Chapter

Perceptions as Hypotheses

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.

Abstract

Philosophers concerned with perception traditionally consider phenomena of perception which may readily be verified by individual observation and a minimum of apparatus. Experimental psychologists and physiologists, on the other hand, tend to use elaborate experimental apparatus and sophisticated techniques, so that individual observations — even one’s own observations — are no longer the stuff of discussion. By considering such experimental results the study of perception may come to look quite like physics. This has led to emphasis of certain aspects and features of perception: generally features which can be readily measured with laboratory techniques. Measures of ‘sensory’ and of ‘motor’ performance can provide parameters for theories of how sensory and the control aspects of the nervous system might function. Concepts and terminology then tend to be drawn from the physical sciences and from engineering. For example the sense organs may be described as ‘transducers’, converting information transmitted by one kind of energy into a different kind of energy.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.

... Although not all researchers agree on their appropriateness to study multisensory mechanisms underlying body perception (Dieguez, 2018;Lush, 2020), hitherto embodiment has been largely investigated through bodily illusions (Botvinick, 2004). An interesting feature of illusions (including bodily ones) is the creation of a conflict between expectancy-based priors and incoming sensory information Gregory, 1980;Shipp et al., 2013). One of the best-known bodily illusions is the rubber hand illusion (RHI; Botvinick, M. and Cohen, J. D, 1998). ...
Article
Full-text available
Our interaction with the world rests on the knowledge that we are a body in space and time, which can interact with the environment. This awareness is usually referred to as sense of embodiment. For the good part of the past 30 years, the rubber hand illusion (RHI) has been a prime tool to study embodiment in healthy and people with a variety of clinical conditions. In this paper, we provide a critical overview of this research with a focus on the RHI paradigm as a tool to study prothesis embodiment in individuals with amputation. The RHI relies on well-documented multisensory integration mechanisms based on sensory precision, where parietal areas are involved in resolving the visuo-tactile conflict, and premotor areas in updating the conscious bodily representation. This mechanism may be transferable to prosthesis ownership in amputees. We discuss how these results might transfer to technological development of sensorised prostheses, which in turn might progress the acceptability by users.
... This type is invoked when one is directing attention to a particular place or looking for a specific thing. 370 In top-down processing, prior knowledge and expectations create the framework for the viewer's perception. 371 Through the process of aiming toward sought-after information, one consciously excludes others. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
This work develops a framework for the interpretation of visual media. Currently, the law is in a state of incoherence, delivering results that have caused public protests in some instances and cast doubt on the law’s ability to see images credibly. Although volumes have been filled that consider textual interpretation, a comparable effort has not been undertaken for visual images. This piece argues that the present state of incoherence is grounded in modernism, coupled with an inability to move beyond these former modes of interpretation that have become frozen in legal precedent. Stated succinctly, how images are created and understood has shifted within our society. Providing some general principles of visual interpretation, this work also argues that the law must be cognizant of the influence of visual cultures, which inform the creation and interpretation of images. These varied interpretations are embedded in larger and pluralistic understandings that the viewer brings to the experience. Further, this work proposes that rules of interpretation can be established to inform particular ways of seeing images that further the purposes of the substantive law. An interpretative process must incorporate these phenomena in assessing information presented in visual form.
... It rather tries, within an iterative asymptotic approximation, to establish some innovative ideas how – due to a complex interaction of subcomponents within the plumbable brain – the subjective experiences in sensory cognition are generated (cf. Gregory 1970; 1980). The interaction of top-down and bottom-up components of aisthesis under normal and altered circumstances is the main subject of our group's basic research in (psychiatric) cognitive neurosciences. ...
Article
Full-text available
Neurobiological aspects of synaesthesia are discussed from the perspective of the broader philosophical topic of “syn-aisthesis” and the basic fundamentals of a neuropsychological understanding of perceptual inter-modal integration. Herein, the predominance of conceptualization processes in regard to top-down functions of the brain appears as a prerequisite for perception. Functional Magnet Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of synaesthetes compared to controls are discussed, providing evidence for the theory that prefrontal and parietal conceptualization processes by themselves exert transmodal functions and thus contain properties of “binding”. A partial hyperactivity of such processes in synaesthesia may thus be a causal factor of this condition.
