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Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015 14-22
TRACKING THE MOVEMENT PATTERN OF BAR-HEADED GOOSE ANSER INDICUS CAPTURED
FROM THE GHARANA CONSERVATION RESERVE, INDIA
Neeraj Mahar
1,3
, Bilal haBiB
1,4
, Tahir Shawl
2,7
, Gopi GoviNdaN veeraSwaMi
1,5
, iNTeSar Suhail
2,8,
jiGMeT Takpa
2,9
aNd Syed aiNul huSSaiN
1,6,*
1Wildlife Institute of India, P.O. Box #18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 001, Uttarakhand, India.
2Department of Wildlife Protection, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajbagh, Silk Factory Road, Pollution Control Board Campus,
Srinagar 190 001, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
3Email: neerajmahar@wii.gov.in
4Email: bh@wii.gov.in
5Email: gopigv@wii.gov.in
6Email: hussain@wii.gov.in
7Email: tahirshawl@yahoo.com
8Email: intesar.suhail@gmail.com
9Email: jiksmet@gmail.com
*Corresponding author
doi: 10.17087/jbnhs/2015/v112i1/92194
Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus is a long distance migrant to the Indian subcontinent, with the major population breeding
in China. There is a small breeding population in Ladakh, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan. To gain an understanding of
their movement pattern and home range, we monitored two PTT tagged Bar-headed Geese (BG111847 & BG111848)
captured from the Gharana Conservation Reserve, Jammu & Kashmir, India, during March to August 2012. The origin
of the tagged birds, whether from Ladakh or extralimital, could not be ascertained as both the PTTs functioned only
for 5–6 months; also, the birds did not move to their breeding grounds till the signals were received in August. During
the tracking period, the PTT tted geese used the Tawi river oodplains of India and Pakistan, in Jammu and Sialkot
districts respectively. BG111847 used a 431 km long stretch of the Tawi oodplains, while BG111848 used only a
54 km stretch. The home range of BG111847 was 52.60 sq. km [85% MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon)] and the core
area was 7 sq. km (50% MCP), while the home range for BG111848 was 29.68 sq. km (85% MCP) and the core area was
2 sq. km (50% MCP). Post winter, the two geese used around 17 small wetlands in the Tawi river oodplains, moving
between India and Pakistan intermittently, indicating the need for cross-border efforts for the long-term conservation
of the species in this region. Our results are preliminary and further studies are needed to understand the migration
pattern and habitat use of the Bar-headed Goose wintering in the Gharana Conservation Reserve and adjoining areas.
Keywords: Bar-headed Goose, satellite telemetry, migration, home range, wetland, Platform Transmitter Terminal,
Important Bird Area
INTRODUCTION
The Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus occurs in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Bhutan, China,
India, Mongolia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand,
Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan (IUCN 2014). The major
breeding population inhabits China, with smaller populations
in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan (Koppen et al. 2010; Takekawa
et al. 2009). In India, breeding Bar-headed Goose has been
reported from Ladakh (Ali and Ripley 1987) where about 500
pairs breed around several lakes and marshes (Hussain and
Pandav 2008; Hussain et al. 2008; Prins and Wieren 2004).
Migrating Bar-headed Geese have been reported from many
protected and non-protected wetlands of Assam, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
and Maharashtra (Ali and Ripley 1987; Neelakantan et al.
1993; Rahmani 1992; Rahmani and Arora 1992; Rahmani
and Islam 2008; Rahmani et al. 2010).
The Bar-headed Goose is listed as a Schedule I species
under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and J&K
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978. Globally, it is a “Least
Concern” species (BirdLife International 2002; Collar et al.
1994), though it is believed that its population is declining
rapidly due to habitat loss, illicit egg collection, and hunting
(Koppen et al. 2010). Its global population is estimated to be
<60,000 (Miyabayashi and Mundkur 1999), with estimates
of around 20,000–30,000 wintering in India (Li et al. 2009).
Over 30,000 birds are reported during winter in China and
the Tibet Autonomous Region (Bishop and Drolma 2007;
Bishop et al. 1997).
Scientists and naturalists have always been fascinated
by the Bar-headed Goose due to its ability to y over the
Himalaya during migration to the Indian subcontinent and
back (Hawkes et al. 2010, 2013; Javed et al. 2000; Kalra et al.
