Content uploaded by Xenia Schmalz
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Xenia Schmalz on Oct 17, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Evidence for two distinct parsing stages in nonword reading
aloud: A study in Russian
!"#
$%&&'$%&()(&&*)&"
&(
++&' +)&&$!,"&(
(("&
&&)!)&$%&&&&(
-)' ()"
#$%&&'+)&!,"&((("&
+%)"&. /.0).%/123425.
)'5
Abstract
6)%&(%&&&'"7&&"&.
"&"8&(%'&&"&%()
(7"&987"&)&'&&&)%).-
8&9&)'&))'&&:%('&"
&)%(&8&+;"&&&"&&8&)'
"7%).&8%&")8)&98"&8
&)%"&/<=&'""%&<>=&8&+;
"&9%&&&")&("%)&)<=%'
&&:%&+<.).?@ABCCD?@EBCFC=&8&+;"&
&&%&")&%&:&:%&).G"&
"))&&&&")+;"&&(%%%&""&&
("%)&)&&&+;"&%&:&:%
.
Keywords:)8"7%)8&&.
)'5
Evidence for two distinct parsing stages in nonword reading aloud: A
study in Russian
F%&')&%"&&'%)('
&)%(.G,"""%)&%.H&&
&&&&&(&'&&.&&7
"&"8(&&&(%&)'")&/'%&
8I&"J&7"&&&&&)"%t, ou,ch7"&
%&(&%.'&&"&)"&&)%
)&7&&&%),"&7"&8
8%"&&)".
G"&%%8&&)&%"()
%)&&&)&"7"&.&")%)7
&")"&&&<.).K8(223D!"L)3D(
3D&G2M4D(L7&:6)N)
22MD(N)L7333=%,"&7"&&&
&&"&%)%".G,"&'&&"'&
"&8%&&'&"7(&&'&&&
<.).OG'&$33#D(3D&.3#=.&"
8&%&')%8)%'&&&
&&"&&&%&)%<!"L)3D(&
.22MD(&.333=.G&"&7")%%&%
&"%&&)"&8P%"&/88&&I&"J
%7&(&&988&&')%7"
'"&8"&&%"&"C&QR9C.
)'5
&9(&&&&"&&&&%&&%"&&
&)%"&%()&(.G%(%&&'
%((78&&)&"7')"&(%"7"&
&&8. %8&&%((78%&
&)%:(7"&<.).&&.2M4DG'&22=.!&
"))&&&&+;:&"&"'&&&)%&&'&
''&)8&%<+&K&G+&&35D+&
+&&3D+&$7+&&3#=.H%+&+&&
<3#=8&&&%()&'7'(%&8"&&
'&"8/&"8&8"&8'7&8(7
7"(<.).oasis8&oa"&%&%&(7=.&
&)%&"&"&")&"78)&%''8
"&&%&&(%&%&&&&8&9)
%&&&88&,"&"&'&)%
%)"&<.).opera=.&7'%&&"&"&
%&&')"))&&&'&7"&&:"'&8
8))%&%"&%&("&).
+;:7%)%&&+&&$"
<+$=1C11<(N)N33SD(N)N
33=.-%:&)%&&&&88&&%
&&&&&%&'&<&&'(7=8
<'&'(7=.G%&'""%)
7(7&"&","&&&"(&&'&&
&8&(%)&).G"&%)
)#'5
%&"&'%"&"&&'"&&+;&"&""&%
8&&"())"&&"&".
G&,"&8&("%))%%)
%&&8&&%"&''&&)'
&)%.&+$1C11&&&)%%&
)%&%&7&)%&"&""&&"&:&&
)%<.).th, sh=%&)"&.G"&%)'&&
&)&)%%&%%)'&&&&)&+;:&%&
<(&.33=.)'&)8&&8&
%&"%)&"&&&)')%%)<T"%9
$3=/&7'(%&%"%&&&8:&&
)%<.).th=&&8:&&&"&<.).tr=.G8
'''"&'&%"&&9"))&)
&&("&)&&)"8&&8&%&
%&8.
H&&&"88&&&&&/&
%)"")(%)&).G(%&%%
&7''&7(&&%&:&:%&)<!"L)33MD
!&!$F9&33=7"&7(&+;&"&"'&&&&)
<+&+&&3#=.U&&8%&"7
"&8'&&&&'%)8'<(&.333D
&.3#DG'&22DG!"KFF:K7:
6&(225=.K('&&%%&&&)&"&&&%&
%"D8&&&'"")&(&)
'"8)&<T"%9&.3=.
)5'5
&'"&&)&&%"()%)8"&
"&)%(8))'&&:%()
&&&)P%"&<+&&"(35=.U'
&&&&"&%%&%"&'&&&&"
7&:%&<.).CC=%&'&<CFC=.K(
'"&&'&"&'&%&&
&8AVWXY'&"&'%&'8.&&
)7(&")8/&'87(&8е, ё, и, ю,я
'&<'&/'&.).неCFC=.+&(&"&
%"&'&&. I'&)J8&&:'&)
"&%&<AZEDYZ[DWZ\&.=D&%"&'&8%8&
&&&'+;"&%<.).&(7нэ,CC
не,CFC=.
