition object construction by moving the indirect object to the prepositional object. The analysis also proves the similarities between Embosi and Lingala languages within semantic roles. Finally, the work demonstrates how the context-dependent aspect plays a crucial role in interpreting and resolving the function of direct and indirect objects in Embosi.
... The role of presupposition in information efficiency can be connected to Grice's Cooperative Principle, particularly the maxim of Quantity, which suggests that communication should not be too verbose or too sparse (Grice, 1975). Advertisers use presupposition to provide the right balance of information-sufficient for the consumer to understand the message and engage with the advertisement, but without overwhelming them with excessive detail. ...
Pragmatic presupposition, as a linguistic mechanism, plays a crucial role in conveying implicit meanings and is widely employed in various types of advertisements. This study examines the use of pragmatic presuppositions in English advertising slogans for new energy vehicles (NEVs), focusing on their frequency distribution and strategic functions. Utilizing a corpus-based approach, this research systematically analyzes a substantial collection of NEV advertising slogans to identify predominant presupposition types and their communicative effects. The findings reveal that belief presuppositions (35%) and state presuppositions (30%) are the most frequently employed, whereas behavior presuppositions (20%) and fact presuppositions (15%) appear less commonly. These variations are interpreted in relation to social background, technological advancements, and consumer psychology. The results suggest that advertisers strategically emphasize environmental consciousness and technological superiority through belief and state presuppositions to capture consumer interest and foster brand identification. This study not only enhances the understanding of pragmatic presuppositions in NEV advertisements but also provides theoretical insights for future advertising design and marketing strategies.
... In level 3, the basic knowledge and competencies of level 2 are reviewed and expanded. In particular, the linguistic transfer is analysed in depth from the point of view of • the Gricean cooperative principle (Grice, 1975); ...
In French-speaking Belgium, public service (PS) interpreting in languages of larger diffusion is taught in daytime university courses. For training in languages of lesser diffusion, the main challenges are to gain access to the target audience, to design a curriculum that closely meets the needs of the stakeholders in the field, to give access to higher education to would-be interpreters, and to develop interpreting skills in multilingual classrooms. The solutions have given rise to a four-level modular and out-of-school-hour university-level training and education programme, elaborated in close links with PS interpreting providers. This article details the challenges, solutions, educational content, certification system, assessment grid and main learning methods of this programme and outlines future developments. The region has stepped up its efforts since the 2000s and now has a pool of trained PS interpreters, who can further their professional development by taking part in a tailor-made process of continuing education at university level.
... ' Irrespective of the simplicity of the single narrative, students are keenly aware that ChatGPT may produce false information and lacks the citation for students to verify its output steering them away from the technology. For Conversational User Interfaces (CUIs) in particular, these errors would violate Grice's quality maxim [27] and lead to a hesitancy in tool acceptance [28]. In prior literature, educators have expressed that students might overlook the violation of maxims and instead believe the output of an AI without question [11], while other researchers have found that users under-trust AI output often to their own disadvantage [29]. ...
Large language models (LLMs) are transforming how students learn by providing readily available tools that can quickly augment or complete various learning activities with non-trivial performance. Similar paradigm shifts have occurred in the past with the introduction of search engines and Wikipedia, which replaced or supplemented traditional information sources such as libraries and books. This study investigates the potential for LLMs to represent the next shift in learning, focusing on their role in information discovery and synthesis compared to existing technologies, such as search engines. Using a within-subjects, counterbalanced design, participants learned new topics using a search engine (Google) and an LLM (ChatGPT). Post-task follow-up interviews explored students' reflections, preferences, pain points, and overall perceptions. We present analysis of their responses that show nuanced insights into when, why, and how students prefer LLMs over search engines, offering implications for educators, policymakers, and technology developers navigating the evolving educational landscape.
... Volume 6 Issue 2, Fall 2024 A noteworthy contribution towards language in use is from Grice's (1975) theory of conversational implicate. It views communication as a cooperative act which is regulated by four maxims, namely: quality, quantity, manner, and relation. ...