2011; Lee et al. 2008; Swan 1970; Scott and Milsom 2007).
Kasambe et al. (2008) recovered neck-collared Bar-headed
Geese in Maharashtra and Karnataka which were tagged in
15J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015
Mongolia. Similarly, a neck-collared Goose from Mongolia
was reported in Tamil Nadu during winter (Van der Ven et
al. 2010). The species was found to migrate c. 780 km over
the Himalaya from India to China (Javed et al. 2000). Kalra
et al. (2011) also recorded their migration between India and
China. Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT) deployed geese
in China, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan have been reported
from Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Pong Dam
(Himachal Pradesh) in India. Bar-headed Geese have been
identied as carriers of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus
(Bourouiba et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2005; Prosser et al. 2011;
Zhou et al. 2006), which necessitates monitoring of their
movement pattern at international and regional levels. Hence,
we undertook this study to examine the movement pattern and
habitat use of the Bar-headed Goose frequenting the Gharana
Conservation Reserve using satellite telemetry.
Capture site
The Gharana Conservation Reserve is an ‘Important
Bird Area’ (Islam and Rahmani 2004), situated near Gharana
village in Ranbirsinghpora tehsil in the Tawi oodplains
(32o 32′ 26″ N; 74o 41′ 24″ E) of Jammu & Kashmir State. It
is c. 500 m from the India-Pakistan international border and
is a small wetland with an area of c. 100 ha surrounded by
agricultural lands. The wetland is covered with Water Hyacinth
Eichhornia crassipes and Typha sp. (Islam and Rahmani
2004). The Tawi river, agricultural lands, and several small
wetlands adjacent to Gharana offer habitats for waterbirds
in the oodplains. A study reported 21 species of waterbirds
from this wetland (Sharma and Saini 2012) with around 20,000
birds reported during winter, which includes more than 2,000
Bar-headed Geese (Islam and Rahmani 2004). The adjacent
oodplains of Indus, Degh, Panynad, and Ravi rivers in
Pakistan also have wintering population of Bar-headed Geese
numbering around 5,000 (Koppen et al. 2010; Van der Ven et al.
2010). The nearest breeding ground for the Bar-headed Goose
from Gharana is Ladakh, c. 300 km to its north. The breeding
sites in Ladakh mainly comprise lacustrine (e.g., Tso Kar,
Tso Morriri) and palustrine (e.g., Dungti, Chushul) wetlands
(Chandan et al. 2005; Islam and Rahmani 2004; Prins and
Weiren 2004). In China, their breeding sites are steppes, saline
meadows, swamp meadows, alpine meadows, and cropland
habitats, while preferred stopover sites are lakes, marshes, and
shallow wetlands (Zhang et al. 2011).
METHODS
Capture and deployment of PTTs
On March 19, 2012, seven adult Bar-headed Geese were
captured from the Gharana Conservation Reserve using noose
snares by trained professional bird trappers of the Bombay
Natural History Society. After biometric measurements, two
individuals were randomly selected for the deployment of
pre-designed PTTs. The PTT model TAV-2630, with around
nine months of battery life, was attached onto the backs of
the birds with a backpack harness. The weight of PTT was
29 gm, which is around 1% of the total body weight of the
geese and is within the recommended 3% weight limit (Wilson
and McMahon 2006). Unique identication numbers were
given to the birds, viz. BG111847 and BG111848, for receiving
data from ARGOS (ARGOS 2007). PTTs were set to receive
ve xes per 24 hour cycle. Generally, ARGOS provides x
(location) classes of different accuracies; the high accuracy
x classes are 3, 2, 1 and 0. Low accuracy classes A, B, and
Z are also transmitted from the PTT. The high accuracy x
classes provide a range of error as follows: 3 = <150 m, 2 =
150–350 m, 1 = 350–1,000 m and 0 = >1,000 m. As classes
A, B, and Z indicate poor satellite connection (ARGOS 2007),
only classes 3 to 0 were used for analysis (Ueta 2000).
Data analysis
We used adehabitatHR for home-range and
movement pattern analysis in R core 3.0.2 version software
(R Development Core Team 2014). Conventional Minimum
Convex Polygon (MCP) method was used for home range
analysis and core area was calculated with 50% MCP.