... Diese wurden durch frühere Wahrnehmungsprozesse geformt und können durch aktuelle Wahrnehmungsprozesse bestätigt oder widerlegt werden (vgl. auch Gregory 1980 Die Hypothesentheorie der Wahrnehmung lässt sich nun auf die Entstehung von medial vermitteltem räumlichem Präsenzerleben anwenden: Für die Rezipient/inn/en bieten sich aufgrund der miteinander konkurrierenden Lokalisationsrahmen ("Ich-Perspektive" des realen Raumes vs. "Ich-Perspektive" der Medienumgebung) zwei Alternativhypothesen an: ...
Article
Full-text available
The paradox of a brain trying to study itself presents a conundrum, raising questions about self-reference, consciousness, psychiatric disorders, and the boundaries of scientific inquiry. By which means can this complex organ shift the focus of study towards itself? We aim at unpacking the intricacies of this paradox. Historically, this question has been raised by philosophers under different frameworks. Thanks to the development of novel techniques to study the brain on a functional and structural level - as well as neurostimulation protocols that can modulate its activity in selected areas - we now possess advanced methods to progress this intricate inquiry. Nonetheless, the broader implications of the brain's pursuit of understanding itself remain unclear to this day. Ultimately, the need to employ both perception and introspection has led to different formulations of consciousness. This creates a challenge, as evidence supporting one formulation does not necessarily support the other. By deconstructing the paradoxical nature of self understanding - from a philosophical and neuroscientific point of view - we may gain insights into the human brain, which could lead to improved understanding of self-awareness and consciousness.
Article
What is the link between eye movements and sensory learning? Although some theories have argued for an automatic interaction between what we know and where we look that continuously modulates human information gathering behavior during both implicit and explicit learning, there exists limited experimental evidence supporting such an ongoing interplay. To address this issue, we used a visual statistical learning paradigm combined with a gaze-contingent stimulus presentation and manipulated the explicitness of the task to explore how learning and eye movements interact. During both implicit exploration and explicit visual learning of unknown composite visual scenes, spatial eye movement patterns systematically and gradually changed in accordance with the underlying statistical structure of the scenes. Moreover, the degree of change was directly correlated with the amount and type of knowledge the observers acquired. This suggests that eye movements are potential indicators of active learning, a process where long-term knowledge, current visual stimuli and an inherent tendency to reduce uncertainty about the visual environment jointly determine where we look.
Article
Perceptual learning is commonly understood as conferring some benefit to the learner, such as allowing for the extraction of more information from the environment. However, perceptual learning can be biased in several different ways, some of which do not appear to provide such a benefit. Here we outline a systematic framework for thinking about bias in perceptual learning and discuss how several cases fit into this framework. We argue these biases are compatible with an understanding in which perceptual learning is beneficial, but that its benefits are tied to both a person's narrow interests and the training environment or domain, and so if there are changes to either of these, then benefits can turn into liabilities, though these are often temporary. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Learning Philosophy > Value Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Article
When engaging with magic, we are moved by seemingly impossible events that contradict what we believe to be possible in the real world. We are surprised, curious, and baffled when we cannot explain how the magic we are witnessing is possible. We generally understand the events to be illusions. But how is it possible to be moved by something we know to be unreal? This problem is related to the paradox of fiction in aesthetics. Here, we introduce the problem in the domain of theatrical magic, discuss possible solutions, and present a tentative account that allows us to accommodate inconsistent, seemingly incompatible beliefs at different representational levels in the viewers’ mind.
Article
Full-text available
There is currently growing clinical concern regarding dysfunctional breathing disorder(s) (DBD), an umbrella term for a set of multidimensional clinical conditions that are characterized by altered breathing pattern associated with a variety of intermittent or chronic symptoms, notably dyspnea, in the absence or in excess of, organic disease. However, several aspects of DBD remain poorly understood and/or open to debate, especially the inconsistent relationship between the array of experienced symptoms and their supposedly underlying mechanisms. This may be partly due to a more general problem, i.e., the prevailing way we conceptualize symptoms. In the present article, after a brief review of the different aspects of DBD from the current perspective, I submit a call for considering DBD under the innovating perspective of the Bayesian brain hypothesis, i.e., a potent and novel model that fundamentally changes our views on symptom perception.
Article
Research suggests that at the core of paranormal belief formation is a tendency to attribute meaning to ambiguous stimuli. But it is unclear whether this tendency reflects a difference in perceptual sensitivity or a decision bias. Using a two-alternative forced choice task, we tested the relationship between paranormal belief and perceptual sensitivity. Participants were shown two stimuli presented in temporal succession. In one interval an ambiguous Mooney Face (i.e., signal) was presented, in the other interval a scrambled version of the image (i.e., noise) was presented. Participants chose in which of the two intervals the face appeared. Our results revealed that participants with stronger beliefs in paranormal phenomena were less sensitive to discriminating signal from noise. This finding builds on previous research using "yes/no" tasks, but importantly disentangles perceptual sensitivity from response bias and suggests paranormal believers perceive things differently.