6"&&:%&"&&"&&F&('"
)%:&:%%&(&%&&&&&(
8(%%(/&'8%&<&8=8&7
%"&(7&')%:%"<&.
35=.G7)"&&%"&'"&'&7"&
&"7,"&&&&8(.&8+;"&"
)(%&'&&%"&8&&&.
G'&&'%&:&:%+;,")"&(
%&&&)%"&.
G%'&&&:%&"&)%(
8"&&8:&&&&&"(&%()
'+;"&.G&&&&%7&&)%8
)4'5
7"&,"&.H%!&&.<33=&"
&''&'")&&%&:&:"%%))%
$"&.$"&&,"&'8"&:&&%<.).oeC"/C=7"&
&&:&%<c[o]C9CDc[i]CC=%&&)&
&&&7""%&."&&''"&&8&)
"7&"&'&&"(""&&'&&
8&&&&'&.
6"&8&&&%()'"+;"&
&''&%)&).H&8"""%&%)&&"(&
(&)'%)<!"L)33MD!&&.33D(
3DG'&33=.-""%&"%)<>=&
7&8&&&&%%&'"&&&.&
&'"&&&)""%&88
)"&.%&&(&'&"%&''&%&
%&'&"%&.&"&&)%)&"8&
"%&79&&)%"&.G"&'&"%&''&
%&'"7"&&&)%"&8%()
&(.&9(&&&%"&"%&(%:&)'&
%)%8(7%&'&%&:&:%%
<!"L)33MD!&&.33D(3=.
&""%&%"&8&&8&"
"%&8&+;"&<+>;=8"''&)&&)&
&&&""%&&&7&8F&&)%
(7<+;>+;=.G8""%%&8%((788"
7%&)%&%&7&(7&"&".+;"&
)S'5
8"'&"&7"&'&)%(78;+
"&8&89(&7%%&''&&'&&
&)%(77"(.&&(&%7&&%)'&
&'"&(%)%.'&&&"%&)+;
"&"7%())8&8)&&P
%"&<.)."%&)&+;"&]>ACC"7&&&
"%&)&"&]>ECFC=7"&""%&8"(&&&
'&&%"&''&&.
%"&&&&&('+;"&&&%&:
&:%&)8%"&&")&&'&/
(8&&"7(8&&'&&%"&7(
888&&&&'"&%"&<..а, о, у, ы, э=.
G7&")&')"&8 )<&+&&
22M=.G$""&+<$+=')"<+&&&
(T)N)33="&&&"7)
%&&&:7(:&&'."%)&"
&&&'"&%"&.'&"7,"&8'&&&
&(&&&%"&'"'&'&%"&
&8&&.G%%&"&'&"8)8
%"&&%&&8&&&&
%"&<&+&&22M=.&$+&%7&%&
&&:&"<'&%&'"'&$+
&.35=.&&&&&:&"%&&
)$+.H%&)%ch%"C&^C<I"J=7(
'"&7"&&%"&)&C9C8&"7(&
)M'5
<IJ=.+&&:&"&&7)%:%
%"&(7&%"&'))%<&
7%&)%ch=.
G$+%&&&8"'8(''&"8
88&'&&&"&88&
&&&'"&%"&.G8"%(&&%&&
)"&:&&&('+;"&""7)
&&&:7(:&&%.G8"&"))&&&)"&
&%&&/898'"&)%&&"&)
&&&''&)"%<.).&&.2M4D(&.
333D&.3#DG'&"225=.&&&,"&&
&&&&"+;"&")&&)'"7%&:&:%
)&.6&$+8"%&&&8(''&8"""&
&'&&&(&%'"7)&+$1C118"
%&&&&&%%&&)%&%&7'%&:&:%
&&&&&%"&&'&&"&
<(&.33S=.&&&88"'8(''&7"+;
"&"на<CC=не<F=8"7%%&(&&
%)&&8&"&&&&&)'&&:7(:&&%).
"(8%(&8%"&/""%&&&%(
"%)%&8(%"&&&%&&&:7(:&&
)%")8)%)%.$"&&
)"&('+;"&8%&7&(''&)"
&'&+;"&"%&<+>;=%&8&"%&
&&<;>+=.'%)(&(%)%&
)2'5
""%&''&"7&)8&"8&+;"&
8&8)&&P%"&<+>;]>[%&
+>;]>A=.H&%"&8%&&'8(''&
8%&8&8&'&&
%&8&&&'"&%"&.G8"8
&&"%&&%&'+;"&%&)%"&
&&&&&("7%).H)8(
''&8""))&&&&%7&&)%,"&"'&&
)&8(&"7).
