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Teórie osobnej a sociálnej identity v sociálnej psychológii
Abstract
Štúdia sumarizuje tie psychologické a sociálnopsychologické teórie, ktoré sa systematicky zaoberajú identitou. Stručne uvádza prehľad názorov popredných predstaviteľov teórie formovania ego identity, teórie identity v symbolickom interakcionizme, teórie sociálnej identity v psychológii medziskupinového správania a medziskupinových vzťahov, identity v prístupe sociálneho konštruktivizmu a integrujúcich teórií identity. Teórie vychádzajú z rôzneho teoretického zázemia, používajú odlišnú terminológiu, pripisujú rovnakým termínom odlišný význam. Líšia sa hĺbkou spracovanie pojmov a ich vzájomných vzťahov, preto je ťažké ich navzájom porovnávať a hodnotiť. Napriek tomu sú v odbornej literatúre stále používané, živé, inšpiratívne, doplňované a obohacované a dokumentujú prínos psychológie k rozpracovaniu interdisciplinárneho problému, akým identita nesporne je.
... Self identitu potom považuje za aspekt aktívneho hodnotenia, vnímania a organizácie sebavnímania (porov. Bačová, 1994). ...
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of empirical research on identities in Slovak social psychology between 1989-2001. First, it summarizes the most influential theories of identity within social psychology, focusing on intra-individual, inter-individual/interaction and group aspects of identity construction; it also explores the differences between essentialist and contextual definitions of identity. The empirical part presents research on identification with macro-social entities focusing on inter-generational and minority-majority differences in identity construction, on construction of national and ethnic identity in minority and majority, on primordial vs. instrumental beliefs about identity and on national identity in Slovak intellectuals and students. Finally, it discusses some conceptual and methodological aspects of these studies.
The studies presented in this doctoral dissertation investigated the national and European identities, drawing on social identity perspective and social representations theory. It is argued here that: (1) the political and societal transformation in Europe leads to transformations of social representations; (2) social representations form social identities by defining group boundaries, and social identities form social representations by influencing to which representations people are exposed, and (3) identities are not independent, but they interact.
The aim of this dissertation was to: (1) describe social representations of Slovak nation and constructions of Slovak national identity in studied participants; (2) follow potential changes of these representations in time (in 1998 and 2003); (3) explore constructions of European identity and (4) describe the representations of interrelationships between national and European identities. It focused on discourses that form these representations as well as on their underlying organising principles.
In study 1 (1998) we investigated two generations of Slovak − so called nationally and civically oriented – intellectuals (N=15+15, age groups: 40-60, above 60). In study 2 (2003) we focused on young adults (aged 18-24) from Bratislava, in the context of the accounts of their peers from Prague (N=27 and N=24 respectively). It investigated whether and how these representations changed, and how the European identity was constructed. Semi-structured interviews were used in both studies as a research method.
It was found that the organising principles of social representations of national and European identities in all groups of participants are as follows. The first principle (individual vs. collective) concerns the basis of individual existence. It is either group membership and solidarity, or individual distinctiveness and own personal good. The second principle (passive vs. active) defines the identity as ascribed vs. acquired. The ascribed character of national identity was used by civically oriented intellectuals and some young adults in order to banalise it. Conversely, nationally oriented intellectuals and other young adults used it to strengthen the importance of national identity (discourse on the natural character of national identity, pseudo deterministic discourse, partly discourse on pride). The nationally oriented intellectuals connected the activity to various forms of fight for identity (discourse on fight for identity). The young adults as well as civically oriented intellectuals talked about the activity in reference to it absence. This led to banalisation or a total refusal of importance of national identity (banalising and individualistic discourse, discourse on national identity as evidence and discourse on not displaying the pride). In young adults, the activity principle was present mainly in the political-economic discourse on Europe. Some participants understood the collective identify also as a constraint. This was the case when it was considered being a product of an instinct or a source of inter-group conflicts (individualistic discourse, discourse on not displaying the pride). The young adults as well as the civically oriented intellectuals refused the Slovak nationality as an exclusive collective identity. The theme of national pride was an element of the central core of social representations of Slovak nation. It is transmitted from generation to generation as a discursive resource, around which different and often contradictory representations of the nation are constructed.
Unlike the young adults, the nationally oriented intellectuals thematised the ancient past, out of which they derived the legitimacy of the Slovak nation. The young adults thematised the past and the continuity only in their accounts of European identity. However, they described their identification with Europe (EU) mainly in the future tense, being related to new possibilities of action. The national and European identities were perceived as incompatible solely in the case of supranational and not post-national representations of the EU (older generation of nationally oriented intellectuals).
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