Article
Full-text available
Perceptual history influences current perception, readily revealed by visual priming (the facilitation of responses on repeated presentations of similar stimuli) and by serial dependence (systematic biases toward the previous stimuli). We asked whether the two phenomena shared perceptual mechanisms. We modified the standard "priming of pop-out" paradigm to measure both priming and serial dependence concurrently. The stimulus comprised three grating patches, one or two red, and the other green. Participants identified the color singleton (either red or green), and reproduced its orientation. Trial sequences were designed to maximize serial dependence, and long runs of priming color and position. The results showed strong effects of priming, both on reaction times and accuracy, which accumulated steadily over time, as generally reported in the literature. The serial dependence effects were also strong, but did not depend on previous color, nor on the run length. Reaction times measured under various conditions of repetition or change of priming color or position were reliably correlated with imprecision in orientation reproduction, but reliably uncorrelated with magnitude of serial dependence. The results suggest that visual priming and serial dependence are mediated by different neural mechanisms. We propose that priming affects sensitivity, possibly via attention-like mechanisms, whereas serial dependence affects criteria, two orthogonal dimensions in the signal detection theory.
Article
Full-text available
We tested if the misapplication of perceptual constancy mechanisms might explain the perceived misalignment of the oblique lines in the Poggendorff illusion. Specifically, whether these mechanisms might treat the rectangle in the middle portion of the Poggendorff stimulus as an oc-cluder in front of one long line appearing on either side, causing an apparent decrease in the rectan-gle′s width and an apparent increase in the misalignment of the oblique lines. The study aimed to examine these possibilities by examining the effects of adding pictorial depth cues. In experiments 1 and 2, we presented a central rectangle composed of either large or small bricks to determine if this manipulation would change the perceived alignment of the oblique lines and the perceived width of the central rectangle, respectively. The experiments demonstrated no changes that would support a misapplication of perceptual constancy in driving the illusion, despite some evidence of perceptual size rescaling of the central rectangle. In experiment 3, we presented Poggendorff stimuli in front and at the back of a corridor background rich in texture and linear perspective depth cues to determine if adding these cues would affect the Poggendorff illusion. The central rectangle was physically large and small when presented in front and at the back of the corridor, respectively. The strength of the Poggendorff illusion varied as a function of the physical size of the central rectangle, and, contrary to our predictions, the addition of pictorial depth cues in both the central rectangle and the background decreased rather than increased the strength of the illusion. The implications of these results with regards to different theories are discussed. It could be the case that the illusion depends on both low-level and cognitive mechanisms and that deleterious effects occur on the former when the latter ascribes more certainty to the oblique lines being the same line receding into the distance.
Article
Following traumatic brain injury in adulthood, Pierrette Sapey (PS) became suddenly unable to recognize the identity of people from their faces. Thanks to her remarkable recovery of general brain function, liveliness, and willingness to be tested, PS's case of prosopagnosia has been extensively studied for more than 20 years. This investigation includes hundreds of hours of behavioral data collection that provide information about the nature of human face identity recognition (FIR). Here a theory-driven extensive review of behavioral and eye movement recording studies performed with PS is presented (part I). The specificity of PS's recognition disorder to the category of faces, i.e., with preserved visual object (identity) recognition, is emphasized, arguing that isolating this impairment is necessary to define prosopagnosia, offering a unique window to understand the nature of human FIR. Studies performed with both unfamiliar and experimentally or naturally familiar faces show that PS, while being able to perceive both detailed diagnostic facial parts and a coarse global facial shape, can no longer build a relatively fine-grained holistic visual representation of a face, preventing its efficient individuation. Her mandatory part-by-part analytic behavior during FIR causes increased difficulties at extracting diagnostic cues from the crowded eye region of the face, but also from relative distances between facial parts and from 3D shape more than from surface cues. PS's impairment is interpreted here for the first time in terms of defective (access to) cortical memories of faces following brain damage, causing her impaired holistic perception of face individuality. Implications for revising standard neurofunctional models of human face recognition and evaluation of this function in neurotypical individuals are derived.