In the present information age, media texts play a dual purpose of transmitting information as well as being a decisive factor to develop public opinions by creating relevant discourse as per the demand of those with particular interests. Such a situation necessitates a critical inquiry into media texts to desensitize the readers to avoid taking media texts at face value. However, the complex nature of such texts requires multi-perspectivism which is made possible through interdisciplinary studies (Hansen, 2011; Klein, 2004). The pragmatic stylistic framework developed by Black (2006), a combination of two domains, provides us with the tools to disentangle the intricacies of such texts and to read between the lines. In the same vein, the present study utilizes Black’s (2006) pragmatic stylistic framework to identify the linguistic and stylistic strategies and also to explore how the language resources are manipulated and used as a tool to depict the interplay of power relations based on difference in position, authority or situation. The data for the current pursuit comprises 30 front-page headlines from The Daily Dawn and The News International. The data analysis process follows the analytical paradigm of descriptive qualitative interpretation in conjunction with Black’s pragmatic stylistic framework (2006). The findings of the study reveal a significant role played by the pragmatic stylistic features in creating and maintaining power relations in newspaper headlines. The findings further validate that linguistic resources are exploited in a way to influence readers’ perception of the reported event and to implicitly project newsmakers’ ideologies. The findings highlight the need to sensitize the readers to such linguistic manoeuvres in order to help them avoid taking the media texts at face value.
... Interestingly, risk perception did not change at all between conditions. This confirms previous evidence that even when information is framed in a positive way and is intended to reduce risk perception, the mere fact that information is presented leads people to assume that a behaviour involves substantial risk, because of pragmatic conversational norms 53 . Additionally, people systematically overestimate the likelihood of low probability events described in semantic terms such as "low risk" or "people may occasionally experience", and presenting semantic information about the risks of engaging in a new behaviour makes people less likely to engage in that behavior 31 . ...
Although immunization through vaccination is one of the most successful public health interventions, coverage of some vaccination programs has decreased in recent years due to increased vaccine hesitancy. Cognitive biases have been shown to play an important role in affecting vaccine hesitancy. In this study, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (N = 2000, N = 1000 from Spain and N = 1000 from Bulgaria), where subjects were randomly assigned to one experimental condition. The experimental conditions differed by whether electronic product information (ePI) was presented to the subjects and by the type of information that was made more salient to the patient. The current study showed that the provision of digital information in the form of ePI has important consequences for achieving high vaccination rates. The main result suggests that providing vaccination information in the form of ePI can increase patients’ vaccine hesitancy. This effect remained when positive and/or negative information in the ePI was made more salient to the patients. Additionally, we observe that vaccine hesitant individuals spend less time reading ePI. We conclude, by relating the current study to the relevant literature, that salience and information overload could be the main driver of vaccine hesitancy in the context of this study.
... In both versions, Neblett's statement "That's useful to know"/"Maemotte oshiete moratte yokatta 前もって教えてもらってよかった" (I am glad you told me in advance) violates the maxim of quality (cf. Grice 1975) and employs antiphrasis, and may therefore be taken as ironic. Also, his slow nod could be interpreted as an annoyed or irritated gesture, which also implies irony and a form of indirect criticism in his statement. ...
This article discusses the phenomenon of irony in written Japanese language, exploring its expression, usage, and interpretation. As a first step, the definition of irony within the German and English academic literature is examined to facilitate the development of a framework for identifying hiniku and aironī , the Japanese equivalents for the investigated concept. A comprehensive analysis based on Japanese literature has revealed definition criteria akin to those found in German and English research literature. Based on the identified criteria, the empirical section of this article examines ironic passages from the novel Rivers of London (2011) by Ben Aaronovitch. Furthermore, the Japanese translation of the novel (2013) is analysed and compared with the English original to determine if and how the intended irony has been conveyed in the Japanese edition.
... By simplifying linguistic analyses, formal vagueness and data idealization can enhance a reader's feeling of understanding, thereby increasing a theory's perceived explanatory power. The explanatory telos thus introduces pragmatic incentives to seek rhetorical clarity at the expense of rigor, effectively balancing Grice's (1975) maxim of manner against the maxim of quality. Indeed, according to Chesi (forthcoming: 30), generativists' dismissal of computational methods consists in large part of "skepticism towards the inherent complexity of [such] methods." ...
Chesi's (forthcoming) target paper depicts a generative linguistics in crisis, foreboded by Piantadosi's (2023) declaration that "modern language models refute Chomsky's approach to language." In order to survive, Chesi warns, generativists must hold themselves to higher standards of formal and empirical rigor. This response argues that the crisis described by Chesi and Piantadosi actually has little to do with rigor, but is rather a reflection of generativists' limited social ambitions. Chesi ties the fate of generative linguistics to its intellectual merits, but the current success of language model research is social in nature as much as it is intellectual. In order to thrive, then, generativists must do more than heed Chesi's call for rigor; they must also expand their ambitions by giving outsiders a stake in their future success.