Experiment 1
Methods
Items
6&:&&88&&(7.-'
+;+;+;&"&"&&';+;+;+&"&".U"&'&54
+;+;+;:8;+;+;+:8'&8&&'
&&P%"&<+;+;+;D;+;+;+=&&'(
8&&8&&&&&'"&%"&<+;+;+;D
;+;+;+=.&'&&&%&&
&"&&&&9&8&%8&
C'&&.G&"(&''&'""%&8&&8
&<K=. &&&&7"&''&'"
&""%&)<>=7&8&&'&&&<+;+>;+;
;+;>+;+=.
)3'5
G"&%&&'%&%&%&)"%&:)"&
&&)&&&%&&&&&"3'
887&'&))8.G'"'
8:&&8&"&8&&&7("
8.G8&()"&&"&'()88&
%9'"&%&%&&%&"&&&&
&&&8&&"&8%"
<&%%99334'%%&
&(=.G&8%%D%&8&&&
&&78/&&%/CC'.C'95C.
Participants
6&&S%&%&88"&%9
")"&&"&'().H"&"&7&&K
%&&89%&.&%&%&
(T&&S(T&KD&&&7(&'3
)'T&)'T&K.&&&7&T! K(H&
(8&")7(")%&%&&
''&.G%&%&%'&&(
%&'.
Procedure
G&8%&$!$<H&H&33=8
&'.5"&&&'%.G'
&888&8&"&)%%
79.G%&%&8&"&&"8,"9(
"&(%78))&).
)'5
Results
G%'&%&&88&&'&8
+9;<&%%33S=.G'"&8&%&8&&
(78/&&%/CC'.C'95C.6:%
&%<.#_=.&"7'8,"(
&7"&&<"(&&))'
24.4_&2M.2_=8((&&<G=.G%&&&&
'8G7.G&)&'&8
7&"%&',,:%&.T)G8%%&(
&7"&"&%.G'"&)G"&
%&7'(.
GKT KUG-
6"7&T! ''&<T! =<K($
K&33M=K(H&<KHD!("3#D"%9
"!(332=&(&&.p:"%'
%&%"%('""7&K(
(.KH%&&&%%'&(&&
)'&&).-<.).&)&''&&&'
&&=%&&<.).")&''&&&'
&&=.GKH,"&'&)&8&&%&78&
&&.G"&%&"("'"'&%&)"''&Z8
&&87'"'")&''&'&&.KH
")&&3&%&)'&&&
&&%&&&&&&&)&D"7&83
%"7&8C&&&&&7
)'5
"&F"&&&8"'&C%
&)%&()&&&&&&<"&.332=.
H&KH(8"&%9)K(H&&'"&%&.6
%&KH'&&()'"%<&%)%=.
A priori8(88"&&&(
)'","&"&&&"&.H&&'&&8&&
"%&''&)&'+;"&%&&8&
"%&'7&8&8+;"&<(=.G7(
%'&'&"%&''&'+;+;+;&<G+;+>;+;Z
G+;+;+;=%&;+;+;+&<G;+;>+;+ZG;+;+;+D..+;&"&"
7(""%&&&=.
8&&8&""%&''&''&
'+;%&+;"&<(=.-8&%&'
&"%&''&G+;+>;+;ZG+;+;+;'+;+;+;"+;+;+;
&.'&'"'%&:&:%&&("%)
&)8%&&''&8&&&7&8
8&(%""%&.
G8&&8&&8(''&'8
&)'&)8%&8&))8
<(=.G&8"&8&)%
&8&'&)8<+;+;+;;+;+;+=&&8&)
8<+;+;+;;+;+;+=.
Analysis 1: Disrupting CV clusters versus control items
G'&,"&88&&%'&""%&''&
)&&&)&&8&"%&+;"&)'&
)'5
&(%'8%&8&'7&8&8+;"&.G&8
"&(8&+;&"&"<+;+;+;";+;+;+=
%7'""%&''&8&)G&
%&7.&"7,"&(&%'8&(%8
8&(%&%&<KT(%G(3=&
&"%&783.5:3.5.
"&''&'%"G&&'&z:'
"%&%&<K(33M=.
GT! 8)'&''&'""%&t`.Sp`3.333M
'&))&8&""%&8%&''&
'+;&"&"p`3.M5.G&&88)'&t`.#3p`
3.3SS.G&&)"%&''&'+;+>;+;&;+;>+;+
&<G7=.)&&KH&%'&&&8
&&8&9(&&7)&&&")&KH&
&&&'KH`.<a.#S=.
Analysis 2: Visual disruption of CVs compared to CVh clusters
G&,"&&''&'""%&''&
&(%'+;"&.'&&&:%(''&("%)8"
'&&7&8&%'""%&8&(%/&
''&'"%&"7&)'+;+;+;8&+;+;+;
8.'+;"&,"(&"&&(%)&)
)'%&&8"'''&'""%&7"&
&&7&8""%&8&(%.