ARGOS xes received from both individuals were overlaid
on Land Use Land Cover (LULC) maps using ArcGIS Version
9.3 (ESRI 2008). Habitat types were broadly divided into ve
categories, namely water (river and waterbodies), vegetation
(largely grass-dominated areas), settlement (village and town),
agriculture, and open areas (uncultivated and riverbed). We
used Google Earth images Version 6.1 (Google, Mountain
View, California, USA) to identify wetlands utilized by the
geese and the potential wetlands in the region suitable for
geese and other waterbirds.
RESULTS
Performance of PTTs
We received 647 xes between March and August
2012, with maximum xes during April, and minimum during
August 2012 (Fig. 1). We analyzed 205 high class xes [from
both geese, Location Class (LC) 3 (33%), followed by LC
2 (32%), LC 1 (26%) and LC 0 (9%)], of which 176 xes
were of BG111847 and 29 were of BG111848. The PTT
on BG111847 functioned till August 2012 while that on
BG111848 provided irregular xes till July 2012 (Table 1).
Both the PTTs functioned for 5–6 months below the expected
life of 9 months.
TRACKING THE MOVEMENT PATTERN OF BAR-HEADED GOOSE CAPTURED FROM GHARANA CONSERVATION RESERVE
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J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015
Spatial Distribution
We computed 85% MCP after excluding the outliers. As
depicted in Fig. 2, 90% MCP for BG111847 was justiable,
unlike BG111848. As prominent increase in home range of
BG111848 till 90% was ineffective, we determined home
range using an acceptable average of 85% MCP, and core
range was computed with 50% MCP. Average home range
of the two birds was calculated as 41 sq. km (85% MCP),
and core area as 4 sq. km (50% MCP).
Individually, the home range of BG111847 was
52.60 sq. km with a core area of 7 sq. km that mainly consisted
of wetlands/waterbodies. The core area for BG111847 was
in Chaprar, Pakistan, and near Ranbirsinghpora, India. The
home range of BG111848 was 29.68 sq. km between March to
July (Fig. 3), with a core area of 2 sq. km in and around Tawi
river within Indian territory, c. 12 km away from Gharana
(Fig. 4). Both the individuals did not return to Gharana after
tagging; they moved towards the north and used the Tawi
oodplains extensively. There was an overlap of 10 sq. km
area between the home ranges of these two birds, but no
interaction was recorded since very few xes were received
from the overlapping area (Fig. 3).
Movement Pattern
Instead of migrating towards Ladakh/Central Asia/
China, the geese that were tagged in March 2012 remained
in Tawi oodplains till July–August 2012. The birds moved
extensively within areas of the Tawi oodplains in Jammu
(India) and Sialkot (Pakistan). For BG111847, the total
movement was computed as c. 431 km and the average
movement was 2.69 km/day (Table 1), while the maximum
distance between two consecutive xes was 25 km. The
PTT-tted goose occasionally visited nearby areas of River
Chenab in Pakistan (Fig. 5). Eventually, BG111847 settled
in Chaprar (Pakistan) till we received the last x in August
2012. BG111848 moved c. 54 km, and the average distance
travelled was 0.46 km/day with a maximum of 13 km between
two consecutive xes on March 21, 2012; the last x for this
bird was received in July 2012.
