Composition and diversity of planktonic algae in Ikere Gorge Dam, Iseyin, Oyo state, Nigeria,

Abstract

Phytoplankton composition of Ikere Gorge Dam, Iseyin, Oyo state in relation to some of the abiotic parameters, were investigated. Nineteen taxa of phytoplankton were recorded in this report. The phytoplankton was dominated by the Chlorophyta (92.26%) followed by the Bacillariophyta (4.58%), Euglenophyta (2.29%) and Cyanophyta (0.86%). The green alga group was dominated by Pediastrum spp, while other groups were essentially present. The physico chemical analysis indicated a close to alkaline water with pH of 7.77 while Dissolved oxygen content value was higher than 25 mg/L. This study is a pioneer phycological investigation of Ikere gorge dam in Nigeria.

Full text

.•..
~
·1
ISSN 1115-7569
A bi-annual journal published by the Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria under the University of Lagos Book Policy
URL: http://jsrd.unilag.edu.ng Email:
jsrd@unilag.edll.ng
Dr. S. A. Adebusoye
sadebusoye@unilagedu.ng
Biological Sciences
Prof. M. O. lIori
Prof. A. A. Adekunle
Prof. M. O. Akinola
Prof. 1.A. Adeleye
,
.
Prof Oluwole. B. Familoni, PAS
familonio@unilagedu.ng
Editor-in-Chief
EDITORS
Prof E. O. Oyeyemi
eoyeyemi@unilagedu.ng
Physical Sciences
Dr. M. O. Adamu
madamu@unilagedu.ng
Mathematical Sciences
Dr. 1. U. Izunobi
jizunobi@unilagedu.ng
Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. O. A. Magbagbeola Prof. C. O. Uwadia
Prof. O. T. Asekun Prof. S. B. Olobaniyi
Prof. M. A. C. Chendo Prof. S. O. Ajala
ProCA. O. Otubanjo Dr. O. O. Soyinka
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS
Professor Anthony Afolayan
Professor George Ude
Professor Kouji Yamamoto
Professor Sunny E. Ohia
Professor Aderemi Oki
Professor Felix Famoye
Professor Michael Benedict
Professor Malose Mphahlele
Dr. Ikhide Irnumorin
Professor Amos David
University of Forte Hare, Alice, South Africa
Bowie State University, Bowie MD, USA
Kurume Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
University of Houston, Houston TX, USA
Praire View A&M University, Praire View TX, USA
Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant MI, USA
Texas A&M University, College Station TX, USA
University of South Africa,Pretoria, South Africa
Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
Nancy 2 University, Nancy, France
111