-8"(88&+;+;+;&"&".T!
(<8&(%""%&=8&&&''&'"
)#'5
"%&8&(%8)'&t`5.Spb3.333t`#.#Spb
3.333%&(.G'&'&%&''"&:&&
'&8&"&""%&.G&&&7&8&&
)'p`3.55&K(H&(%)&
&&%&&KH`3.3<a.S2_=.
Analysis 3: Whammy effects
G&,"&88&88"'8(''&8G
'8&))8&'&)8.G&8
"&8&"&""%&%':&&(&
&''&'8&(%.
G(8&&&''&'8&(%8)'&t`.2p`
3.334#8&8&'8&)'&)8%&
88&)8.(&K(H&%&)
'''&'8&(%88%")8
&(%%&%&7:8&(&
''&'"7F&&&'''&'%"GKH`#.
<a.M_=.
Discussion
&(' %&8'"&&<="("%&)
&)%(7''&)"&&)&&&&&)
&"%&7&8(7<=""%&&8&"%&
&&:&"<..&8)&&P%"&=
8&"%&"&'&&)%&"&"8&&:
&"%&<=8&%"89&8(''&
)5'5
88&&&:&"&9)&"&8
8&"&&&:&".
-87'8&&)"&
"))&%&' %&.G%&
&"')8&"&.G"&&"
')&%""''&"&8%%&' %&
.
H"&&%&&'"&&&/&%"&'
)"'&)8"(&&(''&&)7)
',"(&7('&&))"&&
&&.&%7&&&''',"(7&8
'&&.6&'"&&)7)',"('
&&&%P',"(.G&/7&
7)',"(&%',"(88'&I'&J
</M3#25%&(=%&&IJ&</
S2#S#355%&(=.G"&%7&&7)',"(C
&%',"(&%%&8(''&%&
%&.6&')8%&88"&%&
&"&' %&8&)'7)',"(&
%',"(&.
6&9&'%)&7)',"(&
',"("&.&&&"&)&',"('8%'
8"'77"&%"&'8%8&
%&%&%&D"&8"".&
)&%&%&&)&%"&'
8.
)4'5
Experiment 2
Methods
Items
G&848. %&&(&
+;+;+;&"&";+;+;+&"&"D''&('&)
8&&'()8.)&8&8&
'8''&''&&&""%&<>=7&8&
&&'"&&&.9 %&8"&"&
&9&IJI'&J&&8")&(
&&&"7'%7&.-8&&8&
&7&&)7)',"(&)&
%',"(.G&8%%KD%&8&&&
&&78/&&%/CC'.C'95C.
Participants
G%&%&83")"&&"&'()8
%&%&)'"&.%&%&7&&/#&&
8&T&4&&8&T&K.K&8&879'&&
(.
Procedure
G%"8&& %&.
Results
G%&%&P%88&&'&8+9;
&&:%<&%%33S=.H'&%8
)S'5
:%<3._'%="'(.%&'
"%&%&P"(&&&&%&%&(8
"(&<##_='&8&""%&.%'(&%&%&
"7&&"&&""%&(78&&&88&%&&
8.G"))&&&&%&%&&"&&&"&.
G'8"&%&%&'"7,"&(.G"(
<&=G'&%G7.
GKT KUG-
H&)2%&%&&&8.M_.
&&"(8)%%&(,"(&7"&<))
'24.#_&2M.5_=.6&'&("('"&.
H&G(8"&%.' %&
'"&"&'&%"87"%&'
,,:%&.G"&&"''"&%&8&Gb.
&'&'&&G(%%&(
&7"&"&%&7&"7,"&(.&
&&&&)&'&8&9%&()&&
&'&&&"&'&(.
G,"&'&&(8&&& %&.
Analysis 1
)88&&&''&'""%&'88&
+;+;+;&"&"%&;+;+;+&"&".6'"''&'
""%&t`5.Mpb3.3338&'&G'&8&&8&"&
"%&''&'(7&"&"t`.Mp`3.33S8&)
&';+;+;+&&'+;+;+;&.G&&8
)M'5
)'&t`.44p`3.33M5'&)&)"%&''&'+;+;+;
8&;+;+;+8. %&&K(H&%
&'&%'&&&KH`.45<a3.S_=.
Analysis 2
-88&&&%&&(''&''&'"
"%&'+;"+;"&.H+;+;+;:&(8'"
''&'""%&t`4.5p b 3.333'&))G'"%&
&""%&&''&'&%"&<"
'&=t`5.pb3.333'&))G''&&&.G
&&8&)'&t`3.44p`3.5.GK(H&%
)&&&&KH`3.3<a.5=.
Analysis 3
H&&8&""%&88&&&8&
'&&<8=8%"8(&&8&
&.-8'"''&'&&(%t`5.#pb3.333.G
K(H&%(&)'&''&KH`S534<a.32_=.
