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Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
... Given that the χ 2 is sensitive to the sample size and therefore the probability of rejecting the hypothesized model increases when the sample size increases, it is recommended to take into account other indices (Marsh et al., 1996). In this way, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; Byrne, 2016;Hu & Bentler, 1999) was used, values ranging from .08 to .10 are considered as mediocres, less than .08 for the RMSEA indicate an acceptable fit, while values equal to .05 or less indicate a good fit of the model (Browne & Cudeck, 1989;MacCallum et al., 1996). In addition, Standardized Square Root Mean Residual (SRMR; Hu & Bentler, 1999) was used, which examines the average difference between predicted and observed variances and covariances, based on the residual standard error. ...
... In this way, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; Byrne, 2016;Hu & Bentler, 1999) was used, values ranging from .08 to .10 are considered as mediocres, less than .08 for the RMSEA indicate an acceptable fit, while values equal to .05 or less indicate a good fit of the model (Browne & Cudeck, 1989;MacCallum et al., 1996). In addition, Standardized Square Root Mean Residual (SRMR; Hu & Bentler, 1999) was used, which examines the average difference between predicted and observed variances and covariances, based on the residual standard error. The lower the SRMR, the better the fit of the model; and to consider it an acceptable model it must be or close to .08, but it is preferred to be equal to or less than .05 ...
... The lower the SRMR, the better the fit of the model; and to consider it an acceptable model it must be or close to .08, but it is preferred to be equal to or less than .05 (Hu & Bentler, 1999). On the other hand, the Bentler Comparative Fit Index (CFI) was used as an increased fit index to compare the theoretical model with the null model, which assumes that the latent variables of the model do not correlate with each other and values greater than .90 ...
Esta investigación se propuso examinar la estructura factorial de la Escala de Motivación Académica (EMA) en estudiantes de maestría y doctorado de universidades de Puerto Rico. Participaron 300 estudiantes con edades que fluctuaron entre 21 a 40 años (M = 29.14; SD = 4.87). Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios, análisis de consistencia interna, análisis de correlación y análisis de ítems. Los resultados aportan pruebas que respaldan la estructura interna de la EMA y el uso estadístico auxiliar delmodelo bifactorial presenta alguna información interesante sobre los posibles usos unidimensionales o multidimensionales de la EMA. Las subescalas de la EMA obtuvieron buenos coeficientes de fiabilidad y la EMA parece ser invariante entre el género y la edad, lo que permite realizar comparaciones entre estos grupos. El uso de la EMA parece ser útil en el contexto educativo con estudiantes graduados en Puerto Rico. Se discuten las implicancias y limitaciones de los hallazgos.
... A confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS Graphics 25 was conducted in order to verify the factorial structure of the scale. The maximum-likelihood estimation was applied and reported the following fit indexes: Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI), and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (Hu & Bentler, 1999). The model with nine items fit the data in a satisfactory degree: CFI = 0.96; IFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.05. ...
... A confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS Graphics 25 was conducted in order to verify the factorial structure of the scale. The maximum-likelihood ( (Hu & Bentler, 1999). The model with nine items fit the data in a satisfactory degree: CFI = 0.99; IFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.01 Hair et al. (2019) points out that the examination of the indicator loadings and their significance is the first in measurement model assessment. ...
... Data analysis was performed with SPSS 25 and Amos 25. First, the measurement models were tested; Hu & Bentler (1999) cutoff values were used for analyzing the models' fit indices and reliability. Second, descriptive statistics were generated on digital consumer engagement, and brand recall. ...
... Given that all our scales were 4-and 5-point scales, we treated each scale as ordered categorical. At each factor level, we evaluated fit based on values of the comparative fit index (CFI) [48], the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) [49], the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) [50], and the root mean square of approximation [51]. Bentler and Bonett suggested that models with indices such as CFI/TLI � 0.90, RMSEA �.08, and SRMR �.08 were acceptable [52]; other studies support interpretational benchmarks for good fit of CFI and TLI � 0.95 and RMSEA � 0.06 [50]. ...
... At each factor level, we evaluated fit based on values of the comparative fit index (CFI) [48], the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) [49], the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) [50], and the root mean square of approximation [51]. Bentler and Bonett suggested that models with indices such as CFI/TLI � 0.90, RMSEA �.08, and SRMR �.08 were acceptable [52]; other studies support interpretational benchmarks for good fit of CFI and TLI � 0.95 and RMSEA � 0.06 [50]. Adjudication of optimal model fit was conducted by consulting the contents of the items, and the fit and parsimony of a given model. ...
Mind-wandering is an essential cognitive process in which people engage for 30–50% of their waking day and is highly associated with neuroticism. The current study identified the factor structure of retrospective self-report items related to mind-wandering and perseverative cognition content and explored these associations with neuroticism. In an adult community sample (N = 309), items from the NYC Cognition Questionnaire, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire Short Form, and the Rumination Responses Brooding Subscale were entered into factor analyses to test the optimal factor structure of these items. We employed a structural model to investigate associations of mind-wandering facets with neuroticism. A correlated three factor solution best fit the data (CFI = .94, TLI = .93, SRMR = .07, RMSEA = .07). Bifactor models failed to provide evidence for a general mind-wandering construct above and beyond variance explained by mind-wandering and perseverative cognition facets. The structural model revealed differential associations of each facet with neuroticism. A wandering mind is not always an unhappy mind. Whereas worry and rumination are associated with higher levels of neuroticism, mind-wandering has other components that relate to positively valenced cognition and lower neuroticism. Adaptive and maladaptive mind-wandering should be tested together in future studies of personality and psychopathology.
... (Cole, 1987); CFI > .90 (Hu & Bentler, 1999). ...
... Discriminant validity was assessed through the computation of the maximum shared squared variance (MSV) and the average shared squared variance (ASV), followed by a comparison with AVE. This study adopted the cutoff criteria set by Hu and Bentler (1999), which, in accordance with Fornell and Larcker (1981), are considered suitable indicators of convergent validity (Maroco et al, 2014). ...
Aim of the Study: The current study aimed to assess the 22-item MSES-R (Cayoun et,al, 2012) in community sample by adapting it into Urdu Language. The second aim was to establish its psychometric properties by doing test-retest reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Method: A sample of men and women (N=186), was taken from Lahore Purposive and convenient sampling was done to collect the data. The study comprised of two phases in total. In phase I, the English version of MSES-R was translated and adapted in Urdu, in the phase II translated version was backwards translated and a pilot study was done. After that, the main study to establish psychometric properties was initiated which included reliability analysis, validity, CFA and test-re test reliability analysis on the data. Findings: The six-factor MSES-R demonstrated a strong model fit and stability, with a high correlation between scores collected two weeks apart. It contributes to the field of mindfulness research, particularly for clinicians, as it offers an efficient way to measure mindfulness skills. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results confirmed the model's goodness of fit, and composite reliability values exceeded 0.7. Conclusion: In conclusion, the MSES-R was established to be a valuable tool for assessing mindfulness in a population, with good reliability and convergent validity.
... A non-significant χ2/df ratio below or near 3.0 indicates acceptable model fit (Carmines & McIver, 1981). A CFI value greater than 0.90 reflects acceptable model fit, and values greater than 0.95 reflect excellent model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Finally, RMSEA values of 0.05 or less reflect excellent model fit, while values less than 0.10 reflect acceptable model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). ...