•.
Composition and Diversity of Planktonic Algae in Ikere Gorge Dam, Oyo State, Nigeria
S. A. Akinyerni' and Taofikat A. Adesalui"
IDepartment of Biology, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria
2Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
"'tadesalu@unilag.edu.ng
.:
~
Abstract
Phytoplankton composition of Ikere Gorge Dam, Iseyin, Oyo State in relation to some of the abiotic parameters,
were investigated. Nineteen taxa of phytoplankton were recorded in this report. The phytoplankton was
dominated by the Chlorophyta (92.26%) followed by the Bacillariophyta (4.58%), Euglenophyta (2.29%) and
Cyanophyta (0.86%) .. The green' alga group was dominated by Pediastrum
sPP'
while other groups were
essentially present. The physico-chemical analysis indicated a close to alkaline water with pH of 7.77 while
Dissolved oxygen content value was higher than 25 mgIL. This study is'a pioneer phycological investigation of
Ikere Gorge Dam in Nigeria.
Keywords: Planktonic algae, Ikere Gorge Dam, Biodiversity, Oyo State
I
~,
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Introduction
The relationship between the physico-chemical
parameters and plankton production of water bodies
are of great importance in management strategies of
aquatic ecosystems, The quality of water may be
described according to their physico-chemical and
plankton characteristics. The phytoplankton in a
reservoir is an important biological indicator of the
water quality while phytoplankton are important
primary producers in an aquatic food chain, some
species on the other hand can be harmful to human
and other animals by releasing toxic substances into
the water (Whitton and Potts 2000).
Changes' in the phytoplankton of freshwater lakes
have
long
been recognised as providing a good
indicator of the 'trophic status and environmental
quality of the system (Reynolds, 1996). Swann
(2004) stated that phytoplankton does not only
produce oxygen, but also use ammonia produced by
fish as nutrients. They are responsible for about 90%
of all primary production in a body of water (Boney,
1989). A reservoir can be viewed as a very dynamic
lake in which a significant portion of its volume
possesses characteristics of and functions biologically
as a river (Wetzel, 2001). The construction of a dam
can lead to serious ecological variation (Baykal et al.,
2009). _
Ikere Gorge Dam is one of the few Gorge dams in the
world and some of its functions especially as it
concerns the supply of water is that once it is dry
season and the Lagos State Water Corporation and
the Ogun Slate Water Corporation don't have enough"
water along the Ogun River, Ikere Gorge Dam is
open so that it can have enough to draw from. their
intakes. Part of the design of the Ikere Gorge Dam is
'I
L
iJi
-J
1
I
!d
: 1
r!t'
,
-
..
to support water supply to Lagos and Ogun States.
The neighbouring communities to the Ikere Gorge
Darn, Iseyin, Igboho, Igangan and others are expected
to tap water from the darn. Fishing and farming are
the major occupations of the people living in Ikere
and its environs.
Other dams in Nigeria include, Kiri Dam in
Adamawa; Kafin Zaki Dam in Ba~; Dadin Kowa
Dam in Gombe; Chalawa Gorge
<.ud
Tida darns in
Kano; Jibiya and Zobe dams in Katsina; Kainji, Jebba
and Shirciro dams in Niger; Oyan River Dam in Ogun
State while Bakolori and Goronyo dams are in
Sokoto.
Phytoplankton is affected by different environmental
factors such as pH, light, and temperature (Buzzi,
2002; Celekli et al., 2007). Reservoirs, ponds, rivers
and ground waters are used for domestic and
agricultural purposes. Phytoplanktons are recognised
worldwide as bioindicator organisms in the aquatic
environment (Yakubu et aI., 2000). The frequent
monitoring and evaluation of physico-chemical
characteristics of lakes enable one to understand its
trophic status with a view to influence the
surrounding agricultural ground~d fishing activities
on the aquatics (Olele and Eke!~, 2008). Work on
phytoplankton in Nigeria is gaining a trend as many
workers recently worked on different bodies of water.
Nwankwo (1986) worked on the phytoplankton of
Lagos Lagoon; Adesalu and Nwankwo (2Q05) in
Olero Creek and parts 'of Benin River, Adesalu and
Nwankwo (2009) reported diatoms of Lekki Lagoon. .
In Port' Harcourt, Chindah and Pudo (1991) and '
Akorna (2008) reported plankton of Oginigba and
Okpoba creeks respectively. Nkisa and Orashi rivers
-.
20
,
i
sa.
R,
in River:
-(2000) \
.River, IJ
..•..~, biologics
;t?' : -
studied .
'River. S1
in Afrie
Egypt; }
',,,and Tan
Reports
(1960);
.',- Biswas f
Akinyen
Araoye
I
(2003);
. and Fa!
Edward
·informat
non-exis
micrcal]
Materls
Descrip
Ikere (
Longitu,
3°50'
N
earth-fil
town, in
in the s(
. dam wa
supply
12,000
J
and 37
565/69C
from ri
almost!
of tall
southen
Gorge
I
State.
j
electriei
oflseyi
Collect
The stu
I,
Ikere'
C
. plankto:
"alglll' at
. analysis
:rab1e
1:
"Chlorldt
Icn :
(mg/L).
~