Article
Individuals’ ability to perceive their heartbeats, called cardioceptive accuracy, is assessed with various paradigms. Performance in the mental and a novel motor tracking task that eliminates disturbing tactile sensations was assessed at rest and during walking with the participation of 45 young people. Significantly higher scores in the mental tracking task than in the motor tracking task were found. Scores obtained at rest were consistently higher than their walking counterparts. Motor responses showed no temporal association with heartbeats for 84% of participants at rest and 95% during walking. Overall, participants’ cardioceptive accuracy at rest and under slight physical activity was poor. Even if people rely on their heartbeat-related sensations during their daily activity, it is either not the ability that is assessed by the tracking tasks, or it is a relatively poor source of information about the actual state of the body.
Article
Full-text available
We examined how the strength of the Poggendorff illusion changes with age in typically developing children. To this end, we recruited children aged 6 to 14 years and quantified the degree to which they experienced the illusion. The illusion was strongest in the youngest children and decreased with age logarithmically—reaching adult levels (as established by an earlier study) by 21.6 years, as determined by nonlinear interpolation. We also measured the ability to align two lines together in a nonillusory condition, receptive language, and abstract reasoning to determine whether changes in illusion strength were also associated with these factors. Alignment-matching abilities, receptive language, and abstract reasoning increased with age. However, only receptive language and abstract reasoning were correlated with illusion strength. Abilities in alignment matching were not related to illusion strength and reached adult levels (as established by a previous study) earlier at 14.7 years, as determined by nonlinear interpolation. A multiple regression analysis further revealed that receptive language and abstract reasoning did not contribute beyond their shared variance with age. Based on these findings, we suggest that the illusion is exaggerated in early development and attenuates as low-level and high-level processes mature. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Article
Full-text available
Our objective was to determine whether the influence of linear perspective cues and texture gradients in the perceptual rescaling of stimulus size transfers from one eye to the other. In experiment 1, we systematically added linear perspective cues and texture gradients in a background image of the corridor illusion. To determine whether perceptual size rescaling takes place at earlier or later stages, we tested how the perceived size of top and bottom rings changed under binocular (rings and background presented to both eyes), monocular (rings and background presented to the dominant eye only), and dichoptic (rings and background presented separately to the dominant and nondominant eyes, respectively) viewing conditions. We found differences between viewing conditions in the perceived size of the rings when linear perspective cues, but not texture gradients, were presented. Specifically, linear perspective cues produced a stronger illusion under the monocular compared to the dichoptic viewing condition. Hence, there was partial interocular transfer from the linear perspective cues, suggesting a dominant role of monocular neural populations in mediating the corridor illusion. In experiment 2, we repeated similar procedures with a more traditional Ponzo illusion background. Contrary to findings from experiment 1, there was a full interocular transfer with the presence of the converging lines, suggesting a dominant role of binocular neural populations. We conclude that higher order visual areas, which contain binocular neural populations, are more involved in the perceptual rescaling of size evoked by linear perspective cues in the Ponzo compared to the corridor illusion. (https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cALI9jMT%7EXK2)
Article
Full-text available
In this work, we demonstrated unique and relevant visual properties imparted by contrast polarity in perceptual organization and in eliciting amodal completion, which is the vivid completion of a single continuous object of the visible parts of an occluded shape despite portions of its boundary contours not actually being seen. T-junction, good continuation, and closure are considered the main principles involved according to relevant explanations of amodal completion based on the simplicity–Prägnanz principle, Helmholtz’s likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The main interest of these approaches is to explain how the occluded object is completed, what is the amodal shape, and how contours of partially visible fragments are relatable behind an occluder. Different from these perspectives, amodal completion was considered here as a visual phenomenon and not as a process, i.e., the final outcome of perceptual processes and grouping principles. Therefore, the main question we addressed through our stimuli was “What is the role of shape formation and perceptual organization in inducing amodal completion?” To answer this question, novel stimuli, similar to limiting cases and instantiae crucis, were studied through Gestalt experimental phenomenology. The results demonstrated the domination of the contrast polarity against good continuation, T-junctions, and regularity. Moreover, the limiting conditions explored revealed a new kind of junction next to the T- and Y-junctions, respectively responsible for amodal completion and tessellation. We called them I-junctions. The results were theoretically discussed in relation to the previous approaches and in the light of the phenomenal salience imparted by contrast polarity.