Habitat Use
Most of the xes were received from open areas (a
combination of open barren lands, empty crop lands and
riverbeds), followed by vegetation (mostly grass-dominated
areas), agriculture and wetlands (Fig. 6). Fixes were not
received from any human settlements, indicating that the
geese avoided such areas. The least number of xes were
received in water/wetland habitats, most of the x clusters in
other habitat types were within 1–2 km of the Euclidean ight
distance from the wetlands. The total area used by the two
Table 1: Home range (50% & 85% MCP) and movement pattern of two PTT-tted Bar-headed Geese
captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
Bird ID Start Date Total
Fixes
Fixes used for
analysis
End Date 50% MCP
(sq. km)
85% MCP
(sq. km)
Movement
(km/day)
BG111847 March 19, 2012 550 176 August 25, 2012 7 52.60 2.69
BG111848 March 19, 2012 97 29 July 7, 2012 2 29.68 0.46
Fig. 1: Monthly xes received from ARGOS for two PTT-tted
geese captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
Fig. 2: Saturation in home ranges of two PTT-tted Bar-headed
Geese captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
TRACKING THE MOVEMENT PATTERN OF BAR-HEADED GOOSE CAPTURED FROM GHARANA CONSERVATION RESERVE
17J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015
Fig. 3: Home ranges (85% MCP) of two PTT-tted Bar-headed Geese captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
Table 2: Wetlands in Tawi oodplain of India and Pakistan
Wetland
ID (see
Fig. 7)
Area (sq. km) Perimeter
(km)
Type Country
1 0.005 0.15 Canal P
2 0.004 0.292 Pond I
3 0.006 0.418 Pond P
4 0.001 0.146 Pond P
50.431 4.5 Pond, Canal I & P
6 0.001 0.19 Pond P
7 0.014 0.057 Pond P
80.002 0.21 Pond P
9 0.002 0.246 Pond P
10 0.019 0.781 Pond P
11 0.014 0.712 Pond P
12 0.023 0.7 Pond P
13 0.0008 0.126 Pond P
14 0.125 5.6 Stream P
15 0.014 0.797 Canal I
16 0.004 0.666 Pond P
17 0.0006 0.13 Pond P
Source: - Google Earh Image; I - India and P – Pakistan
birds was c. 72 sq. km, of which open area constituted 31.78
sq. km, followed by areas with grass-dominated vegetation
(25.58 sq. km), agriculture (10.41 sq. km), and river/wetland
(3.21 sq. km). The home range, however, encompassed 0.47
sq. km human settlements.
Important wetlands in the Tawi oodplain
The birds used around 17 small wetlands in the Tawi
oodplain (Fig. 7; Table 2), varying in size from c. 0.0006
to 0.431 sq. km with a total available area of c. 0.66 sq.
km, of which c. 0.44 sq. km was in India and c. 0.22 sq.
km in Pakistan. Most of these wetlands served as optional
habitats for the geese. Occasionally, stagnant water canals
were used. In Chaprar (Pakistan), c. 0.20 sq. km cluster of
wetlands were utilized by BG111847 in July and August.
Among these clusters, smaller wetlands of size 0.0008 sq.
km also served as staging sites (Table 2). Apparently, these
are potential habitats for waterbirds in the Tawi and Chenab
river oodplains in India and Pakistan (Fig. 7).
DISCUSSION
Neck-banded Bar-headed Geese have been reported
TRACKING THE MOVEMENT PATTERN OF BAR-HEADED GOOSE CAPTURED FROM GHARANA CONSERVATION RESERVE
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J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015
to visit the Gharana Conservation Reserve (Agency India
Press, December 23, 2011; DNA December 27, 2011),
which are believed to have been tagged in Mongolia, the
Qinghai province of China, or possibly Himachal Pradesh
(A.R. Rahmani, pers. comm.). Earlier satellite tracking
studies reported the maximum migration distance of the
Bar-headed Goose to be 3,000 km, from Mongolia to India
(Hawkes et al. 2013; Takekawa et al. 2009). PTT-tted Bar-
headed Geese from Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and
Sur Sarovar (Uttar Pradesh) moved to their breeding grounds
in the Tibetan Autonomous Region and Xizang Province
(China) by March–April (Javed et al. 2000; Kalra et al. 2011).
However, our study showed a comparatively short movement
(maximum 431 km) and the birds were recorded in the Tawi
oodplains of India and Pakistan till August (Table 3). This
indicates that either the PTT-tted birds are from a resident
population of nearby areas, such as Ladakh, or they did not
return to their breeding sites because of some other reason,
which needs further investigation.