Discussion
G&&(%&&"&' %&&&&'
%&/6'"&&7&8&&<7&8"8&
(7=%'&"%&<(=""%&''&'
)&"'+;+;"&<(=8(''&
8G'&8&'&)8%&&8&&
&&'"&%"&<(=.
)2'5
G(''7&8&&8%&&)''&
''&'&"&"<+;+;+;";+;+;+D(= %&.
G&&'&&&'&+;+;+;&&;+;+;+
&<G7=.&(&&''&&8
%&&&8&&%(%&7(
&.&%&'&&&"
(%&8&"&'"&.
7& %&(8&&7&8&
%&'&""%&&%&&<..&)
"%&&+>;%&&;>+&=8&&
)'&&"&:'''KH`.&)8
&%&89&&%7&(&&&9&)&&
&8&&%&).G&8%&&&'
%&%'&K(H&(&&
(&%&&.G7&&%&)
'&%'&&KH`##.4<a.MM_=.
General Discussion
6"&&8"8)"%&8&&8
%"&/<=""%&8&&8&+;"&
<+;+>;+;=7&8+;"&<;+;>+;+=<=&%"&'&
&8&%&&)7(&"7,"&8.
%&&&8&&'&&&
&&('&&)%8%7"&''&'
7)',"(&%',"(. %&&&8
&&7)',"(&%
)3'5
',"(.7&%&&9((%))"&
"))&)&&&''&&7.
G%&&&,"&.H&(8'"&&
""%&8&+;"&<.."%&)&)%(7=''&
)&&)&)&"%&7&8+;"&<..8
&&)%(7&"%&=.G%9&&('&)%
(7<+;"&="&("&)'%).&
%&'""%&)%&'''+;"&
&)&&:&"<+;=&&)'(&&:
&"<+;=.G"))&&&("%)&'"7(&
&"'%&:&:%%%).G8'"8(''&"))&)
&&" )<&+&&22M=&&&)&8(
7&8"%)%&:&:%.
U"')"))&&&%)"&8''&&)/")
(%:&)"8%&+;"&.G&&:
%('%'")&&&)."&"
"))&&&""%&(''&&)&&%
)%:%<!"L)33MD!&&.33D
(3=.-8%&(&&'&8''"
'%)&&"%)7&)%&"&".U"
"&)8&&'+&)"<+&&.35D
+&+&&3D+&&.3#=8'"'%)&
("%)&).G%'("%)&)8
7(&)%+;&"&""7%&7(&+$1C11
<(&.33S33=&"&(7&"&"&%8&&
)'5
)%&%&.&"&'8&%"&'&+$11
%)%&&&&&&+;:&%&"&&)%
%)&)(%&+;:7%)%<(&.33=.
H"&""8&'&&%&'&
'+;&"&""("%)."+;"&
)"&(%&&7"&(%&&(&%)(.(
%7&&)%"H )&+;&"&""
&(7%).$&)&(77"&&7))'&"
8)&%&'%&:&:%%%)&"&(
%)&)&.&"'),"&
(&&&(7&%()"&"&%(7"&(
'&"&8P%"&<N)8335=.
-8&&"'&"8)&%&"9(&&
'79'%)%&('"(7%)/
8&""&&%&&%"89"))&%:%)"
'%)7+;&"&"<+&+&&3#D&&.2M4=.
$")&%&:&:%&&%888%)'
&8&&&:&"%&&8&"&"&&:&
".G8&&$+<+&&&.33=&"))&&&
&)%(&8&)'&&:%(8
"")&&&7&9&"&&%"&%"&
"7)7(&&.&&%(8(
''&"8&(&"&&&:&"/&(
&%&&<.)."&=8&7
:&&8&"7,"&&&%'&)&%"&
)'5
'&%)&&.G')'8(''&'&8&&8
&&&%%)'+;"&&(7:7&%&&(
%&:&:%&&%&&+$1C11<(&.33S=.
&$+&%'8"%&
<&+&&22M=.U""&&&8&&%&.-8
8&'"(""&&&&%8(
&7"&&&G''7&8&'&&.6&
&' %&8,"&'&%',"(7)
',"(&%7&&&"&'&"&&',"(
&',"('8%<8&7"&"&"&'
:&8"='&"&8(88&
G'+;"&8&'&%&&.
U"%&&&"%&&&&8(''&%&
&7"777(&+&&<22M=.
&'%'''&%&'&8(''&"
')'&&7&8&%'8(&%'
""%&&8%&"))&&8%&%.U"
%%%&'8G'&'&&&7&
$+"%%&7(%"%&"<+&&&22#D
7&&+&&K33=8'"&"&"&
7&'&&)&&&%7'&
78(''&"&&)%.