... A CFI value greater than 0.90 reflects acceptable model fit, and values greater than 0.95 reflect excellent model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Finally, RMSEA values of 0.05 or less reflect excellent model fit, while values less than 0.10 reflect acceptable model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Standardized beta coefficients (β) were evaluated to determine the magnitude, directionality, and significance of pathways (Yuan & Bentler, 2000). ...
Throughout the years, immigration has been a significant movement in the USA and leads to the examination of acculturative stress. By employing the acculturation stress and vulnerability models, the present study aimed to examine the association among acculturation stress, self-esteem, depression, family cohesion, and familism in first-generation immigrant children. Longitudinal data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) were used. The analytical sample (n = 5262) was predominantly female (51.1%) and between the ages of 12 and 18 (M = 14.23) years old. SPSS 27 and AMOS 27 were utilized to conduct a path analysis to examine the relationships among acculturation stress, self-esteem, depression, family cohesion, and familism. Our results showed good fit (χ2/df ratio = 11.49; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.05, CI [.04, .05]) for the full path model. Acculturation stress had a significant, negative association with depression (β = − 0.12, p < .001); a significant, negative association with self-esteem (β = − 0.12, p < .001); and a significant, positive association with family cohesion (β = 0.60, p < .01) and the familism index (β = 0.05, p < .05). Acculturation stress was found to be predictive of self-esteem, depression, and family cohesion for first-generation immigrant children between the ages of 12 and 18 years old. This study provides general implications for how mental health providers can understand the struggles and provide culturally competent therapeutic services for children and their families.
... We carried out CFA to examine whether the item measures were consistent with the construct nature (Hair et al., 2014). Table 1 (Extended data) (Kiggwe et al., 2024) shows several commonly used fit indices we employed to assess the overall model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). The comprehensive goodness-of-fit indices produced a Chi-square of 458.888 and Chi-Square/DF=1.779. ...
... We considered the comparative fit index (CFI) value of 0.947, incremental fit index (IFI) value of 0.947, and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) value of 0.938, as very good fits to the model based on Hu and Bentler (1999) assertion that for these indices a value of 0.7 and above is satisfactory, 0.8 and above is good, and 0.9 and above is very good. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value was 0.044 indicating a close fit. ...
Objective This study aimed to examine the mediating role of meal planning in the relationship between role modeling and snack choice. Methods and Measures The study was correlational and quantitative in nature. The study selected a sample of 403 university students. We collected data through interviews using a questionnaire. We analyzed the data using SPSS 23.0.0.0 (IBM Corp; 1989, 2015) (Build 1607) and AMOS 23.0.0 (IBM Corp; 1983, 2015) (Build 1607) software for correlational and Confirmatory factor tests. We used the bootstrapping technique to test for the mediation effect of meal planning. Results Meal planning had a full mediation effect between role modeling and snack choice. This means that Role modeling had a significant influence on meal planning, meal planning had a significant influence on snack choice, and role modeling had no significant influence on snack choice. Conclusion when young people admire other people’s eating habits it leads them to plan their meals and choose similar snacks to their role models. Future studies should consider studying the effect that role models’ proximity has on snack choices among young people in other contexts.
... A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a 0.95 confidence interval (CI) tested the 4-factor model. Using the Hu and Bentler (1999) standard, the model showed a moderate fit, with a comparative fit index (CFI) of .911 and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) of .056. ...
... A CFA with a 0.95 CI tested the 3-factor model. Using the Hu and Bentler (1999) standard, our model had moderate fit, with CFI = .91 and SRMR = .06. ...
How do social support and the use of social media contribute to mental health and resilience among those who are pursuing a new path of identity and life? Those who exit ultra-Orthodox Judaism often struggle with loss of social support while simultaneously increasing their use of social media. We conducted a cross-cultural survey among 1146 individuals who left ultra-Orthodox Judaism. Our findings show that escapist and avoidant coping through social media correlated with more negative mental health outcomes, while using social media to problem solve and perceiving oneself as giving and receiving social support correlated with more positive outcomes. Resilience negatively associated with escapist and avoidant styles of coping through social media. Some aspects of perceived social support had positive associations with resilience. These findings shed light on potentially helpful mechanisms for using social media among marginalized communities, specifically those who exit high-cost religious communities.
... Model fit was assessed based on common fit indices, i.e., Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI). In accordance with previous literature and recommendations [58,59], we considered the model to fit the data well when CFI and TLI ≥ 0.95, RMSEA < 0.06 and SRMR < 0.08. For the main analyses we used Pearson correlations to examine bivariate associations. ...
... Model fit was assessed based on common fit indices, i.e., Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI). In accordance with previous literature and recommendations [58,59], we considered the model to fit the data well when CFI and TLI ≥ 0.95, RMSEA < 0.06 and SRMR < 0.08. The conducted CFA showed that a single latent factor model fits the data well (CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.02, SRMR = 0.05, TLI = 0.99). ...
Background
Eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly prevalent in men, but men remain underrepresented across many ED-specific treatment settings. Based on the idea that persistent stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination, i.e., stigma against men with EDs, could impede help-seeking behaviors, the present study investigated whether stigma-related perceptions in men are associated with reduced help-seeking intentions for a broad range of disordered eating symptoms.
Methods
N = 132 adult men participated in a cross-sectional online survey and completed questionnaires on ED psychopathology, muscle dysmorphia, orthorexic eating, stigma-related perceptions of EDs in men, and help-seeking intentions.
Results
Moderator analyses showed that higher stigma-related perceptions were associated with reduced help-seeking intentions in response to increased ED symptom severity. However, this was only the case for traditionally “feminized” ED symptoms (related to thin-body ideals), but not for help-seeking with regard to muscularity-oriented, orthorexic, or avoidant/restrictive disordered eating.
Conclusions
Stigma may reduce help-seeking intentions with regard to “feminized” ED symptoms. The present findings suggest that perceptions of EDs as “women’s diseases” were associated with reduced help-seeking in men. Stigma towards men with EDs could thus be a possible barrier to help-seeking in men, highlighting the relevance of stigma-reducing interventions in clinical and community settings.
... Then, the results were interpreted through a global fit of the model, considering four fit indices: the quotient between χ 2 Satorra-Bentler and the degrees of freedom (df) of the model, which should be lower than 3 to be considered a good fit for the model (Carmines & McIver, 1981); the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), which should be lower than .08 (Hu & Bentler, 1999;Steiger, 1990); and the comparative fit index (CFI) with values above .90 indicating a good fit (Bentler & Bonnet, 1980). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate whether self-esteem and hostility mediated the relationship between social support and online and offline dating violence (DV) in 479 university students. All types of social support (family, friends and relevant people) were positively related to self-esteem and negatively related to almost all types of violence. In addition, self-esteem correlated inversely with levels of hostility, and the latter was positively related to online and offline perpetrated DV. Path analyses showed that lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of hostility mediated the relationship between family social support and online and offline DV. However, social support from friends and significant others only had a direct effect on online DV. Despite the limitations of the cross-sectional design, social support, self-esteem and hostility appear to be important aspects in the prevention and treatment of DV.