Article
Theoretical debates in the communication and other sciences often overlook the relativity of reference frames which give rise to conflicting interpretations over facts in dispute. Drawing on Newton's unpublished Fifth Rule of reasoning as applied to a problem in political communication, conclusions arising from diverse theoretical commitments are shown through Q technique and factor rotation to be comparable at a substructural level, lending support to Stephenson's contention that the growth of knowledge in science is dependent less on testability than on understanding based on a widening awareness of thematic relatedness. There is a frank acceptance of the principle of relativity, central to modern science and advanced for social science by Bentley more than 50 years ago, and a criticism of contemporary social science for having retained an exclusive tie to the metaphysics of Newton's four published rules.
Article
Full-text available
The projection of 3-D objects to 2-D images necessitates a loss of information, thus the shape of volumetric objects depicted in images is inherently ambiguous. The results of 3 experiments suggest observers use mental models of the local visual environment to constrain image interpretation. These models change quickly and dramatically to accommodate implicitly acquired information. Observers viewed very high-contrast (2-tone) images of novel volumetric objects. Before priming, novel 2-tone images appeared 2-D. After incidental exposure to similar objects in grayscale or familiar objects in 2-tone, the test images appeared volumetric. Incidental learning appears to alter observers' mental models, thus causing an alteration in image interpretation in the absence of any image change. Highlights were interpreted more accurately than shadows, suggesting shadows play a secondary role in shape recovery.
Chapter
On the view to be expounded below, the coordination and control of a person’s behaviour, insofar as it makes reference to cognition, is accomplished by a set of faculties. As I am going to construe things, a faculty is a storage and production facility which can be characterized by its representational modality or format, the kinds of operations it typically carries out over representations in that format, and its processing connections to transducer systems, effector systems, and other faculties, in the production of behaviour. In addition, and most centrally, I claim that consciousness is a faculty affair. Each faculty is responsible for producing conscious states within its representational and operational domain — indeed, consciousness just is the running result of operations in these faculties — and insofar as coordination between faculties is dependent upon these results it is dependent upon consciousness. So it is an error to deny consciousness a systematic role in cognition.
Poster
Full-text available
Like many predators, humans have forward-facing eyes that are set a short distance apart so that an extensive region of the visual field is seen from two different points of view. The human visual system can establish a three-dimensional (3D) percept from the projection of images into the left and right eye. How the visual system integrates local motion and binocular depth in order to accomplish 3D motion perception is still under investigation. Here, we propose a geometric-statistical model that combines noisy velocity constraints with a spherical motion prior to solve the aperture problem in 3D. In two psychophysical experiments, it is shown that instantiations of this model can explain how human observers disambiguate 3D line motion direction behind a circular aperture. We discuss the implications of our results for the processing of motion and dynamic depth in the visual system.
Article
Full-text available
This paper argues, against Phillips, that the approach to descriptive accounts developed in ethnomethodological studies derives neither from a substantive commitment to the `uniqueness of situations' nor from sceptical considerations about the nature of human experiential, linguistic, or conceptual resources. It is suggested that a concern with the indefiniteness of human descriptive resources is an important point of convergence between the work of Garfinkel and Wittgenstein. It is further argued that, whilst this indefiniteness is not usually a source of practical descriptive difficulty, the supposition of such indefiniteness is a condition for the theoretical treatment of conflicting descriptions, the flexibility of human descriptive resources and their novel applicability together with related problems concerning personal, cultural, and linguistic change, cultural and linguistic relativism etc. which would be unintelligible from the standpoint of a finite rule-based semantic and interactional theory. This position is distinguished from `rule scepticism' and is suggested to enable the consideration of co-determinative and interactive rule operations. The claim that knowledge of language should be considered in abstraction from knowledge of the world is contested throughout.
Article
Full-text available
This paper reports on an approach to the analysis of form (layout and formatting) during genre recognition recorded using eye tracking. The researchers focused on eight di erent types of e-mail, such as calls for papers, newsletters and spam, which were chosen to represent di erent genres. The study involved the collection of oculographic behaviour data based on the scanpath duration and scanpath length based metric, to highlight the ways in which people view the features of genres. We found that genre analysis based on purpose and form (layout features, etc.) was an e ective means of identifying the characteristics of these e-mails. The research, carried out on a group of 24 participants, highlighted their interaction and interpretation of the e-mail texts and the visual cues or features perceived. In addition, the ocular strategies of scanning and skimming, they employed for the processing of the texts by block, genre and representation were evaluated.
Article
In those twenty or so pages of section xi of Part Two of the Philosophical Investigations in which Wittgenstein discusses the concept of noticing an aspect and its place among the concepts of experience, there are three passages which are explicitly concerned with the relations between seeing and interpreting in the experience of noticing an aspect.
