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Abstract

Conflict as a social phenomenon has an important role in our lives, which is why it is so important to understand this phenomenon. That involves recognizing the mechanisms of emergence, development, methods of study and their resolution. The practice of social work and previous treatments with spouses shows that the marital relationship as an interpersonal relationship represents the specific basis for the emergence of conflicts. The obtained results are part of a study on the characteristics of marital relations and their influence on the choice of the spouses’ patterns of behavior during conflict situations. The results suggest that the choice of different strategies of behavior in a situation of conflict among our respondents mainly depends on: the degree of insistence in fulfillment of personal interests, and the level of cooperation in addressing the interests of others. As a dominant style in marital conflict resolution our respondents use the avoiding style. During the study, gender differences between spouses, how they perceive, understand, and resolve marriage conflicts were found. Women are more critical toward their abilities to resolve conflict. In such situations they often use negative behavior, compared to men who are more likely to deny or avoid situations of conflict. Marriages where violence in involved are mainly based in destructive patterns of behavior in marital conflict resolution.
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MARITAL CONFLICTS RESOLUTION STYLES
Hatixhe Islami
1
Abstract: Conflict as a social phenomenon has an important role in our lives, which is why it is so important to
understand this phenomenon. That involves recognizing the mechanisms of emergence, development, methods
of study and their resolution. The practice of social work and previous treatments with spouses shows that the
marital relationship as an interpersonal relationship represents the specific basis for the emergence of conflicts.
The obtained results are part of a study on the characteristics of marital relations and their influence on the
choice of the spouses’ patterns of behavior during conflict situations. The results suggest that the choice of
different strategies of behavior in a situation of conflict among our respondents mainly depends on: the degree of
insistence in fulfillment of personal interests, and the level of cooperation in addressing the interests of others.
As a dominant style in marital conflict resolution our respondents use the avoiding style. During the study,
gender differences between spouses, how they perceive, understand, and resolve marriage conflicts were found.
Women are more critical toward their abilities to resolve conflict. In such situations they often use negative
behavior, compared to men who are more likely to deny or avoid situations of conflict. Marriages where violence
in involved are mainly based in destructive patterns of behavior in marital conflict resolution.
UDC Classification: 316.6, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.815
Keywords: marital conflicts, conflict resolution, gender, violence.
Introduction
This study aims at showing how much martial conflicts effect spouses in everyday life and what
patterns of behavior and styles used to resolve them. Now-a-days we are faced with the fact that many
marriages are conflicting due to the collapse of basic human values, which lead to changes in marital
and family status, whether it is for structures, understanding, its meaning or function. The problem of
marital conflict is one of the main topics during research in the field of marital relations. It is known
that conflicts are an integral part of any sustainable marital relationship (Canary, Cupach, & Serpe,
2001), and the knowledge in using the right styles to resolve them has a major impact on the stability,
satisfaction and quality of marital relationships (Notarius, Lashley, & Sullivan, 1997). Commitment
and maintenance of marital relations is inciting spouses to find appropriate ways to manage mutual
conflicts. How spouses as participants in a conflict situation perceive conflict is of great importance
because any new marital conflict bears the consequences of the conflict that occurred long before that.
The factors mentioned have a major impact on spouses whether they would hold a negative or a
constructive approach on conflicts in general.
Many husbands are not able to analyze conflicts and exploit them in an appropriate way in
order to potentially solve them because they do not have proper knowledge of styles, methods and
preventive techniques for the resolution, management and transformation of marital conflicts.
Obviously, the lack of such knowledge and skills in this field causes the the conflict to escalade by
using violence.
The possession of certain skills causes spouses to feel strong and constructive in resolving conflicts.
On the other hand, a large number of spouses oppress or hide their feelings in order to have a quiet
marriage. When husbands oppress conflicts they unconsciously and uncontrollably prevent marital
relations which lead to the appearance of psychosomatic disorders and diseases. Often unresolved
marital conflicts are transformed into anger and resentment, which leads to insulation and building of
barriers between spouses.
Conflict resolution styles for family and couples constitute some of the most intimate factions of
human relationships. Conflict in itself is not destructive or negative if the spouses are familiar with the
reasons leading to its appearance. Conflicts that lead to a better understanding of the problem, or
encourage innovative and successive solutions are defined as constructive conflicts. In subjective
terms they cause a feeling of satisfaction, confidence and curiosity, and stimulate creative thinking.