... A model-data fit in a CFA analysis is indicated by an RMSEA score of 0.05 or less. However, it is also mentioned that this number is reasonable up to 0.08 (Browne & Cudeck, 1993;Hu & Bentler, 1999;Simsek, 2007;Vieira, 2011). It seems acceptable that the RMSEA score is 0.064. ...
Aim of the Study: The study aimed to create a psychometrically sound instrument and a scale that investigates the constraints of undergraduate learners who learn autonomously. The items were produced following a careful revision of the relevant literature. Methodology: A group of 200 students was chosen for the exploratory factor analysis using the 72-item scale, and a group of 186 students underwent the confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: The results showed that by using factor analysis processes, the items were adequately put into the components identified by the study Analysis of the data has also revealed that the scale contains three variables that make up its structure and comprises 59 items. It is also showed that scale is a valid and reliable instrument. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that the scale development achieved the appropriate values. As a result, this scale is applicable to other research. Furthermore, to extend the scale's application, more research can be done to modify it for use at other educational levels. It will be helpful to combine this scale with additional learner autonomy data collection instruments and can be used in other disciplines of education.
... Each model was evaluated using the recommended cutoff scores for acceptable model fit across a range of commonly used fit index values (ie, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] #0.08, comparative fit index [CFI] $0.90, and standardized root mean residual [SRMR] #0.08). 23 ...
Introduction
Alexithymia is elevated in chronic pain and relates to poor pain-related outcomes. However, despite concerns from other clinical populations, the psychometric properties of alexithymia measures have not been rigorously established in chronic pain.
Objective
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 Item (TAS-20) and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) in adults with chronic pain.
Methods
An online sample of adults with chronic pain across the United States (N = 1453) completed the TAS-20, PAQ, and related questionnaires at baseline, 3-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up.
Results
Both measures showed good temporal stability, convergent validity (with emotion regulation scores), divergent validity (with depression and anxiety scores), and criterion validity. Some concerns were raised about the TAS-20: the original 3-factor structure showed a poor model fit; the Externally Oriented Thinking subscale of the TAS-20 had poor factor loadings and unacceptable internal consistency; and, we identified several TAS-20 items that may slightly inflate the predictive validity of the TAS-20 on pain-related outcomes. The original 5-factor structure of the PAQ showed a good fit; each PAQ subscale had good factor loadings and excellent internal consistency.
Conclusions
Both the TAS-20 and PAQ had psychometric strengths. Our data raised some concern for the use of TAS-20 subscales; the PAQ may be a psychometrically stronger option, particularly for investigators interested in alexithymia subscale analysis in people with chronic pain.
... Rights reserved. Table 4 displays that the final SEM models met several desired Hu and Bentler (1999) statistical cutoff criteria for the SEM model. The criteria include are a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) cut off near 0.95 and a standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) cut off near 0.09 or lower. ...
International students benefit U.S. higher education institutions in multiple ways including intercultural exposure and additional revenue. However, discrimination, mental health conditions, and negative experiences can have a negative impact on the international student experience. This quantitative study used an asset-based approach, the Culturally Engaging Campus Environments (CECE) model, to explore how U.S. post-secondary institutions can create a positive experience and support diversity development for undergraduate Chinese international students (CIS) from the People’s Republic of China. Structural Equation Modeling examined how students’ reports of institutional support variables based on the CECE model were related to CIS U.S. diversity development and institutional satisfaction variables. Culturally Engaging Coursework, Cultural Validation, and Quality of Interactions variables positively directly or indirectly impacted CIS’ Understanding U.S. Diversity and Institutional Satisfaction outcomes. A domestic student comparison group had similar results. Results demonstrate how institutional initiatives related to U.S. diversity can possibly aid in international and domestic student diversity development as well as assist in improving students’ reports of quality of interactions with others on campus and institutional satisfaction.
... Values of Model fit Indices calculated as a result of SEM, are presented in Table 6, which shows that the indices of proposed model meet the criteria for acceptable model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Standardized RMR and Root Mean Square also fulfill the criteria of model fit, as they are less than 0.1 (Browne and Cudeck, 1993;Kline, 2010). ...
Management and organizational studies consider career success and organizational performance as imperative constructs. However, there has been dearth of literature with respect to its practice in healthcare field. Purpose of current study is to determine impact of career success on organizational performance of public health care hospitals, and to investigate possible dimensions of included variables. Preliminary snooping incorporated focused group and semi-structured interviews of medical practitioners who are currently working in the public hospitals in Lahore. In addition a questionnaire was distributed through convenience sampling technique. Out of total 300 distributed questionnaires, 200 were received back. EFA reveals four dimensions of career success and three dimensions of organizational performance. SEM results prove that career success of medical practitioners is important for improving performance of public hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. This research is helpful for policy making and strategic development in health care field. However, the findings are limited to the local setting of Pakistan.
... and RMSEA and SRMR ≤ .10 [30,31,32,33,29). ...
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological vulnerability and psychological performance among female soccer players. The sample comprised 129 voluntary female athletes competing in the 2nd and 3rd Leagues organized by the Turkish Football Federation. Data were collected using the Psychological Vulnerability Scale and the Psychological Performance Inventory. The analysis employed descriptive statistics, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings revealed a significant negative relationship between psychological vulnerability and several subdimensions of the psychological performance inventory, including selfconfidence, negative energy, attention control, motivation level, positive energy, and attitude control. However, no significant relationship was observed with the sub-dimension of visualization and imagery control. Furthermore, the structural equation modelling indicated that psychological vulnerability serves as a significant predictor of the subscales for selfconfidence, negative energy, and motivation level within the psychological performance inventory
... The one-factor model (24 items) for the PTRS Total scale yielded a comparative fit index (CFI) of 0.97, standardized root-mean squared residual (SRMR) of 0.122 and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.138. The two-factor model (Joining and Communication) yielded a CFI of 0.99, SRMR of 0.085, RMSEA of 0.07 (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Studies have demonstrated that RMSEA values can fluctuate due to sample size, small degrees of freedom, and measurement quality (Kenny et al., 2015;McNeish et al., 2017). ...
Classroom teachers’ and paraprofessionals’ relationship is important for ensuring student success, but very little research has examined their work relationship. Despite collaboration in the classroom, their relationship is primarily hierarchical in nature, with classroom teachers often serving as the day-to-day supervisor of paraprofessionals. This study examined the working relationships between 149 certified teachers and their assigned classroom paraprofessionals across 59 schools from the perspective of the primary supervisor, the classroom teacher. Overall, teachers rated their relationships with their paraprofessionals favorably. Differences in relationship qualities were assessed in relation to teacher years of experience, race/ethnicity, education, and school socioeconomic status (i.e., percent of students receiving free and reduced lunch). Findings suggest differences in teacher perceived relationship quality based on teachers’ years of teaching experience, self-identified race/ethnicity, and school socioeconomic status (i.e., percent of students eligible for free and reduced lunch). Implications for practice and research are presented.
... Because of its sensitivity to parameter counts and sample sizes, the chi-square test of absolute model fit is not always the best choice for investigators looking to evaluate a model's overall data fit. According to Hu and Bentler (1999), a χ²/df ratio between 1 and 3, RMSEA values of .08 or less, and CFI, TLI, NFI, and GFI values of .9 or higher are considered good, while .9 ≤ .8 is considered acceptable. ...