Article
In order to entertain the argument to be presented here, you have to begin by casting away a presupposition. The ultimate aim will be to restore it again as a presupposition, but the immediate aim will be to test for and make clear its undoubted worth and usefulness by imagining what happens to our knowledge-system when we remove it.
Article
ABSTRACTS Eastwood argues that speech pathology lacks core paradigms (British Journal of Disorders of Communication (1988) vol. 23 , pp. 171–184). She suggests that a main reason for this failure is a reliance on conventional (experimental) scientific method, and that the use of qualitative methods may provide a more fruitful approach. The present paper contends that, whilst increased attention might usefully be paid to qualitative methods, the issue of method is secondary in the development of paradigms. Further, an analysis of the knowledge base of speech pathology shows that the discipline is an epistemological hybrid which , sui generis, resists conceptual unification and the development of a high paradigmatic consensus. Hence, the prospect of attaining core or over‐arching paradigms for speech pathology is small. The present need is to develop a range of interesting and fruitful ideas and hypotheses for the several different facets of speech pathology, rather than to be too concerned about the development of over‐arching paradigms and issues of method. Selon Eastwood, les pathologies de la parole manquent de paradigmes centraux (British Journal of Disorders of Communication (1988), 23 , 171–184). Elle suggère que la principale raison de cette absence est due à la confiance dans les méthodes scientifiques (expérimentales) et que l'utilisation de méthodes qualitatives pourrait fournir une approche plus fructueuse. Cet article prétend que, bien qu'une attention accrue sur les méthodes qualitatives pourrait être utile, la question de méthode est secondaire dans le développement de paradigmes. De plus, une analyse de la base de connaissances sur les pathologies de la parole montre que cette discipline est un hybride épistémologique, qui résiste , sui generis, à une unification conceptuelle et au développement d'un consensus paradigmatique supérieur. Donc, la possibilité, d'atteindre des paradigmes globaux ou centraux est faible. Le besoin actuel est dans le développement d'un ensemble d'idées et d'hypothèses intéressantes et fructueuses à propos des différentes facettes de la pathologie de la parole, plutôt que de passer trop de temps sur le développement de paradigmes globaux et sur les questions de méthodes. In der Sprachpathologie fehlen die Kernparadigmen ‐ so behauptet Eastwood (British Journal of Disorders of Communication (1988), 23 , 171–184). Sie meint, ein Hauptgrund dafür sei ein Verlassen auf die konventionelle (experimentelle) Methodik, und dass ein fruchtbarerer Ansatz durch den Gebrauch von qualitativen Methoden gegeben wäre. In diesem Referat wird behauptet, dass, während ein höheres Achten auf die qualitativen Methoden von Nutzen sein könnte, die Methodikfrage bei der Paradigmenentwickelung nur skeundär sei. Weiterhin, eine Analyse der Grundkenntnisse der Sprachpathologie beweist, dass die Disziplin eine epistemologische Hybride sei, die sui generis einer konzeptuellen Vereinigung widerstrebt, und die Entwicklung einer hohen, paradigmatischen Übereinstimmung ausschliesst. Die Aussichten für die Errichtung von umfassenden oder Kernparadigmen in der Sprachpathologie sind daher gering. Das gegenwärtige Ziel sollte folgendes sein: eine Reihe interessanter und fruchtbarerer Ideen und Hypothesen für jedes Einzelgebiet der Sprachpathologie entwickeln, eher als ein zu grosse Beschäftigung mit der Entwicklung umfassender Paradigmen und Fragen der Methodik.
Article
Full-text available
One of the most remarkable characteristics of the human visual system is its ability to perceive specific three-dimensional forms in single two-dimensional contour images. This has often been attributed to a few general purpose and possibly innately specified shape biases, such as those favouring symmetry and other structural regularities (Fig. 1). An alternative approach proposed by the early empiricists and since tested suggests that this ability may also be acquired from visual experience, with the three-dimensional percept being the manifestation of a learned association between specific two-dimensional projections and the correlated three-dimensional structures. These studies of shape learning have been considered inconclusive, however, because their results can potentially be accounted for as cognitive decisions that might have little to do with shape perception per se. Here we present an experimental system that enables objective verification of the role of learning in shape perception by rendering the learning to be perceptually manifest. We show that the human visual system can learn associations between arbitrarily paired two-dimensional pictures and (projectionally consistent) three-dimensional structures. These results implicate high-level recognition processes in the task of shape perception.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.