Results of numerous studies confirm that the biggest indicator of long-term success in any relationship
1
Hatixhe Islami, South East European University, Tetovo, Macedonia, h.islami@seeu.edu.mk
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is how spouses cope with their conflicts and the way they support each other and express their love in
the quiet time with no problems or conflicts (Gottman, 1994).
Literature Review
Intensive interpersonal conflict research begins with social grievances that include the world in the
1960s, although the study of conflict dates back to 1980.
Psychologically speaking, conflicts result from the processing of information that affects our behavior
and is closely linked to our emotional experience. Psychological approach to the study of conflict is
characterized by its large influence on the quality of the personality psychological component.
According to the classical psychoanalysis, conflicts cannot be avoided and the devastating impact on
the personality of the individual cannot be prevented. Efforts should be targeted towards mitigating
and minimizing the consequences by educational influences in the process of socialization. Conflict as
a process begins when one party believes the other has damaged or attempted to hurt something they
own or want. Power and resources occupy a central concept in explaining the behavior of individuals
in the family. Despite the commitment and time of occurrence, all theorists believe that individuals
during conflicting situations behave in accordance with their interests.
Theories that treat conflict as a negative occurrence think that conflicts are regarded as a threat. For
the parties in the conflict its effects are negative and lead to destructive confrontation. On the contrary
the theories that explain the conflict as a positive phenomenon, where conflict is considered useful as
it encourages the conflicting parties to make efforts to solve the problem and reduce the tension and
stress.
Marital nature is characterized as an intimate relation where the dominant feature is the continuous
interaction between spouses, which is a strong and mutual interdependence of strong feelings between
spouses. Conflicts are part of married life just like any other close ties (Straus, 2005; Wilmot &
Hocker 2007). The emergence of conflicts in marital life is normal because they lead to the
strengthening of marital life which makes the marriage more durable than before. Though conflicts are
common in marriage, the causes are different. The essence of conflict presentation can effect daily
problems from the fulfillment of the responsibilities of marriage and family, to the presence of serious
conflicts that may affect marriage and family (Čudina-Obradovič & Obradovič, 2005).
Psychological research shows that 80-85% of families have conflicts, but depending on the presence
and intensity, spouses use different strategies to solve them. The research shows that partners who are
satisfied with their conjugal life mostly use structural styles of conflict resolution like a compromise
style, and discuss their problems in a more open way. Styles that husbands use to resolve conflicts
largely reflect the nature of their relationship which are also important indicators of satisfaction in the
relationship and the duration of the relationship (Murray & Holmes, 1995).
Methodology
The specificity of the problem required us to apply methods and techniques for collecting, processing
and interpreting the data. Theoretical and practical analysis of obtained data will contribute to the
discovery of relations established in the hypothetical system. Namely, which patterns of behavior and
styles spouses use to resolve conflicts, whether there are differences in the use of certain styles of
conflict resolution, if they are dependent on gender, and the presence of violence in marriage.
Materials collected will be analyzed and interpreted. The research has used the test for diagnosing
conduct in conflict situations (Thomas & Kilmann, 1974) that aims to diagnose how much spouses
tend to conduct conflicting attitude, which is characterized by constructive or destructive behavior
during conflict resolution. To describe the type of people’s behavior in a situation of conflict, the
author applies the model of two-dimensional arrangement of conflicts, whereas primary dimensions
consider the cooperation as positive attitude and competitiveness as negative behavior. In accordance
with the type of behavior in conflict situations, conflict solving styles (rivalry, cooperation,
compromise, avoidance and adaptation) are also defined.
Results and discussions
The results in this study suggest that the choice of different strategies of behavior in conflict situations
among our respondents mainly depends on the degree of persistence to achieve personal interests and
degree of cooperation in addressing the interests of others. The dominant style of conflict resolution
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from our respondents was crowd out style, a style characterized by a lack of responsibility for
cooperation on the part of their husbands and low persistence in the pursuit of personal interests and
needs. With this type of behavior spouses deny the existence and function of marital conflict, and
display the dynamics of conflict. This behavioral style affects spouses to limit personal ability to deal
with conflict situations. Although they perceive the existence of conflict, they remain passive to
initiate the process of taking measures for its solution.
The choice of ‘avoidance’ as a style for marital conflict resolution indicates reduced confidence and a
lack of developed social skills leading to the creation of internal conflicts between spouses.