&&''&'&%'8&"7'
8%&&"""&''&%&
<&+&&22M=."%&&+;+;+;8&
)'5
&88&;+;+;+8&(&8<&'&
8&%)&=.8'"&)8(
''&'&'&&&&&(%'& %&/G9)&"&
(&8&"&""%&&8(''&823.'&
+;+;+;&.2&;+;+;+&. %&
8&8''&8(''&855.S&
+;+;+;&5#.4&;+;+;+&.&&8(8
8"%&''&"&%&.U%&&%&
'"8&7)',"( %&/)&&
&)7)',"(&&&8&.G
''8)'+;+;+;%&;+;+;+&<''
7&8'&&'5#3SS#5%&(=.&K(
H&'&:8(&&7&8&"&"<+;+;+;;+;+;+=
&&(%<'&=%&(,"KH`.4
<a.5M_=8&%7&&&%("&.
6&&&%7&(9(7"&''&'
7)',"()%8'(&)7&(
''&<.).+&&.35D72M3=.G''&')8(
"7&(<K(+!"34=8
8"&&&''7&8"7:&%:8((7
7(&&8&)&&&%8.&&&"&&"(
&"7:&%:88&'''&'&
&(%8"&'&&&'8(:''&7&
%&.
)#'5
"(&"&&"(%)&&%)
"())".6%&'&8%7%)%"/
G'&%&P&)%+;&"&"%77('&%:
"%.G%%&%&7(%)&&
,"&(8&)%),"&.G'&&
"7"8&&(&&:%&%&:&:%
%%%&"&('&%&'&&
%7&&)%.G%'&8&&%)%8
,"&/8%"&&"78&&)%()(
&"&<.).K8(223D&&.2M4D&.3#DG'&
22='"&"&&8"&%&&'8
%)(&8&'&&&('''&"&
7(8&&8%)(&&&8&&%&'&)(&.
)5'5
References
K(.-.<33M=.Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to
Statistics using R.+7)/+7)&(.
K(.-.$$.L.K&$.!.<33M=.!:''&)8&
''&'"7F&&.Journal of Memory and
Language, 59<#=23:#./3.34CF.F.33S..335
K$.L.T(.%+.G(-.L.<3=.''&&"&"'
'&((%&&&)/O%&.Journal of Memory and
Language, 68<=55:SM./3.34CL.L.3..33
K8(L..<223=.U&)%&'"&"&').
Memory & Cognition, 18<#=#2:#S.
+&H.K&$.G.+&&.<35=.6&)&"&
"7"&&&)%&"&"' )8cThe Quarterly Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 68<M=, 52:5#3./
3.3M3CS#S3M.3#.244M
+&H.+&&.<3=.G&&"&"'/T&&&)(
&"8%%&""&.Journal of Memory and Language,
67<=S:MM.
+&H.+&&.<3#=.6&&''7&8U
U c")('%/U&)%&"&"7&%
)&'&&&).Psychological Science, 25<=#:#2./
3.SSC3254S2S453353M
+&H.$7;.+&&.<3#=.G'&C8
)&%%&"&.Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40<#=2M.
+&&!.&O.<22#=.))"/ '
$":"&!').Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human
Perception & Performance, 20<4=2S:.
+&&!.&O.(+.T).N)L.<33=.$+/"
"&'"8)&)".
Psychological Review, 108<=3#:54./3.3SCC33:25.3M..3#
)4'5
H&O..H&L.<33=.$!$/68%(%)8&
"(.Behavior Research Methods, Instuments & Computers,
354:#.
7!..<2M#=.)3('&&&&7&8
'&(&)%(&%((.Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General113<=54.
OL.G'&!.$+.<33#=.U&)%:%)9&/
6"7'&'&.Reading and Writing: An
Interdisciplinary Journal, 17MS:M.
T"%9.L.L.$+.L.!.<3=.&)&'&
')%"&8)&.Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance38<4=#2:54.
!" .L).H.<33M=.G"'"7"&
(.Scientific Studies of Reading, 12<=5:M3./
3.3M3C3MMM#3M3#4
!" .L).H.<3=.$(&(%:)"8
)%%%&""&).Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 64<=53#:54./3.3M3CS#S3M.33.532M3
!&-.! .$F9&G.<33=.)7)"&(&&
&&(/U"7"&)"8)&.Journal of
Memory and Language, 49<=S5:25./3.34C3S#2:524<3=3334M:M
!(.$."L..<3#=.9)dK(H&d.&'&&%/CC
.:%F&.)C87C%9)CK(H&CK(H&.%'
(+.<3=.%%)&7&)%(7&"&".
Language and Cognitive Processes, 28<=55:S4./
3.3M3C3423245.3.4#M4
(+.N)L.N!.<33S=.&&)&
%&'%"&&&/&+$1')".
Psychological Review, 114<=S:5./3.3SC33:25.#..S
(+.N)L.N!.<33=.K()(7/T):
)')"8&&+&&$"<+$11=
.Cognitive Psychology, 61<=34:5.
)S'5
&6.G..-.<2M4=.-8&)"&.Journal
of Memory and Language, 25<#=#4:#S5./3.34C3S#2:524<M4=233M:
3
&%%.<33S=.+9;/%)&'&&9)&"(
%&'%'$!$.Behavior Research
Methods, 39<#=M52:M4./3.S5MC7'322S2
&%%.99..<334=.T'"&&
)&)9.Journal of Research in Reading, 29<#=#M:#.
/3.CL.#4S:2MS.334.334.
&O.+&&!.<22M=.6"78/G''&'
)&8).Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5<=SS:M.
(.L7.!.&:6)H.N)L.+.<22M=.%
''&"8)&.Cognition, 68<=KS:KM3./
3.34C333:3SS<2M=3335:
(.N)L.L7.<333=.%%%&")"&.
Cognition, 74:.
7&!.&O.+&&!.K$.<33=.6%%)
"8)&&")/8').
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10<=#35:##./3.S5MC7'324#22
"L..%9.T."$.+.!(.$..<332=.
K(&&&'%&)F&)&"(%&.Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review, 16<=5:S./3.S5MC7.4..5
.K(T.+ .!" .<34=.%&7&(
%&('%&:&:%%
%/!'&U&)%$%&-(%&.Journal of
Cognitive Psychology, 28<4=45M:4S./3.3M3C3##52.34.MS
.!" .7".&%.+&.+&&!.
<3#=.e"&'()&''&"7%
).Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26<M=M:M5.
G'&!.<22=.Reading and the Mental Lexicon.-/T8 7".
G'&!.<22=.G7('&KU/"7(7"&&%)'
%((78.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
and Performance, 18<#=33#.
)M'5
G'&!.<33=.)'&)%&"&"7("&'''&)
7&(.Language and Speech, 445:S4.
G'&!."!.<225=.G'"'&%)&&'
)")&'"&"&'):&"(H.Canadian
Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie
Experimentale, 49<=3:#M./3.3SC24:24.#2..3
G.!"L.KFF:K7.:6&( .<225=.G
%'&%&","&' )
&)%(.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124<=3S:4.
.+&&!.".(+.<35=.&&
+&&/%&'!'U)".Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 42<#=44:545.
/3.3SC33333
N)L.8.<335=.),"&%&(
9))")/%()"&)&(.
Psychological Bulletin, 131<=:2./3.3SC33:232...
)2'5
G7
Descriptives of Experiment 1. Average reaction times (ms) as a function of vowel
type, consonant structure, and visual disruptor condition. Standard deviations in
brackets, the first number is calculated from the averages by participants, and the
second from averages by items.
Stimulus structure Hardening vowels Softening vowels
+;+;+; SM.5<.=<M2.S= MS.M<#3.=<M5.M=
+;+>;+; M44.S<5.5=<3.#= 25.5<4.=<.3=
;+;+;+ M#5.<M.M=<M4.#= M4S.<5.4=<33.4=
;+;>+;+ M5M.M<.2=<3M.4= MM#.<55.=<35.2=
)3'5
G7
Descriptives of Experiment 2. Average reaction times (ms) as a function of vowel
type, consonant structure, and visual disruptor condition. Standard deviations in
brackets, the first number is calculated from the averages by participants, and the
second from averages by items.
Stimulus structure Hardening vowels Softening vowels
+;+;+; 4SS.2<5S.3=<S.M= SS.3<4.#=<#.3=
+;+>;+; S#.<M.#=<5#.5= SM.<SS.3=<#2.=
;+;+;+ S#.3<52.=<#.#= S44.M<M.5=<#5.2=
;+;>+;+ S#.3<S#.=<5.= SS.S<S#.=<.=
)'5
Appendices
Appendix A: Items from Experiment 1, with approximate English transcription