The extent of area utilized by the two PTT-tted birds
in our study varied perhaps due to the availability of suitable
habitats or inter/intra-specic competition among species
(Schoener 1968; Nudds and Ankney 1982). However, from
the small sample size, we could not make any denitive
conclusion in the difference observed in the extent of area
used by these two birds. Gharana is a very small wetland,
so, agricultural land around it and other smaller wetlands
serve as an obligate habitat for wintering waterbirds such
as Bar-headed Geese. The PTT-tted birds did not return to
Gharana, but used nearby wetlands and agriculture elds and
Fig. 6: Percentage of ARGOS xes of two PTT-tted
Bar-headed Geese captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
in different habitats
Note: Vegetation here denotes grass-dominated areas
Fig. 4: Core areas (50% MCP) of two PTT-tted Bar-headed Geese captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
TRACKING THE MOVEMENT PATTERN OF BAR-HEADED GOOSE CAPTURED FROM GHARANA CONSERVATION RESERVE
19J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015
Fig. 5: Movement pattern of two PTT-tted Bar-headed Geese captured in Gharana Conservation Reserve
Fig. 7: Important wetlands outside Gharana Conservation Reserve, India
Source: Google Earth accessed 12 September 2014
TRACKING THE MOVEMENT PATTERN OF BAR-HEADED GOOSE CAPTURED FROM GHARANA CONSERVATION RESERVE
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J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 112(1), Jan-Apr 2015
Table 3: Migration and movement pattern of satellite-tracked Bar-headed Geese
Reference Type of
Transmitter
Total distance
covered (km)
Individuals
tagged
Countries recorded Type of migration Stopover
sites
Total
days of
movement
Total
Fixes
Javed et al. 2000 PTT ~780 2 India, China Spring 3 137 192
Takekawa et al. 2009 PTT 500–3,000 60 China, India,
Mongolia, Nepal
Winter, Fall,
Spring, Breeding,
Moult
NA 1-213 93,009
Koppen et al. 2010 PTT 790–1,550 4 Uzbekistán,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistán,
India, Pakistán
Autumn and
Spring
4 1–53 5000
Guo-Gang et al.
2011
PTT 1,270–1,470 10 China Autumn 4 50–90 NA
Cui et al. 2011 PTT 17.89–404.41 21 China Moult, Autumn
and Breeding
NA 185–298 16,342
Prosser et al. 2011 PTT 260–2,330 15 China, India Breeding and
Spring
7 1–154 NA
Kalra et al. 2011 PTT 807–1,305 4 China, India Winter 2 193–263 4663
Zhang et al. 2011 PTT 1,300–1,500 11 China Autumn 5 73–83 NA
Hawkes et al. 2013 PTT 3,000 91 India, China Autumn and
Spring
NA 135–1,216 NA
This Study PTT 54–431 2 India, Pakistan Winter NA 115–160 647
*NA= Not Available
grasslands in India and Pakistan, indicating that this landscape
as a whole is important for migratory birds.
In the last few decades, hunting and anthropogenic
pressures have adversely affected the population of the Bar-
headed Goose in Kyrgyzstan (Koppen et al. 2010). Even
if these birds do not migrate to other countries, there still
exists a potential threat of avian inuenza via interaction with
migratory populations of other species. Hotspots of interaction
must be located and prioritized for national and trans-boundary
conservation efforts, since there might be possibilities of
uncertain conservation status in other countries. For instance,
in India, population loss of Siberian Crane was attributed to
population decline during migration (Meine and Archibald
1996). Thus, the conservation of migratory Bar-headed Goose
populations would be uncertain without trans-boundary
collaborations. Additionally, studies with a landscape approach
are needed for the identication and conservation of multiple
stopover sites, since waterbirds migrate long distances within
different geographic regions and countries seasonally.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We extend our sincere gratitude to the Chief
Wildlife Wardens, Government of Jammu & Kashmir
(J&K) for providing support during the study. We would
like to thank the Director and Dean, Wildlife Institute of
India, for their support and guidance. We are grateful to
Mr. Asif Mehmood, Regional Wildlife Warden, Jammu, and
Dr. Samina Amin Charoo, Research Officer, Department
of Wildlife Protection, J&K, for providing the necessary
support. We thank Dr. Asad R. Rahmani, Director, BNHS,
for permitting us to use tags and bands, and the services
of Mr. Ali Hussain. We take this opportunity to thank
Mr. Ali Hussain and Mr. Md. Sikandar for capturing
the birds. We acknowledge the support of the field staff
in the Gharana Conservation Reserve. We also thank
Shivam, Pariva, Upma, Amanat, and Aditi for their
valuable help during the analysis and in writing the
manuscript.
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