Perry and Recanati have argued that thought and speech can concern entities that they do not represent. This is possible because speakers and thinkers are pragmatically situated within their environs. I argue that thought and speech can go much farther than that. Consider a semi‐nomadic tribe who tell the time only by sundials, and who say such things as, “Everywhere we go, we dine at 7”. Their speech and cognition can thus transcend the local environment, and concern remote entities without the aid of either representation, or the context of utterance, or that of assessment.
The Manual section of the Handbook of Pragmatics, produced under the auspices of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), is a collection of articles describing traditions, methods, and notational systems relevant to the field of linguistic pragmatics; the main body of the Handbook contains all topical articles. The first edition of the Manual was published in 1995. This second edition includes a large number of new traditions and methods articles from the 24 annual installments of the Handbook that have been published so far. It also includes revised versions of some of the entries in the first edition. In addition, a cumulative index provides cross-references to related topical entries in the annual installments of the Handbook and the Handbook of Pragmatics Online (at https://benjamins.com/online/hop/), which continues to be updated and expanded. This second edition of the Manual is intended to facilitate access to the most comprehensive resource available today for any scholar interested in pragmatics as defined by the International Pragmatics Association: “the science of language use, in its widest interdisciplinary sense as a functional (i.e. cognitive, social, and cultural) perspective on language and communication.”
The Manual section of the Handbook of Pragmatics, produced under the auspices of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), is a collection of articles describing traditions, methods, and notational systems relevant to the field of linguistic pragmatics; the main body of the Handbook contains all topical articles. The first edition of the Manual was published in 1995. This second edition includes a large number of new traditions and methods articles from the 24 annual installments of the Handbook that have been published so far. It also includes revised versions of some of the entries in the first edition. In addition, a cumulative index provides cross-references to related topical entries in the annual installments of the Handbook and the Handbook of Pragmatics Online (at https://benjamins.com/online/hop/), which continues to be updated and expanded. This second edition of the Manual is intended to facilitate access to the most comprehensive resource available today for any scholar interested in pragmatics as defined by the International Pragmatics Association: “the science of language use, in its widest interdisciplinary sense as a functional (i.e. cognitive, social, and cultural) perspective on language and communication.”
The Manual section of the Handbook of Pragmatics, produced under the auspices of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), is a collection of articles describing traditions, methods, and notational systems relevant to the field of linguistic pragmatics; the main body of the Handbook contains all topical articles. The first edition of the Manual was published in 1995. This second edition includes a large number of new traditions and methods articles from the 24 annual installments of the Handbook that have been published so far. It also includes revised versions of some of the entries in the first edition. In addition, a cumulative index provides cross-references to related topical entries in the annual installments of the Handbook and the Handbook of Pragmatics Online (at https://benjamins.com/online/hop/), which continues to be updated and expanded. This second edition of the Manual is intended to facilitate access to the most comprehensive resource available today for any scholar interested in pragmatics as defined by the International Pragmatics Association: “the science of language use, in its widest interdisciplinary sense as a functional (i.e. cognitive, social, and cultural) perspective on language and communication.”
The Manual section of the Handbook of Pragmatics, produced under the auspices of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), is a collection of articles describing traditions, methods, and notational systems relevant to the field of linguistic pragmatics; the main body of the Handbook contains all topical articles. The first edition of the Manual was published in 1995. This second edition includes a large number of new traditions and methods articles from the 24 annual installments of the Handbook that have been published so far. It also includes revised versions of some of the entries in the first edition. In addition, a cumulative index provides cross-references to related topical entries in the annual installments of the Handbook and the Handbook of Pragmatics Online (at https://benjamins.com/online/hop/), which continues to be updated and expanded. This second edition of the Manual is intended to facilitate access to the most comprehensive resource available today for any scholar interested in pragmatics as defined by the International Pragmatics Association: “the science of language use, in its widest interdisciplinary sense as a functional (i.e. cognitive, social, and cultural) perspective on language and communication.”