CV, hard VC, hard VC, soft
fAgX]V<7&(= fEgh][<7(&= AgX]Vf<&(7= Egh][f<(&"7=
fWgXiX<7"&((= f\ghih<7("&= WgXiXf<"&((7= \ghihf<("&7=
jV]A]W<)"= j[]E]\<)(("= V]A]Wj<")= []E]\j<((")=
jVkWfX<)"7(= j[k\fh<)("7= VkWfXj<"7()= [k\fhj<("7)=
iAlXjV<()= iElhj[<()= AlXjVi<()= Elhj[i<()=
iVmWnV<9"%= i[m\n[<9("%= VmWnVi<9"%= [m\n[i<9("%=
mVlAoX<9(= m[lEoh<9(= VlAoXm<(9= [lEohm<(9=
?AoWkW<""= ?Eo\k\<(("("= AoWkW?<""= Eo\k\?<(("("=
?AgVnW<&%"= ?Eg[n\<(&%("= AgVnW?<&%"= Eg[n\?<(&%("=
?VgXfW<&(7"= ?[ghf\<&7("= VgXfW?<&(7"= [ghf\?<&7("=
?WoVpV<"= ?\o[p[<("= WoVpV?<"= \o[p[?<("=
pVmVoV<9= p[m[o[<9= VmVoVp<9= [m[o[?<=
pVoAmW<9"= p[oEm\<(9("= VoAmWp<9"= [oEm\p<(9("=
pW?XlW<"("= p\?hl\<("("= W?XlWp<"("= \?hl\p<("("=
]WgVlX<"&(= ]\g[lh<("&= WgVlX]<"&(= \g[lh]<("&=
kAgVpW<&"= kEg[p\<(&("= AgVpWk<&"= Eg[p\k<(&("=
kV]WjV<")= k[]\j[<(")= V]WjVk<")= []\g[k<("&=
kWoVjW<")"= k\o[j\<(")("= WoVjWk<")"= \o[j\k<(")("=
kWoVlW<""= k\o[l\<("("= WoVlWk<""= \o[l\k<("("=
oA?WlV<"= oE?\l[<(("= A?WoVl<"= E?\l[o<(("=
oVjAgA<)&= o[jEgE<)(&(= VjAgAo<)&= [jEgEo<)(&(=
oWjA]X<")(= o\jE]h<(")(= WjA]Xo<")(= \jE]ho<(")(=
gAoW?V<&"= gEo\?[<&(("= AoW?Vg<"&= Eo\?[g<(("&=
gVkViV<&= g[k[i[<&= VkViVg<&= [k[i[g<&=
lVmWfX<9"7(= l[m\fh<9("7= VmWfXl<9"7(= [m\fhl<9("7=
)'5
lVkXmA<(9= l[khmE<9(= VkXmAl<"9= [khmEl<9(=
lVlX?V<(= l[lh?[<= Aqh?Vq<= [lh?[l<=
lWpA?A<"= l\pElE<("((= WpAlAl<"= \pElEl<("((=
)'5
Appendix B: Items from Experiment 2 with approximate English transcription
CV, hard CV, soft VC, hard VC, soft
fAjVrV<7)= s[kEoh<(= A?ApWj<")= t][?[l<(=
fAiAlV<7= stg[kh<(&= A?WpWj<"")= []h]ti<(=
fVfAiV<77= s[g\ot<&("(= ArApV?<= []Ek[i<(=
fVrViV<7= sh?Ek\<(("= W?YpAf<"7= [k\o\j<("(")=
fV?WpW<7""= sE]Eg[<((&= A?V?Vr<= [kEgh?<(&=
fWrAfV<7"7= ?ts[sE<((= WpYiVr<"= [o[?[f<7=
fYlVjV<7)= ?[pE]h<(= VpAiWi<"= [o\stp<("(=
jWiWfV<)""7= ?hstoh<(= ApVrVl<= [g\?\r<&("("=
jYrAlW<)"= ?\otkE<("((= AlViYp== [g\otp<&((=
iArApV<= ?Ep[o\<(("= Y?VjWj<)")= hsEkti<((=
iVfV?W<7"= p[ot?E<((= WiA?Yj<")= h?t][f<(7=
iVrXjA<()= phk\]h<("= ViV?Xr<(= h?[gt?<&(=
iYiXlA<(= pE][?t<((= W?ViWr<""= h?E?\j<((")=
rApVpX<(= ]tk[]E<((= WiV?Wi<""= hp[oh?<=
rWjVfW<")7(= ]h]tk\<(("= Y?XiAi<(= hphghf<&7=
rXiAiW<("= ]E?[oE<((= W?XlVr<"(= h][g[f<&7=
?ViW?A<"= kts[k[<(= WiX?Wf<"("7= hk[]Ei<(=
?VrXjV<()= ktgEoE<(&((= AjVrAr<)= hk[ot?<(=
?WfViA<"7= khpEo[<(= VrWiXj<"()= ho\kti<("(=
?WlVrA<"= khgtpE<&((= WiWrXr<""(= hgEkE?<&((=
?XpV?Y<(= kEph?E<((= V?XlAl<(= \]tshp<("(=
pVfArV<7= otsEo\<((("= ArVrWl<"= Ep[?E?<((=
pWfXfA<"7(7= otkhph<(= WfXiAj<"7()= E]\ktj<(("()=
pXiVfV<(7= otohg[<(&= WiXjAf<"()7= Ekh?\p<(("=
pXiWrW<(""= ohp[sh<= VrAfXi<7(= Eotg\f<((&("7=
pYjAlV<)= o\k\gE<("("&(= WrAiXf<"(7= Eo\?Er<(("(=
lA?WpV<"= g[]\]E<&("(= VfVjVf<7)7= Egt][f<(&(7=
)#'5
lVfV?V<7= g\ghp[<&("&= VfWfAj<7"7)= Eg[oEf<(&(7=
)5'5