Statistical differences in the use of certain styles of conflict resolution by the respondents
From comparative analyses, the results show that there are statistical differences in the use of styles for
conflict resolution between: rivalry and cooperation (t = - 3803 and p<0:01), rivalry and compromise
(t = - 4,201 and p <0:01), and rivalry and avoiding styles (t = -6.028 and p <0:01). The results show
that among these styles there is a negative correlation which indicates that during growing conflict,
spouses have a need to compete in order to satisfy their own interests, which reduces the level of
cooperation and compromise and the expectation of avoiding the conflict. The results show that the
spouses during the process of solving conflict constantly worry about personal goals and want to
realize them by any means. From our respondents, choosing rivalry as a style is a model of destructive
behavior for marital conflict resolution, accompanied by reduced marital interaction and impaired
communication.
Major differences in the use of certain styles of marital conflict resolution depending on the gender of
the spouses
The results show that the differences in the arithmetical environments are statistically important
in terms of style rivalry (t = 3.082; p <0.05) and style adaptation (t ~2,045; p <0.05). The obtained
results show that there are gender-based differences between spouses on how they perceive,
understand, and resolve their conflicts. Female respondents, regardless of their husbands, use
rivalry as a marital conflict resolution style. Women identify with the relationship and better perceive
the problems because they are more involved with family obligations and expect more
from the marital relationship. During conflict situations when women are underestimated,
unfairly mocked or criticized by their husbands, they get competitive, which in some cases
can result in distrust and suspicion, which affects the mood of the spouses. Feelings of personal
injury influence women to include mechanisms for protection and response, using rivalry as a
conflict resolution style. Conflicts between them are often associated with strong emotions because
the assessment of personal interests and comparison with the interests of the spouse is often done
unconsciously. Compared to women, men use avoidance and adaptation as marital conflict resolution
style. In many cases men prefer to avoid the conflict, especially when the intensity of negative
emotions is high. They try to think rationally, act calm and tend to make rational efforts to resolve the
conflict in order to eliminate it before it becomes a sensitive issue for the other side. Gender
differences in conflict resolution are due to socialising differences between females and males, as
well as gender-specific differences in terms of social roles and expectations. Gender differences
in the behavior of spouses during conflict situations also depend on the individual differences
between spouses, cognitive processes as well as previous experience of the couple in conflict
resolution.
Our results and the results of other researchers today reject the conclusions of the traditional theories
according to which women in conflict resolution usually use passive strategy, unlike men who are
active, successful and more effective in dealing with problems (Stone & Neale, 1984).
Recent studies show that women are less satisfied with the marital life than men, because men have
lower expectations form marital life compared to their wives as satisfaction is an important component
in the quality of marriage.
On comparing marriages where violence is present and marriages where violence is absent, spouses
use different styles of conflict resolution. A summary of the results, can conclude that the amount of
value for t and p in terms of style rivalry, compromise and cooperation avoidance adaptation do not
reach critically significant statistical value. The only differences occur in terms of rivalry style that
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partners use in marriages where there is violence. Differences in arithmetic environments are
statistically significant, in terms of rivalry style (t = 3842 and p <0:01).
The results suggest that in marriages where there is violence, marital relations are mainly based in the
destructive exchange of the need of both spouses for love, affection, understanding, comfort, opinion
and respect. The dominance of rivalry as a style of marital conflict resolution in marriages where there
is spousal violence, stems from the accumulated tension, which is a result of ignorance or lack of skill
in constructive conflict resolution. The presence of negative interaction between the couple leads to
frustration, anxiety, difficulty and loss of confidence which escalades the conflict and the use of
physical violence.
Conclusion
Studies show that spouses, who have qualitative marital relationship, where there is love, mutual
respect and equal share of obligations and marital responsibilities, prefer to use constructive styles to
resolve the marital conflict. Spouses who have high aspirations to dominate over conflicting situations
have low desire for the realization of common goals and interests. Spouses who try to avoid major
conflicts are likely to dominate the conflict situation. In order to overcome marital conflicts in a
constructive way, it is required that couples recognize the styles of conflict resolution or management
of their marriage that will help them in acquiring social skills for constructive resolution of marital
conflicts. Gaining social skills will allow spouses to gradually and tactically reconcile conflicting
interests and differences, and try to balance strengths and needs.