... χ2/df ratio ≤ 3, SRMR < .08, a relatively lower AIC, CFI ≥ .90, and GFI ≥ .95 were considered indicators of good fit (Bollen 1989, Hu and Bentler 1999, Kline 2023). χ2 = chi-square test, df = degrees of freedom, p = p value, RMSEA = root mean square approximation, CI = Confidence Interval, SRMR = standardized root mean residual, AIC = Akaike information criterion, CFI = comparative fit index, GFI = Goodness of fit index Table 2). ...
Objective: This study aims to adapt the Pro-Nature Conservation Behavior Scale, which was developed to identify pro-nature conservation behaviors, into Turkish. Method: For the validity and reliability study, 371 participants were included in the study. The suitability of the scale for Turkish culture was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results: The scale, which consists of 18 items in total, has 4 sub-dimensions (Individual engagement, planting, collective engagement , wildlife). Overall Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was .85; .73 for the individual engagement factor, .86 for the planting factor, .71 for the collective engagement factor and .61 for the wildlife factor, and convergent validity was supported by positive correlations with the Environmental Behavior Scale, the New Ecological Paradigm Scale, the Generalized Self-Esteem Scale and the Warnick-Edinburg Mental Well-Being Scale. Conclusion: Pro-Nature Conservation Behavior Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in Türkiye.
... According to Ozili (2022), a low R2 value of at least 0.10, i.e., 10%, is generally considered acceptable in social science if most of the explanatory variables are statistically significant. The goodness of fit criterion was investigated by the SRMR, the result shows 0.066 value, within the threshold value of 0.08, and signifies the study's explanatory power (Hensler et al., 2016;Hu Bentler, 1999). Table 7 presents the model predictability and model fit indicators. ...
Background: Knowledge management involves the identification, gathering, and organization of both explicit knowledge, such as documents and procedures, and tacit knowledge, including the skills and experience of individuals within an organization. Information technology is a knowledge-intensive industry, so knowledge management is crucial for employee performance. Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the status of knowledge management practices within the IT sector, specifically knowledge creation, sharing, retention, and actionable knowledge support, and their influence on employee performance. Methods: This adopts a descriptive and explanatory research design. Purposively, it considered 310 employees working in IT companies in Nepal; 303 responses were considered for analysis. A questionnaire survey measured knowledge management with 27 items and employee (task) performance with six items. The study adopted PLS-SEM to analyze the data. Results: This study found that actionable knowledge support, knowledge sharing, and knowledge retention emerged as the primary influencers of employee performance within the IT sector. Specifically, active involvement in knowledge-sharing and retention contributes to employee performance. Among the factors, actionable knowledge support is vital for employee performance. However, a relationship between knowledge creation and performance was not found. Conclusion: This study helps improve our understanding of IT knowledge management dynamics in developing countries like Nepal, based on knowledge creation, sharing, retention, and actionable knowledge support. Future research on knowledge dynamics and performance may build on these findings. The knowledge-intensive nature of the IT sector affects employee performance. These findings could lay the groundwork for future research on knowledge dynamics and performance in this industry.
... This statistical approach used indices such as the chi-square goodness-of-fit (χ2), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), the normed fit index (NFI), the relative fit index (RFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the comparative fit index (CFI) to evaluate the model's fitness. According to Hu and Bentler (1999), an IFI, TLI, and CFI value greater than .9 and an RMSEA value smaller than .08 ...
... SEM analysis in five steps (Kline, 2015) with Mplus 5.21 licensed was later operated, using a correlation matrix. Five fit indices based on cutoff criteria were considered for verifying consistency of the causal model (Hu & Bentler, 1999). ...
This pioneering research aimed to verify the causal model of factors influencing fundraising in Thai sports industry. Investment ecosystem and theory of planned behavior were employed to obtain understanding of investment situations in this industry. A mixed-method research approach was also utilized. In qualitative, seven experts were interviewed to drawing the structure of the causal model. In quantitative, the top 798 sport investors responded to modified rating-scale questionnaires for confirming indicators of underlying factors in the causal model. Analysis based on grounded theory revealed in the causal model that policy, market, culture, finance, supports, and human capital are antecedent factors that induce attitude, perceived value, and behavioral intention. Fundraising behavior was directly affected by behavioral intention. Confirmatory factor analysis supported that all indicators were appropriately loaded into 10 factors. Structural equation modelling of the causal model indicated that finance, human capital, and attitudes played a vital role in fundraising. The causal model showed that policymakers and entrepreneurs in Thailand will benefit from scaling the industry to innovation-driven enterprises.
... Subsequently, the inquiry utilized Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM) through SmartPLS 4 software to calculate both measurement and structural models, following the methodology delineated by Anderson and Gerbing (1988). Fit assessment adhered to specific criteria: a χ2/df ratio below 5, CFI and TLI values surpassing 0.90, and RMSEA and SRMR values equal to or <0.08, in accordance with the guidelines of Hu and Bentler (1999). Furthermore, the approach suggested by Anderson and Gerbing (1988), two-step method and the bootstrapping method (with 5000 resamples), as endorsed by Hair et al. (2014), applied to scrutinize indirect effects and establish the statistical significance of the path coefficient. ...
The workforce is changing as new employees enter the labour pool. Malaysia’s largest demographic segment is currently Gen Z, constituting 38% of the total population, and boasting a monthly disposable income of US$428 million. Over the next ten years, up to 10 million people in Malaysia born after 1995 (i.e., Gen Z) will enter the workforce. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between job security and employee retention through the mediating mechanism of affective organizational commitment and employees’ psychological empowerment among Gen Z, who are currently working and making up part of the workforce in Malaysia. Gen Z is characterized by distinctive attributes, demanding that human resource management (HRM) professionals anticipate potential innovations in their recruitment and training methodologies. Among the paramount concerns confronting HRM lies the challenge of employee retention, which holds a pivotal position in the overall success of an organization. This centrality is underscored by the financial burdens linked to the recruitment and training of fresh personnel, the disruption of business continuity occasioned by employee departures (commonly referred to as ‘turnover’), and the ensuing decline in productivity stemming from employee attrition. One strategy to increase retention is job security, because the finding of this research show that employees who have job security have high commitment and psychological empowerment, as well as high intention to stay in organizations. Implications for theory and research and management practice are discussed.
... Acceptable Fit According to Kline (2015), the most essential fit indices for CFA are x 2 /df, RMSEA, SRMR, and CFI. Table 2 shows that the x 2 /df and CFI fit indices were calculated as good, and the RMSEA and SRMR fit indices were calculated as acceptable (Bryne, 1994;Hu and Bentler, 1999;Tabachnick and Fidel, 2001). Based on the data obtained, it was found that the structure of the scale developed for teachers was also valid for teacher candidates. ...