In the actual communicative language, people sometimes deliberately violate the Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in order to produce Conversational Implicature for the sake of conversation. Dialogue in literature, as a special conversation, can also be analyzed by pragmatic theory. Persuasion is Jane Austen’s last novel, which tells the story of a young man and woman from different backgrounds who are reunited after a difficult time and finally come to a happy ending. This novel has been studied from different perspectives over the years. In China, some scholars have explored the paradoxes of self-concern and altruism in Persuasion from the perspective of emotional recognition; some scholars have studied the image of the navy in Persuasion; some scholars have focused on the feminism and gender relations embodied in the novel; and some scholars have discussed the marriage model in Persuasion. Foreign scholars have mainly focused on the analysis of the novel’s characters and the study of the romanticism and feminism in the novel. However, few scholars have explored the conversational implicature of the dialogues in Persuasion. Therefore, this paper intends to explore and interpret the conversational implicature of some dialogues in Jane Austen’s Persuasion from the perspective of Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leach’s Politeness Principle, aiming to reveal the personality of the novel’s main characters, Anne and Winterworth, and other characters, so as to help readers better understand the novel’s theme.
У статті досліджено розвиток поглядів на метафору від класичних риторичних теорій до сучасних когнітивно-лінгвістичних підходів. Зокрема розглянуто компаративістську концепцію Арістотеля, теорію інтеракції А. Річардса та М. Блека, прагматичну теорію Дж. Серля, лінгвістичні концепції та когнітивну теорію Дж. Лакоффа і М. Джонсона. З’ясовано вплив зазначених теорій на формування сучасного погляду на метафору як лінгвокогнітивний феномен. Компаративістська концепція Арістотеля лягла в основу класичного визначення метафори як перенесення імені з одного предмета або явища на інший через їхню подібність. Вона розглядає метафору як мовну аномалію, яка робить мовлення відмінним від буденного. Інтеракціоністський підхід близький до сучасного погляду на метафору як на когнітивний феномен, уважає метафору повсякденним феноменом, який пронизує наше мовлення. Згідно із цим підходом метафоричною є насамперед думка, яка й продукує метафори в мовленні. Прагматична теорія підкреслює важливість контексту та мовленнєвої інтенції в інтерпретації метафоричних висловів. У процесі аналізу досліджень лінгвістичної природи метафори виокремлено три основні погляди: метафора як спосіб існування значення слова, як явище синтаксичної семантики і як спосіб транслювання смислу в комунікативному акті. Когнітивна теорія розглядає метафору не лише як мовне явище, а і як когнітивний механізм, що структурує людське сприйняття світу. Вплив когнітивного підходу на розуміння природи метафори виявляється в тому, що її розглядають як ментальну операцію, яка дозволяє структурувати абстрактні поняття через більш конкретні сфери досвіду. Це змінює традиційний погляд на метафору як суто риторичний засіб, демонструє її фундаментальну роль у процесах мислення. Метафора перестала сприйматися лише як мовний засіб і постала як феномен, що пронизує всі сфери когнітивної діяльності людини. Аналізовані у статті концепції суттєво вплинули на формування сучасного погляду на метафору як на універсальний когнітивний механізм. Вони дозволяють розглядати метафору не лише як мовну одиницю, а як важливий елемент концептуальної організації знань, що відіграє визначальну роль у процесах пізнання та комунікації.
The purpose of this research is to determine the type of Assumption and the dominant of Assumption contained in Sang Pemimpi film. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method that aims to describe the data with the. The data of this research is Sang Pemimpi Film. The data in this study were obtained from conversations between characters in the Film The source of research data comes from this film script. Data collection was conducted using observation, taking notes, and reduction. The implied meaning of each type of Assumption is determined based on the context of the situation. The researcher found 42 utterances in Sang Pemimpi's film with details: existential Assumption 11 (26%), factive Assumption 9 (21%), structural Assumption 9(21%), counter-factual Assumption 7 (17%), lexical Assumption 4 (10%) and non-factive Assumption 2 (5%). Based on the results of this research, six types of Assumptions and Assumptions are most often found in this film. Assumption can be informally defined as an inference or a proposition. Its truth is taken for granted in the utterance of sentences. The listener can capture other information apart from the interpretation.
This study explores the gap between research and the effective communication of innovations in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on the dissemination of scientific information to peasants in Misungwi District, Tanzania. It specifically analyses leaflets and interviews with peasants, agricultural officers, WEOs, and TARI officials in the district. Using qualitative analytical techniques and drawing on Text Comprehension Theory and Grice’s Cooperative Principle, the study identifies several barriers to effective communication: the use of jargon, non-intuitive text structures, inaccurate imagery, typography and semantic errors, and challenges in selecting appropriate communication channels. These issues collectively hindered the peasants’ ability to comprehend the agricultural information provided. These findings highlight the urgent for institutions like TARI to establish dedicated language and communication departments responsible for refining and simplifying their communication strategies, thereby minimising unnecessary barriers to information access for rural populations.
The Relationship Between Translation Studies and Linguistics Buğra KAŞ A Short Cultural History of the English Language Atalay GÜNDÜZ A Sociolinguistic Perspective on Social Class and Translation Dilara BAL Şaban KÖKTÜRK At the Intersection of Meaning: Pragmatics in Language Teaching and Translation Seda DEMİR Pragmatics and Translation Burcu AYDIN Evaluation of English Textbooks in Türki̇ye From the Viewpoint of Sociolinguistics Lale Gökçe GENÇ Nimet ÇOPUR Psycholinguistic Dynamics in Translation Süleyman KASAP
This paper presents a conceptual and theoretical investigation into computational mechanisms designed to achieve creative outcomes. It introduces an innovative framework, rooted in Dimensional Analysis, to operationalise the proposed system. The study explores the potential linkage between the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) paradigm and creativity, highlighting the need for a more precise application of this paradigm in theoretical scenarios. It seeks to examine and develop corroborative measures or computational techniques to elucidate the process of transforming data into wisdom, with a particular focus on the role of creativity in this transformation. The current literature offers limited insight into the creative aspects of data processing, with scant emphasis on conceptualising or defining methods, frameworks, or approaches for quantitatively assessing creativity. Addressing this gap, our research proposes a methodological approach based on Dimensional Analysis, integrating specific creative strategies within a Creative Computing framework. This methodology capitalises on the attributes of creativity in data processing to inspire and guide users, necessitating the development of a novel computational approach that diverges from traditional methodologies. It aims to instil foundational creativity and facilitate the generation of creative outcomes from data. Dimensional Analysis is employed to address the complexities inherent in physical problems, simplifying the variable landscape and enabling preliminary inferences on unresolved issues. This approach is instrumental in providing insights and theoretical guidance for creativity research, highlighting the significance of Dimensional Analysis in enhancing our understanding of creative processes within computational frameworks. This paper underscores the conceptual and theoretical nature of the study, aiming to contribute to the body of knowledge on the intersection of creativity, the DIKW paradigm, and computational techniques.
These past few years have marked a growing interest in multimodality, interaction and eye-gaze in the interpretation and understanding of discourse. Eye-gaze, for example, plays a central role in face-to-face interaction and stance taking because it helps discourse participants coordinate with each other. Such visual markers help the interlocutors/audience to intersubjectively connect to the same common ground on which they construe their meanings. The case of humor has also received more attention from a multimodal perspective since it follows the same patterns of meaning construction and coordination. Elements that are salient to the humorous interpretation will be emphasized using either prosodic cues or visual markers, such as facial expressions and head movements. In this paper, we explore the use of such nonverbal discourse markers with the use of humor in the American presidential debates of 2016 and 2020, analyzing their role on the humorous stance.
Critical stylistics investigates ideologies, ideas, and views in literary and texts, whether visible or hidden. It seeks to describe the linguistic choices made by speakers or authors in terms of their ideational viewpoints, thoughts, and meaning. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to conduct a critical stylistic analysis of interior monologues from Ahlam Mosteghanemi's novel (Chaos of the senses). Interior monologues are monologues or speeches delivered on stage by a single character conveying his or her thoughts and feelings. Ideology is expected to be present in all forms of language. Ahlam Mosteghanemi's language is thus assumed to have some of these ideologies inside its structure; but, what type of ideology may be discovered in Ahlam Mosteghanemi's interior monologue? Through the textual-conceptual functions suggested by Jeffries (2010), Critical Stylistics investigates what the text is doing. It is firstly hypothesized that: There is a typical interior monologue in depicting the characters. Secondly, there is an ideology or ideologies behind the analyzed literary texts like novels. The study concludes that Ahlam Mosteghanemi's language reflects a considerable deal of ideology, both hidden and obvious.
Recent experimental literature has investigated across-scale variation in scalar implicature calculation, probing why lexical scales differ from each other in their likelihood of being strengthened (e.g. old not ancient v. smart not brilliant). But in existing studies of this scalar diversity, less attention has been paid to potential variation introduced by the carrier sentences that scales occur in. In this paper, we carry out a systematic investigation of the role of sentential context on scalar diversity, focusing on scales formed by two gradable adjectives. We find within-scale variation: different subject nouns (e.g. The employee is smart v. The scientist is smart) have a significant effect on how robustly a scalar implicature arises. We then explore the relationship between a noun’s prior likelihood of exhibiting the stronger adjectival property (e.g. brilliance) and the rate of implicature calculation, and find that they are negatively correlated. We also test whether a previously identified factor in scalar diversity, adjectival threshold distance between the weaker (smart) and stronger (brilliant) adjective, is sensitive to the subject noun manipulation, but do not find evidence for this. In addition to their theoretical import, our findings also highlight the methodological importance of controlling carrier sentences.
Refusal is an essential aspect of communication that can lead to discomfort for both the refuser and the recipient. Speakers employ various refusal strategies to mitigate potential conflict and maintain social harmony. This study examines the refusal expressions used by Indonesian female university students studying Japanese and native Japanese female university students. It aims to explore how these two groups use refusal strategies in different academic settings: irai (requests), sasoi (invitations), and teian (suggestions), when interacting with both close and less close friends. Data were collected from 60 respondents using an Oral Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and analyzed based on Beebe et al.’s (1990) refusal semantic formula. The findings reveal that both groups predominantly use indirect strategies over direct ones across all scenarios. They also employ four main semantic categories in their refusals: fuka (denial), shazai (apology), riyuu (reason), and tamerai (hesitation), with riyuu and tamerai being the most frequently used. However, a notable difference emerged when refusing close friends: Indonesian Japanese learners exhibited a stronger tendency to preface refusals with shazai, suggesting a possible influence from their native language and cultural norms. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of intercultural pragmatics and the influence of linguistic background on refusal strategies. Future research may explore refusal expressions in broader social contexts to investigate cultural and linguistic influences on politeness strategies.
This research delves into the linguopragmatic characteristics of communicative practice between humans and chatbot GPT. The research explores the evolving dynamics of human–machine communication through a detailed analysis of dialogic interactions, semantic coherence, and pragmatic connectivity in German and Russian languages. Drawing on linguistic theories and computational models, the research highlights the structural and semantic cohesion of stimulating turns and reaction turns in dialogues, shedding light on the intricate nature of communication with chatbots. The research also examines the cognitive mechanisms involved in interpreting speech acts, such as implicature, presupposition, and entailment, within human-chatbot interactions. By investigating the functional roles performed by neural network chatbots, the authors aim to elucidate the specificity and correlation of communication practices in the realm of artificial intelligence. Furthermore, the analysis delves into the application of Gricean maxims in designing analytical conversational behavior for chatbots. The research underscores the relevance of further research to refine linguocognitive models for chatbots, enhancing the efficacy of communicative interactions.
This paper outlines and motivates a degrees view of compositionality. The degrees view says that the meanings of complex natural language expressions are determined by the meanings and syntactic structure of their parts to varying degrees. The initial motivation for proposing such a view is that it solves a serious problem with the compositionality principle, which arises if the meanings of complex expressions are taken to be fully determined by the meanings and combinatorial structure of their parts. This seems to be the standard understanding of compositionality, but natural languages are ripe with expressions, whose meanings are compositionally underdetermined. This striking feature of natural languages is captured by the degrees view, which attributes an undiminished role to compositionality and proposes that complex expressions are generally compositional, albeit with varying intensity. In order to provide further motivation for the degree-theoretic perspective, this paper also examines the meta-semantics of idiomatic phrases, which are widely held to defy compositionality by definition. As predicted by the degrees view, the analysis reveals that there are different types of idiomatic phrases, some of which are more compositional than others.
Metafora dalam puisi memiliki peran penting dalam menyampaikan makna yang lebih dalam dan memperkaya pengalaman estetik pembaca. Penelitian ini menganalisis penggunaan metafora dalam kumpulan puisi karya K.H. Mustofa Bisri melalui pendekatan pragmatik. Fokus utama penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis metafora yang digunakan serta mengkaji fungsi pragmatik yang terkandung di dalamnya. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian ini menganalisis data berdasarkan teori metafora konseptual dari Lakoff dan Johnson serta teori tindak tutur pragmatik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metafora dalam puisi-puisi K.H. Mustofa Bisri tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai sarana ekspresi estetis, tetapi juga memiliki peran komunikatif yang kuat dalam menyampaikan pesan moral, nilai-nilai keislaman, serta kritik sosial. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa penggunaan metafora dalam puisi-puisinya sering kali bersifat reflektif dan simbolis, mencerminkan pengalaman spiritual dan pemikiran sufistik penyair. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pemaknaan metafora dalam puisi tidak hanya bergantung pada struktur bahasa, tetapi juga pada konteks sosial dan budaya yang melingkupinya.
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