Research done so far is an indicator of direct change or progress in this field to provide more
qualitative marital relationship, because professional experience in our country in this field shows that
in conflictual situations, spouses often react aggressively or withdraw, a way of behavior which
prevents conflict resolution and leads to frustration, anxiety, concern, distrust, irritability and
psychosomatic disorders.
Through perception of spousal dynamics in contributing to the opening of marriage and family
counseling that will help spouses learn and develop their skills for constructive marital conflict
resolution.
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... Ислами (Islami, 2016) је утврдила да постоје статистички значајне разлике у практиковању појединих супружничких стилова решавања конфликата у односу на пол. Тако се жене више одлучују за доминацију (агресивни стил), док се мужеви више одлучују за избегавајући и прилагођавајући стил решавања конфликата (за пасивне стилове). ...
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Software for acoustic analysis of speech offers opportunity for analysis of speech samples in clinical practice and research. The objective of the study was to analyze the speech in children with normal articulation. This study included 5 children, native speakers of Macedonian, two males and three females, aged 7 to 9 years (mean age of 8±0.9 years). Acoustic analysis of disyllable words was performed in computer program Praat. Formant frequencies, formant transition, fricative noise, occlusion and plosion in plosives, and spectral moments in consonants were analyzed. Fricative /ʃ/ in the word ʃuma (forest) has center of gravity (CoG) 5090 Hz, standard deviation (SD) 2576 Hz, skewness -0.7, and kurtosis -0.4. Duration of the fricative noise is 195 ms. Fricative /s/ in initial position in the word susam (sesame) has CoG 6632 Hz, SD 1803 Hz, skewness -1.4, and kurtosis 2.7. Vowel /i/ in fricative context /f/ in the word filter (filter) has rising F2 transition in duration of 26 ms and transition extent 325 Hz. There is short “steady state” of the F2 followed by a rapid decrease in frequency starting from 3100 Hz. Typical occlusion in plosive /t/ in the word topka (ball) is followed by plosion in duration of 5.3 ms. In the word dete (child), F1 of accented vowel /e/ is 685 Hz, and unaccented /e/ 560 Hz. Acoustic analysis of speech in children with normal articulation is a good basis for analysis of speech in children with articulation disorders in order to plan adequate treatment. Keywords: acoustic analysis, speech, children, Praat
... Slične nalaze istraživanja utvrdili su i drugi autori ispitujući stilove rješavanja konflikata odraslih osoba, Bjekić i Zlatić (2007) nastavnika, Pološki Vokić i Sontor (2009) uposlenika u kompanijama, te Kokorić (2007) osoba u patnerskim odnosima. Također, došli smo do određenih istraživačkih nalaza drugih autora koji ukazuju na postojanje spolnih razlika u stilovima rješavanja konflikata odraslih, Islami (2016) između supružnika, Podrug i Gauta (2013) studenata i Havenga (2008) menadžera. Sve prethodno navedeno poslužilo nam je prilikom formuliranja istraživačkih hipoteza. ...
... Na osnovu prethodno rečenog jasno se ističe potreba za izobrazbom roditelja u području komunikacijskih vještina u skladu sa specifičnostima konfliktnih situacija. Vodeći se istraživačkim nalazima koji su utvrđeni od strane drugih autora u kojima je utvrđeno postojanje spolnih razlika u stilovima rješavanja konflikata (Havenga, 2008;Islami, 2016; Podrug i Gauta, 2013), pretpostavili smo da postoje spolne razlike u roditeljskim stilovima rješavanja konflikata sa djecom u potencijalno opasnim situacijama. Nalazi do kojih smo došli, a koji su prikazani na Slici 2, već na prvi pogled ukazuju na veliku sličnost kada su u pitanju odgovori roditelja muškog i ženskog spola. ...