The main purpose of the study is to examine the digital data security awareness of social studies teachercandidatesaccording to various variables.In accordance with the main purpose of the study, the digital data security awareness levels of social studies teacher candidateswere determined and it was also tried to determine whether there is a significant difference according to gender, grade level, average daily computer usage time and average daily social media usage time variables.The survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was adopted in thestudy. 384 social studies teacher candidatesstudying at 15 different state universities in Türkiye participated in the study.The Digital Data Security Awareness Scale was used as a data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were performedto analyze the data.The findings indicated that social studies teacher candidatesexhibited notably high levels of awareness regarding digital data security.The analysis also revealed significant differences in digital data security awareness among social studies teacher candidatesaccording togender and avarage daily computer usage time. However, no significant differences were found according to thegrade level andavarage daily social media usage tme. Based on the results of the study, one of the primary recommendations is to provide social studies teacher candidatesadditional opportunitiesto interact with computers during their pre-service education.
... However, our genomic network approach allows for including GWAS summary statistics that will often have varying sample sizes. To circumvent this issue, we develop and validate via simulations a summary-based approach for calculating common model fit metrics such as comparative fix index (CFI) 10 and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 11 . ...
Pervasive genetic overlap across human complex traits necessitates developing multivariate methods that can parse pleiotropic and trait-specific genetic signals. Here, we introduce Genomic Network Analysis (GNA), an analytic framework that applies the principles of network modelling to estimates of genetic overlap derived from genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. The result is a genomic network that describes the conditionally independent genetic associations between traits that remain when controlling for shared signal with the broader network of traits. Graph theory metrics provide added insight by formally quantifying the most important traits in the genomic network. GNA can discover additional trait-specific pathways by incorporating gene expression or genetic variants into the network to estimate their conditional associations with each trait. Extensive simulations establish GNA is well-powered for most GWAS. Application to a diverse set of traits demonstrate that GNA yields critical insight into the genetic architecture that demarcate genetically overlapping traits at varying levels of biological granularity.
... Model analyses were conducted using Mplus (Muthén & Muthén, 2019) with maximum likelihood estimation and GEOMIN (oblique) rotation for the ESEM speci cation of the model. To assess model t a standard two-index strategy was relied on (Hu & Bentler, 1999); the incremental Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the absolute Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) index. The former indicates how well the hypothesized model ts compared to a null (unstructured) model and the latter provides information on how well the hypothesized model reproduces the observed data, relative to model complexity. ...
Research suggests that level of democracy among countries is associated with the characteristics of their citizens. A critical question is whether types of government (e.g., autocratic vs. democratic) are linked to specific personality dispositions among its citizens, and their wellbeing. We addressed this question with a sample of over 200,000 persons from 75 countries. Using structural equation modeling and a strong measurement invariance approach we tested the association between national government status (i.e., autocratic, hybrid, flawed democracy, full democracy) and citizens display of socially aversive (malevolent) versus affiliative (benevolent) dispositional traits. As governments varied from autocratic to full democracy there were lower malevolent traits and higher benevolent traits. Further a quantitative democracy index predicted higher benevolent and lower malevolent traits, while only benevolent traits were strongly related to wellbeing. The findings highlight links between governments and the personality among citizens, and how democratic practices might influence wellbeing.
... To assess the fit of the CFA and the structural equation model, we provided the Chi-square value divided by the value of degrees of freedom (χ 2 /df), the root means square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI). Hu and Bentler (1999) have suggested that a model can be considered acceptable if χ 2 /df ≤ 5, RMSEA and SRMR < 0.08, CFI and TLI > 0.9. A model can be considered a good fit if the value of RMSEA < 0.05, CFI and TLI > 0.95. ...
Previous studies have pointed out that leisure motivational interference was an important factor affecting students’ learning satisfaction. This study concentrates on three unexplored areas in the current literature on leisure motivational interference and learning satisfaction. Specifically, it is the first to (a) focus on the effects of digital leisure motivational interference (DLMI) on online learning satisfaction; (b) separate the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of DLMI (DLMI-C, DLMI-A, and DLMI-B) when examining its effects; and (c) reveal how these three components influence online learning satisfaction. We conducted a questionnaire survey among 1041 Chinese college students who engaged in online learning, utilizing several measures: the Digital Leisure Motivational Interference Scale, the Academic Emotions Questionnaire, the Parental Autonomy Support Scale, and the Online Learning Satisfaction Scale. The results showed that (a) DLMI-C, DLMI-A, and DLMI-B negatively predicted online learning satisfaction, respectively; however, the differences in their effects were not significant; (b) academic emotions, both positive and negative, played the mediating roles between the three components of DLMI and online learning satisfaction; (c) parental autonomy support moderated the relationship between academic emotions (positive and negative) and online learning satisfaction. Notably, learners with higher levels of parental autonomy support reported greater online learning satisfaction compared to those with lower levels of support, particularly when experiencing lower frequency of academic emotions, whether positive or negative.
... The result in Table 2 (SRMR=0.047, Chi-Square = 4745 (Group1); Chi-Square = 8024 (Group2) indicates a good fit adjustment since a value less than 0.10 or of 0.08 for SRMR is considered a good fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999;Henseler et al., 2014). (Henseler et al., 2015). ...
The study emphasizes that the digital divide phenomenon is more than accessing the internet. It explored the participants' information-seeking skills and their effective use of online resources among students and educational workers.
... We considered the following indices to assess the model fit: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA, Steiger & Lind, 1980) and standardised root mean residual (SRMR, Bentler, 1995). Hu and Bentler (1999) indeed advised the use of a "two-index presentation strategy" to minimise both Type I and Type II errors. RMSEA has, moreover, been declared one of the most informative fit indices (Diamantopoulos & Siguaw, 2000). ...
The concept of trust in artificial intelligence (AI) has been gaining increasing relevance for understanding and shaping human interaction with AI systems. Despite a growing literature, there are disputes as to whether the processes of trust in AI are similar to that of interpersonal trust (i.e., in fellow humans). The aim of the present article is twofold. First, we provide a systematic test of an integrative model of trust inspired by interpersonal trust research encompassing trust, its antecedents (trustworthiness and trust propensity), and its consequences (intentions to use the AI and willingness to disclose personal information). Second, we investigate the role of AI personalization on trust and trustworthiness, considering both their mean levels and their dynamic relationships. In two pilot studies (N = 313) and one main study (N = 1,001) focusing on AI chatbots, we find that the integrative model of trust is suitable for the study of trust in virtual AI. Perceived trustworthiness of the AI, and more specifically its ability and integrity dimensions, is a significant antecedent of trust and so are anthropomorphism and propensity to trust smart technology. Trust, in turn, leads to greater intentions to use and willingness to disclose information to the AI. The personalized AI chatbot was perceived as more able and benevolent than the impersonal chatbot. It was also more anthropomorphized and led to greater usage intentions, but not to greater trust. Anthropomorphism, not trust, explained the greater intentions to use personalized AI. We discuss implications for research on trust in humans and in automation.
... CFI and TLI values ranging from 0.90 to 0.95 suggest an adequate model fit, and CFI and TLI values above 0.95 are indicative of a good fit. RMSEA values close to 0.06 are considered indicative of a good fit when considered alongside other fit index statistics [18,21]. ...
It is hypothesized that cognitions influence the development of affective disorders. Depression and anxiety are prevalent in both adults and youth. The Children’s Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS) assesses internalizing and externalizing negative automatic thoughts in children and adolescents. This study examined the psychometric properties– including factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity– of the Slovenian version of CATS in a normative school sample (N = 754) of Slovenian adolescents aged 10 to 18. Additionally, the short-term stability of negative automatic thoughts over a three-month period was assessed in a subsample of 117 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the best fit for the bifactor model, with one general and four specific factors (CFI = 0.963, TLI = 0.958, RMSEA = 0.045). Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω ranged from 0.81 to 0.96 for the total scale and subscales. The total score and subscales correlated significantly with the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale. The Slovenian version of CATS shows good psychometric properties in the school sample.
... In order to validate the structure identified in the EFA, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using data from the intervention group (IG) at T1. Model fit was evaluated by a combination of the following criteria: comparative fit index (CFI, ≥ 0.95), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA, < 0.08), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMSR, < 0.08) (Hu and Bentler 1999;Hair et al. 2014). ...
Purpose
Counseling by social workers can be of great relevance supporting cancer survivors with their psychosocial challenges such as returning to work. However, an instrument for assessing the quality between social worker and client in the cancer counseling setting regarding return to work is not yet available. This study was carried out to develop and validate an instrument for this purpose.
Methods
A questionnaire was developed in collaboration with cancer counseling experts. Data collection took place in 19 outpatient cancer counseling centers in Germany. Cancer survivors seeking advice regarding their occupational situation were asked to complete the questionnaire 3 months after starting counseling. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 229) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 216) in two distinct samples, as well as validity and reliability tests, were performed.
Results
Exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-component solution. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this solution, with a satisfactory model fit (CFI = 0.995, RMSEA = 0.049, SRMSR = 0.036). The components identified included six items with three items each and were termed “1. relationship building” and “2. competent support.” The components had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α between 0.84 and 0.92) and test–retest reliability (1. r(30) = 0.49, p = 0.005, 2. r(30) = 0.89, p < 0.001). Significant correlations with other constructs measuring satisfaction with counseling and its usefulness indicated moderate to good construct validity (r between 0.36 and 0.77, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The questionnaire developed shows satisfactory psychometric properties. It is an evaluation tool specific for cancer counseling regarding return to, since it will initially be used to evaluate an intensified program for supporting cancer survivors returning to work after treatment. It may also be tested as an instrument for quality assurance and management in general cancer counseling in the future.
... χ2/df = 1.380; CFI = 0.946; RMSEA = 0.051; SRMR = 0.063; TLI = 0.3938) (Hu & Bentler, 1999). We analyze our data for biases before proceeding to hypotheses testing. ...
Fear of failure is a negative emotion among entrepreneurs at all stages of the entrepreneurial journey. However, prior research focuses on entrepreneurs in the aspiration stage or individual-level outcomes. Drawing on emotional contagion theory, we suggest that entrepreneurs' fear of failure is transmitted to their employees, influencing their work experience. We use an exploratory mixed-method design combining survey and secondary data for the quantitative analysis (study I) and conducted interviews with entrepreneurs for the qualitative analysis (study II). We find that the entrepreneur's fear of failure is negatively related to employee satisfaction. A context characterized by low participativeness in strategic decision-making or an entrepreneur's low internal locus of control strengthens the negative relationship. Our research sheds light on the emotional contagion processes in entrepreneurship and extends the theory of emotional contagion by introducing participative strategic decision-making as a team environment and entrepreneurs' locus of control as an individual trait.
... Second the chi-square value is calculated which is 490.222 which is also greater than the threshold limit of 0.05. and finally, the 'Normated fit index' (NFI) is calculated which shown the value of 0.915 which is greater than threshold limit of 0.90 (Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. 1999). these results have validated the model's goodness of fit which can be seen from Table 7. Table no. ...
Purpose: This study seeks to explore the effects of various factors on the mindset and willingness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to adopt Fintech solutions through Technology acceptance model. Methodology: The study uses both primary and secondary data sources and employs the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical framework. A quantitative research approach is used, and a questionnaire based on TAM constructs is developed. The questionnaire is distributed to 250 registered MSMEs in Uttarakhand using purposive sampling. Data is analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS and further testing is done using Smart PLS for construct reliability and validity, discriminant validity, outer loading, and hypothesis testing. Findings: The study finds that perceived ease of use, perceived benefits, perceived risk and attitude play a significant role in the adoption of fintech among MSMEs in Uttarakhand. The user-friendly nature of fintech contributes to its rapid adoption. Continuous efforts should focus on designing user-friendly interfaces, addressing perceived risks, and emphasizing the benefits to enhance MSMEs' attitudes and intention to use fintech. Conflict of Interest: The Authors declare no conflict of interest Funding: No funds were acquired from any source for this research work.
... Average variance extracted is greater than 0.65 for all reflective constructs, well above the 0.50 threshold set forth by Fornell and Larcker (1981). Moreover, all reliability estimates are greater than 0.70 using Cronbach's alpha scores, indicating that convergent validity has been achieved (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Next, discriminant validity was checked for using the Hetereotrait-Monotrait method (Henseler et al., 2014). ...
... Infant ADBB score with the father was also regressed on child sex to control for this association. As the significance of between-dyad effects was speculative, we tested a nested model (model 2) where both between-dyad effects (regression weights linking maternal sensitivity to infant ADBB score with father and paternal sensitivity and infant ADBB score with mother) were constraint to 0. Model fit will be estimated according to standards defined by Hu and Bentler (1999). We estimated both models using a maximum likelihood with robust standard errors (MLR) estimator. ...
While social withdrawal is a normal defense mechanism displayed by infants to regulate interactions, it can negatively impact infant development when it becomes chronic, leading to delays in motor, cognitive, and communication difficulties in later development. Infant withdrawal was associated with low levels of parental sensitivity (i.e., the capacity of a caregiver to perceive the child signals and to respond to them accurately with an appropriate timing during interactions) in mothers. Few studies have yet been conducted in fathers and even fewer have investigated these questions in both parent–infant dyads within families, so that the joint effects of maternal and paternal sensitivity on infant social withdrawal remain unknown. We investigated within- and between-dyad associations between parental sensitivity and infant withdrawal during interactions with both parents in a sample of biparental families (n = 61) and their 3-month old infant. Results showed that higher paternal sensitivity was associated with lower infant withdrawal during father–infant interactions. The same effect was weaker in mothers and only significant when the effect of paternal sensitivity on infant withdrawal during mother–infant interaction was not taken into account. These results offer new insights about the reciprocal influences between the mother–infant and the father–infant relationships.
... To confirm the six-factor structure and the stability of the six-factor solution derived from EFA, confirmatory factor Hu & Bentler (1999), and Bentler (1990), values for TLI and CFI in the range of 0.90-0.95, and RMSEA values equal or less than 0.08 are generally considered to be indicative of an acceptable model fit. ...
Research has shown that parental involvement is regarded as a fundamental contributor to children’s school success but there are currently only a few measures available to assess the degree of parental involvement in children’s learning experiences. The Parent and Family Involvement in Education Survey (PFIES) was created to assess parent and family involvement in children’s educational activities and was administered in 2007 as part of the National Household Education Survey (NHES). Although the items from the PFIES were assumed to be meaningful descriptions of parent involvement in children’s educational activities, the utility of these items as a measure of parental involvement was never assessed. This study used items from the PFIES and examined them as a new measure called the Parent Involvement Survey (PIS). Specifically, the study examined the underlying factor structure, the internal consistency, and convergent validity of the emerging measure. The same population of parents were utilized for two samples (n = 315 and n = 316). The results provided support for a 29-item measure with an oblique six-factor solution. The new instrument shows promise as a parsimonious measure for assessing the level of parental involvement in young children’s learning and educational activities. With more accurate information about parental involvement, better management and intervention solutions can be created, which subsequently leads to improved child educational outcomes.
... and .054 according to standard CFA benchmarks described by [49]. ...
This study aimed to develop and validate a short-form version of the AWE-S (AWE-SF) within psychedelic samples, to reduce participant burden while maintaining psychometric integrity. Across five studies, we first replicated the original six-factor structure of the AWE-S through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (Study 1), leading to the creation of the 12-item AWE-SF (Study 2–3). We then established the AWE-SF’s initial and predictive validity by correlating it with relevant emotional, psychedelic, and well-being outcomes (Study 4–6). The AWE-SF demonstrated strong positive associations with positive emotions and was also linked to openness to experience. Moreover, the AWE-SF effectively predicted both mystical-type and challenging psychedelic experiences, as well as long-term well-being outcomes such as life satisfaction and psychological richness. In particular, the facets of connection and vastness were associated with positive emotional states and mystical-type experience, while accommodation and self-loss were associated with negative emotional states and challenging psychedelic experience. These findings suggest that the AWE-SF is a robust, reliable, and accessible tool for measuring awe experience.
... Structural equation modeling was utilized to validate the proposed model. In accordance with the methodology proposed by Hu and Bentler [57], the adequacy of fit for both the measurement model and the structural model was evaluated by using the following information criteria: comparative fit index (CFI) > .95, 90% confidence interval of the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) < .05, ...
The adoption of videoconferencing has brought significant convenience to people’s lives. However, as videoconferencing usage has skyrocketed, it has unveiled a range of side effects, most notably videoconference fatigue (VF). In response, this paper employed the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP) as a theoretical framework to conduct two comprehensive investigations, centering on the impact of verbal communication overload on users’ information overload and VF. We conducted two studies to test our propositions and conceptual model. Study One focused on the educational context and comprised a survey with 489 students. In Study Two, we expanded our exploration to the professional use of videoconferencing in two populations: Singapore and Germany. A total of 610 responses were collected in Singapore, with the German sample constituting a total of 948 participants. Results from both studies consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between videoconference frequency and communication overload. Additionally, perceived communication overload was positively associated with information overload and VF. Based on the findings of the two studies, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications and suggest new directions for videoconferencing research.
... Environmental Science and Pollution Research indicated a good fit, while the root mean square residual (RMR) criteria values equal to or less than 0.1 indicated a good fit (Hu and Bentler 1999;Hooper et al. 2008). The significant difference of the environmental variables among the groups was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance in SPSS 20.0. ...
The study of the impact of urbanization on river ecosystems is an important part of constructing sustainable cities. How to quantitatively study the impact of urbanization on river ecosystems is the difficulty of urban ecological research. This study quantitatively investigated the effects of LULC on water quality and diatom assemblages in urban streams by correlation analysis, multivariate analysis, and path analysis. The results showed that (1) the percentage of LULC type in buffer 600 m of reference stream sites is significantly different from that of urban stream sites. In reference sites, the average percentage of green was 94.2%, barren 3.3%, and impervious surface 2.5%. In urban upstream sites, the average percentage of impervious surface was 63.1%, green 32.8%, water 3.3%, and barren 0.8%. In urban downstream, the average percentage of impervious surface was 59.0%, green 36.5%, water 2.7%, and barren 1.8%. (2) One-way analysis results showed that water quality variables were significantly differences among the sites. The correlation analysis results indicated that LULC had a significant influence on water quality. Green had a significant negative correlation with high concentrations of NO3-N, NH4-N, and Cond. but positively correlated with MSUBST. RDA results showed that the selected water quality variables, MSUBST, and LULC types have a significant impact on the spatial patterns of the diatom assemblages. (3) Path analysis results showed that both LULC types and water quality variables exerted significant effects on diatom assemblages. This study first clarifies the quantitative relationships among LULC types, water quality, and diatom assemblages in the Beijing area. And green land was positively correlated with water quality and river ecosystems. We believed that increasing green space in urban core areas is an effective measure for improving water quality and restoring river ecosystems in the urban area.
... Given that Chi-square (χ 2 ) is vulnerable to sample size, we evaluated the model fit using the following fit indexes: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR). The model fit was considered acceptable when RMSEA was below 0.08, CFI was above 0.95, and SRMR was below 0.05 (Bollen, 1989;Hu and Bentler, 1999). To evaluate the mediation effect of emotional reactivity, we utilized a bootstrap procedure to test the indirect effect (MacKinnon et al., 2002). ...
Building on the sensitization hypothesis, the present work aimed to examine how parent-adolescent conflict might be associated with heightened emotional reactivity to peer conflicts, which in turn shape the development of adolescent internalizing psychopathology. Participants were 108 Taiwanese adolescents between the ages of 18 and 19 (Mage = 18.53, SDage = 0.39; 64% female) who completed baseline assessments, 14-day daily surveys, and 6-month follow-up assessments. Emotional reactivity was measured by calculating the daily association between peer conflict and positive and negative emotions. Results indicated that greater baseline parent-adolescent conflict was associated with higher negative emotional reactivity to peer conflicts, which then predicted increased depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms 6 months later. Moreover, greater positive emotional reactivity to peer conflicts (i.e., more declines in positive emotions in response to peer conflicts) predicted increased depressive symptoms. Thus, the findings of the current study support and extend the sensitization hypothesis and suggest that parent-adolescent conflict may contribute to family-of-origin sensitization in non-familial, interpersonal contexts. The results have key implications for understanding adolescent developmental psychopathology associated with family conflicts and emotional reactivity.
In this study, we examine the relationship between various ethical motivations and types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to better understand the drivers of green consumption behavior in the context of sustainability. The motivations behind green consumption and sustainability are rooted in distinct ethical and social responsibility considerations. We identified distinct ethical ideologies, derived from the two dimensions of the Ethical Position questionnaire—idealism and relativism—as proposed by Forsyth (1980). Data for the study were gathered using convenience sampling, with 1100 questionnaires distributed across China and Pakistan, ultimately yielding 476 valid responses from China and 503 from Pakistan after data cleaning. Our research is set in the contrasting contexts of Pakistan and China, both of which are undergoing significant sustainability transformations. The relevance of CSR initiatives in these settings makes them ideal for studying the dynamics of green consumption through the lens of CSR and ethical ideologies. The findings reveal that different ethical motivations and CSR approaches toward green consumption can significantly contribute to long-term corporate sustainability. Corporate managers, aware of the growing importance of corporate sustainability, are increasingly focusing on promoting green consumption practices to maintain competitive advantage. Our study addresses how varying ethical ideologies and CSR strategies influence green consumption behavior in the specific cultural and economic contexts of China and Pakistan.
The global burden of foodborne illnesses remains high due to consumption of contaminated food. Vigilant attention from all, particularly food handlers, is needed to address food safety concerns and minimize the risks that affect consumer health, international business, and tourism worldwide. The main objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate the food safety knowledge, attitudes, commitment (involving affective, continuance, and normative types), and practices of students studying subjects related to food sciences in Jordanian universities and (ii) examine the impact of knowledge and attitude on commitment, and subsequently, on relevant practices using structural equation modeling. The questionnaire was completed by 526 students from 5 universities. The score percentages of students in tested categories were as follows: agreement on food safety knowledge (87.7%), attitude (92%), affective commitment (90.4%), continuance commitment (83%), normative commitment (90.3%), and practices (91.5%). The results showed that associations between food safety knowledge and attitude with the three types of commitment were positive and significant (p < 0.05). Affective and normative commitments acted as partial mediators between food safety knowledge and practices and between food safety attitude and practices, whereas continuance commitment did not act as a mediator. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was found between food safety knowledge and attitude. Focus on food safety commitment drivers is essential, as commitment plays a key role in achieving actual hygienic practices by translating adequate knowledge and positive attitudes to improvements in hygienic behavior and reductions in the risk of foodborne illnesses.
Aim
To design and validate the Flipped‐Learning Assessment Scale; a tool for assessing students' experience of flipped learning.
Background
Frequently, university students are introduced to new content during lectures. In contrast, active learning activities, such as Flipped Learning, are designed as an instructional method to engages students in the learning process.
Design
Cross‐sectional descriptive study.
Methods
A cross‐sectional study was carried out in three phases ((1) item selection, rephrasing and translation; (2) content analysis through expert panel and (3) confirmatory factor analysis). The final version of the scale was piloted on a sufficient sample of undergraduate student nurses from three Spanish universities.
Results
A total of 455 students completed the questionnaire; 373 women and 82 men. The total Cronbach's alpha value for the complete instrument was 0.893. Cronbach alpha for each separate dimension ranged between 0.660 and 0.897. Goodness‐of‐fit values were acceptable, implying that the model was validated.
Conclusion
The flipped learning approach has become increasingly popular in academic settings. Evaluating the students' flipped learning experience is important to analyse aspects such as acceptability and effectiveness of this methodology. The Flipped‐Learning Assessment Scale is a valid and reliable tool for analysing students' experience of flipped learning.
Impact
Flipped learning has been a useful pedagogical model very for cultivating student skills in problem‐solving, critical thinking, teamwork and self‐active learning in nursing education. A key issues, such as student satisfaction, has been explored further before implementing this teaching and learning methodology.
Patient or Public Contribution
None.
This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Assessment Scale (CAS) among high school students and examines differences and relationships in scale scores, considering the profiles of victim, aggressor, and retaliator, as well as demographic variables. Participants were 529 students (Mean age=17.03; SD=3.32) from the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná, from different school years, with the majority being female. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results confirmed the proposed model, with fit and reliability indices considered satisfactory. Students identified themselves more as victims of cyberbullying. Statistically significant correlations and predictive relationships between factors were found. Results are discussed considering the literature. It is hoped that the instrument can contribute to the implementation of pedagogical practices consistent with preventing this serious problem, with the possibility for its use in future research on this theme.
Transphobia can be defined as antipathy or strong emotional aversion towards trans men and women, often leading to these individuals suffering discrimination, violence, and harassment. The main aim of this study was to translate and validate the Attitudes Toward Transgender Men and Women (ATTMW) Scale developed by Billard (2018a) for the Portuguese population. The sample consisted of 539 participants, 431 females, and 108males, with a meanage of 27.25years. Each participant responded to three questionnaires, namely a sociodemographic questionnaire, the ATTMW, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The results revealed that the Portuguese version of the ATTWM presented a two-factor structure, as in the original scale. Both subscales showed high internal consistency (ATTMW Perspective-Taking: α=.93; ATTWM Empathic Concern: α=.94) and good levels of convergent validity. Regarding convergent validity, the ATTWM Perspective-Taking and ATTWM Empathic Concern showed a significant negative correlation with the sub-scales of Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Fantasy of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The instrument demonstrated good psychometric qualities when used with the sample.
Properly assessing well-being is crucial for understanding its impact on health, particularly in individuals who deal with high-risk and stressful situations in their professions. This study aimed to investigate evidence of the validity of an instrument to assess well-being from the PERMA model for a sample of public security professionals. Participants were 11,004 public security agents from the five regions of Brazil. The PERMA five-factor structure presented a good fit to the data, with the exclusion of one item, as well as adequate reliability coefficients. Evidence of validity with other measures was observed based on correlations between the PERMA-Profiler-Brazil factors and quality of life variables and psychopathological dimensions. It was concluded that this measure presents favorable indicators of validity and reliability for assessing the well-being of Brazilian public security agents.
The study aimed to obtain evidence based on the internal structure of the Social Support Perception Scale at Work (EPSST) for the context of public security. The study included 9,591 public security agents from different corporations in all federative units of Brazil. Most participants (80.1%) were male (f=8,156), with a mean age of 40 years (SD = 7.69) and mean length of service at the institution of 14 years (SD=8.14). Factorials analysis was performed to verify the factorial structure of the scale, and the internal consistency was estimated. The results indicated a three-factor structure (informational social support; emotional social support; instrumental or material social support), items with factor loadings above .30, adequate fit indices, and reliability estimates with satisfactory values for all factors. It was concluded that the EPSST presents adequate psychometric qualities for the public security context.
This research has three objectives; 1) to identify problem status of six consecutive Ju-Jitsu competitions managing in 5th Region Qualifying of 39th Thailand National Youth Games, 2) to develop pattern of the Jujutsu competition managing based on environmentally friendly approach, and 3) to evaluate the Jujutsu competition managing. The research design was mix-method. Qualitative approach enrolled key informants and 7 experts. 18 key informants were selected from the Jujutsu competition committees of 5th Region Qualifying of Thailand National Youth Games in last six tournaments. Quantitative approach recruited 534 Jujutsu participants of 5th Region Qualifying of 39th Thailand National Youth Games. Research instruments consists of semi-structure interview and online questionnaires. Analysis of the data with inductive approach and descriptive statistics. The results were found that; 1) the Jujutsu competition managing has less used the biological material, waste products were a lot, lack of environment impacts evaluation, and unable to creating value added for drawing stakeholders’ attraction, 2) the pattern of Jujutsu competition managing based on environmentally friendly approach comprised of major principle as supporting the use of locally biological resources, emphasis on material circulation, and employ the digital system for Carbon reducing. Comparative Fit Index (CFI) from confirmatory factor analysis was at 0.987, and 3) the Jujutsu competition managing based on environmentally friendly approach creates the value of the competition managing and highest level of success.
El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los efectos de la imagen del destino, la satisfacción del turista, las actitudes gastronómicas y las intenciones de revisita de los turistas extranjeros alojados en hoteles de cinco estrellas de Estambul. En la investigación se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta, uno de los métodos de investigación cuantitativa. Se obtuvieron 402 cuestionarios de turistas extranjeros. Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con los datos obtenidos mediante el programa Amos. Según los resultados de la investigación, la conclusión clave es que, si bien existe un efecto positivo entre la imagen del destino y las actitudes gastronómicas y la satisfacción del turista, no hay ningún efecto entre las actitudes gastronómicas y la intención de volver a visitar el destino.
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