.~.3~~:1:::"~~.:'':':;~''~~-'!. -"~-
~,Nigeria
;eria
: parameters,
lankton was
(2.29%) and
groups were
f7.77 while
estigation of
Ogun States.
"Ikere Gorge
are expected
I
farming are
{iilg in Ikere
iri Darn in
Dadin Kowa
I'ida
dams in
Kainji, Jebba
Dam in Ogun
dams are in
.nvironmental
ature (Buzzi,
ponds, rivers
lomestic and
re recognised
n the aquatic
The frequent
sico-chernical
rnderstand its
nfluence the
hing
activities
l08). Work on
rend
as
many
idies of water.
toolankton of
NO'-'
(2005) in
, Adesalu and
.ekki Lagoon.
J
(\99\) and
Oginigba and
I Orashi rivers
20
J. Sci. Res.Dev. 2015, 15(2): 20-24
!
i
l
,
!
i
iI·
I
in Rivers State were enumerated by Yakubu et
01.,
(2000) while Chindah (1998) reported on Calabar
River, lkpoba Reservoir, Edo State was ana lysed
biologically by Kadiri (2002); Abowci et
01.,
(2008)
studied the phytoplankton of the lower Sombreiro
River. Studies on algae of lakes, dams and reservoirs
in Africa incf\de Abdul-Eki and Khali (1989) in
Egypt; Kebe~and Belay (1994) in Ethiopia Lake
and Tarnuka and Brian (2007) on Zimbabwe dams.
Reports in Nigeria include those of Holden and Green
(1960); Imevbore (196.5); Adeniji et
01.,
(1979);
Biswas and Nweze (\990);
Chindnh
and Pudo (1991);
Akinyemi (2000); Akinyemi and Nwankwo (2002);
Araoye (2002); Kadiri (1999 and 2002); Akin-Oriola
(2003); Adefcmi et a'-C2007), Akoma (2008) ; Oso
and Fagbuaro (2008); Davies and Otene (2009);
Edward and Ugwumba (2010). However,
information on the microalgae of Ikere Gorge Dam is
non-existence, hence; the work focuses on the
mieroalgae diversity of the dam as a baseline study.
Materials and Methods
Description of Study Area
Ikere Gorge (Fig. \) covers the land between
Longitude 8°\ 0' and 8°20' E and Latitude 3°40' and
3°50'
N
with a total area of 300,000 krn2. It is an
earth-filled dam situated in Ikere village near Iseyin
town, in Iseyin Local Government Area of Oyo State
in the south western Nigeria on the Ogun River. The
dam was planned to generate 37~0 MW of electricity,
supply water to local communities and to irrigate
12,000 hectares of land. The dam is about 45 km long
and 37 m deep with a gross reservoir capacity of
565/690 l11ill.j\l mJ(Berga, 2006). It takes its sources
from rivers 'e'gun, Amaka and Owe. The dam is
almost surrounded by hills and has natural vegetation
of tall grasses and scattered tress typical of the
southern guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. Ikere
Gorge Dam is about 35 kilometres from Iseyin, Oyo
State. Apart from fishing, irrigation, generation 0 f
electricity, it also supplies potable water to the people
of lseyin and its environs.
Collection of Samples
The study was based on a single sampling strategy.
Ikere Gorge Dam was accessed using a canoe and
plankton net (55
11m)
was used to collect samples for
algal analysis while physico-chemical samples for
analysis were collected in 500 mL properly labelled
I
21
plastic battles. Biological samples were stored in 250
mL sampling bottle, fixed with 4% unbuffered
formalin and taken to the laboratory for further
studies in an ice chest.
Physico-Chemical Parameters and Biological
Analysis
Biological samples preserved in 4% unbuffered
formalin were allowed to settle for 24 hours in the
laboratory, after which the supernatant was decanted
until a concentrate of 10 mL was achieved and
analysed with the aid ofOlympus Microscope (Model
CHA). Taxonomic keys employed in the
identification included Hendey (1964) and Prescott
(1982) while hydrogen ion concentration, Dissolved
oxygen, Total dissolved solids and conductivity were
determined using different standard meters. Nitrate-
nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus were determined
using a spectrophotometer. Total suspended solids
and .Total dissolved solids wer" measu.red using
Gravimetric
method. Hardness,'
Alkalinity
and
Chloride were determined using Titrimetric method
(APHA 1998).
Results
The results of the physico-chemical parameters
measured are presented on Table
I.
pH value of 7.77
was recorded while TS (164 rng/L) Total Suspended
Solids (20 mg/L), Water hardness (184 rng/L),
Alkalinity (145 rng/L), Chloride (106.35 rng/L),
Conductivity (218 flS/em), Dissolved Oxygen (25
rng/L) and Nitrate-nitrogen (2.55 miL). Four algal
divisions, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta
and Euglenophyta were identified. The phytoplankton
composition of Ikere Gorge Dam is presented on
Table 2. The phytoplankton was dominated by the
Chlorophyta (92.26%) followed by the
Bacillariophyta (4.58%), Euglenophyta (2.29%) and
Cyanophyta (0.86%) (Fig. 2). The green algae
dominated the water sample with Pediastrum
boryanum var.
longicorne,
P. tetras, P. simplex,
Scenedesmus armatus,
S.
denticulatus and Closterium
spp. the diatoms
were-
represented by Navicula,
Synedra, Gyrosigma scalproides, Pinnularia biceps
and Tabel/aria
fenestrata
(Table 2). Euglenoids was
represented by Euglena convoluta and Phacus
orbicularis while the divisi0r\jcyanophyta was
represented by Oscillatoria formosu.
Table I: Some of the Physico-chemical Values oflkere Gorge Dam, Iseyin, 0)'0 Stale
Chloride Alkalinity Hardness pH Total Conductivity Dissolved Total Total NO,-N
ion
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(rng/L)
Dissolve" (I's/cm) Oxygen Solids Suspended
{mg/L
(mg/L)
Solids (mg/L)
(mglL)
Solids
(mg/L)
(mu/Ll
106.35 145.00 184.00 7.77 144.00 218.00 25.00 164.00 20.00 2.50
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Composition and Diversity of Planktonic Algae in Ikere ...
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Fig. 1: Google Map showing the Location of Ikere G,e Dam
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Fig. 2: Percentage Composition of Different Algal Groups in lkere Gorge Dam
Discussion
The algal species composition of Ikere gorge
conformed to those earlier reported in some reservoirs
in Nigeria (Akinyemi 2000; Akinyemi and Nwankwo,
2003; Anado
e/
01.,
1990; Kadiri, 1999). In terms of
number of species, there was notable variation, in that
the nineteen species of algal encountered in this study
was however lower than the number recorded by
Akinyemi (2002) in Awon Reservoir and Adesalu
(2010) in River Oli. The paucity of phytoplankton
population in Ikere gorge dam may be partly due to
the poor light penetration into highly turbid water;
reducing photosynthetic depth. The observation of
more chlorophytes than diatoms and very few
cyanophytes in this study conformed to typical trend
in tropical water bodies (Adesalu, 20 I0; Kadiri, 1999;
Kadiri and Omozusi, 2002; Kebede and Belay, 1994).
Wetzel (1983) reported that chlorococcales inhabit
waters of differing salinity and alkalinity. The close to
absence of desmids in this water body could be a
pointer to the biologi~1 status of Ikere gorge because
high diversity of declfnids is an indication that the
water body is largely unpolluted (Egborge and Sagay,
1979). The results from this study show that lkere
gorge consisted of algal species that compared
favourably with~ther fresh water bodies hence all
these forms cons\1i:utenew records and this study has
provided baseline data for the Ikere gorge dam.
'~':"'.""CB\"!J[fP.'1ii·r~~~']'i!I

,; Kadiri, 1999;
j
Belay, 1994).
occales inhabit
ty. The close to
dy could be a
gorge because
cat ion that the
.rge and Sagay,
how that lkere
that compared
idies hence all
j
this study has
re gorge dam.
22
~,!!:,v.-"";!,,~,, • ~ ~
1. Sci. Res. Dev. ~/5. 15(2): 20-24
Table 2: Phytoplankton Composition of Ikcre Gorge
Dam (cells/rnl.)
Algal group
Division: Baccilariophyta
Class: Bacillariophyceac
Order
1: Fragilariales
Family: Fragilariaceae
I
Synedra
sEl?.
Order 2: Tabellariales
Family:
Tabcllariaccae
2 Tabellariafenestrata (l.yng.) Kutzing
Ordcr 3: Naviculales
Family:
Naviculaceae
3 Navicula spp.
4 Gyrosigma scalproidesCleve
5 Pinnularia biceps Gregory
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Ordcr
1:
Chlorococcales
6 Pediastrum
boryanum var longicorne Raciboski
7 P. tetras (Ehrenb.) Ralfs
8
P.
simplex (Meyen) Lemm
9 P. duplex
Meyen
10 Scenedesmus armatus (Chodat) G.M. Smith
II S.
aCllmillatllfj\,ag.) Chodat.
12 S. bicallda/lls1!1edus
13 S. denticulatus Lagerh.
14 S. dimorphus (Turp.) Kutzing
15 S. !L"adrica"da var maxima W&G.S.West
Order 2: Desmidiales
Family: Closteriaceae
16 Closterium
sEl?.
Division: Euglenophyta
Class: Euglenophyceae
Order: Euglenales
17
Euglena convoluta
18 Phacus orbicularis Hubner
Division: Cyanophyta
Class: Cyanophyceae
Order: Oscillatoriales
Family: Oscillatoriaceae
19
Oscil/a/oria
formoso
Bo!y
Total Number of Species
Total Number ofIndividuals
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