Conference Paper
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When describing hearing loss, we generally look at three aspects: type, degree, and configuration of hearing loss. The objective of the study was to evaluate the audiologic profile of children with hearing loss. This retrospective study included 474 children, 279 males (58.9%) and 195 females (41.1 %), aged 4 to 14 years (mean age of 6.8±2.8 years), examined at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of audiology, City General Hospital “8th September”, Skopje, during the period from April 2016 to March 2021 . Findings from audiologic assessment including pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry were analyzed. For statistical data analysis we used Chi-square test with level of significance p<0.05. Conductive, sensorineural and mixed hearing loss was present in 95.4%, 3.2% and 1.5%, respectively. A total of 228 children (48.1%) had unilateral, and 246 children (51.9%) had bilateral hearing loss. From the total of 948 ears analyzed, 720 (75.9%) had hearing loss. Mild hearing loss was present in 97.2%, followed by moderate hearing loss (1.5%), and severe hearing loss (1.3%). Rising configuration was present in 526 cases (73%), and Flat configuration in 167 (23.2%). Less frequent audiometric configurations were: Sloping (1.7%), U-shaped (1.4%), and Notch (0.7%). Type B tympanogram in cases of conductive hearing loss was the most common (p=0.00001). Audiometric descriptors indicate the communication barriers from hearing loss and educational implications. Mild conductive hearing loss is the most frequent hearing loss in children. In cases where amplification is required, there is a need for appropriate fitting according to audiometric configuration. Keywords: type, degree, configuration, hearing loss, children
... Slične nalaze istraživanja utvrdili su i drugi autori ispitujući stilove rješavanja konflikata odraslih osoba, Bjekić i Zlatić (2007) nastavnika, Pološki Vokić i Sontor (2009) uposlenika u kompanijama, te Kokorić (2007) osoba u patnerskim odnosima. Također, došli smo do određenih istraživačkih nalaza drugih autora koji ukazuju na postojanje spolnih razlika u stilovima rješavanja konflikata odraslih, Islami (2016) između supružnika, Podrug i Gauta (2013) studenata i Havenga (2008) menadžera. Sve prethodno navedeno poslužilo nam je prilikom formuliranja istraživačkih hipoteza. ...
... Na osnovu prethodno rečenog jasno se ističe potreba za izobrazbom roditelja u području komunikacijskih vještina u skladu sa specifičnostima konfliktnih situacija. Vodeći se istraživačkim nalazima koji su utvrđeni od strane drugih autora u kojima je utvrđeno postojanje spolnih razlika u stilovima rješavanja konflikata (Havenga, 2008;Islami, 2016; Podrug i Gauta, 2013), pretpostavili smo da postoje spolne razlike u roditeljskim stilovima rješavanja konflikata sa djecom u potencijalno opasnim situacijama. Nalazi do kojih smo došli, a koji su prikazani na Slici 2, već na prvi pogled ukazuju na veliku sličnost kada su u pitanju odgovori roditelja muškog i ženskog spola. ...
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This article reports a test of a longitudinal model linking interpersonal conflict communication and relationship quality. The model stresses episodic factors that function to mediate the conflict-relationship link. In particular, the competence-based model specifies that assessments of competence and one's own communication satisfaction filter the effects of conflict on relational quality when measured concurrently at Time 1 (T1). In addition, the competence-based model includes the hypothesized impact of relational features at T1 on conflict strategies weeks later at Time 2 (T2), which indicates a reciprocal causal connection between message behavior and relational features. Structural equation modeling analyses support the mediational role of episodic assessments, which constitutes the heart of the model. However, relational quality at T1 did not predict conflict behavior at T2. Instead, analyses revealed that conflict behavior at T1 and partner conflict at T2 predict conflict behavior at T2.
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Developed a new measure of coping with daily problems for use in longitudinal studies with repeated assessments. Development began with a checklist of specific coping behaviors and cognitions taken from existing questionnaires, but adequate levels of internal consistency could not be achieved for items grouped into rationally derived coping categories. A study in which the checklist items were sorted into the categories showed that particular behaviors or cognitions could represent different types of coping. This led to the development of a questionnaire with an open-ended response format. This brief questionnaire was used by 60 married couples (mean age of husbands 43 yrs; mean age of wives 40 yrs) for 21 consecutive days. Sex of respondent and problem appraisal were associated with amount and type of coping. A moderate amount of within-S consistency in coping with the same problem over time was also observed. Implications of the developmental studies and attributes of the new assessment are discussed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychology of marriage and family. Zagreb: Golden marketing -technical books
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Čudina-Obradović, M., & Obradović, J. (2005). Psychology of marriage and family. Zagreb: Golden marketing -technical books.)
When is a fault not a frailty? The structure of resilient representations in dating relationships. Unpublished data
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Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (1995). When is a fault not a frailty? The structure of resilient representations in dating relationships. Unpublished data, University of Waterloo.
Violence against women: Classic papers (str. 187-197)
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Edleson i C. M. Renzetti (ur.). Violence against women: Classic papers (str. 187-197). Boston: Pearson Education Inc.:
Interpersonal Conflict
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Wilmot, W. W., & Hocker, J. L. (2007). Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill.